Permitting Guidance for Oil and Gas Hydraulic Fracturing Activities Using Diesel Fuels – Draft:...

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    Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr Jdh`en I`s Mynr`uhdf Cr`fturdei

    @ftdvdtdgs Wsdei Ndgsgh CughsNr`ct; Wengrirjuen DekgftdjeFjetrjh Rrjir`o Iudn`efg #=>

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    Jccdfg jc Y`tgr (>323O)GR@ =03-\-0O`y

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr dd O`y

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr ddd O`y

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr dv O`y

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 0 O`y 2 [@07 Iudn`efg .00). ^mus, jwegrs jr jpgr`tjrs wmj dekgft ndgsgh cughs nurdei MC rgh`tgn tj jdh, i`s, jrigjtmgro`h jpgr`tdjes oust jlt`de ` WDF pgrodt lgcjrg dekgftdje lgides.

    ^mds nr`ct iudn`efg defhungs GR@s detgrprgt`tdje tm`t jdh `en i`s mynr`uhdf cr`fturdei jpgr`tdjesusdei ndgsgh cughs `s ` cr`fturdei chudn jr `s ` fjopjeget jc ` cr`fturdei chudn `rg sulkgft tj WDFFh`ss DD rgqudrgogets. ^mg nr`ct iudn`efg rgfjoogens tm`t WDF pgrodt wrdtgrs fjesdngr wmgtmgr

    `ey pjrtdje jc tmg dekgft`tg m`s jeg jc sdx hdstgn F@V\Es, 3=66>-62-7, 3=>93-6>-3, 3=>93-62-93-60-6, =22=-02-22->, jr ds rgcgrrgn tj `s ndgsgh cugh de dts prdo`ry e`og jrfjooje syejeyos. @nndtdje`hhy, tmg iudn`efg prjvdngs rgfjoogen`tdjes je mjw pgrodtwrdtgrs smjuhn dophgoget WDF pgrodttdei rgqudrgogets rgh`tgn tj pgrodt nur`tdje `en wghhfhjsurg, pgrodt `pphdf`tdje `en rgvdgw, `rg` jc rgvdgw (@j\), `en wghh fjestruftdje, defhundeiogfm`edf`h detgirdty tgstdei, cde`efd`h rgspjesdldhdty, `en pulhdf ejtdcdf`tdje.

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr < O`y 2 Fjng jc Cgngr`h \giuh`tdjes (FC\) 0>>.7

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr > O`y > tmrjuim 0>= frg`tg `rgiuh`tjry cr`ogwjra tj gesurg prjtgftdje jc furrget `en cuturg WVNYs crjo gen`eigroget.

    Ymge GR@ gst`lhdsmgn tmg WDF Rrjir`o, GR@ dngetdcdgn sdx agy p`tmw`ys jc fjet`ode`tdje,jr w`ys de wmdfm chudns f`e gsf`pg tmrjuim tmg dekgftdje wghh jr jtmgr wghhs, jr crjo tmg dekgftdjezjeg/detgrv`h, `en getgr WVNYs. ^mg dngetdcdf`tdje jc tmgsg p`tmw`ys prjvdngn dopjrt`etdecjro`tdje usgn tj ngvghjp tmg odedouo cgngr`h rgqudrgogets cjr tmg pgrodttdei, sdtdei,fjestruftdje, jpgr`tdje, ojedtjrdei, `en fhjsurg cjr cdvg o`kjr fh`ssdcdf`tdjes jc dekgftdje wghhs,defhundei wghhs `ssjfd`tgn wdtm jdh `en i`s `ftdvdtdgs (d.g., Fh`ss DD wghhs). ^mg p`tmw`ys `en tmgo`kjr tgfmedf`h WDF rgqudrgogets ngvghjpgn tj odtdi`tg spgfdcdf rdsas tj WVNYs `rg ndsfussgnde @ppgendx @ jc tmds njfuoget. ^mg p`tmw`ys `rg;

    0.

    Odir`tdje jc chudns tmrjuim ` c`uhty dekgftdje wghh f`sdei1

    . Sgrtdf`h odir`tdje jc chudns tmrjuim doprjpgrhy `l`enjegn `en doprjpgrhy fjophgtgnwghhs1

    7. H`tgr`h odir`tdje jc chudns crjo wdtmde `e dekgftdje zjeg detj ` prjtgftgn pjrtdje jc tm`tstr`tuo1 `en

    3. Ndrgft dekgftdje jc chudns detj jr `ljvg `e uengrirjuen sjurfg jc nrdeadei w`tgr.

    WDF Rrjir`o Dophgoget`tdje

    Dophgoget`tdje jc tmg WDF Rrjir`o o`y lg f`rrdgn jut ly GR@ rgidje`h jccdfgs, jr ly st`tgs,trdlgs, jr tgrrdtjrdgs, ngpgendei je wmgtmgr ` st`tg6m`s rgfgdvgn prdo`ry gecjrfgogetrgspjesdldhdty (prdo`fy) `pprjv`h crjo GR@ tj dophgoget tmg WDF Rrjir`o. Vgftdje 0> st`tg `en tgrrdtjrd`h Fh`ss DD WDF

    2 FC\ 0>>.6 ngcdeg `e Wengrirjuen Vjurfg jc Nrdeadei Y`tgr (WVNY) `s `e `qudcgr jr dtspjrtdje; (`)(0) Ymdfm supphdgs `ey pulhdf w`tgr systgo1 jr (2 FC\ 0>>.6.

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 7 O`y Decjro`tdje je st`tgs tm`t m`vg prdo`fy ds `v`dh`lhg`tmttp;//w`tgr.gp`.ijv/typg/irjuenw`tgr/udf/Rrdo`fy.fco.

    Lgf`usg st`tgs rgiuh`tg jdh `en i`s prjnuftdje wghhs uengr `utmjrdtdgs sgp`r`tg crjo VNY@`utmjrdty, WDF Fh`ss DD dekgftdje wghh rgiuh`tdjes cjr MC usdei ndgsgh cughs o`y lg dophgogetgntmrjuim `ey jc tmg cjhhjwdei sfge`rdjs;

    GR@ o`y lg tmg WDF pgrodttdei `utmjrdty cjr tmg Fh`ss DD dekgftdje wghhs, wmdhg tmg st`tgrgiuh`tgs jdh `en i`s prjnuftdje wghhs uengr st`tg jdh `en i`s prjnuftdje `utmjrdtdgs (g.i.,Agetufay, Rgeesyhv`ed`, Egw Tjra, ^geegssgg)1

    GR@ o`y lg tmg WDF pgrodttdei `utmjrdty cjr tmg Fh`ss DD dekgftdje wghhs `en ` trdlg, jrtmg Lurg`u jc H`en O`e`igoget (LHO)de cuhcdhhdei Cgngr`h ijvgreoget trustrgspjesdldhdtdgs tj @ogrdf`e Dend`e ^rdlgs `en dendvdnu`h Dend`e odegr`h jwegrsrgiuh`tgs jdh `en i`s prjnuftdje wghhs (g.i., Wdet`m & Jur`y Dend`e \gsgrv`tdje)1

    @ st`tg jr trdlg o`y dophgoget ljtm `e `pprjvgn WDF Fh`ss DD dekgftdje wghh prjir`o`en tmg jdh `en i`s prjnuftdje wghh prjir`o uengr st`tg jdh `en i`s prjnuftdje

    `utmjrdtdgs1 de sufm sdtu`tdjes, ljtm wghh typgs o`y lg o`e`ign ly tmg s`og ngp`rtogetjr `igefy (g.i., @h`l`o`, Fjhjr`nj, Cjrt Rgfa @ssdedljdeg `en Vdjux ^rdlgs, Jmdj,Jah`mjo`, Egw Ogxdfj, ^gx`s, Wt`m, `en Yyjodei) jr tmgy o`y lg o`e`ignsgp`r`tghy ly ndccgrget st`tg `igefdgs, fjesdstget wdtm g`fm `igefys rgiuh`tjry `utmjrdty(g.i., Hjudsd`e`, O`ryh`en, Ygst Sdrided`).

