Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures...

188
July 2011 Julia Kintsch Patricia C. Cramer WA-RD 777.1 Office of Research & Library Services WSDOT Research Report Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System

Transcript of Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures...

Page 1: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

July 2011Julia Kintsch Patricia C. Cramer

WA-RD 777.1

Office of Research & Library Services

WSDOT Research Report

Permeability of Existing Structuresfor Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System

Page 2: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State
Page 3: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System

Report to the Washington State Department of Transportation Research Report No. WA-RD 777.1 Julia Kintsch, ECO-resolutions, LLC Dr. Patricia C. Cramer, Utah State University July 2011

Page 4: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE 1. REPORT NO. 2. GOVERNMENT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENTS CATALOG NO

WA-RD 777.15. REPORT DATE4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: Developing a Passage Assessment System 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE

7. AUTHOR(S) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.

Julia Kintsch and Patricia Cramer9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. WORK UNIT NO.

Patricia Cramer, Utah State University, Dept. of Wildland Resources, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-5230

Julia Kintsch, ECO-resolutions, LLC, 1149 Downing St., Denver, Colorado 80218

11. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO.

12. CPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED

Washington Department of Transportation (WSDOT)14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

This study was conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. 16. ABSTRACT

A Passage Assessment System (PAS) was developed to help the Washington Department of Transportation (WSDOT) evaluate existing transportation infrastructure for its ability to facilitate terrestrial wildlife movement from one side of a roadway to the other. The outcomes of this research provide mechanisms to allow transportation agencies to identify both opportunities and barriers to wildlife passage along roads. The PAS presented in this report provides an assessment process that differentiates – for different types of wildlife – between structures that are currently functional, those that could be enhanced to become more functional, and those that are not functional for wildlife passage. In this manner, the system enables transportation agencies to prioritize these enhancement opportunities for the greatest cost efficiency and identify locations where improved permeability will require new infrastructure investments.

This project involved three steps: 1) a review of the literature and refinement of classification systems for both wildlife and road structures; 2) field research of wildlife use of bridges and culverts across Washington; and 3) the development and refinement of an assessment system to evaluate the ability of bridges and culverts to move a range of wildlife species under or over roads. The study took data from previous research as well as monitoring data from remotely-triggered cameras to produce a system for classifying wildlife into Species Movement Guilds

Page 5: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

based on how the wildlife respond to roads and crossing structures. Structural Functional Classes were also defined to classify road infrastructure, such as bridges, culverts and pipes, to create a common understanding of terminology related to wildlife crossings. The field research was conducted for six months in six locations in central and western Washington with the objective of ascertaining which species of wildlife approached and used different types of structures. The PAS was then developed on the basis of these field data, research on wildlife use of crossings across North America, and the organization provided by the Species Movement Guilds and Structural Functional Classes. The PAS guides practitioners through a series of targeted questions designed to characterize a bridge or culvert relative to its potential to function as a wildlife passage for the full range of wildlife known to occur at a given site. The PAS is intended as an evaluation tool to ensure that biologists ask the right questions in the field and fully document the conditions that may affect passage functionality for the diversity of target species. By answering questions about the structure characteristics, vegetation, land use, roadway, barriers and fencing, the biologist will have a complete passage assessment including preliminary ideas for improving the structure, which can be further refined during the project planning and design processes. The PAS provides an effective mechanism for determining which structures are suitable for enhancements to improve their functionality as wildlife passages or, if no such enhancements are appropriate, identify structure replacement needs for improved highway permeability for wildlife. A Passage Enhancement toolbox is provided to complement the PAS and presents a number of infrastructure adjustments and maintenance actions that may be implemented to help wildlife better move through structures. This toolbox may be used to help guide users in developing site-specific recommendations. The Passage Assessment System supports timely inclusion of wildlife passage needs from the onset of highway corridor planning, project planning and design. It offers potential cost-savings and minimized project delays by identifying passage modifications that may be significantly less costly than new infrastructure. Where existing culverts and bridges can be shown to pass wildlife, it would help to reduce future construction costs for wildlife crossings in those areas and help to prioritize which areas are lacking in potential crossings and need additional mitigation. 17. KEY WORDS: wildlife, wildlife crossing, permeability, connectivity, retrofit, bridge, culvert, fence, enhancements

18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

19. SECURITY CLASSIF. (of this report) 20. SECURITY CLASSIF. (of this page) 21. NO. OF PAGES 22. PRICE None None

Page 6: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!

!!"#$%&"'()*

"#$!%&'($'()!&*!(#+)!,$-&,(!,$*.$%(!(#$!/+$0)!&*!(#$!12(#&,)3!0#&!1,$!,$)-&')+4.$!*&,!(#$!*1%()!1'5!(#$!1%%2,1%6!&*!(#$!51(1!-,$)$'($5!#$,$+'7!"#$!%&'($'()!5&!'&(!'$%$))1,+.6!,$*.$%(!(#$!&**+%+1.!/+$0)!&,!-&.+%+$)!&*!(#$!81)#+'9(&'!:(1($!;$-1,(<$'(!&*!",1')-&,(1(+&'7!"#+)!,$-&,(!5&$)!'&(!%&')(+(2($!1!)(1'51,53!)-$%+*+%1(+&'!&,!,$92.1(+&'7!

!

!

&$+,-.%(!/('(,0#*

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

!

!

$"0&0"-,*

"#+)!5&%2<$'(!)#&2.5!4$!%+($5!1)O!

A+'()%#3!F7!1'5!K7!D7!D,1<$,7!HIJJ7!K$,<$14+.+(6!&*!$P+)(+'9!)(,2%(2,$)!*&,!($,,$)(,+1.!0+.5.+*$O!C!-1))19$!1))$))<$'(!)6)($<7!?$)$1,%#!?$-&,(!Q&7!8CR?;!S777J7!81)#+'9(&'!:(1($!;$-1,(<$'(!&*!",1')-&,(1(+&'[email protected]<-+13!8C7!

Page 7: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !

!"#$%&'(&)'*!%*!+&

%,%)-!./%&+-00"12& 3&

!"#$%&'()*! +,%'-./!%+-,& 4!

)*)*! "012345(36(789:1;8<=($=4>=8?0@025(09(A81B09C239(D282=( E!

)*F*! %B=(D;0=9;=(36(A0@:@06=(/1=(36(%4891<34282039(+9648124G;2G4=( E!"#$#"#!!!%&'()!*+!,-./.-+(!01))12()! 3!"#$#$#!!!45(65-(7!*+!819:*6)!;++(9:-<2!,-./.-+(!=)(!*+!>6*))-<2)! ?!

!"#$%&'(F*! '&D&#'!"(#$$'-#!"& 5!

F*)*! $4=H03G1('38:I85(+9648124G;2G4=(&H8@G82039(D2G:0=1( J!

F*F*! D<=;0=1(K3H=>=92(LG0@:1( ))!$#$#"#!!!@()(169A!BCDD16&!*+!B'(9-()!06(+(6(<9()!1</!E(A15-*6! "F!$#$#"G"#!!!H*7!I*J-.-:&!BD1..!81C<1! "F!$#$#"G$#!!!I*/(61:(!I*J-.-:&!BD1..!81C<1! $K!$#$#"GL#!!!;/1':-5(!M-2A!I*J-.-:&!81C<1! $$!$#$#"G3#!!!M-2A!4'(<<())!M-2A!I*J-.-:&!>16<-5*6()! $F!$#$#"GF#!!!;/1':-5(!=<2C.1:()! $N!$#$#"G?#!!!O(6&!M-2A!4'(<<())!81C<1! L"!$#$#"GN#!!!;6J*6(1.!81C<1! L3!$#$#"GP#!!!;(6-1.!81C<1! LF!

F*E*! D24G;2G4=(MG9;20398@(!@811=1( EN!

F*O*! K39023409C(#<<438;B( OE!$#3#"#!!!0C6'*)(!1</!I(:A*/)! 3L!$#3#$#!!!45(61..!@()C.:)! 33!

F*P*! $8118C=(#11=11>=92(D512=>( ON!$#F#"#!!!@(+-<-<2!:A(!01))12(!;))())D(<:!B&):(D!+*6!H*91.!>*</-:-*<)! F"!$#F#$#!!!01))12(!Q<A1<9(D(<:!%**.J*R! F"!

!"#$%&'(E*! !-,!7/D+-,D(#,.('&!-KK&,.#%+-,D& 67!

E*)*! !39;@G10391( PF!

E*F*! ,=Q2(D2=<1(89:('=;3>>=9:820391( PE!

'&M&'&,!&D& 68!

Page 8: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !

"99%*:.)%+& ;4&;''(</-R!;! 8*91.!B'(9-()!1</!B'(9-()!I*5(D(<:!SC-./)!+*6!:A(!B:1:(!*+!,1)A-<2:*<!;''(</-R!E! 01))12(!;))())D(<:!B&):(D!T0;BU!;''(</-R!>! 01))12(!Q<A1<9(D(<:!%**.J*R!;''(</-R!V! B:6C9:C6(!Q51.C1:-*<)W!I*<-:*6-<2!@()C.:)W!!1</!@(9*DD(</1:-*<)!+*6!XD'6*5-<2!0(6D(1J-.-:&!8*6!%(66():6-1.!,-./.-+(!-<!,1)A-<2:*<!B:1:(!

$.+!&'(&!"#$%+& &%1J.(!"#!!!B'(9-()!I*5(D(<:!SC-./)! "L!%1J.(!$#!!!B:6C9:C6(!8C<9:-*<1.!>.1))()! LN!

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

Page 9: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$%&'(#)*%++,-.)/)0#-+#,1'2'&.)34)!"'5&'67)*&-%$&%-#5)43-)8#--#5&-',2)9'2:2'4#) !"

!"!#$%&'!()$**+,-(""#$%$&"'&(%)$*&+$,"-."/)%+,(-)$%$!-+"0'1/2,3"%)&"&4(5-)!+6"7%8,"$-"*!$!6%$&"$9&"+&6%$!:&"!*(%;$,"-.")-%<,"-+"7!5<5!.&=",>;9"%,"$9&".)%6*&+$%$!-+"-."+%$>)%5"5%+<,;%(&,"%+<"$9&"*-)$%5!$8"-."%+!*%5,"$9%$"%)&"9!$"?8":&9!;5&,@"A9!5&"+&7"?)!<6&,"%+<";>5:&)$,"7!$9".&+;!+6",(&;!.!;%558"<&,!6+&<".-)"7!5<5!.&"(%,,%6&"07!5<5!.&";)-,,!+6,3"-..&)"$9&"6)&%$&,$"-((-)$>+!$8".-)")&<>;!+6"$9&,&"+&6%$!:&"!*(%;$,="$9&8"*%8"+-$"%57%8,"?&"&;-+-*!;%558".&%,!?5&"-)";-+,$)>;$&<"!+"%"$!*&58"*%++&)@"B-*(5&*&+$!+6"+&7"7!5<5!.&";)-,,!+6,="$9&)&"%)&"%5,-"+>*&)->,"-((-)$>+!$!&,"$-"&+9%+;&"&4!,$!+6"$)%+,(-)$%$!-+"!+.)%,$)>;$>)&@"C>+<)&<,"$-"$9->,%+<,"-.";>5:&)$,"%+<"?)!<6&,"%)&";>))&+$58"(%)$"-."$9&"A%,9!+6$-+2,"$)%+,(-)$%$!-+",8,$&*"%+<"*%8".>+;$!-+"$-"(%,,"7!5<5!.&@"A!$9",*%55"*-<!.!;%$!-+,="*%+8"-."$9&,&"&4!,$!+6"?)!<6&,"%+<";>5:&)$,";->5<"?&">(6)%<&<"$-"()-:!<&"6)&%$&)"(&)*&%?!5!$8".-)"7!5<5!.&"%+<"&;-,8,$&*"()-;&,,&,"%$"5-7&)";-,$"%+<"-+",9-)$&)"$!*&".)%*&,"$9%+"+&&<&<".-)"+&7"7!5<5!.&";)-,,!+6,@"""/9&"(>)(-,&"-."$9!,"()-D&;$"7%,"$-";)&%$&"%+"%,,&,,*&+$"*&$9-<-5-68"$-"&:%5>%$&"&4!,$!+6"$)%+,(-)$%$!-+"!+.)%,$)>;$>)&".-)"!$,"%?!5!$8"$-".%;!5!$%$&"7!5<5!.&"*-:&*&+$".)-*"-+&",!<&"-."%")-%<7%8"$-"$9&"-$9&)@"/-"%;;-*(5!,9"$9!,="$9&")&,&%);9"$&%*"<&:&5-(&<"!+!$!%5";)!$&)!%".-)"%,,&,,!+6"$9&"(&)*&%?!5!$8"-."&4!,$!+6"?)!<6&,"%+<";>5:&)$,".-)"$&))&,$)!%5"7!5<5!.&"?%,&<"-+"$9&";>))&+$"?-<8"-."E+-75&<6&"-+"9-7"7!5<5!.&"+%$!:&"$-"A%,9!+6$-+">,&"7!5<5!.&";)-,,!+6",$)>;$>)&,@"/9&"%,,&,,*&+$"*&$9-<-5-68"F"+%*&<"$9&"G%,,%6&"H,,&,,*&+$"#8,$&*"0GH#3"F"7%,"$9&+".!&5<"$&,$&<"%5-+6"A%,9!+6$-+")-%<,"!+"5!+E%6&"%)&%,"!<&+$!.!&<"!+"$9&"A%,9!+6$-+",$%$&7!<&"9%?!$%$";-++&;$!:!$8"%,,&,,*&+$"0ACBAI"JKLK3@"/-";-*(5&*&+$"%+<":%5!<%$&"$9&".!&5<"$&,$="$9&"$&%*"%5,-";-+<>;$&<"7!5<5!.&"*-+!$-)!+6"%$",&:&+"5-;%$!-+,">,!+6")&*-$&"*-$!-+M$)!66&)&<";%*&)%,@"'%$%";-*(!5&<"$9)->69"$9&"*-+!$-)!+6"&..-)$",&):&<"$-")&.!+&"%+">+<&),$%+<!+6"-."9-7"7!5<5!.&">,&<",&5&;$";>5:&)$,"%+<"?)!<6&,="79!;9";->5<"$9&+"?&"6&+&)%5!N&<"$-"-$9&)"5-;%$!-+,@"/9&"()-;&,,"7%,"$9&+"?)->69$"$-"A#'1/"?!-5-6!,$,"!+"H()!5"-."JKLL"%+<="$9)->69"%".!&5<"$&,$"7!$9"$9&,&".>$>)&">,&),"-."$9&",8,$&*="$9&"()-;&,,"7%,".>)$9&)")&.!+&<@"/9&"GH#"!,"%"5!:!+6"<-;>*&+$="%?5&"$-"?&">(<%$&<"$-"!+;-)(-)%$&"+&7">+<&),$%+<!+6,"-."7!5<5!.&"(%,,%6&"%+<"?&9%:!-)"%,"$9&8"?&;-*&"%:%!5%?5&="%+<"$%!5-)&<"$-"%<<)&,,")&6!-+%558",(&;!.!;"7!5<5!.&"%<%($%$!-+,@"""O+"<&:&5-(!+6"$9&"GH#="!$"?&;%*&".!),$"+&;&,,%)8"$-";)&%$&"%+"&4(5!;!$"()-;&,,".-)"%,,&,,!+6"$9&";9%)%;$&)!,$!;,"-."$9&":%)!->,"$8(&,"-."?)!<6&,"%+<";>5:&)$,="%,"7&55"%,"<&.!+!+6"9-7"5%+<,;%(&"%+<",$)>;$>)&"%$$)!?>$&,"%..&;$"%",(&;!&,2"7!55!+6+&,,"$-"(%,,"$9)->69"%",$)>;$>)&@"/-";)&%$&",>;9"%+"-?D&;$!:&",$%+<%)<!N&<"()-;&,,="$9&")&,&%);9&),"?&6%+"?8")&.!+!+6";5%,,!.!;%$!-+",8,$&*,".-)"7!5<5!.&")&5%$!:&"$-"$9&!)"?&9%:!-)"%+<"(&);&($!-+,"-."(-$&+$!%5";)-,,!+6",$)>;$>)&="%+<"%",&;-+<",8,$&*"$-"()-:!<&"%";-**-+":-;%?>5%)8".-)"<&,;)!?!+6"$9&":%)!&$8"-.")-%<7%8",$)>;$>)&,"$9%$"*%8".>+;$!-+"%,"7!5<5!.&"(%,,%6&,"0&@6@=";>5:&)$,="?)!<6&,"%+<"-:&)(%,,&,3@"/9&,&";5%,,!.!;%$!-+",8,$&*,"7&)&"?%,&<"-+"%"$9-)->69")&:!&7"-."$9&"5!$&)%$>)&"?%,&P";-+$)!?>$&<"E+-75&<6&".)-*"$9&")&,&%);9&),2";-+;>))&+$".!&5<",$><!&,"-."7!5<5!.&"%+<")-%<,"!+"B-5-)%<-="Q$%9="%+<"R-+$%+%P"%+<";-*(!5&<")&,&%);9".)-*";-55&%6>&,"%;)-,,"S-)$9"H*&)!;%"$-".-)*>5%$&"%"*-)&";-*(5&$&">+<&),$%+<!+6"-."7!5<5!.&"()&.&)&+;&,"