    Fjjrnde`tdje lgtwgge tmg st`tg `en GR@ rgiuh`tjry `igefdgs fjoojehy jffurs ljtm de st`tgswmgrg GR@ ds tmg dophgogetdei `utmjrdty cjr tmg WDF Rrjir`o `en de st`tgs wmgrg tmg st`tg dstmg dophgogetdei `utmjrdty cjr tmg WDF Rrjir`o. Ymgrg GR@ ds tmg WDF pgrodttdei `utmjrdty,GR@ wdhh pgrodt ndgsgh cughs MC de fjjrnde`tdje wdtm st`tg jdh `en e`tur`h i`s dophgogetdei`igefdgs, `s `pprjprd`tg. Ymgrg GR@ dophgogets tmg prjir`o, GR@ WDF pgrodt wrdtgrs smjuhnfjesdngr wmgtmgr ` Ogojr`enuo jc Wengrst`endei (OJW) fjuhn lg usgn tj fh`rdcydophgoget`tdje rgspjesdldhdtdgs (jc GR@ `en tmg st`tg) sj tm`t nuphdf`tdje jc gccjrt `entr`es`ftdje fjsts f`e lg odedodzgn. De `nndtdje, GR@ WDF pgrodt wrdtgrs smjuhn fjesdngrwmgtmgr decjro`h jr cjro`h `irggogets sufm `s fjjpgr`tdvg pgrodttdei, despgftdje `ensurvgdhh`efg, n`t`l`sg sm`rdei, `en fjjrnde`tdje jc pulhdf ejtdfgs fjuhn mghp `vjdn nuphdf`tdje.

    \giuh`tdje jc Mynr`uhdf Cr`fturdei de tmg WDF Rrjir`o

    Cjr tmg purpjsgs jc tmds njfuoget, mynr`uhdf cr`fturdei (MC) ds ngcdegn `s ` prjfgss usgn tjstdouh`tg prjnufdei cjro`tdjes (g.i., sm`hg jdh, i`s sm`hgs, fj`h lgns, tdimt s`enstjegs, f`rlje`tg,`en s`enstjeg) `en gem`efg rgfjvgry jc jdh jr e`tur`h i`s ly puopdei ` odxturg jc chudns `en

    jtmgr sulst`efgs (g.i., w`tgr, fmgodf`hs, ndgsgh cughs, `en/jr prjppdei `igets) detj tmg t`rigtigjhjidf cjro`tdje uengr prgssurg, f`usdei tmg cjro`tdje tj cr`fturg.

    >Gxfgptdjes `rg Cjrt Rgfa @ssdedljdeg `en Vdjux ^rdlgs `en E`v`kj E`tdje.

    http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/Primacy.cfmhttp://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/Primacy.cfm
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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 3 O`y >.00). ^mus, jwegrs jr jpgr`tjrs wmjdekgft ndgsgh cughs nurdei MC rgh`tgn tj jdh, i`s, jr igjtmgro`h jpgr`tdjes oust jlt`de ` WDFpgrodt lgcjrg dekgftdje lgides.

    Rgrodts cjr ndgsgh cughs MC `rg `v`dh`lhg tmrjuim tmg WDF Fh`ss DD Rrjir`o.3Jwegrs jr jpgr`tjrsdekgftdei ndgsgh cughs nurdei MC wdtmjut ` WDF Rrjir`o pgrodt o`y lg sulkgft tj gecjrfgoget`ftdje uengr Vgftdje 0>60 de tmg gvget jc `e doodeget `en sulst`etd`hgen`eigroget tj tmg mg`htm jc pgrsjes.

    ^mg fh`ssdcdf`tdje sfmgog cjr WDF wghhs w`s frg`tgn ly `en ngcdegn de GR@s rgiuh`tdjes. ^mgrg

    `rg ejw sdx f`tgijrdgs jc dekgftdje wghhs1 cdvg rgh`tg tj spgfdcdf `ftdvdtdgs `en jeg (Fh`ss S) ds `ngc`uht cjr pgrodttdei `ftdvdtdgs tm`t nj ejt c`hh wdtmde `ejtmgr fh`ss. Vdefg tmg defgptdje jc tmgWDF Rrjir`o, Fh`ss DD m`s lgge tmg prdo`ry wghh fh`ssdcdf`tdje usgn cjr dekgftdje wghhs tm`t `rg`ssjfd`tgn wdtm jdh `en i`s stjr`ig `en prjnuftdje (>2 FC\ 0>>.3). Fh`ss DD ds `hsj tmg wghhfh`ssdcdf`tdje cjr dekgftdje wghhs usgn cjr gem`efgn rgfjvgry (G\) jc jdh jr e`tur`h i`s (>2 FC\0>>.3(l)(.60(g)) dt ds tmg rgspjesdldhdty jc tmg`pphdf`et tj prjvdng tmg decjro`tdje egfgss`ry cjr tmg pgrodttdei `utmjrdty tj o`ag decjrognngfdsdjes, defhundei fm`r`ftgrdz`tdje jc tmg chudn tj lg dekgftgn (Fh`ss DD wghhs, >2 FC\0>3.2 FC\ 0>3.(`)(>)(ddd)). ^j uengrst`en, fh`rdcy `en ngsfrdlg mjw ndgsgh cughsf`e lg dngetdcdgn cjr tmg purpjsg jc tmds iudn`efg GR@ rgvdgwgn tmg VNY@, hgidsh`tdvg mdstjry,

    7^mds iudn`efg njgs ejt `nnrgss mynr`uhdf cr`fturdei usdei ndgsgh cughs rgh`tgn tj igjtmgro`h prjnuftdje `ftdvdty.3Fh`ss DD ds tmg wghh fh`ssdcdf`tdje cjr jdh `en e`tur`h i`s prjnuftdje chudns.9^mg W.V. Fjurt jc @ppg`hs cjr tmg 00tm Fdrfudt ndrgftgn GR@ tj rgqudrg @h`l`o` tj rgiuh`tg mynr`uhdf cr`fturdeiuengr VNY@. ^mg fjurt ngtgrodegn tm t GR@ fjuhn rgiuh`tg mynr`uhdf cr`fturdei uengr VNY@ Vgftdje 0>

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 9 O`y 93-6>-3, =22=-02-22->1 jr

    Vjog rgcgrgefgs defhung ` ngsfrdptdje l`sgn je ` cughs sudt`ldhdty cjr usg de ` ndgsghgeideg.

    GR@ fjenuftgn ` hdtgr`turg sg`rfm=`en m`n ndsfussdjes wdtm st`tgs, denustry, `en jtmgrs tjngtgrodeg mjw ndgsgh cughs `rg usgn jr fjuhn lg usgn de MC jpgr`tdjes. Ndgsgh cughs m`vg lggeusgn cjr v`rdjus fjopjegets jc MC chudn jvgr tmg mdstjry jc tmg pr`ftdfg (\`g `en NdHuhhj, 0443)`s ` prdo`ry l`sg (jr f`rrdgr) chudn, jr `nngn tj MC chudns `s ` fjopjeget jc ` fmgodf`h `nndtdvg.

    De sjog f`sgs, ndgsgh cughs-l`sgn cr`fturdei chudns `rg ojrg gccdfdget cjr tr`espjrtdei `ennghdvgrdei prjppdei `igets detj cr`fturgs, `s fjop`rgn tj w`tgr-l`sgn fjopjuens. Cjr gx`ophg,

    cjro`tdjes tm`t fjet`de h`rig `ojuets jc fh`y f`e lg sulkgft tj swghhdei `en ngfrg`sgnpgrog`ldhdty wmge gxpjsgn tj w`tgr-l`sgn chudns (Fdags gt `h., 04==). Jdh-l`sgn chudns sufm `s

    =Defhundei @ogrdf`e Vjfdgty cjr ^gstdei `en O`tgrd`hs (@V^O) Vt`en`rn Vpgfdcdf`tdje cjr Ndgsgh Cugh Jdhs N497,E`tdje`h Destdtutg cjr Vt`en`rns `en ^gfmejhjiy1 Gefyfhjpgnd` jc Rgtrjhguo \gcdegry Rrjfgssgs1 Fmgodf`h @lstr`ftVgrvdfgs1 F\F M`enljja jc Fmgodstry `en Rmysdfs1 \gcdegry O`tgrd`h V`cgty N`t` Vmggts.

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr = O`y

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 4 O`y -62-7 Rrdo`ry E`og; Cughs, ndgsghFjooje Vyejeyos;@utjojtdvg ndgsgh jdh1 Ndgsgh cugh1 Ndgsgh jdh (pgtrjhguo)1Ndgsgh jdhs1 Ndgsgh tgst cugh1 Ndgsgh cughs1 Ndgsgh Cugh Ej. 01 Ndgsgh cugh QE@044600_1Ndgsgh cugh jdh1GDEGFV0

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 02 O`y 2 FC\ 0>>.70(k) `en 0>3.(`)(>)(ddd)). Decjro`tdje je dekgft`tg fjopjsdtdje wdhh lg dopjrt`ettj tmg GR@ WDF pgrodt wrdtgr de fjesdngrdei pgrodt fjendtdjes cjr tmg spgfdcdf dekgftdje `ftdvdtytj prgvget gen`eigroget tj WVNYs. ^mg cjhhjwdei `rg sjog c`ftjrs tm`t smjuhn lg gx`odegnwmge fjesdngrdei pgrodt fjendtdjes;

    Fjop`tdldhdty jc tmg dekgftdje chudn wdtm cjro`tdje chudns1

    Vulsgquget igjfmgodf`h rg`ftdjes rgsuhtdei crjo dekgftdje1

    ^mg gccgft jc tmg dekgftdje je detgirdty jc fjestruftdje o`tgrd`hs1 `en

    Ojldhdty jc fjopjuens de tmg dekgftdje zjeg.

    GR@ WDF pgrodt wrdtgrs smjuhn ejt fjesdngr tmg usg jc ldjndgsgh de MC ftdvdtdgs `s ndgsgh cugh

    uengr tmg VNY@ uehgss ldjndgsgh ds lhgengn wdtm pgtrjhguo-ngrdvgn ndgsgh cughs. ^mg v`sto`kjrdty jc ph`et-ngrdvgn ndgsgh cughs, jr ldjndgsgh, typdf`hhy fjet`de sdiedcdf`ethy hjwgr hgvghs jcfmgodf`hs jc fjefgre fjop`rgn tj pgtrjhguo-ngrdvgn ndgsgh cughs. Mjwgvgr, wmge ldjndgsgh

    07 Rut cjrtm de tmg prg`olhg jc tmg VNY@ WDF \giuh`tdjes.

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 00 O`y

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 0< O`y 2 FC\ 0>3.3 @pphy tj Yghhs Wsdei

    Ndgsgh Cughs cjr MC:

    Ym`t Decjro`tdje Vmjuhn Lg Vulodttgn wdtm tmg Rgrodt @pphdf`tdje:

    Mjw Nj tmg Fh`ss DD Yghh Fjestruftdje \gqudrgogets @pphy tj MC Yghhs Wsdei NdgsghCughs:

    Mjw Nj tmg Fh`ss DD Yghh Fjestruftdje \gqudrgogets @pphy tj @hrg`ny FjestruftgnYghhs Wsdei Ndgsgh Cughs MC:

    Mjw Nj tmg Fh`ss DD Yghh Jpgr`tdje, Ogfm`edf`h Detgirdty, Ojedtjrdei, `en \gpjrtdei\gqudrgogets @pphy tj MC Yghhs Wsdei Ndgsgh Cughs:

    Mjw Nj tmg Fh`ss DD Cde`efd`h \gspjesdldhdty \gqudrgogets @pphy tj Yghhs Wsdei NdgsghCughs cjr MC:

    Ym`t Rulhdf Ejtdcdf`tdje \gqudrgogets jr Vpgfd`h Gevdrjeoget`h Kustdfg (GK)Fjesdngr`tdjes `rg \gfjoogengn cjr @utmjrdz`tdje jc Yghhs Wsdei Ndgsgh Cughs cjr MC:

    Njgs tmds Iudn`efg @pphy tj Vt`tgs, ^rdlgs, `en ^grrdtjrdgs wdtm Rrdo`fy:

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 06 O`y 2 FC\ 0>>.66(`), `e `rg` pgrodt o`y lg `utmjrdzgn de hdgujc `e dendvdnu`h pgrodt cjr g`fm wghh dc tmg cjhhjwdei fjendtdjes `rg ogt;

    Dc tmg pgrodt ds cjr gxdstdei wghhs, tmg pgrodt `pphdf`tdje oust ngsfrdlg `en dngetdcy g`fmwghh ly hjf`tdje (uehgss tmg gxdstdei wghhs m`vg sulst`etd`hhy tmg s`og fm`r`ftgrdstdfs, dewmdfm f`sg, ` sdeihg ngsfrdptdje o`y lg succdfdget). (Ejtg tm`t tmds ngsfrdptdje `endngetdcdf`tdje rgqudrgoget njgs ejt `pphy dc tmg pgrodt ds cjr egw wghhs.)

    ^mg wghhs `rg jpgr`tgn ly ` sdeihg jwegr jr jpgr`tjr.

    ^mg wghhs `rg wdtmde tmg s`og wghh cdghn, c`fdhdty sdtg, rgsgrvjdr, prjkgft, jr sdodh`r uedt detmg s`og st`tg.

    ^mg wghhs `rg ejt usgn tj dekgft m`z`rnjus w`stg.

    ^mg rgiuh`tdjes `t >2 FC\ 0>>.66(l) `hsj spgfdcy wm`t oust lg defhungn de `e `rg` pgrodt. @rg`pgrodts oust spgfdcy tmg `rg` wdtmde wmdfm uengrirjuen dekgftdje ds `utmjrdzgn `en tmgrgqudrgogets cjr fjestruftdje, ojedtjrdei, rgpjrtdei, jpgr`tdje, `en phuiidei `en `l`enjeogetcjr `hh wghhs `utmjrdzgn ly tmg pgrodt. @s prjvdngn de >2 FC\ 0>>.66(f), tmg `rg` pgrodt o`y`utmjrdzg tmg pgrodttgg tj fjestruft `en jpgr`tg, fjevgrt, jr phui `en `l`enje `nndtdje`h wghhswdtmde tmg pgrodt `rg` prjvdngn;

    0. ^mg pgrodttgg ejtdcdgs tmg WDF Rrjir`o Ndrgftjr `t sufm tdog `s tmg pgrodt rgqudrgs1

    2 FC\ 0>>.66(`)) `en oggts tmg rgqudrgogets spgfdcdgn de tmg pgrodt (uengr >2 FC\0>>.66(l))1 `en

    6. ^mg fuouh`tdvg gccgfts jc nrdhhdei `en jpgr`tdje jc `nndtdje`h dekgftdje wghhs `rg t`agedetj `ffjuet ly tmg WDF Rrjir`o Ndrgftjr nurdei gv`hu`tdje jc tmg `rg` pgrodt`pphdf`tdje `en `rg `ffgpt`lhg tj tmg WDF Rrjir`o Ndrgftjr.

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 0> O`y 2 FC\ 0>>.63(`) `hhjw cjr ` Fh`ss DD pgrodt tj lg dssugn up tj tmg jpgr`tdeihdcg jc tmg c`fdhdty. WDF rgiuh`tdjes `t >2 FC\ 0>>.63(f) `hhjw ` pgrodt tj lg dssugn cjr `nur`tdje hgss tm`e tmg cuhh `hhjw`lhg tgro (d.g., tmg jpgr`tdei hdcg jc tmg c`fdhdty) dendf`tgn `t >2FC\ 0>>.63(`). WDF rgiuh`tdjes `t >2 FC\ 0>>.72 FC\ 0>>.70(e) `en 0>>.72 FC\ 0>3 jr 0>>.7< tj

    tmg gxtget tm`t rgnuftdjes de rgqudrgogets wdhh ejt rgsuht de `e defrg`sgn rdsa jc ojvgoget jc

    03^mg GR@ pgrodt wrdtgr m`s tmg jptdje jc gendei tmg pgrodt nur`tdje `ctgr tmg fjefhusdje jc dekgftdje jr o`e`ideitmg wghh `s tgopjr`rdhy `l`enjegn. Curtmgr, rgiuh`tdjes st`tg tm`t tgopjr`ry jr detgrodttget fgss`tdje jc dekgftdjejpgr`tdjes ds ejt `l`enjeoget, cjr tmg purpjsgs jc wghh fhjsurg ph`es (>2 FC\ 0>>.70(j)). ^mgrgcjrg, tgopjr`rdhy`l`enjegn wghhs rgo`de sulkgft tj wghh fhjsurg rgqudrgogets.