Page 10: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$%&'(#)*%++,-.)/)0#-+#,1'2'&.)34)!"'5&'67)*&-%$&%-#5)43-)8#--#5&-',2)9'2:2'4#) !!"

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

K*3"<*&!4!,F";6#44"L#0$#" R$)'+,'&+#,'.G"5+*/.G",*#%.G".*6'".#4#6#$%'+.""

<*%'+#,'"<*&!4!,F";6#44"L#0$#" ;D0!++'4.G"+#--**$.G"(#+'.G"3'#.'4."

M%#8,!)'"N!/("<*&!4!,F"L#0$#" S4#-E"&'#+G"&*&-#,G"-*F*,'G"4F$T"

N!/("O8'$$'..G"N!/("<*&!4!,F"@#+$!)*+'."

=+!CC4F"&'#+G"6*0$,#!$"4!*$G"3*45"

M%#8,!)'"P$/04#,'." U''+G"6**.'G"6*0$,#!$"/*#,"

Q'+F"N!/("O8'$$'.."L#0$#" H4EG"&!/(*+$".(''8G"8+*$/(*+$"#$,'4*8'"

M+&*+'#4"L#0$#" L4F!$/".D0!++'4.G".*6'"&#,."

M'+!#4"L#0$#" ;*$/&!+%.G"+#8,*+.G"&#,."

"

Page 11: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$%&'(#)*%++,-.)/)0#-+#,1'2'&.)34)!"'5&'67)*&-%$&%-#5)43-)8#--#5&-',2)9'2:2'4#) !!!"

"

#$%""&%'()*"'+,&&!-!',.!()""&'$%/%0"12.34'.43%"54)'.!(),+"6+,&&%&7"86$,9.%3":;<="93(>!*%&","

?3%,@*(A)"(-".$%".B9%&"(-"3(,*"'3(&&!)C"&.34'.43%&".$,."',)"93(>!*%"9,&&,C%A,B&"-(3"

A!+*+!-%"4)*%3"(3"(>%3","3(,*A,B"8!;%;0"&/,++"4)*%39,&&%&0"/%*!4/"4)*%39,&&%&0"+,3C%"

4)*%39,&&%&0"%D.%)&!>%"?3!*C%&0"A!+*+!-%"(>%39,&&%&0"&9%'!,+!E%*"'4+>%3.&",)*"',)(9B"

?3!*C%&=0",)*".$%".B9%&"(-"A!+*+!-%".$,."/,B"4&%".$%&%"&.34'.43%&;""

"

#$%".%3/"1A!+*+!-%"4)*%39,&&%&7"'())(.%&"/,)B"*!--%3%)."&.34'.43%&"-3(/".$%"&/,++%&."

'4+>%3.&".$,."/,B"9,&&","&,+,/,)*%30".(".$%"&9,'%"4)*%3","$!C$A,B">!,*4'.;"F"'+,&&!-!',.!()"

(-".3,)&9(3.,.!()"!)-3,&.34'.43%"!).("*%-!)%*"2.34'.43%"54)'.!(),+"6+,&&%&"93(>!*%&","

*%-!)!.!>%"&%."(-"'()*!.!()&"-(3"-(43"*!--%3%)."4)*%39,&&%&0".$%"(>%39,&&0",)*".A("*!&.!)'."

*%&!C)&"-(3"9,&&,C%&"8#,?+%":=;"#$%"'3!.!',+"*!/%)&!()&"-(3"?3%,@&",/()C".$%"-(43"'+,&&%&"

,3%"?,&%*"()"$%!C$.&",)*"A!*.$&"(-"&.34'.43%&0"A$!'$",3%"*!'.,.%*"?B"%)C!)%%3!)C"*%&!C)"

'()&.3,!).&",&"A%++",&".$%"'$,3,'.%3!&.!'&".$,."*%-!)%"!)*!>!*4,+"&9%'!%&7"A!++!)C)%&&".("/(>%"

.$3(4C$","&.34'.43%;"#$!&"'+,&&!-!',.!()"(-"&.34'.43%".B9%&"',)"$%+9".3,)&9(3.,.!()"9+,))%3&0"

?!(+(C!&.&",)*"%)C!)%%3&".("3%+,.%"A!+*+!-%"9,&&,C%")%%*&".(","&9%'!-!'"&.34'.43%".B9%"(3"

.B9%&"4&!)C","'(//()">(',?4+,3B;"

"

"

#,?+%":;"2.34'.43%"54)'.!(),+"6+,&&%&""

!"#$$%&'()% !"#$$%*#+)% &'(,-#"%.()-,)$%/0)%./12-/21)%&'()%,$%34564%/5%7#$$%

6+,&&"G" 2/,++"H)*%39,&&" F/9$!?!,)&0"&/,++"/,//,+&"

6+,&&":" I%*!4/"H)*%39,&&" 6(B(.%0"?(?',."

6+,&&"<" J,3C%"H)*%39,&&" K%%30"%+@0"?+,'@"?%,3"

6+,&&"L" MD.%)&!>%"N3!*C%" I(&."A!+*+!-%"O"A,3B"&9%'!%&"

6+,&&"P" Q!+*+!-%"R>%39,&&" I(&."A!+*+!-%0"!)'+4*!)C"?!3*&"

6+,&&"S"" 29%'!,+!E%*"64+>%3.&" T%9.!+%&"U",/9$!?!,)&"

6+,&&"V" 6,)(9B"N3!*C%&" 5+B!)C"&W4!33%+&0",3?(3%,+"3(*%).&"

"

"

6(/?!)%*0".$%"29%'!%&"I(>%/%)."X4!+*&",)*".$%"2.34'.43%"54)'.!(),+"6+,&&%&"+,B".$%"

-(4)*,.!()"-(3"%>,+4,.!)C".$%"9%3/%,?!+!.B"(-"%D!&.!)C"&.34'.43%&"-(3"A!+*+!-%;"#$%".%,/".$%)"

*%>%+(9%*"!)!.!,+"&.34'.43%"%>,+4,.!()"'3!.%3!,"?,&%*"()"3%&%,3'$"!)"(.$%3"&.,.%&"

&499+%/%).%*"A!.$"94?+!&$%*"3%&%,3'$",)*"'(33%&9()*%)'%"A!.$"'(++%,C4%&".("*%.%3/!)%"

.$%"-,'.(3&".$,.",99%,3".("!)-+4%)'%"A!+*+!-%"9,&&,C%",)*"$(A".$%B"&$(4+*"?%"

9,3,/%.%3!E%*;"#$%&%"-,'.(3&"!)'+4*%"&.34'.43%"*!/%)&!()&0"9,&&,C%A,B"&4?&.3,.%0"

>%C%.,.!()"'(>%30"+,)*&',9%",..3!?4.%&",)*"$4/,)"4&%0",/()C"(.$%3"'()&!*%3,.!()&;""

Page 12: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$%&'(#)*%++,-.)/)0#-+#,1'2'&.)34)!"'5&'67)*&-%$&%-#5)43-)8#--#5&-',2)9'2:2'4#) !"#

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

Page 13: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$%&'(#)*%++,-.)/)0#-+#,1'2'&.)34)!"'5&'67)*&-%$&%-#5)43-)8#--#5&-',2)9'2:2'4#) !"

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

Page 14: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$%&'(#)*%++,-.)/)0#-+#,1'2'&.)34)!"'5&'67)*&-%$&%-#5)43-)8#--#5&-',2)9'2:2'4#) !"#

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

Page 15: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$%&'(#)*%++,-.)/)0#-+#,1'2'&.)34)!"'5&'67)*&-%$&%-#5)43-)8#--#5&-',2)9'2:2'4#) !""#

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

Page 16: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$%&'(#)*%++,-.)/)0#-+#,1'2'&.)34)!"'5&'67)*&-%$&%-#5)43-)8#--#5&-',2)9'2:2'4#) !"""#

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

Page 17: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !H!

!"#$%&'()*( +,%'-./!%+-,((

B8$!/+'$%+$!,%&!#7,+3'+$!*6!37,%/#*73,3'*%!$+*-*:=!'/!+*%+$7%$&!M'38!38$!$66$+3/!*6!37,%/#*73,3'*%!*%!38$!%,357,-!M*7-&!,%&!38$!2$,/57$/!%$+$//,7=!3*!8$-#!,1*'&E!2'%'2']$!,%&!2'3':,3$!38*/$!$66$+3/I!G%!,!M*7-&!-,7:$-=!&$#$%&$%3!5#*%!2*3*7']$&!37,%/#*73!*6!#$*#-$E!:**&/!,%&!/$71'+$/E!38$!%$:,3'1$!+*%/$^5$%+$/!3*!'%&'1'&5,-!#-,%3/!,%&!,%'2,-/!,%&!$%3'7$!$+*/=/3$2/!'/!'%$1'3,C-$I!;*38!38$!7*,&!6**3#7'%3!,%&!1$8'+5-,7!37,66'+!#*/$!387$,3/!3*!'%3,+3!$+*/=/3$2/!,%&!M'-&-'6$!C=!+7$,3'%:!C,77'$7/!3*!2*1$2$%3!*6!'%&'1'&5,-/!,%&!%,357,-!#7*+$//$/E!67,:2$%3'%:!%,357,-!+*225%'3'$/E!,%&!+,5/'%:!%52$7*5/!1$8'+-$!+*--'/'*%N7$-,3$&!&$,38/I!"3!38$!8$,73!*6!38$!#7,+3'+$!*6!37,%/#*73,3'*%!$+*-*:=!'/!38$!C$-'$6!38,3!%$M!37,%/#*73,3'*%!#7*\$+3/!/8*5-&!6'7/3!,1*'&!%,357,-!,7$,/!,%&!+75+',-!M'-&-'6$!+*7$!,7$,/!,%&!+*77'&*7/_!/$+*%&E!#-,%/!/8*5-&!2'%'2']$!38*/$!$66$+3/_!,%&!-,/3-=E!2'3':,3$!6*7!38$!$66$+3/!*6!,!#7*\$+3!*%!M'-&-'6$E!%,357,-!8,C'3,3!,%&!$+*/=/3$2!#7*+$//$/I!G%!38$!+,/$!*6!$('/3'%:!37,%/#*73,3'*%!'%67,/375+357$!38,3!'/!/3'--!'%!5/$E!2'3':,3'*%!'/!38$!*%-=!*#3'*%!,1,'-,C-$!6*7!'2#7*1'%:!7*,&M,=!/'35,3'*%/!3*!,++*22*&,3$!25-3'#-$!M'-&-'6$!/#$+'$/!,%&!38$'7!2*1$2$%3/!,+7*//!38$!-,%&/+,#$E!38$7$C=!#7*2*3'%:!M'-&-'6$!#$72$,C'-'3=I!!B8$!%$:,3'1$!$66$+3/!*6!7*,&/!'%+-5&'%:!38$!67,:2$%3,3'*%!*6!%,357,-!-,%&/+,#$/!,%&!38$!2*73,-'3=!*6!,%'2,-/!38,3!,7$!8'3!C=!1$8'+-$/!+,%!C$!#,73',--=!2'3':,3$&!387*5:8!'2#7*1$2$%3/!3*!$('/3'%:!'%67,/375+357$!3*!$%8,%+$!#$72$,C'-'3=!6*7!M'-&-'6$I!98'-$!%$M!+7*//'%:!/375+357$/!&$/':%$&!/#$+'6'+,--=!6*7!M'-&-'6$!#,//,:$!*66$7!38$!:7$,3$/3!*##*735%'3=!6*7!7$&5+'%:!38$!%$:,3'1$!'2#,+3/!*6!7*,&/!*%!M'-&-'6$E!/5+8!-,7:$!'%67,/375+357$!#7*\$+3/!,7$!*63$%!%*3!$+*%*2'+,--=!6$,/'C-$!*7!+*%/375+3$&!'%!,!3'2$-=!2,%%$7I!X5%&7$&/!3*!38*5/,%&/!*6!+5-1$73/!,%&!C7'&:$/!,7$!+577$%3-=!#,73!*6!38$!/3,3$`/!37,%/#*73,3'*%!'%67,/375+357$!,%&!2,=!65%+3'*%!3*!#,//!M'-&-'6$I!9'38!/2,--!2*&'6'+,3'*%/E!2,%=!*6!38$/$!$('/3'%:!C7'&:$/!,%&!+5-1$73/!+*5-&!C$!5#:7,&$&!3*!#7*1'&$!:7$,3$7!#$72$,C'-'3=!6*7!M'-&-'6$!,%&!$+*/=/3$2!#7*+$//$/I!!!A66*73/!,7$!5%&$7M,=!%,3'*%M'&$!3*!C$33$7!#-,%!%$M!37,%/#*73,3'*%!#7*\$+3/!,%&!5#:7,&$/!3*!$('/3'%:!37,%/#*73,3'*%!'%67,/375+357$!'%!M,=/!38,3!8$-#!3*!2'%'2']$!38$!%$:,3'1$!$66$+3/!*6!7*,&/!*%!38$!%,357,-!$%1'7*%2$%3E!%,357,-!#7*+$//!,%&!M'-&-'6$!2*1$2$%3I!.5+8!'%3$:7,3'1$!#-,%%'%:!$66*73/!C$:'%!,3!38$!-*%:N7,%:$!#-,%%'%:!/3,:$E!M8$7$!'%'3',-!$%1'7*%2$%3,-!%$$&/!,%&!2'3':,3'*%!+*/3/!,7$!,//$//$&I!B*!#7*#$7-=!'%6*72!38$/$!-*%:N7,%:$!#-,%%'%:!$66*73/!38$7$!'/!,!%$$&!3*!,//$//!$('/3'%:!'%67,/375+357$!6*7!'3/!+577$%3!,%&!#*3$%3',-!,C'-'3=!3*!65%+3'*%!,/!#,//,:$M,=/!6*7!&'66$7$%3!3=#$/!*6!M'-&-'6$I!G%+-5/'*%!*6!M'-&-'6$!#$72$,C'-'3=!%$$&/!,3!38$!*53/$3!*6!#7*\$+3!#-,%%'%:!$66$+3'1$-=!#7*2*3$/!-,%&/+,#$!+*%%$+3'1'3=!3*!8$-#!2'%'2']$!37,%/#*73,3'*%!'2#,+3/!'%!,!+*/3N$66$+3'1$!6,/8'*%I!!!

Page 18: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !K!

98'-$!38$7$!,7$!2,%=!/35&'$/!&*+52$%3'%:!'%&'1'&5,-!/#$+'$/`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a!C7'&:$/!,%&!+5-1$73/!a!M'38!7$:,7&/!3*!38$'7!#*3$%3',-!3*!#,//!&'66$7$%3!3=#$/!*6!M'-&-'6$I!B8$!*53+*2$/!*6!38'/!7$/$,7+8!#7*1'&$!38$/$!2$+8,%'/2/E!,--*M'%:!37,%/#*73,3'*%!,:$%+'$/!3*!'&$%3'6=!C*38!*##*735%'3'$/!,%&!C,77'$7/!3*!M'-&-'6$!#,//,:$I!B8$!<,//,:$!"//$//2$%3!.=/3$2!><".?!#7$/$%3$&!'%!38'/!7$#*73!#7*1'&$/!,%!,//$//2$%3!#7*+$//!38,3!&'66$7$%3',3$/!a!6*7!&'66$7$%3!3=#$/!*6!M'-&-'6$!a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`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

Page 19: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !J!

)*)*( "012345(36(789:1;8<=($=4>=8?0@025(09(A81B09C239(D282=(!.'%+$!HTTH!9.DWB!8,/!2,%,:$&!,!+**#$7,3'1$!#7*:7,2!3*!'%1$%3*7=E!#7'*7'3']$E!,%&!+*77$+3!6'/8!#,//,:$!C,77'$7/!,-*%:!/3,3$!7*,&/I!0*7$!7$+$%3-=E!9.DWB!8,/!7$+*:%']$&!38$!%$$&!6*7!+7$,3'%:!,%!,%,-*:*5/!#7*+$//!6*7!'&$%3'6='%:!,%&!,//$//'%:!+*%%$+3'1'3=!%$$&/!6*7!3$77$/37',-!M'-&-'6$!,+7*//!/3,3$!7*,&/E!*6!M8'+8!38'/!<,//,:$!"//$//2$%3!.=/3$2!'/!,!/3$#I!!!!G%!b5-=!KRRLE!9,/8'%:3*%!.3,3$!.$+7$3,7=!*6!B7,%/#*73,3'*%!D*5:-,/!0,+D*%,-&!/':%$&!A($+53'1$!W7&$7!HRJH!c<7*3$+3'*%/!,%&!@*%%$+3'*%/!6*7!X':8!d5,-'3=![,357,-!X,C'3,3/`E!M8'+8!&'7$+3/!38$!,:$%+=!3*!#7*3$+3!$+*/=/3$2!8$,-38!,%&!#7$/$71,3'*%!*6!C'*&'1$7/'3=!387*5:8!38$!7*,&!,%&!8':8M,=/!#7*:7,2/I!B8'/!*7&$7!&'7$+3/!9.DWB!3*!#7*3$+3!,^5,3'+!,%&!3$77$/37',-!+*%%$+3'1'3=!6*7!6'/8!,%&!M'-&-'6$I!"/!#,73!*6!9.DWB`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e#7*3$+3'%:!+*%%$+3'*%/!6*7!8':8!^5,-'3=!8,C'3,3/f!,/!&'7$+3$&!C=!A($+53'1$!W7&$7!HRJHI!!!!!!!

)*E*( %B=(D;0=9;=(36(A0@:@06=(/1=(36(%4891<34282039(+9648124F;2F4=(

(D$/':%'%:!M'-&-'6$!+7*//'%:/!a!%$M!/375+357$/!,/!M$--!,/!$%8,%+$2$%3/!3*!$('/3'%:!'%67,/375+357$/!a!'/!C,/$&!*%!7$/$,7+8!&*+52$%3'%:!8*M!&'66$7$%3!/#$+'$/!,%&!3,(*%*2'+!:7*5#/!*6!M'-&-'6$!8,1$!5/$&!M'-&-'6$!+7*//'%:/!'%!#,/3!,%&!+577$%3!/35&'$/I!G%!,&&'3'*%E!2*7$!:$%$7,-!'%6*72,3'*%!,C*53!38$!C$8,1'*7,-!+8,7,+3$7'/3'+/!,%&!8,C'3,3!%$$&/!*6!38,3!/#$+'$/!+,%!C$!5/$&!3*!65738$7!'%6*72!+7*//'%:!&$/':%/E!#,73'+5-,7-=!M8$7$!-'33-$!*7!%*!7$/$,7+8!8,/!C$$%!+*%&5+3$&!*%!,%!'%&'1'&5,-!/#$+'$/`!5/$!*6!+7*//'%:/I!G2#7*1'%:!7*,&/!6*7!M'-&-'6$!#$72$,C'-'3=!8,/!C$$%!/35&'$&!/'%+$!

Page 20: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !Q!

HTLO!M8$%!@*-*7,&*`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

("!M'-&-'6$!+7*//'%:!'/!,!/375+357$!38,3!,--*M/!M'-&-'6$!3*!#,//!*1$7!*7!5%&$7!38$!7*,&I!!"!M'-&-'6$!+7*//'%:!/375+357$!'/!&$/':%$&!,%&!C5'-3!/#$+'6'+,--=!*7!'%!#,73!3*!,//'/3!'%!M'-&-'6$!2*1$2$%3!>;'//*%$33$!,%&!@7,2$7!KRRV?!,%&!'%+-5&$!C*38!*1$7#,//$/!,%&!5%&$7#,//$/I!W1$7#,//$/!,7$!C5'-3!3*!,--*M!M'-&-'6$!3*!2*1$!*1$7!38$!6-*M!*6!37,66'+!3*!:$3!3*!38$!*38$7!/'&$!*6!38$!7*,&M,=!>)':IH?I!P%&$7#,//$/!,7$!25+8!2*7$!+*22*%!,%&!$%3,'-!3M*!&'66$7$%3!3=#$/!*6!/375+357$/E!+5-1$73/!,%&!C7'&:$/E!C*38!*6!M8'+8!,--*M!M'-&-'6$!3*!2*1$!5%&$7!38$!7*,&M,=I!;7'&:$&!M'-&-'6$!#,//,:$/!+,%!C$!/'%:-$!/#,%!C7'&:$/!M8$7$!38$!/375+357$!7$/3/!*%!,C532$%3/!M'38!%*!'%3$72$&',3$!/5##*73!+*-52%/!>)':I!K?I!05-3'N/#,%!C7'&:$/!,7$!*%!,C532$%3/!,/!M$--!C53!,-/*!8,1$!*%$!*7!2*7$!'%3$72$&',3$!/5##*73!+*-52%/!C$3M$$%!,C532$%3/!>)':I!J?I!@5-1$73!5%&$7#,//$/!,7$!+*%&5'3/!6*7!M'-&-'6$!5%&$7!38$!7*,&!38,3!8,1$!,%!$2C,%S2$%3!,7*5%&!38$!$%3'7$!#$7'2$3$7I!B=#'+,--=!$'38$7!

!9'24#"+:I!9'-&-'6$!*1$7#,//!*1$7!X':8M,=!TJE!0B!!!g!<I!@7,2$7!

9'24#"+;I!.'%:-$!/#,%!C7'&:$!M'-&-'6$!+7*//'%:!'%!P3,8E!5%&$7!P.!U!g!<I!@7,2$7!!

Page 21: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !O!

+*%+7$3$!C*(!+5-1$73/!>)':I!Q?!*7!+*775:,3$&!/3$$-!#-,3$!,7+8!+5-1$73/!,7$!5/$&!>)':I!O?I!0*7$!7$+$%3-=E!,!%$M!,7+8!&$/':%!6*7!M'-&-'6$!#,//,:$/!38,3!'/!'%3$72$&',3$!C$3M$$%!C7'&:$/!,%&!+5-1$73/!8,/!C$$%!+*%/375+3$&I!"%!,7+8!+7*//'%:!+*%/'/3/!*6!#7$N6,C7'+,3$&!/'(!6**3NM'&$!,7+8!/#,%/!38,3!7$/3!*%!,C532$%3/!,%&!,7$!6,/3$%$&!3*:$38$7!3*!6*72!,%!,7+8$&!#,//,:$M,=!C$%$,38!38$!7*,&I!B8$7$!'/!/*2$!/*'-!,3!38$!/'&$/!*6!38$!,7+8$/E!C53!38$!,C532$%3/!,7$!-,7:$!$%*5:8!38,3!38$7$!,7$!3M*!3*!*%$!/-*#$/!+*2'%:!*66!*6!38$2!3*!38$!#,//,:$!,7$,E!2,S'%:!38$!$%37,%+$!,##$,7!2*7$!-'S$!,!C7'&:$&!/375+357$!38,%!,!+5-1$73!>)':I!U?!!!

(!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

9'24#"+<I!05-3'N/#,%!C7'&:$!65%+3'*%'%:!,/!,!+7*//'%:!5%&$7!GNLRE!@*-*7,&*!g!@$%3$7!6*7![,3'1$!A+*/=/3$2/E!A@WN7$/*-53'*%/E!YY@!h!@DWB!!

9'24#"+=I!@*%+7$3$!+5-1$73!5%&$7!P.!HRH!'%!9,/8'%:3*%!M'38!C-,+SN3,'-$&!&$$7!&*$!,%&!6,M%/!!g!<I!@7,2$7E!bI!i'%3/+8E!h!9.DWB!!

9'24#"+>I!;-,+S!C$,7!$%3$7'%:!,!25-3'N#-,3$!/3$$-!,7+8!+5-1$73!e:,2$!+7*//'%:f!5%&$7!GNTR!'%!9,/8'%:3*%!>C5'-3!'%!HTLU?!g!<I!@7,2$7E!bI!i'%3/+8E!h!9.DWB!

9'24#"+?D!"7+8!/#,%!M'-&-'6$!+7*//'%:!'%!P3,8!5%&$7!GNLR!g!<I!@7,2$7!!

Page 22: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !U!

)*E*E*(((-G=4G0=H(36(I8;2341(#66=;209C(A0@:@06=(/1=(36(!431109C1(

(B8$7$!,7$!2,%=!'%3$77$-,3$&!6,+3*7/!38,3!,66$+3!,%!'%&'1'&5,-!,%'2,-!*7!,!#*#5-,3'*%`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j!!

• 0*&$!*6!-*+*2*3'*%E!'I$IE!+7,M-'%:!,%'2,-/!2*1$!&'66$7$%3-=!38,%!75%%'%:!,%'2,-/!,%&!2,=!/#$%&!2*7$!3'2$!'%!,!+7*//'%:!/375+357$_!

• <7$&,3*7!,1*'&,%+$!/37,3$:'$/E!'I$IE!38$!%$$&!6*7!#7$=!/#$+'$/!3*!6$$-!/,6$!5/'%:!,!+7*//'%:!/375+357$_!

• D$6$%/$!/37,3$:'$/E!'I$IE!/S5%S/!/3*#!3*!/#7,=!,!387$,3E!M8'-$!#*7+5#'%$/!C,+S!5#!3*!'3E!,%&!7,CC'3/!,%&!&$$7!2,=!75%!'%!,!]':],:!6,/8'*%_!

• X$7&!2$%3,-'3=!1$7/5/!/*-'3,7=!2*1$2$%3_!• B8$!%$$&!3*!,++$//!C,/'+!7$/*57+$/!/5+8!,/!6**&!,%&!M,3$7_!• B8$!%$$&!3*!6'%&!2,3$/_!!• B8$!%$$&!3*!2':7,3$!3*!2$$3!C,/'+!C'*-*:'+,-!%$$&/!/5+8!,/!C7$$&'%:E!+,-1'%:E!

$::!-,='%:E!*7!,++$//!3*!M'%3$7!,%&!/522$7!8,C'3,3/_!!• B8$!%$$&!3*!$/+,#$!852,%!#7$//57$/!/5+8!,/!&$1$-*#2$%3!*7!7$+7$,3'*%,-!

,+3'1'3'$/_!!• B8$!%$$&!3*!&'/#$7/$!3*!$/3,C-'/8!%$M!3$77'3*7'$/_!!• B8$!%$$&!6*7!/#$+'6'+!3=#$/!*6!8,C'3,3!/5+8!,/!,!/$2'N,^5,3'+!+*%&'3'*%I!

!A%1'7*%2$%3,-!6,+3*7/!38,3!,66$+3!8*M!M'-&-'6$!#$7+$'1$/!/375+357$/!6*7!#*3$%3',-!#,//,:$!'%+-5&$!>%*3$!38,3!%*3!,--!*6!38$/$!6,+3*7/!,7$!*6!$^5,-!'2#*73,%+$!6*7!,--!/#$+'$/?j!

• B8$!#7$/$%+$!*6!%,357,-!,7$,!*7!/#$+'6'+!8,C'3,3!*%!C*38!/'&$/!*6!38$!7*,&_!• B8$!#7$/$%+$!*6!852,%!&$1$-*#2$%3!*7!&'/357C,%+$!%$,7C=!*7!M'38'%!38$!

/375+357$_!!• Z$:$3,3'1$!+*1$7!-$,&'%:!3*!38$!/375+357$_!• Z$:$3,3'1$!*7!M**&=!&$C7'/!+*1$7!M'38'%!,!/375+357$_!!• Z'/'C'-'3=!387*5:8!38$!/375+357$!,%&!,3!38$!,##7*,+8$/!3*!38$!/375+357$_!• Y':83!+*%37,/3!'%/'&$!,%&!*53/'&$!*6!38$!/375+357$_!• A-$1,3'*%!:7,&'$%3/!38,3!2,=!,66$+3!M,3$7!6-*M!*7!-,7:$!:7,&'$%3/!38,3!2,=!

,66$+3!,%!,%'2,-`/!,##7*,+8!3*!,!/375+357$_!

Page 23: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !L!

• B7,66'+!%*'/$!38,3!'/!#7$/$%3!*53/'&$!38$!/375+357$!,%&!38,3!2,=!C$!,2#-'6'$&!'%/'&$!*7!+8,%:$&!'%!#'3+8!'%/'&$!*7!C$%$,38!38$!/375+357$_!!