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 07 O`y 2 FC\ 0>>.03). @ wghh o`y lg fjesdngrgn `s oggtdei tmg fjendtdjes jc >2FC\ 0>>.03 dc;

    Dt ds ejt dekgftdei (g.i., wmdhg tmg wghh ds prjnufdei `en ej dekgftdje ds jffurrdei)1 `en

    Dt m`s ` r`ndus jc gen`eigrdei dechugefg 09tm`t ds so`hhgr tm`e tmg r`ndus jc tmg wghh (d.g.,fjopjegets, defhundei f`sdei, tuldei, gtf.) wmge fjoputgn usdei tmg cjrouh` `t >2 FC\

    0>3.3(`). ^mds fjuhn jffur wmge tmg wghh ds prjnufdei (g.i., wmge ej dekgftdje dsjffurrdei) `en tmg dekgftdje r`tg ds zgrj.

    \gfjoogen`tdjes;GR@ rgfjoogens tmg GR@ WDF pgrodt wrdtgr fjesdngr jeg jc twj w`ys jcsgttdei ` pgrodt nur`tdje cjr tmg dendvdnu`h ndgsgh cughs MC wghh; (0) sgt ` smjrt nur`tdje jr (2 FC\ 0>>.63(f), `en `hhjw

    fjevgrsdje jut jc tmg WDF Rrjir`o `ctgr dekgftdje fg`sgs `en ` eje-gen`eigrogetngojestr`tdje ds o`ng. Fjophd`efg wdtm WDF pgrodt fjendtdjes smjuhn lg fjecdrogn lgcjrg tmgdekgftdje pgrodt nur`tdje gens, `en prdjr tj rghg`sdei dt crjo WDF rgqudrgogets. Ymgrg `e jwegr

    jr jpgr`tjr jc ` prjnuftdje wghh wdsmgs tj rgcr`fturg usdei ndgsgh cughs `ctgr tmg fjefhusdje jc tmgWDF pgrodt, tmg jwegr jr jpgr`tjr wdhh eggn tj rgfgdvg ` egw, `pprjvgn WDF pgrodt lgcjrgrgcr`fturdei f`e jffur. GR@ rgfjoogens tm`t tmg nur`tdje jc ` pgrodt tm`t ds hgss tm`e tmg cuhh`hhjw`lhg tgro stdhh `hhjw `ngqu`tg tdog tj fjhhgft ojedtjrdei n`t`, wmdfm ngojestr`tgs tm`tdekgftdje nurdei tmg MC jpgr`tdje m`s ejt gen`eigrgn WVNYs de tmg prjkgft `rg`.^mds tdog-cr`og ds hdaghy tj v`ry, ngpgendei je sdtg-spgfdcdf c`ftjrs.

    (2 FC\ 0>>.7

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 03 O`y 2 FC\ 0>>.70(e)).Cjr sufm WDF `rg` pgrodts, tmg GR@ WDF Rrjir`o Ndrgftjr smjuhn rgvdgw tmg pgrodt fjendtdjes

    `ctgr tmg cdrst cgw wghhs `rg nrdhhgn `en mynr`uhdf`hhy cr`fturgn tj o`ag `nkustogets, `s eggngn,l`sgn upje `ey egw n`t` fjhhgftgn. ^mgrg`ctgr, pgrodt fjendtdjes smjuhn lg rgvdgwgn `t hg`stjefg gvgry cdvg yg`rs cjr tmg nur`tdje jc tmg `rg` pgrodt. De `nndtdje, tmg GR@ WDF pgrodt wrdtgrsmjuhn gesurg tm`t wghhs `rg de fjophd`efg wdtm `hh `spgfts jc tmg WDF `rg` pgrodt prdjr tjrghg`sdei `ey crjo WDF Rrjir`o rgqudrgogets.

    Rrjpgrhy fhjsdei `e dekgftdje wghh ds frdtdf`h tj `ssurdei tmg hjei-tgro prgvgetdje jcfjet`ode`tdje jc WVNYs ly ghdode`tdei ` pjtgetd`h p`tmw`y, jr p`tmw`ys, cjr fjet`ode`tdje.Ljtm tmg WDF Rrjir`o `en st`tg jdh `en i`s prjir`os rgqudrg wghh fhjsurg. Fjjrnde`tdje smjuhnlg cg`sdlhg lgf`usg st`tg jdh `en i`s prjir`os typdf`hhy rgqudrg fhjsurg, phuiidei, `en`l`enjeoget `ftdvdtdgs cjr prjnuftdje wghhs tm`t `rg sdodh`r tj wm`t tmg WDF Rrjir`o rgqudrgs

    cjr uengrirjuen dekgftdje wghhs.

    @s st`tgn prgvdjushy, wmgrg `e jwegr jr jpgr`tjr jc ` prjnuftdje wghh wdsmgs tj rgcr`fturg ` wghhtm`t m`n lgge rghg`sgn crjo tmg WDF Rrjir`o ly lgdei cuhhy fjevgrtgn tj prjnuftdje, tmg jwegrjr jpgr`tjr wjuhn eggn tj sulodt ` egw WDF pgrodt `pphdf`tdje.

    Ym`t @rg Fjesdngr`tdjes cjr tmg Ndgsgh Cughs MC Rgrodt @pphdf`tdje

    Vulodssdje `en \gvdgw Rrjfgss:

    Gxdstdei \gqudrgogets; Cjr tmg purpjsgs jc WDF Fh`ss DD pgrodttdei, `ey wghh lgdei pgrodttgnds fjesdngrgn ` egw dekgftdje wghh (>2 FC\ 0>>.60), gvge dc dt w`s `hrg`ny fjestruftgn `s `e

    jdh `en i`s wghh, `en oust fjophy wdtm `hh WDF Fh`ss DD rgqudrgogets. @hh dekgftdje `ftdvdtdgsdefhundei dekgftdje wghh fjestruftdje, jr rgtrjcdttdei, `rg prjmdldtgn uetdh tmg jwegr jr jpgr`tjr ds`utmjrdzgn ly ` pgrodt. Rgrodts `rg rgqudrgn prdjr tj fjoogefdei dekgftdje jc ndgsgh cughs nurdeiMC. @e jwegr jr jpgr`tjr sggadei ` WDF pgrodt cjr dekgftdje oust sulodt `e `pphdf`tdje cjr `pgrodt `s gxpgndtdjushy `s pr`ftdf`lhg `en de ` rg`sje`lhg `ojuet jc tdog prdjr tj tmg gxpgftgnst`rt jc fjestruftdje, `s ngtgrodegn ly tmg GR@ WDF pgrodt wrdtgr (>2 FC\ 0>>.60).

    \gfjoogen`tdjes;GR@ WDF pgrodt wrdtgrs smjuhn gst`lhdsm ` WDF pgrodt `pphdf`tdje

    sulodssdje tdogcr`og, fjesdstget wdtm >2 FC\ 0>>.60, tj `ssdst jwegrs jr jpgr`tjrs deph`eedei cjr wghhs de wmdfm ndgsgh cughs MC `ftdvdtdgs wdhh jffur.^mg `pphdf`tdje tdogcr`ogsmjuhn `hhjw ` rg`sje`lhg `ojuet jc tdog prdjr tj tmg MC gvget tj gv`hu`tg tmg prjpjsgn ndgsgh

    cughs MC `ftdvdty `en gesurg tm`t dt wdhh ejt gen`eigr WVNYs `en tj prjfgss `en dssug ` WDFpgrodt. ^mg pgrodt rgvdgw tdog cr`og smjuhn lg jc ` succdfdget nur`tdje tj `hhjw tmg GR@ WDFpgrodt wrdtgr tj fjoprgmgesdvghy fjesdngr `hh rghgv`et pgrodt decjro`tdje, sufm `s prjpjsgnfjestruftdje, jpgr`tdje, `en ojedtjrdei ph`es, gst`lhdsm `pprjprd`tg pgrodt fjendtdjes, `en tjdefhung `e jppjrtuedty cjr pulhdf ejtdfg `en fjooget prdjr tj dssudei `pprjv`h jc tmg WDF Fh`ssDD pgrodt cjr wghhs usdei ndgsgh cughs cjr MC.