• B7,66'+!1*-52$/E!'I$IE!8$,1=!37,66'+!1*-52$/!2,=!&$3$7!,%'2,-/!67*2!+*2'%:!%$,7!38$!7*,&E!,%&!+7*//'%:!387*5:8!,!/375+357$E!M8'-$!-*M!37,66'+!1*-52$/!2,=!$%+*57,:$!,%'2,-/!3*!+7*//!,3N:7,&$!7,38$7!38,%!5/$!/375+357$/!5%-$//!38$=!,7$!*38$7M'/$!#7$1$%3$&!67*2!&*'%:!/*!M'38!6$%+$/!*7!*38$7!65%%$-'%:!&$1'+$/_!

• .'2'-,7'3=!*6!38$!+*%&'3'*%/!'%E!5%&$7!*7!*%!,!/375+357$!7$-,3'1$!3*!38$!%,357,-!$%1'7*%2$%3!'%!M8'+8!'3!'/!-*+,3$&_!!

• B8$!6$$-!*6!*#$%%$//!>7,38$7!38,%!+*%6'%$2$%3?!6*7!,%!,%'2,-!+7*//'%:!387*5:8!,!/375+357$I!

!W#$%%$//!7,3'*!8,/!C$$%!,!25+8N&'/+5//$&!,%&!67$^5$%3-=!2'/5/$&!2$37'+!6*7!,//$//'%:!38$!65%+3'*%,-'3=!*6!+7*//'%:!/375+357$/!6*7!M'-&-'6$E!,%&!6*7!38'/!7$,/*%!'3!'/!C7'$6-=!,&&7$//$&!8$7$I!W#$%%$//!7,3'*!a!&$6'%$&!,/!>8$':83!(!M'&38?k-$%:38E!'%!2$3$7/!a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a!M8'+8!'/!5%'3N/#$+'6'+!a!'/!+,-+5-,3$&_!8*M!/S=-':83/!,%&!:7,3$/!,66$+3!38$!-$%:38!2$37'+_!,%&!,!6,'-57$!3*!&'66$7$%3',3$!C$3M$$%!38$!1,-5$!*6!8$':83!>7'/$?!1/I!M'&38!>/#,%?!'%!,66$+3'%:!38$!-'S$-'8**&!*6!,%'2,-!5/'%:!,!/375+357$!>b,+*C/*%!,%&!b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b,+*C/*%!,%&!b,+*C/*%!>KRRL?!#7*1'&$!,-3$7%,3'1$!2$,/57$/!3*!*#$%%$//!7,3'*!6*7!M8'3$N3,'-$&!&$$7!38,3!+*%/'&$7!#7$&,3*7!,1*'&,%+$!/37,3$:'$/I!B8$/$!'%+-5&$!,/#$+3!7,3'*E!,!2$,/57$!*6!/375+357$!-$%:38!,%&!8$':83!,3!38$!-$1$-!*6!,!&$$7`/!8$,&_!+7*//N/$+3'*%,-!,7$,E!,!2$,/57$!*6!/375+357$!/8,#$!7$-,3'1$!3*!,!&$$7`/!#$7+$#3'*%!*6!*#$%%$//_!C7':83%$//E!,!2$,/57$!*6!#$7+$'1$&!&'/3,%+$!3*!/,6$3=_!,%&!#7$/$%+$!*6!,!-$&:$E!M8'+8!+,%!'%6-5$%+$!,%!,%'2,-`/!M'--'%:%$//!3*!#,//!387*5:8!,!/375+357$I!98'-$!38$/$!2$,/57$/!8,1$!%*3!C$$%!3$/3$&!*7!7$6'%$&!6*7!*38$7!/#$+'$/E!+*%+$#3/!/5+8!,/!

Page 24: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !V!

38$/$!M$7$!5/$&!'%!38$!&$1$-*#2$%3!*6!38$!<,//,:$!"//$//2$%3!.=/3$2!#7$/$%3$&!'%!38'/!7$#*73I!!<,/3!,%&!+577$%3!7$/$,7+8!#7*\$+3/!,7$!3=#'+,--=!&$/':%$&!3*!2$,/57$!*%$!*7!/$1$7,-!*6!38$/$!6,+3*7/!,%&!8*M!38$=!'%6-5$%+$!#,//,:$!6*7!,!:'1$%!/#$+'$/I!F,7$-=!8,1$!,--!*6!38$/$!6,+3*7/!C$$%!/35&'$&!7$-,3'1$!3*!38$!65--!/5'3$!*6!/#$+'$/!#7$/$%3!,3!,!/35&=!-*+,3'*%I!!!!!

!"#$%&'(E*( '&D&#'!"(#$$'-#!"((

B8$!#57#*/$!*6!38'/!#7*\$+3!M,/!3*!+7$,3$!,%!,//$//2$%3!2$38*&*-*:=!3*!$1,-5,3$!$('/3'%:!37,%/#*73,3'*%!'%67,/375+357$!6*7!'3/!,C'-'3=!3*!6,+'-'3,3$!M'-&-'6$!2*1$2$%3!67*2!*%$!/'&$!*6!,!7*,&M,=!3*!38$!*38$7I!B*!,++*2#-'/8!38'/E!38$!7$/$,7+8!3$,2!&$1$-*#$&!'%'3',-!+7'3$7',!6*7!,//$//'%:!38$!#$72$,C'-'3=!*6!$('/3'%:!C7'&:$/!,%&!+5-1$73/!C,/$&!*%!38$!+577$%3!C*&=!*6!S%*M-$&:$!*%!8*M!M'-&-'6$!%,3'1$!3*!9,/8'%:3*%!5/$/!M'-&-'6$!+7*//'%:/I!B8$!,//$//2$%3!2$38*&*-*:=!a!%,2$&!38$!<,//,:$!"//$//2$%3!.=/3$2!><".?!a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

Page 25: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !T!

P/'%:!38'/!C,/$!*6!'%6*72,3'*%E!38$!3$,2!&$1$-*#$&!3M*!'%3$77$-,3$&!+-,//'6'+,3'*%!/+8$2$/I!B8$!+-,//'6'+,3'*%!*6!c.#$+'$/!0*1$2$%3!45'-&/`!>@8,#3$7!KIKI?!+,3$:*7']$/!M'-&-'6$!C,/$&!*%!38$'7!2*&$/!*6!-*+*2*3'*%!,%&!#7$6$77$&!+7*//'%:!/375+357$!+8,7,+3$7'/3'+/!,/!5%&$7/3**&!67*2!#,/3!,%&!+577$%3!/+'$%3'6'+!/35&'$/I!B8'/!'/!,!5%'^5$!+-,//'6'+,3'*%!&$/':%$&!3*!6,+'-'3,3$!,%!5%&$7/3,%&'%:!*6!cM8,3!M*7S/`!6*7!&'66$7$%3!3=#$/!*6!M'-&-'6$I!B8$!+-,//'6'+,3'*%!/=/3$2!,--*M/!37,%/#*73,3'*%!C'*-*:'/3/!3*!$1,-5,3$!38$!#8=/'+,-!,%&!$%1'7*%2$%3,-!+*%&'3'*%/!,%&!#*3$%3',-!+*%/37,'%3/!3*!2*1$2$%3!67*2!38$!#$7/#$+3'1$!*6!:7*5#/!*6!/#$+'$/E!,%&!&$1$-*#!2'3':,3'*%!/37,3$:'$/!38,3!+,7$65--=!+*%/'&$7!38$!C$8,1'*7!,%&!#7$6$7$%+$/!*6!$,+8!3,7:$3!/#$+'$/I!!!B8$!+-,//'6'+,3'*%!c.375+357$!)5%+3'*%,-!@-,//$/`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

E*)*( $4=G03F1('38:H85(+9648124F;2F4=(&G8@F82039(D2F:0=1(

!"+7*//!38$!+*5%37=E!DWB/!,7$!'%+7$,/'%:-=!'%3$:7,3'%:!#$72$,C'-'3=!6*7!3$77$/37',-!,%&!,^5,3'+!M'-&-'6$!'%3*!37,%/#*73,3'*%!#7*\$+3/!3*!2'3':,3$!37,%/#*73,3'*%!'2#,+3/!

Page 26: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !HR!

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i'%3/+8!$3!,-I!KRHH?I!B8$!$1,-5,3'*%!#7*+$//$/!+*%&5+3$&!*%!GNLR!&'7$+3-=!'%6*72$&!38$!&$1$-*#2$%3!*6!38$!<,//,:$!"//$//2$%3!.=/3$2!+7$,3$&!6*7!38'/!7$/$,7+8!#7*\$+3I!!!B8$!0,//,+85/$33/!D$#,732$%3!*6!B7,%/#*73,3'*%!#5C-'/8$&!,!7$#*73!38,3!#7$/$%3/!+*%/'&$7,3'*%/!6*7!$1,-5,3'%:!$('/3'%:!/375+357$/!,3!67$/8M,3$7!/37$,2/!,%&!*66$7/!C$/3!#7,+3'+$/!6*7!,++*22*&,3'%:!M'-&-'6$!#,//,:$!,3!38$/$!7*,&N/37$,2!+7*//'%:/!>0,//,+85/$33/!D$#,732$%3!*6!B7,%/#*73,3'*%!KRHR?I!B8'/!$1,-5,3'*%!/=/3$2!#7*1'&$/!,!/'2#-$!6'$-&!,//$//2$%3!6*7!7,3'%:!7*,&N/37$,2!+7*//'%:/!6*7!3$77$/37',-!,%&!,^5,3'+!#,//,:$!*%!,!/+,-$!67*2!R!>/$1$7$!C,77'$7?!3*!HR!>2$$3/!*#3'2,-!/3,%&,7&/?I!B8$!7,3'%:!/=/3$2!+*%/'&$7/!*%-=!387$$!6,+3*7/!'%6-5$%+'%:!3$77$/37',-!#,//,:$!a!38$!#7$/$%+$!*6!C,77'$7/E!*#$%%$//!7,3'*!,%&!2'%'252!+-$,7,%+$!a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

Page 27: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !HH!

E*E*( D<=;0=1(J3G=>=92(KF0@:1(!B8$!.#$+'$/!0*1$2$%3!45'-&/!>B,C-$!H?!,7$!,!+-,//'6'+,3'*%!*6!3$77$/37',-!M'-&-'6$!/#$+'$/!C,/$&!*%!38$'7!7$/#*%/$/!3*!7*,&/!,%&!+7*//'%:!/375+357$/!a!C$8,1'*7!38,3!'/!-,7:$-=!'%6-5$%+$&!C=!#7$&,3*7!&$3$+3'*%!,%&!,1*'&,%+$!/37,3$:'$/E!,/!M$--!,/!,%!,%'2,-`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i*+'*-$S!KRRU?!,%&!8*M!/#$+'$/!7$/#*%&!3*!8,C'3,3!67,:2$%3,3'*%!>@,1,--,7*!$3!,-I!KRRO?I!@-$1$%:$7!,%&!X5'\/$7!>KRRT?!&$1$-*#$&!,!/']$NC,/$&!+-,//'6'+,3'*%!38,3!+*%/'&$7/!67,:2$%3,3'*%!'2#,+3/!,/!M$--!,/!/#$+'$/!,7$,!7$^5'7$2$%3/I!!!B8$!.#$+'$/!0*1$2$%3!45'-&/!#7$/$%3$&!'%!38'/!7$#*73!,7$!'%3$%&$&!3*!C$!,!7$6'%$2$%3!*6!38$/$!#7$1'*5/!+-,//'6'+,3'*%/E!'%+-5&'%:!,%!'%N&$#38!&'/+5//'*%!,%&!\5/3'6'+,3'*%!6*7!38$!:7*5#'%:/I!B8$!:5'-&/!+,3$:*7']$!M'-&-'6$!C,/$&!*%!C*&=!/']$!a!M8'+8!#53/!,!#8=/'+,-!-'2'3!*%!38$!/375+357$/!38,3!,!:'1$%!/#$+'$/!+,%!5/$!a!8*M!38$=!2*1$E!8*M!38$=!7$/#*%&!3*!7*,&M,=!37,66'+!*7!#*3$%3',-!387$,3/!/5+8!,/!#7$&,3*7/E!,%&!38$!+7*//'%:!/375+357$!+8,7,+3$7'/3'+/E!/5+8!,/!1$:$3,3'*%!+*1$7E!,2C'$%3!+*%&'3'*%/!,%&!1'/'C'-'3=E!38,3!2,=!,66$+3!38$'7!M'--'%:%$//!3*!5/$!&'66$7$%3!/375+357$/!3*!2*1$!5%&$7!,%&!*1$7!7*,&/!B8$!:5'-&/!6,+'-'3,3$!,%!5%&$7/3,%&'%:!*6!M8=!+$73,'%!/#$+'$/!8,1$!/#$+'6'+!7$^5'7$2$%3/!,%&!cM8,3!M*7S/`!6*7!&'66$7$%3!3=#$/!*6!/#$+'$/I!<7$&,3*7!,1*'&,%+$!'/!,!S$=!6,+3*7!6*7!2*/3!M'-&-'6$I!"/!&'66$7$%3!/#$+'$/!8,1$!&'66$7$%3!&$3$+3'*%!,%&!,1*'&,%+$!/37,3$:'$/E!+7*//'%:!/375+357$/!25/3!,&&7$//!38$!/37,3$:'$/!*6!38$!3,7:$3!M'-&-'6$!,3!,!:'1$%!-*+,3'*%I!G%!,&&'3'*%E!/*2$!/#$+'$/!,7$!-'2'3$&!C=!38$'7!2*1$2$%3!+,#,+'3=!>/-*M!1/I!6,/3N2*1'%:?E!C=!38$'7!2*&$!*6!37,1$-!>:7*5%&E!M,3$7E!,'7?E!*7!C=!38$'7!%$$&!6*7!+*%/'/3$%3!$%1'7*%2$%3,-!+*%&'3'*%/!>$I:IE!/*2$!,2#8'C',%/?_!38$/$!/#$+'6'+!8,C'3,3!7$^5'7$2$%3/!,-/*!%$$&!3*!C$!,&&7$//$&I!B8$!3=#$!*6!#7$6$77$&!8,C'3,3!38,3!,%!,%'2,-!-'1$/!'%!M'38'%!,%!$+*7$:'*%!,-/*!,66$+3/!8*M!38$=!5/$!,!+7*//'%:I!<*#5-,3'*%/!*6!38$!/,2$!/#$+'$/!2,=!C$!2*7$!M'--'%:!38,%!*38$7/!3*!5/$!,!+7*//'%:!C,/$&!*%!'3/!/'2'-,7'3=!3*!38$!-,%&/+,#$!'3!'/!#-,+$&!'%I!"!#*#5-,3'*%`/!$(#$7'$%+$!M'38!852,%/!,%&!*38$7!6,+3*7/!+,%!,-/*!,66$+3!8*M!38$=!5/$!,!+7*//'%:_!M8$7$!/*2$!M'-&-'6$!#*#5-,3'*%/!2,=!C$!,&,#3$&!3*!852,%!#7$/$%+$E!6*7!*38$7/!'3!+,5/$/!,!6$,7!*7!,1*'&,%+$!7$,+3'*%I!B8$!.#$+'$/!0*1$2$%3!45'-&/!,7$!C,/$&!*%!:$%$7,-'],3'*%/!,+7*//!#*#5-,3'*%/!,%&!#7*1'&$!C7*,&!:5'&,%+$!6*7!,##-'+,3'*%!M'38'%!38$!+*%3$(3!*6!38$!-,%&/+,#$!,%&!/#$+'6'+!/'35,3'*%/!,3!8,%&I!B8$!:5'-&/!M$7$!&$1$-*#$&!M'38!+,7$65-!7$1'$M!*6!#5C-'/8$&!,%&!:7$=!-'3$7,357$!'%!M'-&-'6$!,%&!37,%/#*73,3'*%!$+*-*:=!,/!M$--!,/!38$!,538*7`/!,%&!*38$7!+*--$,:5$/!