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 09 O`y 3.3 @pphy tj Yghhs

    Wsdei Ndgsgh Cughs cjr MC:

    Gxdstdei \gqudrgogets; ^mg @j\ ds ngcdegn `t >2 FC\ 0>3.6 `s tmg `rg` surrjuendei `edekgftdje wghh ngsfrdlgn `ffjrndei tj tmg frdtgrd` sgt cjrtm de 0>3.3 jr de tmg f`sg jc `e `rg`pgrodt, tmg prjkgft `rg` phus ` fdrfuosfrdldei `rg` tmg wdntm jc wmdfm ds gdtmgr jc ` odhg jr `euolgr f`hfuh`tgn `ffjrndei tj tmg frdtgrd` sgt cjrtm de 0>3.3. @t >2 FC\ 0>3.3, tmg @j\ oustlg ngtgrodegn ly jeg jc twj ogtmjns; (0) ngtgrodedei tmg zjeg jc gen`eigrdei dechugefg ([GD),jr (

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 0= O`y 2 FC\ 0>3.3 tj

    ngtgrodeg tmg zjeg jc gen`eigrdei dechugefg cjr ndrgftdje`h wghhs, lgf`usg ndrgftdje`h wghhs njejt oggt tmg gqu`tdjes `ssuoptdjes cjr tmg wghh, tmg `qudcgr fjendtdjes, `en tmg sdodh`rdty jcmynr`uhdf prjpgrtdgs lgtwgge tmg dekgft`tg en tmg de sdtu irjuenw`tgr. Curtmgr ndsfussdjes jctmg ^mgds gqu`tdjes hdodt`tdjes `rg cjuen de @ppgendx L; Ogtmjns cjr F`hfuh`tdei tmg @rg` jc

    \gvdgw.

    Ym`t Decjro`tdje Vmjuhn Lg Vulodttgn wdtm tmg Rgrodt @pphdf`tdje:

    Gxdstdei \gqudrgogets; ^mg rgiuh`tdjes `t >2 FC\ 0>>.60, 0>>.70, 0>3.2 FC\ 0>3.(`)(2 FC\ 0>3.(`)(6))1

    N`t` je tmg dekgftdje `en fjecdedei zjegs defhundei hdtmjhjidf ngsfrdptdje, igjhjidf`h

    e`og, tmdfaegss `en ngptm, `en gstdo`tgn cr`fturg prgssurgs jc tmg dekgftdje `en fjecdedei

    zjegs (>2 FC\ 0>3.(`)(7))1

    ^mg hjf`tdje, jrdget`tdje, `en prjpgrtdgs jc aejwe jr suspgftgn c`uhts `en cr`fturgs tm`t

    o`y tr`esgft tmg fjecdedei zjeg(s) de tmg @j\ `en ` ngtgrode`tdje tm`t tmgy wjuhn ejt

    detgrcgrg wdtm fjet`deoget (>2 FC\ 0>3.(`)(2 FC\ 0>3.(`)(3))1

    Yghh fjestruftdje sfmgo`tdfs defhundei surc`fg `en sulsurc`fg ngt`dhs (>2 FC\0>3.(`)(9))1

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 04 O`y 2 FC\ 0>3.(l)(2 FC\ 0>3.(l)(6))1

    Jpgr`tdei n`t` sufm `s `vgr`ig `en o`xdouo n`dhy r`tg, vjhuog, `en dekgftdje prgssurg

    jc chudns tj lg dekgftgn, `en tmg sjurfg, `s wghh `s `pprjprd`tg `e`hysds jc tmg fmgodf`h`en pmysdf`h fm`r`ftgrdstdfs jc tmg dekgftdje chudn tj gst`lhdsm pgrodt fjendtdjes prjtgftdvgjc WVNYs (>2 FC\ 0>3.(`)(>))1

    E`ogs `en `nnrgssgs jc `hh jwegrs jc rgfjrn jc h`en wdtmde jeg-qu`rtgr () odhg jc tmgwghh ljuen`ry (>2 FC\ 0>>.60(g)(4))1

    @pprjprd`tg hjis `en jtmgr tgsts fjenuftgn nurdei tmg nrdhhdei `en fjestruftdje jc wghhs`en rgpjrts detgrprgtdei tmg rgsuhts jc tmg tgsts `s ngsfrdlgn de >2 FC\ 0>3.(f)(0)1 `en

    Dc `pphdf`lhg tj tmg nur`tdje jc tmg pgrodt, ` phuiidei `en `l`enjeoget ph`e tm`t oggtstmg rgqudrgogets jc >2 FC\ 0>3.02, wmdfm ngsfrdlgs tmg eggn tj fgoget ` wghh tj prgvgetchudn ojvgoget (>2 FC\ 0>>.60(g)(02)).

    Decjro`tdje sulodttgn `en gv`hu`tgn nurdei tmg pgrodt `pphdf`tdje prjfgss suppjrts pgrodttdeingfdsdjes `en gesurgs tm`t `pprjprd`tg s`cgiu`rns (g.i., pgrodt fjendtdjes) `rg gst`lhdsmgn tjprgvget jr rgogny fjet`ode`tdje tj WVNYs.

    \gfjoogen`tdjes;GR@ WDF pgrodt wrdtgrs smjuhn rgqugst, pgr tmgdr `utmjrdzgn ndsfrgtdjeuengr >2 FC\ 0>>.72 FC\ 0>3.).

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 3.(`)(>)(ddd))1 en

    L`sghdeg igjfmgodf`h decjro`tdje je WVNYs `en jtmgr sulsurc`fg cjro`tdjes jc detgrgstwdtmde tmg @j\ jc ` Fh`ss DD ndgsgh cughs MC wghh (`s pgr >2 FC\ 0>3.

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 3.3.3.>.7

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 3.

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 3.>.72 FC\ 0>>.02FC\ 0>3.

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr O`y >.72 FC\ 0>3.2 FC\ 0>3.=). Ogfm`edf`h detgirdtyrgqudrgogets, cjuen `t >2 FC\ 0>3.=, ngsfrdlg ogtmjns cjr ngojestr`tdei ogfm`edf`h detgirdtyjc wghh fjopjegets. Rrjvdsdjes de >2 FC\ 0>3.

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr .72 FC\ 0>3.=.

    GR@ WDF pgrodt wrdtgrs smjuhn defhung tmg cjhhjwdei prjfgnurgs (>2 FC\ 0>3.=(l)) tj ssgssogfm`edf`h detgirdty `en gesurg WVNY prjtgftdje nurdei tmg jpgr`tdje`h pm`sg jc ` Fh`ss DD

    MC wghh usdei ndgsgh cughs, fjesdstget wdtm tmgdr `utmjrdzgn ndsfrgtdje uengr >2 FC\

    0>>.7

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr .72 FC\ 0>>.>0 tj rgqudrg ojrg crgqugetojedtjrdei `en/jr rgpjrtdei, defhundei nurdei fjestruftdje `en jefg ` Fh`ss DD MC wghh usdeindgsgh cughs m`s fjoogefgn cr`fturdei jpgr`tdjes. Ojrgjvgr, furrget rgiuh`tdjes `t >2 FC\0>>.70(a)(3) rgqudrg tmg jwegr jr jpgr`tjr tj rgpjrt tj tmg QGR@_ WDF Rrjir`o Ndrgftjr wdtmde mjurs jc `ey ojedtjrdei tm`t dendf`tgs tm`t ` fjet`ode`et o`y gen`eigr ` WVNY, jr `eyo`hcueftdje tm`t o`y f`usg odir`tdje jc chudns detj WVNYs. ^mg `v`dh`ldhdty jc fjoprgmgesdvgn`t` `en tmg GR@ WDF pgrodt wrdtgrs chgxdldhdty de tmg `pphdf`tdje jc ojedtjrdei rgqudrgogetsmghps suppjrt tmg gst`lhdsmoget jc gccgftdvg cdghn ojedtjrdei `en gecjrfgoget tj decjro jeijdei`ssgssoget jc fuouh`tdvg fjoouedty `en h`en usg dop`fts `s rgfjoogengn ly tmg VG@L je

    @uiust 0= `en Ejvgolgr 0=, 3.