Page 28: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !HK!

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k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

Page 29: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ ! "#!

!"#$%&'$!%&''&()'*+,!-.&/*&(!012&3&4)!56*,7(8!9!:64/)*14+,!/+)&;1'*<+)*14!1:!)&''&()'*+,!=*,7,*:&!>+(&7!14!>17?!(*<&@!.'&7+)1'!+21*7+4/&!()'+)&;*&(@!+47!(.&/*&(!>&A+2*1'!'&,+)*2&!)1!'1+7!*4:'+()'6/)6'&@!)'+::*/!+47!/'1((*4;!()'6/)6'&!/A+'+/)&'*()*/(8!B&2&,1.&7!>?!)A&!+6)A1'(!*4!/1,,+>1'+)*14!=*)A!-+47'+!C+/1>(14@!D8-8!E1'&()!-&'2*/&8!!

()*+,*-&./0*1*23&45,67&

()*+,*-&%891)6*-& ()*+,*-&"33:,;53*-& <:*=*::*7&<9--9>*&"33:,;53*-&<:*=*::*7&(3:5+35:*-&

F1=!01>*,*)?!-3+,,!E+64+!GF0-EH!

!

I42&')&>'+)&(@!:'1;(@!)1+7(@!(13&!(+,+3+47&'(@!(13&!;'1647!*4(&/)(!

-3+,,@!(,1=J312*4;!(.&/*&(!)A+)!'&K6*'&!(.&/*:*/!+3>*&4)!/147*)*14(!G*4/,67*4;!.1((*>,?!31*()6'&!+47!,*;A)H!)1!(6'2*2&!+47!7*(.&'(&8!-13&!(.&/*&(!*4!)A*(!;'16.!3+?!)+L&!(&2&'+,!;&4&'+)*14(!)1!312&!+/'1((!+!()'6/)6'&8!M13.,&)&,?!&4/,1(&7!()'6/)6'&(!3+?!*4)&':&'&!=*)A!7*'&/)*14+,!312&3&4)(!:1'!(13&!(.&/*&(!)A+)!4+2*;+)&!>?!'&:&'&4/&!)1!/&,&()*+,!:&+)6'&(8!!

M'1((*4;(!36()!.'12*7&!(.&/*&(J(.&/*:*/!A+>*)+)!+47!/14(*()&4)!16)(*7&!&42*'143&4)+,!/147*)*14(!)A'16;A16)!)A&!&4)*'&!()'6/)6'&@!*4/,67*4;!4+)6'+,!(6>()'+)&@!,*;A)@!)&3.&'+)6'&!+47!31*()6'&8!-.&/*&(!*4!)A*(!/+)&;1'?!3+?!>&!:1647!+7N+/&4)!)1!=+)&'@!>6)!.'1>+>,?!.'&:&'!7'?!.+)A=+?(!1'!.+)A=+?(!=*)A16)!:,1=*4;!=+)&'!)A'16;A!/6,2&')(8!!

./)"10'9"+&#'82"0:+;'(8('-"+,9"#<%00"0:+)#"15=+8#%'10!

017&'+)&!01>*,*)?!!

-3+,,!E+64+!G00-EH!

5'1647!(K6*''&,(@!(A'&=(@!'+>>*)@!A+'&@!/A*.364L@!21,&@!3*/&@!(L64L@!'+//114@!(13&!(+,+3+47&'(@!,*<+'7(@!)6'),&(@!(4+L&(@!>+7;&'@!3+'31)@!=&+(&,@!.*L+@!:1O@!3+')&4@!:*(A&'@!'*2&'!1))&'@!>&+2&'@!3*4L@!36(L'+)@!(13&!;'1647!>*'7(!

-3+,,!+4*3+,(!)A+)!+'&!:+*',?!+7+.)+>,&!)1!7*::&'&4)!)?.&(!+47!(*<&(!1:!()'6/)6'&(8!9,31()!+,,!1:!)A&(&!(.&/*&(!+'&!.'&?!:1'!,+';&'!(.&/*&(!+47!'&K6*'&!(13&!A*7*4;!/12&'!:1'!.'1)&/)*148!-13&!3+?!'&K6*'&!+!4+)6'+,!(6>()'+)&!1'!31*()6'&!)1!(6'2*2&!*4!()'6/)6'&(@!+47!31()!.'&:&'!4+)6'+,!(6>()'+)&(8!!

E64/)*14+,!/'1((*4;!()'6/)6'&(!*4/,67&!+!2+'*&)?!1:!()'6/)6'&!)?.&(!+47!(*<&(8!9!414J(6>3&';&7!.+)A=+?!*(!+,31()!+,=+?(!.'&:&''&7!+47!6(6+,,?!'&K6*'&7!>?!(.&/*&(!*4!)A*(!;6*,78!%A&?!3+?!+,(1!6(&!()'6/)6'&(!=*)A!+')*:*/*+,!(6>()'+)&!1'!'+3.(8!M12&'!.'12*7&7!=*)A*4!,+';&'!()'6/)6'&(!=*)A!'1/L(@!2&;&)+)*14!1'!(3+,,&'!.*.&(!*(!6(+>,&8!+!

3$%((:+$"8'4$+,#+(%#2"+418"#<%00"0+>54(9"#)0+%18+&#'82"0?:+"/)"10'9"+&#'82"0:+;'(8('-"+,9"#<%00"0!

97+.)*2&!P*;A!

01>*,*)?!E+64+!G9P0EH!

!

Q,+/L!>&+'@!>1>/+)@!/1?1)&@!,?4O!

0&7*63J(*<&7!3+33+,(!)A+)!4+)6'+,,?!6(&!&4/,1(&7!(.+/&(!:1'!7&4(@!+47!/+4!)1,&'+)&!+!,*3*)&7!+3164)!1:!&4/,1(6'&!*4!647&'.+((&(8!0*4*363!/'1((*4;!()'6/)6'&!(*<&!*(!.'1.1')*14+,!)1!(.&/*&(!>17?!(*<&8!

-.&/*&(!*4!)A*(!;'16.!3+?!6(&!+!2+'*&)?!1:!()'6/)6'&!)?.&(!+47!.'&:&'!)1!A+2&!(6*)+>,&!A+>*)+)!7*'&/),?!+7N+/&4)!)1!)A&!()'6/)6'&!&4)'+4/&(8+!!

3$%((:+$"8'4$+,#+(%#2"+418"#<%00"0+>54(9"#)0+%18+&#'82"0?:+"/)"10'9"+&#'82"0:+;'(8('-"+,9"#<%00"0!

P*;A!R.&44&((!P*;A!

01>*,*)?!M+'4*21'&(!GPRP0MH!

!

5'*<<,?!>&+'@!3164)+*4!,*14@!=1,:!

P*;A,?!31>*,&!(.&/*&(!)A+)!.'&:&'!;117!2*(*>*,*)?8!%?.*/+,,?!,+';&'!+4*3+,(!)A+)!A+2&!+!,+';&'!3*4*363!()'6/)6'&!(*<&!'&K6*'&3&4)!)A+4!97+.)*2&!P*;A!01>*,*)?!E+64+8!%A&(&!(.&/*&(!'+4;&!=*7&,?!+/'1((!)A&!,+47(/+.&!+47!3+?!4&&7!)1!/'1((!36,)*.,&!A*;A=+?(8!

R.&4!()'6/)6'&(!)A+)!.'12*7&!;117!2*(*>*,*)?!>6)!/+4!>&!)1,&'+4)!1:!,14;&'!()'6/)6'&(!GS"TTUH8!-.&/*&(!*4!)A*(!;'16.!)&47!)1!.'&:&'!31'&!1.&4!()'6/)6'&(!)A+4!97+.)*2&!P*;A!01>*,*)?!E+64+!>6)!+'&!31'&!)1,&'+4)!1:!&4/,1(&7!()'6/)6'&(!)A+4!V&'?!P*;A!R.&44&((!E+64+8!+

@%#2"+&#'82"+418"#<%00"0:+"/)"10'9"+&#'82"0:+;'(8('-"+,9"#<%00"0!

Page 30: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ ! "#!

!"#$%#&'()*#+#,-'./%01'

!"#$%#&'234+"0#&' !"#$%#&'5--6%7/-#&' 86#9#66#1'84&&4:#'5--6%7/-#&'86#9#66#1'!-6/$-/6#&'

$%&'()*+!

,-./0&(+1!

2$,3!

4/0+!&-%!56)(+7(&)0+%!%++89!

:;;1+9!:;/-(&)-!.;&(!

4+%)/:!&-%!0&8.+71)<+%!/-./0&(+1!(6&(!

8+=/)8+!.;;%!*)1)>)0)(?!;-!&!6;8)<;-(&0!

'0&-+!&-%!&!:;%+8&(+!&:;/-(!;@!A;*+8B!

C6+1+!&-):&01!'8+@+8!&!-&(/8&0!

1/>1(8&(+!&-%!&%D&A+-(!A;*+89!>/(!:&?!

&01;!/1+!A;-A8+(+7>;((;:+%!A/0*+8(1B!

,-./0&(+1!)-!(6)1!.8;/'!/1+!1(8/A(/8+1!

)-!&''8;E):&(+!'8;';8();-!(;!(6+)8!

>;%?!1)<+!2)B+B9!%++8!A&-!/1+!1:&00+8!

1(8/A(/8+1!(6&-!:;;1+3B!

F&11&.+1!(6&(!6&*+!.;;%!*)1)>)0)(?!

5)(6)-!&-%!&8;/-%!(6+!1(8/A(/8+!&-%!

A0+&8!0)-+1!;@!1).6(!@8;:!;-+!+-%!;@!&!

A8;11)-.!1(8/A(/8+!(;!(6+!;(6+8B!

F8+@+88+%!1(8/A(/8+1!&8+!5)%+8!(6&-!

(6+?!&8+!(&00!&-%!&8+!0+11!(6&-!"GGH!)-!

0+-.(6B!4/0+!%++8!:&?!'8+@+8!:;8+!

;'+-!1(8/A(/8+1!(6&-!56)(+7(&)0+%!%++8B+!

9"8'4$+,#+(%#2"+418"#:%00"0+;54(<"#)0+%18+&#'82"0=>+"/)"10'<"+&#'82"0>+?'(8('-"+,<"#:%00"0!

I+8?!J).6!

K'+--+11!

L&/-&!

2IJKL3!

!

!

M0N9!'8;-.6;8-9!>).6;8-!

16++'9!;'+-!6&>)(&(!.8;/1+!

,-./0&(+1!)-!(6)1!.8;/'!&8+!'&8()A/0&80?!

5&8?!;@!'8+%&(;81!&-%!8+=/)8+!*+8?!

5)%+!*)1(&1!&-%!A0+&8!0)-+1!;@!1).6(B!

C6+?!(+-%!(;!'8+@+8!&!:;%+8&(+!&:;/-(!

;@!6)%)-.!A;*+8!(6&(!%;+1!-;(!)-@8)-.+!

;-!(6+)8!&>)0)(?!(;!%+(+A(!;8!+1A&'+!

'8+%&(;81B!O(8/A(/8+!1)<+!)1!%)A(&(+%!

'8):&8)0?!0)@+!6)1(;8?!&((8)>/(+1!1/A6!&1!

'8+%&(;8!&*;)%&-A+!;8!:&-+/*+8&>)0)(?B!!

P&8.+!'&11&.+1!5)(6!5)%+!;'+-)-.1!2&(!

0+&1(!"QH3!(6&(!&8+!0+11!(6&-!"GGH!0;-.9!

+EA+00+-(!*)1)>)0)(?!5)(6)-!&-%!&8;/-%!

(6+!1(8/A(/8+9!&-%!A0+&8!0)-+1!;@!1).6(!

@8;:!;-+!+-%!;@!&!A8;11)-.!1(8/A(/8+!(;!

(6+!;(6+8B!R8)%.+!/-%+8'&11!1(8/A(/8+1!

5)(6!-&(/8&0!+&8(6+-!1)%+!10;'+1!&8+!

'8+@+88+%!(;!(6;1+!5)(6!A;-A8+(+!;8!

:+(&0!5&001B!L+&(/8+1!(6&(!:&?!

+-A;/8&.+!'&11&.+!)-A0/%+!&!-&(/8&0!

1/>1(8&(+9!&-%!-;)1+!&-%!0).6(!A;-(8&1(!

:;%+8&()-.!@+&(/8+1B!!

@%#2"+54(<"#)+,#+&#'82"+418"#:%00"0>+"/)"10'<"+&#'82"0>+?'(8('-"+,<"#:%00"0!

$8>;8+&0!

L&/-&!!

2$8>L3!

L0?)-.!1=/)88+019!1;:+!>&(19!

&8>;8+&0!*;0+1!!

O'+A)+1!(6&(!:;*+!'8):&8)0?!(68;/.6!

(6+!A&-;'?!8&(6+8!(6&-!;-!(6+!.8;/-%!

1/8@&A+B!

L+&(/8+1!@;8!(6+1+!1'+A)+1!'8;*)%+!&!

A;-()-/;/1!A&-;'?70+*+0!1(8/A(/8+!

&A8;11!(6+!8;&%5&?B++

6#""),:+#,:"+&#'82"0>+),?"#0>+,#+$,8'-'"8+?'#"+,#+$")%(+0)#45)4#"0A!

$+8)&0!L&/-&!

2$+8L3!

!

O;-.>)8%19!8&'(;819!>&(19!

@0?)-.!)-1+A(1!2)-A0/%)-.!

>/((+8@0)+13!

O'+A)+1!56;1+!'8):&8?!:;%+!;@!

:;*+:+-(!)1!@0?)-.B!!

L+&(/8+1!@;8!(6+1+!1'+A)+1!&):!(;!%)*+8(!

@0?)-.!1'+A)+1!;/(!;@!(6+!'&(6!;@!(8&@@)AB!+B'<"#0',1+:,("0>+"/)"10'<"+&#'82"0>+?'(8('-"+,<"#:%00"0!

Page 31: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

!"!"#"$$$%&'&()*+$,-..()/$01$,2&*3&'$4)&1&)&5*&'$(56$7&+(830)$$

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

2.2.1-1. Low Mobility Small Fauna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

Page 32: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

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

• J1-!,2))-%!01&2%.!3-!&4-)!$,!,&4!$).!=(,,-.!'(,1!(+&)!*+$,-!=%201!'(,1!+&$.!02+=$7-!,&!$%%&'!$/4%-!%(*1,>!+$()>!$).!$(+!,&!7(+72%$,-!96$780&)!FDDG;5!K+-1/!9":L:;!=2+,1-+!)&,-0!,1$,!*+$,-.!4$00$*-0!4%$<!$)!(/4&+,$),!+&%-!()!4+&@(.()*!$-+$,(&)!$).!-M2(%(3+(2/!&=!$/3(-),!,-/4-+$,2+-0!$).!/&(0,2+-!7&).(,(&)05!!