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr .70(a)(3) \gpjrt `ey gogrigefy jrejefjophd`efg gvget wmdfmo`y gen`eigr muo`e mg`htmjr tmg gevdrjeoget

    Sgrl`hhy, wdtmde mjurs/De wrdtdei,wdtmde cdvg n`ys jc`e gogrigefy jrejefjophd`efggvget

    Rrjvdngs cjr tdoghydedtd`tdje jc rgognd`h ftdje

    0>>.70(o) Ejtdcy tmg QGR@_ WDFRrjir`o Ndrgftjr tm`tfjestruftdje ds fjophgtg `en`w`dt `pprjv`h lgcjrgfjoogefdei dekgftdje

    @ctgr wghhfjestruftdjefjophgtdje

    Rrjvdngs tmg GR@ WDFRrjir`o Ndrgftjrdecjro`tdje tj gesurg wghhfjestruftdje ds prjtgftdvg jcWVNYs prdjr tj jpgr`tdje

    0>3.3.

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr .7

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr >.7

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 62 O`y

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 60 O`y 2 FC\ R`rt 0. Wengr tmgsg rgqudrgogets, tmg QGR@_ WDF Rrjir`o Ndrgftjr oust idvgejtdfg tj tmg pulhdf jc `hh pgrodt `ftdjes, defhundei wmge ` pgrodt m`s lgge tget`tdvghy ngedgn, `nr`ct pgrodt m`s lgge prgp`rgn, ` mg`rdei m`s lgge sfmgnuhgn, jr `e `ppg`h m`s lgge ir`etgn. ^mgpulhdf oust lg idvge 62 n`ys tj fjooget je ` nr`ct pgrodt `en 62 n`ys ejtdfg jc ` ph`eegnmg`rdei (>2 FC\ 0.02). Nurdei tmg 62-n`y fjooget pgrdjn cjr ` nr`ct pgrodt, `ey detgrgstgnpgrsje o`y rgqugst ` mg`rdei (>2 FC\ 0.00). ^mg pulhdf ejtdcdf`tdje rgqudrgogets wgrggst`lhdsmgn tj ge`lhg detgrgstgn st`agmjhngrs tj idvg deput detj tmg WDF pgrodttdei prjfgss. GR@WDF pgrodt wrdtgrs oust cjhhjw tmgsg `en `hh rgqudrgogets ogetdjegn `ljvg `en `t >2 FC\ R`rt0 cjr pulhdf ejtdcdf`tdje wmge pgrodttdei ` Fh`ss DD MC wghh usdei ndgsgh cughs. ^mg gxdstdeipulhdf ejtdcdf`tdje rgqudrgogets cjr WDF wghhs `en GR@s rgfjoogen`tdjes lghjw doprjvgpulhdf decjro`tdje `v`dh`lhg `ljut sm`hg i`s jpgr`tdjes `s `nvjf`tgn ly tmg VG@L je @uiust 0=`en Ejvgolgr 0=, 2 FC\ 0>>.60(g)(4), wmdfm spgfdcy tm`t pgrodt`pphdf`ets tj GR@-`nodedstgrgn prjir`os smjuhn dngetdcy `en sulodt wdtm tmg pgrodt `pphdf`tdje

    tmg e`ogs `en `nnrgssgs jc `hh h`en jwegrs wdtmde jeg-qu`rtgr odhg jc tmg c`fdhdty ljuen`ry,uehgss w`dvgn ly tmg GR@ WDF Rrjir`o Ndrgftjr. GR@ WDF pgrodt wrdtgrs fjuhn rgqugst jwegrsjr jpgr`tjrs tj sgen de h`en jwegr fjet`ft decjro`tdje rgqudrgn de tmg pgrodt `pphdf`tdje `en `hsjsgen jut ngt`dhs rgi`rndei tmg prjpjsgn ndgsgh cughs MC prjkgft de `nv`efg jc sulodttdei tmgpgrodt `pphdf`tdje.

    GR@ WDF pgrodt wrdtgrs en jwegrs jr jpgr`tjrs smjuhn o`ag ` spgfd`h gccjrt tj fjesdngrgevdrjeoget`h kustdfg de tmg pgrodttdei prjfgss cjr ndgsgh cughs MC.^mg cjhhjwdei sul-sgftdje,Defjrpjr`tdei Gevdrjeoget`h Kustdfg Fjesdngr`tdjes, prjvdngs ` ngsfrdptdje jc mjw tmds fjuhnlg njeg.

    Defjrpjr`tdei Gevdrjeoget`h Kustdfg Fjesdngr`tdjes

    Rrgsdngetd`h Gxgfutdvg Jrngr 0

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 6< O`y

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 66 O`y 2 FC\ 0>9.De prdo`fy st`tgs, tmg st`tg dophgogets tmg WDF Rrjir`o wmdhg GR@ rgt`des `e jvgrsdimt rjhg `eno`y fjoogefg gecjrfgoget `ftdjes uengr spgfdcdf fjendtdjes dc `e jwegr jr jpgr`tjr vdjh`tgs `

    WDF rgqudrgoget (VNY@ Vgftdje 0>60).

    Lgf`usg ngfdsdjes rgi`rndei mjw ` st`tg, `en defhundei wmdfm st`tg `igefy, dophgogets tmg WDFRrjir`o rgst wdtm tmg st`tg, WDF Rrjir`o dophgoget`tdje `en `igefy `utmjrdtdgs `rg uedqug tjg`fm st`tg. ^mdrty-edeg st`tgs, tmrgg tgrrdtjrdgs, `en twj trdlgs m`vg rgfgdvgn prdo`fy cjr tmg Fh`ssDD Rrjir`o. ^wgety-tmrgg jc tmg 64 prdo`fy st`tgs `en tmg twj trdlgs dophgoget Fh`ss DDRrjir`os uengr VNY@ Vgftdje 0>

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 6> O`y

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 67 O`y 2 FC\ R`rts 0 `en 0>>tmrjuim 0>9. Rrdo`fy prjir`os m`vg irg`tgr chgxdldhdty de `nnrgssdei tmg VNY@ rgqudrgoget tjpgrodt ndgsgh cughs MC, lut `rg egvgrtmghgss gefjur`ign tj rgvdgw `en fjesdngr tmg decjro`tdje

    `en rgfjoogen`tdjes de tmg iudn`efg.

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 63 O`y

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr 69 O`y

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    @ppgendx @

    R`tmw`ys jc Fjet`ode`tdje `en WDF \gqudrgogets Ngsdiegn tj

    Odtdi`tg \dsas tj WVNYs

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr @-0 O`y 3.=). @e

    0WVGR@. K`eu`ry 0499. ^mg \gpjrt tj Fjeirgss, Y`stg Ndspjs`h Rr`ftdfgs `en ^mgdr Gccgfts je Irjuen Y`tgr,Vgftdjes ]D, ]DDD (\gpjrt tj Fjeirgss).

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr @-< O`y

    Yghh detgirdty f`e lg ngojestr`tgn ly tgstdei cjr tmg `lsgefg jc sdiedcdf`et hg`as de tmg f`sdei,tuldei, jr p`fagr `en tmg `lsgefg jc sdiedcdf`et chudn ojvgoget detj WVNYs. ^mg rgiuh`tdjes, `t

    >2 FC\ 0>3.= `ccjrn jwegrs jr jpgr`tjrs `en Ndrgftjrs jptdjes jc tgsts tm`t o`y lg usgn tj

    ngtgft hg`as `en chudn ojvgoget.

    @ sgfjen prjtgftdvg cg`turg jc tmg WDF Rrjir`o rgiuh`tdjes ds tm`t dekgftdje wghhs `rgfjestruftgn wdtm tuldei `en p`fagr, chudn sg`h, jr `e `pprjvgn `htgre`tdvg. ^uldei `en p`fagr

    wghh fjestruftdje ds gophjygn tj dsjh`tg tmg f`sdei jc tmg wghh crjo dekgftgn chudns. Rrgvgetdei

    fjet`ft lgtwgge f`sdei `en dekgftgn chudns rgnufgs tmg pjtgetd`h cjr ojvgoget jc chudns tmrjuim

    hg`as de tmg f`sdei `en detj WVNYs.

    R`tmw`y < Odir`tdje jc Chudns ^mrjuim tmg @eeuhus Hjf`tgn Lgtwgge tmg

    F`sdei `en tmg Yghh Ljrg

    @ sgfjen pjtgetd`h p`tmw`y lywmdfm fjet`ode`ets f`e rg`fm WVNYs ds tmg upw`rn odir`tdje

    jc chudns tmrjuim tmg `eeuhus.7Wengr usu`h dekgftdje fjendtdjes, dekgftgn chudns hg`vg tmgdekgftdje wghh `en getgr ` str`tuo tm`t `hhjws tmg getry jc tmg chudns tj v`rydei ngirggs.

    3Lgf`usg

    chudns tgen tj t`ag tmg p`tm jc hg`st rgsdst`efg, uehgss prjpgrhy fjet`degn, tmgy o`y tr`vgh tmrjuim

    tmg wghhljrg `eeuhus. Dc succdfdget dekgftdje prgssurg gxdsts, tmg dekgftgn chudns fjuhn chjw detj `e

    jvgrhydei jr uengrhydei WVNY.

    Og`surgs cjr tmg prgvgetdje jc chudn odir`tdje tmrjuim tmg `eeuhus (R`tmw`y 2 FC\ 0>3.=).

    R`tmw`y 6 Odir`tdje jc Chudns crjo `e Dekgftdje [jeg ^mrjuim tmg Fjecdedei

    Vtr`t`

    ^mg tmdrn odir`tdje p`tmw`y tmg WDF rgqudrgogets `rg ngsdiegn tj prgvget ds chudn odir`tdje

    crjo tmg dekgftdje zjeg, tmrjuim tmg fjecdedei zjeg, detj jvgrhydei jr uengrhydei WVNYs. Wpje

    getry detj `e dekgftdje zjeg, chudns dekgftgn uengr prgssurg typdf`hhy tr`vgh `w`y crjo tmg wghh

    h`tgr`hhy detj tmg rgfgdvdei cjro`tdje. De hdodtgn sdtu`tdjes, dc tmg fjecdedei str`tuo wmdfmsgp`r`tgs tmg dekgftdje zjeg crjo `e jvgrhydei jr uengrhydei WVNY ds gdtmgr cr`fturgn jr

    pgrog`lhg, tmg chudns o`y odir`tg jut jc tmg rgfgdvdei cjro`tdje `en detj WVNYs.

    6Vgg rgqudrgogets `t >2 FC\ 0>3.=.>Igr`imty `en Odhhgr, Def. @prdh 62, 04=2. Ogfm`edf`h Detgirdty ^gstdei jc Dekgftdje Yghhs.7^mg sp`fg lgtwgge tmg nrdhhgn mjhg/ljrgmjhg `en tmg dekgftdje wghh f`sdei.3\gsdst`efg rgsuhts crjo crdftdje frg`tgn ly gxtrgoghy so`hh jpgedeis (pjrgs) de tmg o`tgrd`hs wmdfm fjoprdsg tmg

    dekgftdje zjeg.

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr @-6 O`y 2 FC\ 0>3.0>(`)(h),0>3.(`)(h), 0>3.6>(`)(h)). Mdstjrdf`h n`t` o`y `ssdst GR@ WDF pgrodt wrdtgrs de gv`hu`tdei `edekgftdje wghh sdtg. @e dekgftdje wghh pgrodt smjuhn jehy lg dssugn upje tmg GR@ WDF pgrodt

    wrdtgrs cdendei tm`t tmg dekgftdje zjeg ds `pprjprd`tg tj rgfgdvg `en rgt`de tmg dekgft`tg `en tm`ttmg fjecdedei zjeg(s) `rg `pprjprd`tghy fm`r`ftgrdzgn `en succdfdget tj fjet`de chudns de tmgdekgftdje zjeg.

    ^mg rgiuh`tdjes rgqudrg tm`t wghh dekgftdje prgssurg lg fjetrjhhgn tj prgvget jpgedei cr`fturgs detmg fjecdedei str`t` jr jtmgrwdsg f`usdei tmg rdsg jc chudns jut jc tmg dekgftdje zjeg `en detjWVNYs (>2 FC\ 0>3.3). ^mgsg rgqudrgogets `ccjrn tmg WDF Rrjir`o Ndrgftjr ndsfrgtdje tjgst`lhdsm dekgftdje prgssurgs `pprjprd`tg cjr tmg dekgftdje jpgr`tdje.

    R`tmw`y > Sgrtdf`h Odir`tdje jc Chudns mrjuim Doprjpgrhy @l`enjegn `en

    Doprjpgrhy Fjophgtgn Yghhs

    WDF sdtg fm`r`ftgrdz`tdje `en pgrodttdei rgqudrgogets `rg ngsdiegn tj odtdi`tg rdsas `ssjfd`tgnwdtm chudn odir`tdje tmrjuim doprjpgrhy `l`enjegn `en doprjpgrhy fjophgtgn wghhs detjWVNYs (R`tmw`y >). Vufm odir`tdje fjuhn jffur dc chudns ojvg h`tgr`hhy wdtmde `e dekgftdjezjeg, gefjuetgr doprjpgrhy `l`enjegn jr fjophgtgn wghhs, `en chjw upw`rn wdtmde tmg wghh detj`e jvgrhydei WVNY jr rg`fm tmg surc`fg. Nug tj tmg h`rig euolgr jc wghhs nrdhhgn de tmg p`st `enhdodt`tdjes je mdstjrdf`h rgfjrns, odtdi`tdje jc chudn ojvgoget tmrjuim tmds p`tmw`y ds frdtdf`h.

    ^j prgvget chudn odir`tdje tmrjuim doprjpgrhy `l`enjegn jr doprjpgrhy phuiign wghhs detjWVNYs, tmg rgiuh`tdjes rgqudrg jwegrs jr jpgr`tjrs tj nghdeg`tg `e @j\ cjr g`fm dekgftdje wghhjr jpgr`tdje `en tj dngetdcy `en hjf`tg `hh wghhs wdtmde tmg @j\ `en fjrrgft `ey prjlhgos rgh`tgn

    tj doprjpgrhy `l`enjegn jr doprjpgrhy fjophgtgn wghhs lgcjrg fjoogefdei dekgftdje. Wengrtmds `pprj`fm, dekgftdje wghh jwegrs jr jpgr`tjrs oust ngojestr`tg tm`t tmg prjpjsgn dekgftdjejpgr`tdje wdhh ejt rgsuht de chudn odir`tdje detj WVNYs jr WVNY gen`eigroget.

    R`tmw`y 7 H`tgr`h Odir`tdje jc Chudns crjo Ydtmde `e Dekgftdje [jeg detj `

    Rrjtgftgn Rjrtdje jc tm t Vtr`tuo

    De ojst igjhjidf sgttdeis `en dekgftdje sfge`rdjs, tmg dekgftdje zjeg jc ` p`rtdfuh`r dekgftdjejpgr`tdje wdhh lg pmysdf`hhy sgirgi`tgn crjo WVNYs ly `e dopgrog`lhg fjecdedei zjeg jr `sgrdgs jc cjro`tdjes. Mjwgvgr, tmgrg o`y lg hdodtgn fdrfuost`efgs wmgrg dekgftdje wghh jwegrs

    jr jpgr`tjrs o`y dekgft detj ` eje-WVNY (` cjro`tdje ejt `ccjrngn VNY@ prjtgftdje) wmdfm dsh`tgr`hhy fjeegftgn tj, jr prjxdo`h tj, ` WVNY. De sufm sdtu`tdjes tmgrg o`y lg ej dopgrog`lhgh`ygr jr jtmgr l`rrdgr prgsget tj prgvget chudn odir`tdje detj WVNYs (R`tmw`y 7).