• K-7$20-!0&/-!$/41(3($)0!$).!+-4,(%-0!20-!&%=$7,&+<!72-0!,&!$00(0,!,1-/!()!,1-(+!/&@-/-),0>!6&71(/0-)!-,!$%5!9FDDN;!02**-0,!$%%&'()*!=&+!$!%$<-+!&=!.-,+(,20!$).!%-$=<!0230,+$,-!,&!+-/$()!2).(0,2+3-.!$%&)*!,1-!%-)*,1!&=!4$00$*-05!

• J2))-%0!01&2%.!3-!0(,2$,-.!0&!,1$,!,1-<!7$)!3-!-$0(%<!$77-00-.!$).!)&,!4+&)-!,&!=%&&.()*!9O28<!$).!P&*-%!FDDN;5!!

• Q$(),-)$)7-!&=!$/41(3($)!,2))-%0!(0!$%0&!-R,+-/-%<!(/4&+,$),!=&+!=2)7,(&)$%!7+&00()*0C!,2))-%0!01&2%.!3-!7%-$)-.!&)!$)!$))2$%!3$0(0!3-=&+-!,1-!0,$+,!&=!,1-!/(*+$,(&)!4-+(&.!9O28<!$).!P&*-%!FDDN;5!!

• S()*!'$%%0!01&2%.!$)*%-!&2,!=+&/!-$71!-).!&=!,2))-%!$,!$44+&R(/$,-%<!NE!.-*+--0!96$780&)!FDDG;!$).!7&),()2-!&2,'$+.!$0!*2(.-!=-)7()*5!J1(0!=-)7()*!7$)!3-!4%$0,(7!94&%<,1-)-!/-01;!&+!7&)7+-,-!9T+(%%&!-,!$%5!FD"D;>!&+!-@-)!=$01(&)-.!=+&/!/-,$%!*2$+.!+$(%0!0,$78-.!@-+,(7$%%<5!

•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

9'24#"++:;!B/41(3($)!$).!+-4,(%-!3$++(-+!'$%%!$,!O$<)-0!O+$(+(-!H,$,-!O+-0-+@->!$%&)*!WH!NN"!()!T$()-0@(%%->!V%&+(.$!X!O5!Y+$/-+!

Page 33: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

$%&'(!)*+,!-,,.!),(/0*.0!0&!1&+,!*2&.'!

0),!$,.3/.'4!

• 5%&((/.'!(0%6306%,(!()&627!-,!(8*3,7!

9/0)/.!:;;!$,,0!<="!1>!&$!&.,!*.&0),%!

<?*3@(&.!:;;A>B!C6@D!*.7!E&',2!<:;;F>!

$&6.7!*!1*G/161!(8*3/.'!7/(0*.3,!&$!

:=;HA:I!$,,0!<I;H";;!1>!0&!-,!*7,J6*0,K!

-60!%,3&11,.7!7,0,%1/./.'!0),!(8*3/.'!

-,09,,.!3%&((/.'!(0%6306%,!&.!0),!-*(/(!

&$!0),!1/'%*0/&.!%*7/6(!&$!0),!0*%',0!

(8,3/,(!6.7,%!.&%1*2!3&.7/0/&.(4!

• L&3*0,!3%&((/.'(!/.!0),!3,.0,%!&$!

1/'%*0/&.!%&60,(!%*0),%!0)*.!*0!0),!

,7',(4!M&!$/.7!0),(,!1/'%*0/&.!%&60,(K!

0),!(8,3/,(!.,,7!0&!-,!(067/,7!$&%!*0!2,*(0!

09&!D,*%(!-,3*6(,!%&60,(!+*%D!$%&1!D,*%!

0&!D,*%!<C6@D!*.7!E&',2!:;;F>4!!

• M),!*60)&%(!3&.3267,!0)*0!32&(,!

3&&8,%*0/&.!-,09,,.!,.'/.,,%(!*.7!

-/&2&'/(0(!(8,3/*2/N/.'!/.!*18)/-/*.(!/(!

&$!601&(0!/18&%0*.3,!0&!$/.7/.'!

1606*22D!*33,80*-2,!(&260/&.(!<C6@D!

*.7!E&',2!:;;F>4!!!

!

O%*/.*',!362+,%0(!*.7!362+,%0(!7,(/'.,7!0&!*22&9!0),!$2&9!&$!9*0,%!3*.!-,!1&7/$/,7!

0&!8*((!*18)/-/*.(!*.7!%,80/2,(!+/*!0),!/.(0*22*0/&.!&$!(),2+,(!&%!$2&*0/.'!7&3@(!

/.(/7,!0),!362+,%0!<?&3)/1(,.!,0!*24!:;;F>4!?*3@(&.!<"PPP>!(6'',(0(!3)*..,2/N/.'!0),!

9*0,%!0)%&6')!0),!362+,%0!0&!3%,*0,!*.!,G0,.7,7!-*.@!*%,*K!*20)&6')!0)/(!*30/&.!

()&627!-,!3&.7630,7!&.2D!9/0)!3*%,$62!3&.(/7,%*0/&.!&$!*J6*0/3!3&..,30/+/0D!.,,7(!

0)%&6')!0),!362+,%04!O%D!362+,%0(!3*.!-,!,.)*.3,7!9/0)!0),!82*3,1,.0!&$!.*06%*2!

(6-(0%*0,!/.(/7,!0),!362+,%0!0&!8%&+/7,!*!(6/0*-2,!1&+,1,.0!(6%$*3,!$&%!*18)/-/*.(4!

M),!*77/0/&.!&$!3&+,%!/.!0),!$&%1!&$!+,',0*0/&.K!2&'(!&%!%&3@(!/.(/7,!0),!362+,%0!3*.!

*2(&!/18%&+,!3&.7/0/&.(!$&%!0),(,!8%,D!(8,3/,(4!!

!

Q)/2,!@,,8/.'!0),!0&8!&$!*!362+,%0!&8,.!*22&9(!$&%!1&/(06%,K!2/')0K!*.7!*!+/,9!&$!0),!

./')0!(@DK!/0!*2(&!*22&9(!$&%!%&*7!%6.&$$!0&!,.0,%!0),!3%&((/.'4!M)/(!1*D!,G8&(,!0),!

1&+/.'!*./1*2(!0&!),*+D!1,0*2(!(63)!*(!3&88,%K!N/.3K!*.7!2,*7K!*(!9,22!*(!8,0%&2,61!

7,%/+*0/+,(4!R6%0),%!%,(,*%3)!/(!.,,7,7!0)*0!),28(!/.!0),!7,(/'.!&$!3%&((/.'(!$&%!0)/(!

(1*22!$*6.*!'%&684!C,%)*8(!1620/H3)*1-,%!7,(/'.(!3&627!-,!3%,*0,7!9),%,!&60(/7,!

3)*1-,%(!&$!*!0)%,,H3)*1-,%,7!362+,%0!9&627!3*03)!0),!8&2260*.0(!%6../.'!&$$!0),!

%&*7K!9)/2,!0),!1/772,!0)/%7!3)*1-,%!/(!&8,.!*.7!*,%*0,7!-60!$%,,!&$!%&*7!%6.&$$4!

S.&0),%!/7,*!9&627!-,!0&!$/.7!*!9*D!0&!7,2/+,%!1&/(06%,!0&!0),!362+,%0!$%&1!1&%,!

86%,!(&6%3,(!&60(/7,!&$!0),!%&*7H%/')0H&$!9*DK!0)6(!*+&/7/.'!0),!.,,7!0&!7,2/+,%!

1&/(06%,!$%&1!0),!%&*74!!

!

9'24#"+:;!O%/$0!$,.3/.'!0&!$6..,2!06%02,(!6.7,%!0),!)/')9*D!0&!',0!0&!&0),%!(/7,!

&$!L*@,!?*3@(&.K!M*22*)*((,,K!RL!T!C4!

5%*1,%!

Page 34: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

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

9'24#"+:;!F/8-+1!F&/,&,+!U5%9/11/0+!/-4!/.9*,:,/-!/-4!&+9),2+!3/227!1*%&)28!/')+&!5%-1)&(5),%-!V!FD!W&/.+&!

Page 35: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

$%&'()*+!$,&',-*)*+!./01)*!0/2!3-40&2*!

50/6!,7!'8)!9,/*-2)&0'-,/*!7,&!0:;8-<-0/*!0&)!-2)/'-90(!7,&!&);'-()*=!$8)!>06/)*!

>&0-&-)!)9,;0**0?)*!:)/'-,/)2!0<,@)!7,&!0:;8-<-0/*!80@)!A,&1)2!7,&!(-40&2*+!

0((-?0',&*!0/2!*/01)*+!<%'!/,!'%&'()*!A)&)!&)9,&2)2!%*-/?!'8)!9%(@)&'*=!B,A)@)&+!-/!0!

*'%26!,7!;0-/')2!'%&'()!:,@):)/'!C091*,/!0/2!50&980/2!D"##EF!7,%/2!'80'!0!

GHIGHIGJH"!DKIKILM!:F!'%//)(!:02)!,7!A,,2!A-'8!"L"!7))'!DNJ!:F!,7!2&-7'!7)/9)!0'!

<,'8!)/2*!A0*!*%99)**7%((6!%*)2!<6!;0-/')2!'%&'()*+!'8,%?8!/,!&,02!A0*!-/@,(@)2!-/!

'8-*!*'%26=!O/!'8-*!*'%26+!'8)!0%'8,&*!90%'-,/!'80'!9()0&!(-/)*!,7!*-?8'!0(,/?!'8)!2&-7'!

7)/9-/?!0*!A)((!0*!0'!'8)!'%//)(!)/'&0/9)*!A)&)!0/!-:;,&'0/'!@0&-0<()!7,&!*%99)**7%(!

'8&,%?8P;0**0?)=!!

!

$8)!:,&)!&)9)/'!301)!C091*,/!9&,**-/?*!0/2!)9,;0**0?)*!0(,/?!301)!C091*,/!/,&'8!

,7!$0((080**))+!Q(,&-20!A)&)!-/*'0(()2!-/!GJ"J=!>&-,&!',!'8)!-/*'0((0'-,/!,7!'8)!A0((!

0/2!9%(@)&'*!7,&!'%&'()!:,@):)/'+!R&)*9,!DGJJSF!A0*!0<()!',!'):;,&0&-(6!&)2%9)!'8)!

8-?8!:,&'0(-'6!,7!:,@-/?!'%&'()*!A-'8!0!2&-7'!7)/9)!',!0/!)I-*'-/?!9%(@)&'+!0/2!

9,/2%9')2!:,/-',&-/?!,7!'8)!*'&)'98!,7!&,02!7,&!NN!:,/'8*=!R!A)<*-')!DR&)*9,!GJ""F!

?-@)*!0!'8,&,%?8!&)@-)A!,7!'8)!)/'-&)!;&,9)**!,7!-2)/'-76-/?!0!2)02(6!*'&)'98!,7!&,02!

7,&!'%&'()*+!0/2!&0-*-/?!;%<(-9!0A0&)/)**!0/2!0?)/96!*%;;,&'+!0/2!7-/0((6!0!

:-'-?0'-,/!*6*'):!'80'!-/9(%2)*!9%(@)&'*!0/2!0!9,/9&)')!A0((!(-1)!'8,*)!0(,/?!>06/)*!

>&0-&-)+!Q(,&-20!D*))!T,I!"F=!

!

U@)&0((+!&)*)0&98!-/2-90')*!'80'!&);'-(-0/!*;)9-)*!;&)7)&)/9)*!7,&!9&,**-/?!'6;)*!0/2!

;(09):)/'!0&)!@0&-)2!0:,/?!*;)9-)*!DC,98-:*)/!)'!0(=!GJJN+!3-''()!)'!0(=!GJJGF+!

%/2)&*9,&-/?!'8)!-:;,&'0/9)!,7!(,90(!&)*)0&98!,/!'8)!'0&?)'!*;)9-)*!,7!-/')&)*'!',!

-/7,&:!'8)!2)*-?/!,7!:-'-?0'-,/!*,(%'-,/*!DV,('4!)'!0(=!GJJEF=!O/!>,&'(0/2!U&)?,/+!'8)!

>,&'!,7!>,&'(0/2!R%'8,&-'6!<%-('!'%&'()!9%(@)&'*!7,&!;0-/')2!'%&'()*+!A8-98+!0('8,%?8!

/,'!*9-)/'-7-90((6!*'%2-)2+!0;;)0&!',!A,&1!DQ-?*=!"J!W!""F=!!

!

!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"!R((!*'&%9'%&)!2-:)/*-,/*!-/!'8-*!2,9%:)/'!%*)!'8)!7,&:0'X!B)-?8'P<6P.;0/P<6!3)/?'8Y!,&!-7!*'&%9'%&)!()/?'8!-*!/,'!<)-/?!2-*9%**)2+!*-:;(6X!B)-?8'P<6P.;0/=!

9'24#"+:;<+>0-/')2!'%&'()!%*-/?!/)A!'%&'()!9&,**-/?!9%(@)&'!-/!>,&'(0/2!Z>,&'!,7!>,&'(0/2!!

9'24#"+::<!$%&'()!9%(@)&'+!A0((+!0/2!?&0')!Z>,&'!,7!>,&'(0/2!

Page 36: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

!$%&!'(&)*+&!&+'+&+,-+.!/++!0%-*12/+,!+)!3456"##78.!9*1-*!:&%;1<+/!3,!%;+&;1+9!%'!*%9!;3&1%(/!/)&(-)(&34!3,<!+-%/=/)+2!-*3&3-)+&1/)1-/!+''+-)!/)&(-)(&+!+''+-)1;+,+//!3)!2%;1,>!32:*1?13,/!3,<!&+:)14+/5!@,!3<<1)1%,.!)*+!A1,,+/%)3!B+:3&)2+,)!%'!C3)(&34!D+/%(&-+/!&+-+,)4=!(:<3)+<!3!:(?41-3)1%,!%,!<+/1>,/!3,<!:&3-)1-+/!'%&!)*+!&+:31&!3,<!&+-%,/)&(-)1%,!%'!-(4;+&)/.!?&1<>+/.!3,<!/)%&2!93)+&!%()'344/!6E++)+!"#F#85!G*+!<%-(2+,)!1/!:3&)1-(43&4=!(/+'(4!1,!)*+!<+/1>,!%'!914<41'+!?+,-*+/!3,<!-(&?/!'%&!3,1234/!%'!344!/1H+/!3,<!/*3:+/.!3,<!1,-4(<+/!&+-%22+,<3)1%,/!'%&!(/1,>!?1%<+>&3<3?4+!23)+&134/!)%!&+:43-+!)*+!(/+!%'!,=4%,!2+/*!'%&!+&%/1%,!-%,)&%4.!9*1-*!1/!I,%9,!)%!)&3:!/2344!3,1234/.!/(-*!3/!/,3I+/.!'&%>/.!)%3</.!)(&)4+/.!3,<!<(-I41,>/5!!!