    Dekgftdje detj eje-WVNY cjro`tdjes tm`t `rg h`tgr`hhy fjeegftgn tj WVNYs o`y lg pgrodttgnngpgendei upje tmg igjhjidf sgttdei `en jpgr`tdje`h fjendtdjes. De sufm sdtu`tdjes, tmg jwegr jrjpgr`tjr `en tmg GR@ WDF pgrodt wrdtgr oust f`rgcuhhy gv`hu`tg tmg sdtg fm`r`ftgrdz`tdje, wghh

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr @-> O`y

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    @ppgendx L

    Ogtmjns cjr F`hfuh`tdei tmg @rg` jc \gvdgw

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr L-0 O`y 2 FC\ 0>3.3 prjvdng cjr twj `pprj`fmgs tj nghdeg`tdei tmg `rg` jcrgvdgw (@j\); ` o`tmgo`tdf`h `pprj`fm cjr f`hfuh`tdei ` zjeg jc gen`eigrdei dechugefg ([GD)

    `en ` cdxgn-r`ndus `pprj`fm. Ymge fmjjsdei wmdfm `pprj`fm tj rgqudrg cjr ndgsgh cughs MC wghhs,GR@ WDF pgrodt wrdtgrs smjuhn fjesdngr tm`t tmg purpjsg jc nghdeg`tdei tmg @j\ ds tj dngetdcytmg `rg` tmrjuimjut wmdfm tmg jwegr jr jpgr`tjr oust sg`rfm cjr fjenudts, sufm `s `l`enjegnwghhs, tm`t fjuhn ge`lhg chudns fjet`dedei ndgsgh cughs tj odir`tg crjo tmg dekgftdje zjeg detj `WVNY.

    F`hfuh`tdei tmg [jeg jc Gen`eigrdei Dechugefg ([GD)

    ^mg [GD ds tmg h`tgr`h `rg` de wmdfm tmg prgssurgs de tmg dekgftdje zjeg o`y f`usg dekgftdje jrcjro`tdje chudn tj odir`tg detj ` WVNY. De tmg f`sg jc `rg` pgrodts, tmg [GD ds tmg prjkgft `rg`

    phus ` fdrfuosfrdldei `rg` de wmdfm tmg prgssurgs de tmg dekgftdje zjeg o`y f`usg dekgftdje jrcjro`tdje chudn tj odir`tg detj ` WVNY.

    ^mg WDF rgiuh`tdjes `t >2 FC\ 0>3.3(`)(

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr L-< O`y 2 FC\ 0>3.3 ds tj usg `cdxgn r`ndus ogtmjnjhjiy. ^mg jwegr jr jpgr`tjr o`y usg ` cdxgn r`ndus jc `t hg`st jeg-qu`rtgr() odhg `rjuen tmg wghh ljrg, `s tmg @j\ destg`n jc f`hfuh`tdei tmg [GD, wdtm tmg `pprjv`h jctmg WDF Rrjir`o Ndrgftjr. ^mg cdxgn r`ndus ds ojst rg`ndhy `pphdgn tj vgrtdf`h wghhs.

    Mjwgvgr, cjr eje-vgrtdf`h wghhs, dt ds egfgss`ry tj `ffjuet cjr tmg ndrgftdje`h pjrtdje jc tmg wghhde jrngr tj `ngqu`tghy prjtgft WVNYs. Cjr tmgsg sgttdeis, GR@ m`s ngvghjpgn tmg cjur jptdjeslghjw tj `n`pt tmg cdxgn jeg-qu`rtgr () odhg r`ndus. ^mg WDF Rrjir`o Ndrgftjr, `s `utmjrdzgn

    uengr >2 FC\ 0>3.3, o`y rgqudrg tm`t tmg @j\ lg ljuengn ly `ey jc tmg cjhhjwdei;

    0. ^mg tr`fg je tmg h`en surc`fg jc tmg fdrfuocgrgefg jc ` spmgrg nr`we `rjuen tmgndrgftdje`h fjophgtdje jc tmg wghh, wmgrg tmg spmgrg ds fgetgrgn `t tmg odn-pjdet jc tmgndrgftdje`h fjophgtdje, cuhhy fjet`des `hh mynr`uhdf`hhy denufgn cr`fturgs `en m`s ` r`ndusjc ej hgss tm`e odhg. (Ejtg; cr`fturgs igegr`hhy nj ejt gxtgen crjo tmg genpjdets jc `ndrgftdje`h fjophgtdje.) (Cdiurg 0).

    Cdiurg 0; @j\ cjr tmg tr`fgje tmg h`en surc`fg jc tmg

    fdrfuocgrgefg jc ` spmgrg

    nr`we `rjuen tmg

    ndrgftdje`h fjophgtdje jc

    tmg wghh, wmgrg tmg spmgrg

    ds fgetgrgn `t tmg odn-pjdet

    jc tmg ndrgftdje`h

    fjophgtdje, cuhhy fjet`des

    `hh mynr`uhdf`hhy denufgn

    cr`fturgs `en m`s ` r`ndus

    jc ej hgss tm`e odhg.

    (Ejtg; Cg`turgs `rg ejt

    nr`we tj sf`hg.)

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr L-6 O`y

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    Nr`ct Rgrodttdei Iudn`efg cjr L-> O`y , lghjw, prjvdngs `e gx`ophg de wmdfm tmg @j\ ds ngcdegn ly tmg tr`fg je tmgh`en surc`fg jc ` fdi`r sm`pg nr`we jeg-qu`rtgr () odhg lgyjen tmg genpjdets jcmynr`uhdf`hhy denufgn cr`fturgs tm`t gxtgen

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    Cdiurg >. @j\ cjr ` fdi`r-sm`pgn sgtl`fa nr`we -odhg lgyjen tmg genpjdets jc 2 cggt. (Cr`fturgs nj ejt gxtgen crjo tmg genpjdets jc tmg ndrgftdje`h

    fjophgtdje.) (Ejtg; Cg`turgs `rg ejt nr`we tj sf`hg.)

    Ouhtdphg mjrdzjet`h wghhs `rg dest`hhgn `t o`ey MC sdtgs. ^mg `rr`eigoget jc tmgsg wghhs ngpgensje tmg e`turg jc tmg mynr`uhdf prjpgrtdgs jc tmg zjeg t`rigtgn tj uengrij MC. Cdiurg 7prgsgets `e@j\ tm`t ds ` fjopjsdtg jc tmg @j\s cjr tmrgg p`r`hhgh mjrdzjet`h wghhs.

    Cdiurg 7. @j\ tm`t ds ` fjopjsdtg jc tmg @j\s cjr tmrgg sgp`r`tg mjrdzjet`h wghhs. (Ejtg;

    Cg`turgs `rg ejt nr`we tj sf`hg.)

    @rg` Rgrodts. Cjr `e `rg` pgrodt, tmg @j\ wjuhn lg ngcdegn ly tmg curtmgst gxtget jc `hh wghhfjophgtdjesh`tgr`h `en vgrtdf`hphus ` fdrfuosfrdldei `rg`, tmg wdntm jc wmdfm ds gdtmgr;

    0. @t hg`st jeg-qu`rtgr () odhg `en ej hgss tm`e tmg gstdo`tgn mynr`uhdf`hhy denufgn

    cr`fturg hgeitm, jr

    2 FC\ 0>3.3, lut ej hgsstm`e eggngn tj defjrpjr`tg tmg c`rtmgst gxtget jc cr`fturgs go`e`tdei crjo `ey wghh

    n n m d