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

D%<+,)/!$%&+/23,!6"##78!<%-(2+,)+<!*+3;=!(/+!%'!-(4;+&)/!?=!&%<+,)/!1,!A%,)3,3!34%,>!P5J5!Q1>*93=!RS5!B++&!21-+.!2+3<%9!;%4+/.!&+<!/K(1&&+4.!2(/I&3).!>&%(,<!/K(1&&+4.!/*&+9/.!=+44%9M?+441+<!23&2%).!2%(,)31,!-%))%,)314.!9%%<!&3).!:%&-(:1,+.!3,<!'%N!/K(1&&+4!9+&+!:*%)%>&3:*+<!1,!-%&&(>3)+<!/)++4!-(4;+&)/!&3,>1,>!'&%2!SMF"!'++)!6#5R!2!)%!S5TU!28!1,!<132+)+&5!@,!V+&2%,).!W+441/!

+9'24#"+:;5!A%(,)31,!-%))%,)314!(/1,>!3!:1:+!-(4;+&)!1,!O%4%&3<%!(,<+&!@MT#!X!O+,)+&!'%&!C3)1;+!Y-%/=/)+2/.!YOZM&+/%4()1%,/.!EEO![!OBZG!

Page 37: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

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

!

<'24#"+=>:!I/1:+.2!)5!?;(*+.-!)5!I.)-)27!M4(;36)/!!Z!L<!G49+.2!

<'24#"+=?:![.3)5+C!4.!274.-!-/)(+1!9+/2+(!;2)5:!9)(1()8+!27+(8!)5!?;(*+.-!;51+.!\L!WAC!J45-/5/!

Z!Q<!S4.+23/5!

Page 38: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !""!

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

9'24#"+:;<!D)1,<!;-13!,(;&!61&&%+'!2$35('$!,()@-32!;-$%+*!.5.8!(+*-3!S/HL!Q1&$%+'25+!Y!Z9!=31.-38![9!\%+2&,$!]!QNUR#!

Page 39: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

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

9'24#"+:;<!$%&%'(!8-,23!+85;(1'!820(1!QJEK<!R.-*,23'%2!X!YC!$1.:(1<!ZC![,2'-+*!\!RI]^)!

Page 40: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

$%&'()*!$%&'()*!+(,-!&--.!/%'01-.)-/!0*2.3!*)40')04-*!2.!5%.)(.(!674(1-4!-)!(89!":;;<!(./!(!*)0/=!0./-4>(=!%.!?@!AB!C%4)+!%D!52**%08(!&=!)+-!@(82*+!E%%)-.(2!F42&-!(./!G-*)-4.!F4(.*H%4)()2%.!I.*)2)0)-J<!7%8%4(/%[email protected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email protected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

!

+9'24#"+:;9!$%&'()!0*2.3!H2H-!'08,-4)!0./-4!ISU:<!7%8%4(/%!Y!7-.)-4!D%4!C()2,-!Z'%*=*)-1*<!Z7[S4-*%80)2%.*<!LL7!\!7O[F9!

+9'24#"+:<=!$%&'()!0*2.3!8(43-!(4'+!'08,-4)!0./-4!ISA:<!G(*+2.3)%.!Y!]9!74(1-4<!^9!E2.)*'+!\!G@O[F9!

Page 41: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

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

!"#"#$%&#!!!'()*!+,-..-//!'()*!012(3(45!678.(918-/!!

N61!:-4&/9(412!(;!.6/2!5+/,03!/&:,+0/&5!54/OO,%!<1-43!)(,;!-&0!*+7-3!*41;14!,-451!2.4+:.+412!)/.6!5((0!9/2/</,/.%@!H1:-+21!(;!.61/4!,-4514!<(0%!2/O123!717<142!(;!.6/2!5+/,0!6-91!-!,-4514!7/&/7+7!2.4+:.+41!2/O1!41?+/4171&.!.6-&!I0-*./91!L/56!P(</,/.%!Q-+&-!2+:6!-2!<,-:D!<1-4!-&0!:(%(.12@!K*1:/12!/&!.6/2!54(+*!.1&0!.(!*41;14!7(41!(*1&!2.4+:.+412!.6-&!I0-*./91!L/56!P(</,/.%!Q-+&-3!<+.!-41!7(41!.(,14-&.!(;!2.4+:.+412!,(&514!.6-&!REE!;11.!CSE@#!7G!(4!1&:,(210!2.4+:.+412!.6-&!717<142!(;!.61!T14%!L/56!A*1&&122!Q-+&-!U+/,03!2+:6!-2!1,D@!!!Q1)!2.+0/12!6-91!-&-,%O10!6()!.61!54(+*!(;!:-4&/9(412!1&:(7*-2210!<%!.6/2!5+/,0!+21!)/,0,/;1!:4(22/&52!-2!-!)6(,1@!B,191&514!-&0!V-,.6(!C"EEEG!-&-,%O10!:-4&/9(41!7(9171&.!.64(+56!RR!)/,0,/;1!+&014*-2212!/&!H-&;;!W-./(&-,!M-4D!/&!I,<14.-3!B-&-0-!;(4!S#!7(&.62!-&0!)141!-<,1!.(!7-D1!2(71!51&14-,/O-./(&2@!N61%!;(+&0!.6-.!54/OO,%!<1-43!<,-:D!<1-43!)(,;3!-&0!*+7-!+21!(;!:4(22/&52!)-2!7(41!/&;,+1&:10!<%!6+7-&!-:./9/./12!.6-&!<%!2.4+:.+41!9-4/-<,12@!N61!7(2.!2/5&/;/:-&.!-..4/<+.1!/&;,+1&:/&5!.6121!2*1:/12X!+21!(;!.61!)/,0,/;1!:4(22/&52!)-2!+&014*-22!0/2.-&:1!.(!.()&!2/.1!C*(2/./91,%!:(441,-.10G3!;(,,()10!<%!6+7-&!-:./9/./12!2+:6!-2!6/D/&5!-&0!6+7-&!+21!(;!.61!2/.1!-&0!6(421<-:D!4/0/&5!C&15-./91,%!:(441,-.10G@!N61%!;(+&0!.61!,-&02:-*1!-&0!2.4+:.+41!9-4/-<,12!)141!.61!,1-2.!2/5&/;/:-&.!-..4/<+.12!-;;1:./&5!6()!.61!:-4&/9(412!+210!.61!2.4+:.+412@!Y&0/9/0+-,!2*1:/12!*41;141&:12!6-91!<11&!-&-,%O10!/&!7(41!01.-/,!/&!(.614!2.+0/123!-2!012:4/<10!<1,()@!!!!"#$%&%$'()*+%,#-./%)*+'!

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

Page 42: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

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

V5D)/!W;.D!V4)(()88!W;.D!P&A;%;5'!,*/(;-&/)8!CD)/)!*/)!9)E!856+;)8!5D*5!+&:67)(5!E&%9!&/!./;QQ%'!A)*/!68)!&9!E;%+%;9)!4*88*.)8B!,%)-)(.)/!*(+!G*%5D&!0"11M3!9&6(+!./;QQ%'!A)*/!*(+!E&%9!5)(+)+!5&!68)!:/&88;(.8!5D*5!E)/)!D;.DI!E;+)I!*(+!8D&/5!;(!%)(.5DB!$;-)(!5D);/!D)8;5*(:'!5&!68)!:/&88;(.8I!;(!%*/.)!4*/5!+6)!5&!5D);/!:*65;&68!(*56/)!E;5D!D67*(8I!5D;8!856+'!;8!5D)!&(%'!&()!5D*5!+)9;()8!5D)8)!84):;)8!4/)9)/)(:)8!*(+!E&6%+!A)!5D)!A)85!/):&77)(+*5;&(!9&/!:/&88;(.!85/6:56/)8!5D*5!4*88!5D)8)!84):;)8!*5!5D;8!5;7)B!!!

!9'24#"+:;<!>67*!07&6(5*;(!%;&(3!68;(.!*!A&K!:6%-)/5!6(+)/!TFX1!;(!O5*D!Y!>B!,/*7)/!

Page 43: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

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

Page 44: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

$%&'(%&!)*+*,)-.!(%!/0,.!12),3*)!"4556!(+!7'-83*%0(%&!+8--*++98:!,+!;*::!,+!,00*3<0*7!<,++,&*!,0!0.)**!7(99*)*%0:=>+(?*7!-'))8&,0*7!+0**:!<:,0*!-8:@*)0+!1,::!7*+(&%*7!,+!;(:7:(9*!-)'++(%&+6A!*(&.0!-'%-)*0*!B'C!-8:@*)0+!1'%*!7*+(&%*7!,+!,!;(:7:(9*!-)'++(%&6A!,+!;*::!,+!0.)**!B)(7&*+!7*+(&%*7!+<*-(9(-,::=!9')!;(:7:(9*!,%7!9'8)!,77(0('%,:!*C(+0(%&!B)(7&*+D!E.(:*!0.*!+087=!(+!%'0!-'3<:*0*A!(0!,<<*,)+!0.,0!,!+*%+*!'9!+0)8-08)*!'<*%%*++!9')!-8:@*)0+A!*+<*-(,::=A!(+!,!@*)=!(3<')0,%0!-.,),-0*)(+0(-!9')!38:*!7**)D!F.*!+087=!98)0.*)!7*3'%+0),0*+!0.,0!:'%&*)!-8:@*)0+!1&)*,0*)!0.,%!5"4!9**0!:'%&!GHIDI!3J6!.,@*!.(&.*)!)*<*:!),0*+!1(D*DA!;.(-.!,)*!;.*%!,%(3,:+!,<<)',-.!,!+0)8-08)*!,%7!0.*%!08)%!,;,=6!0.,%!0.*!+.')0*)!-8:@*)0+!1),%&(%&!(%!:*%&0.!9)'3!IK!0'!5"4!9**0!:'%&!G5LD#>HIDI!3J6D!F.*!:'%&!-8:@*)0+!<,++!B*%*,0.!9'8)!:,%*!.(&.;,=+A!;.(:*!0.*!+.')0*)!-8:@*)0+!<,0.!B*%*,0.!0;'>:,%*!)',7+!')!0;'!:,%*+!'9!.(&.;,=!;(0.!,%!'<*%!3*7(,%D!M@*%!,:'%&!(%0*)+0,0*+A!(0!,<<*,)+!0.,0!<,()*7!-8:@*)0+!;(0.!+*<,),0*!+0)8-08)*+!9')!0.*!'<<'+(%&!0),99(-!:,%*+A!,%7!,%!'<*%!3*7(,%!-,%!,--'33'7,0*!38:*!7**)!9,():=!+8--*++98::=D!N')!*C,3<:*A!,:'%&!O>5K!0.*)*!,)*!0;'!+*0+!'9!-'))8&,0*7!+0**:!-8:@*)0+!0.,0!,)*!+.')0*)!1IK>PKQ!:'%&!G5LD#>""DL!3J6!,%7!:,)&*)!15P>"4Q!.(&.!GKD">I!3J6!0.,%!0.*!'0.*)!-8:@*)0+!(%!0.*!+087=!1N(&D!"46D!F.*+*!-8:@*)0+!.,@*!:';!),0*+!'9!)*<*::*%-*!1K>IR6!-'3<,)*7!0'!),0*+!'9!)*<*::*%-*!'9!"4!0'!HK!<*)-*%0!9')!:'%&*)!-8:@*)0+D!!F.*!+087=!,:+'!7*3'%+0),0*7!0.,0!-'%-)*0*!B'C!-8:@*)0+!"44!9**0!1I5!36!')!:'%&*)!,:'%&!O%0*)+0,0*+!P4!,%7!5K!7(7!%'0!98%-0('%!,+!;(:7:(9*!-)'++(%&+!9')!38:*!7**)!(9!0.*)*!;,+!%'!;(:7:(9*!9*%-(%&!<)*+*%0D!N8)0.*)!)*+*,)-.!;(::!.*:<!7*0*)3(%*!;.*0.*)!7**)!-,%!B*!*%-'8),&*7!0'!8+*!+8-.!:'%&!+0)8-08)*+!(%!,)*,+!;.*)*!;(:7:(9*!*C-:8+('%!9*%-(%&!.,+!)*-*%0:=!B**%!<:,-*7D!!

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

W7,<0(@*!/%&8:,0*+!X8(:7D!Y(%(3(?(%&!-8:@*)0!:*%&0.!,+!38-.!,+!<'++(B:*!(+!)*-'33*%7*7!0'!,--'33'7,0*!0.*!3,Z')(0=!'9!38:*!7**)!0.,0!,<<)',-.!,!-8:@*)0D!O9!,!-8:@*)0!38+0!0),@*)+*!3')*!0.,%!0;'!:,%*+A!0.*%!'<*%(%&!8<!0.*!-8:@*)0!B=!(%-)*,+(%&!0.*!.*(&.0!,%7A!(%!<,)0(-8:,)A!0.*!;(70.!'9!0.*!-8:@*)0!,0!*=*>:*@*:!19')!,!38:*!7**)6!(+!)*-'33*%7*7!0'!0.*!*C0*%0!<'++(B:*D!O%!,77(0('%A!0;'!+*<,),0*!-8:@*)0+!<:,-*7!8%7*)!'<<'+(%&!:,%*+!'9!0),99(-!;(0.!,%!'<*%!3*7(,%!B*0;**%!0.*!

+9'24#"+:;<!Y8:*!7**)!3'@(%&!0.)'8&.!-8:@*)0!8%7*)!/T!L5!(%!/0,.![!\D!2),3*)!

Page 45: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

$%&!'()*+,$-!'./!',+.$+!.!0&,+!.11+.)2/3!-2$(.$2&/!4&,!0()+!5++,!6.-!%+))!.-!.!/(07+,!&4!&$8+,!-1+'2+-!2/!$82-!./5!&$8+,!3(2)5-9!$8./!.!-2/3)+:!)&/3!'()*+,$!6;23<!"=9<!!

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

!9'24#"+:;<!@).'AT$.2)+5!5++,!5&+!./5!4.%/-!',&--2/3!(/5+,!4&(,!)./+-!&4!CT#F!$8,&(38!.!1.2,!&4!5&(7)+!7&U!'()*+,$-:!I.-82/3$&/!!V!W<!D,.0+,:!X<!Y2/$-'8!Z!IK?SQ!

+9'24#"+::<!>()+!5++,!(-2/3!.,+.!(/5+,!$8+!D)+![)(0!7,253+!.)&/3!CT#F!V!W<!D,.0+,:!X<!Y2/$-'8!Z!IK?SQ!

Page 46: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

$%&'()*+,)-!+'.!/0.!1023!4(5.6!76(8*.!%0,)*!9:;#!).%6!+'.!$<=>?!7200@6,*!A%B(0(+C!D3(0.E,&+!F;G!(&!%[email protected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email protected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

+9'24#"+:;<!R20.!8..6!2&()*!,5.6E%&&!,5.6!9:JU-!S+%'!_![N!/6%3.6!

Page 47: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

!!!!!!!!

!$%&'&!()!*($$*&!+,-./&0$&+!&1(+&0-&!,2!).-%!/,1&/&0$)!30+!2&4!/,0($,'(05!)$.+(&)!%31&!$3'5&$&+!,'!(0-*.+&+!$%&!)$.+6!,2!/,,)&!73))35&8!90!&:-&7$(,0!()!30!9*3);3!)$.+6<!4%(-%!+,-./&0$&+!/,,)&!/,1&/&0$!.0+&'!3!)7&-(2(-3**6!+&)(50&+!='(+5&!-',))(05!4($%!3!/(0(/./!73))35&!%&(5%$!,2!#>8?!2&&$!@"8A!/B!3*,05!$%&!*&05$%!,2!$%&!='(+5&!30+!CD2,,$!@A8E!/B!%(5%!5.(+&!2&0-(05!@F-G,03*+!#CC#B8!!!F,.0$3(0!H,3$)!F,.0$3(0!5,3$)!%31&!)%,40!3!4(**(050&))!$,!73))!.0+&'!='(+5&)!(0!F,0$303<!I.)$!,.$)(+&!,2!H*3-(&'!J3$(,03*!K3';!@L(05&'!30+!G,%&'$6!#CM?B8!N%()!)$.+6!()!$%&!,0*6!)$.+6!;0,40!$,!$%&!3.$%,')!$%3$!+,-./&0$)!/,.0$3(0!5,3$!/,1&/&0$)!$%',.5%!)$'.-$.'&)!&:7*(-($*6!=.(*$!2,'!$%&/8!N%&'&!()!0,!;0,40!'&)&3'-%!,'!30&-+,$3*!(02,'/3$(,0!+,-./&0$(05!/,.0$3(0!5,3$)!73))35&!$%',.5%!-.*1&'$)<!=.$!$%&'&!()!*($$*&!$,!).55&)$!$%3$!%&'+)!,2!/,.0$3(0!5,3$)!4,.*+!3+37$!$,!/,1(05!$%',.5%!-.*1&'$)8!!!

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

!9'24#"+:;<!F,,)&!.)(05!-.*1&'$!.0+&'!OL!C#!(0!O$3%!Y!K8!Z'3/&'!

Page 48: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

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

+9'24#"+:;<!M)A!'$7$))123!.'-(!,!)-23!@-%!4/)5$'&!/28$'!STQF!12!B&,6!_!N<!H',($'!

Page 49: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !""!

#$%&'!()*!)+'*!",!-'%*.!%/0!1%.!%2#$'!3*''!&)+'*!%3!31'!'/3*%/&'.!%/0!4/!31'!2'04%/5!

61'!$42434/7!(%&3)*!2%-!8'$$!9'!31'!/%**)8!/%3:*'!)(!31'!)+'*#%..5!!

!

;/!)+'*%*&14/7!7:40'$4/'!()*!'+%$:%34/7!'<4.34/7!.3*:&3:*'.!()*!'$=!#%..%7'!4.!3)!=''#!

.3*:&3:*'.!%.!)#'/!%.!#)..49$'!>?475!@AB5!61'!.#%/!)(!%!.3*:&3:*'!%.!%/!'$=!&*)..'.!

/''0.!3)!9'!2:&1!840'*!31%/!43!4.!3%$$C!%.!'<14943'0!9-!31'!9*407'.!.3*:&3:*'.!%$)/7!DE

F,!4/!314.!G%.14/73)/!.3:0-5!

?'/&4/7!'$=!3)!'<4.34/7!&:$+'*3.!

2%-!()*&'!4/04+40:%$!'$=!31*):71!

31).'!&:$+'*3.C!9:3!*'#'%3'0$-!

%&*)..!31'!8'.3'*/!.3%3'.C!1'*0.!

)(!'$=!1%+'!*'(:.'0!3)!:.'!.:&1!

.3*:&3:*'.5!H*407'.!%*'!31'!

#*'('**'0!)#34)/!()*!'$=!#%..%7'5!!!

!

I*)/71)*/!

I*)/71)*/!%*'!/)3)*4):.$-!8%*-!

%/42%$.!%/0!%*'!#'*1%#.!31'!

2).3!04((4&:$3!$%*7'!2%22%$!()*!

814&1!3)!0'.47/!(:/&34)/%$!

84$0$4('!&*)..4/7.5!D/!%!*'+4'8!)(!

#*)/71)*/!2)+'2'/3.!/'%*!

*)%0.C!J%8-'*!%/0!K:00!>@,,LB!

&)/&$:0'0!31%3!'431'*!+'*-!1471!

%/0!840'!9*407'.!)*!)+'*#%..'.!%*'!.:43%9$'!.3*:&3:*'.!()*!#*)/71)*/!#%..%7'5!M433$'!

*'.'%*&1!1%.!9''/!&)/0:&3'0!)/!31'!&*)..4/7!('%3:*'.!4/($:'/&4/7!#*)/71)*/!

#%..%7'5!;&&)*04/7!3)!J%8-'*!%/0!M'H'%:!>@,NNBC!OP5J5!Q4718%-!",!4/!R:77'3!

S%/-)/!4/!G-)24/7!2%-!9'!31'!)/$-!#$%&'!81'*'!#*)/71)*/!1%+'!9''/!0)&:2'/3'0!

:.4/7!&*)..4/7!.3*:&3:*'.!>%##*)<42%3'$-!N@!)&&:**'/&'.BT5!D/!314.!1'*0C!43!%##'%*.!

#*)/71)*/!$'%*/'0!3)!:.'!31'!#%..%7'!9-!()$$)84/7!2:$'!0''*!31*):71!31'!.3*:&3:*'5!

I*)/71)*/!)+'*#%..'.!%*'!#$%//'0!()*!31'!6*%##'*.U!I)4/3!%*'%!%$)/7!PJ!NVF!/'%*!

I4/'0%$'C!G-)24/75!!

!

H471)*/!J1''#!!

H471)*/!.1''#!1%+'!9''/!.3:04'0!)/$-!4/!;*4W)/%!3)!%.&'*3%4/!31'4*!#*'('*'/&'.!()*!

&*)..4/7.5!H*4.3)8!%/0!S*%99!>@,,VB!:.'0!*%04)!&)$$%*.!%/0!2)/43)*4/7!&%2'*%.!3)!

'+%$:%3'!31'!'(('&34+'/'..!)(!31*''!'<4.34/7!9*407'0!:/0'*#%..'.!()*!2)+'2'/3!)(!

0'.'*3!9471)*/!.1''#!%$)/7!;*4W)/%U.!JK!AV5!D/!@L!.:&&'..(:$!&*)..4/7!'+'/3.C!)/$-!

*%2.!:.'0!31'!.3*:&3:*'.5!R)!2%*='0!'8'.!:.'0!31'!:/0'*#%..'.!)*!&*)..'0!)+'*!

31'!*)%0!%3!7*%0'5!D/!%!.'#%*%3'!.3:0-!%$)/7!PJ!F"!4/!;*4W)/%C!.'+'*%$!9471)*/!*%2.!

8'*'!0)&:2'/3'0!:.4/7!9*407'0!:/0'*#%..'.!%/0!'8'.!%/0!*%2.!&*)..'0!%&*)..!31'!

*)%0!%3!7*%0'!>X&Y4//'-!%/0!J2431!@,,AB5!!61'!%:31)*.!)(!314.!.3:0-!0'3'*24/'0!

31%3!31'!)+'*#%..'.!8'*'!/'&'..%*-!()*!#)#:$%34)/E$'+'$!2)+'2'/35!D/!R)+'29'*!)(!

@,N,C!31*''!9471)*/!)+'*#%..'.C!38)!2'%.:*4/7!L,!(''3!>NL!2B!840'!%/0!)/'!

2'%.:*4/7!N,,!(''3!>",5L!2B!9-!@,@!(''3!>AN5A!2B!$)/7!8'*'!&)2#$'3'0!)+'*!PJ!F"5!

61'.'!)+'*#%..'.!8'*'!9:4$3!2:&1!4/!31'!.#4*43!)(!31'!P3%1!)+'*#%..!%&*)..!DENLZ!

!

9'24#"+:;5![!H:$$!'$=!2)+4/7!:/0'*!%*&1'0!84$0$4('!&*)..4/7.!:/0'*!DE\,C!P3%1!]!I5!S*%2'*!

Page 50: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

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

!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!A!=!3+0&2!;.+-!24!$82!)(,*!5*+71!$%&!;)2**+71!;(7!/&!3+&8&0!($T!%$$-TUU8889'25$5/&9;2,U8($;%V3W3)XMYAZ)[@Y9!!=!@&/)5()'!A\[[!()$+;.&!4)2,!=)+>27(!@+*%!(70!?(,&!27!$%&!;)2**+71*!;(7!/&!42570!($T!%$$-TUU(>14097&$U()$,(7U-5/.+*%UL&8*Y&0+(U@+)*$6/+1%2)76*%&&-602;5,&7$&0627623&)-(**&*9*%$,.9!

!9'24#"+:;<!=)/2)&(.!M)2**+71<!]5)2-&!^!Y9!_5+`*&)!

Page 51: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

!"!"#$%"&&&'()*+,&-+./+&&$%&'()!*(+,(!(&%!(,'-().!/0(/!-12%!3&'-(&')4!54!6)4',78!.+90!(.!.1,75'&:.8!&(3/1&.8!5(/.8!(,:!6)4',7!',.%9/.8!',9)+:',7!5+//%&6)'%.;!$.!(,'-().!',!/0'.!7&1+3!(&%!9(3(5)%!16!6)4',7!12%&!(!&1(:<(48!/0%!3&'-(&4!91,9%&,!<'/0!&%7(&:.!/1!91,,%9/'2'/4!(9&1..!&1(:.!'.!/1!:'2%&/!/0%-!6&1-!6)4',7!',/1!/0%!3(/0!16!/&(66'9;!=%2%&()!-'/'7(/'1,!-%/01:.!9(,!0%)3!-','-'>%!91))'.'1,.!(,:!().1!/0%!%66%9/.!16!0(5'/(/!6&(7-%,/(/'1,!9(+.%:!54!&1(:!',6&(./&+9/+&%;!!!!?&1..',7!./&+9/+&%.!9(,!(..'./!6)4',7!6(+,(!/1!6)4!5%)1<!1&!12%&!/0%!6)1<!16!&1(:<(4!/&(66'9;!@(&7%!./&+9/+&%.!/0(/!9&1..!0'70!(512%!,(/+&()!(&%(.!())1<!6)4',7!9&%(/+&%.!/0%!(5')'/4!/1!-(',/(',!6)'70/!+,:%&,%(/0!/0%!&1(:;!=+90!./&+9/+&%.!',9)+:%!9(+.%<(4.8!2'(:+9/.!(,:!%A3(,:%:!5&':7%.;!B,!C+&13%8!2%7%/(/%:!12%&3(..%.!0(2%!().1!5%%,!.01<,!/1!3&12':%!.(6%!9&1..',7.!61&!<11:)(,:!5'&:!.3%9'%.!DE(915.1,!FGG#H;!B,!/0'.!./+:4!/0%&%!<%&%!.'7,'6'9(,/)4!-1&%!5'&:!6)'70/.!12%&!2%7%/(/%:!12%&3(..%.!91-3(&%:!/1!3(..%.!:'&%9/)4!12%&!/0%!&1(:8!(,:!',!.1-%!9(.%.!/0%!5'&:.!',9)+:%:!/0%!<'):)'6%!12%&3(..%.!<'/0',!/0%'&!/%&&'/1&'%.;!!!I'&%9/',7!(,'-().!/1!6)4!0'70!(512%!1&!(<(4!6&1-!/0%!6)1<!16!/&(66'9!'.!(,1/0%&!()/%&,(/'2%;!J0%&%!5&':7%.!9&1..!12%&!<(/%&<(4.!1&!,%(&!(K+(/'9!(&%(.8!5'&:.!-(4!+.%!/0%!('&6)1<!(/!/0%!5&':7%!/1!.<113!',!(,:!7(',!)'6/;!L0'.!5%0(2'1&!0(.!5%%,!:19+-%,/%:!',!(&%(.!()1,7!/0%!91(./.!16!L%A(.!(,:!*)1&':(;!L0%!I%3(&/-%,/.!16!L&(,.31&/(/'1,!',!/0%.%!./(/%.!0(2%!',./())%:!%'/0%&!()+-',+-!6%,9%!31)%.!DL%A(.H!1&!31)4!2',4)!90)1&':%!D329H!3'3%.!D*)1&':(H!1,!.+90!5&':7%.!/1!9&%(/%!/0%!(33%(&(,9%!16!(!)(&7%&!5(&&'%&!/0%&%54!9(+.',7!/0%!5'&:.!/1!6)4!0'70%&!12%&!/0%!5&':7%!(.!<%))!(.!/0%!/&(66'9!DE(915.1,!FGG#H;!!!M&%:(/1&4!5'&:.!.+90!(.!1<).!(&%!/43'9())4!N'))%:!()1,7!&1(:<(4.!<0%,!/0%4!6',:!(!.1+&9%!16!&1:%,/.!<'/0',!/0%!&'70/O16O<(4;!B,!B:(01!(,:!P&%71,!()1,7!BOQR8!1<)!.3&',7!-'7&(/'1,.!199+&!(/!/0%!.(-%!/'-%!6(&-%&.!(&%!3)1<',7!/0%'&!6'%):.8!/0+.!:&'2',7!1+/!)19()!&1:%,/.!/1<(&:!/0%!',/%&./(/%!&'70/!16!<(4!61&!912%&!(,:!61&(7%;!J0')%!,1!.1)+/'1,.!0(2%!5%%,!','/'(/%:!(.!16!4%/8!'/!(33%(&.!/0%!3&15)%-!91+):!5%!3(&/'())4!-'/'7(/%:!54!N%%3',7!&1:%,/.!1+/!16!/0%!&'70/!16!<(48!1&!54!3&%2%,/',7!1<).!6&1-!(99%..',7!/0%!3&%4!/0&1+70!/0%!3)(9%-%,/!16!)1<!6%,9%.8!1&!54!3)(9',7!-(/%&'().!/0(/!6)(3!',!/0%!<',:!/1!:'.91+&(7%!/0%!1<).!6&1-!(33&1(90',7!/0%!&'70/!16!<(4;!$,1/0%&!1331&/+,'/4!%A'./.!',!(&%(.!<0%&%!%,1+70!<(/%&!'.!3&%.%,/!/1!.+331&/!/0%!7&1</0!16!5+.0%.!',!/0%!-%:'(,8!.+90!(.!.(7%!5&+.0!',!/0'.!(&%(!16!B:(01;!L0'.!<1+):!-(N%!(%&'()!(//(9N.!-1&%!:'66'9+)/!6&1-!(!:'./(,9%!(9&1..!/0%!)(,%.!16!/&(66'9;!!!B,!$&'>1,(8!/0%!6'&./!&%91&:%:!5'&:!9&1..',7!<(.!91,./&+9/%:!',!L+9.1,;!L0%!5+&&1<',7!1<).!,%./',7!()1,7!/0%!&1(:!<%&%!',!:(,7%&!16!6)4',7!12%&!/0%!&1(:!5(&&'%&.!(,:!',/1!/&(66'9;!$!-%:'(,!(&%(!/0(/!(9/%:!(.!(!3)(,/%&!<(.!3)(9%:!<'/0!6(./!7&1<',7!/&%%.!(,:!.0&+5.;!L0'.!(9/%:!(.!(!:'2%&.'1,!:%2'9%!/1!()/%&!/0%!6)'70/!16!/0%!1<).!+3!(,:!12%&!/&(66'9!D*'7;!FQH;!S,61&/+,(/%)48!0(5'/(/!:%./&+9/'1,!,%(&54!61&9%:!/0%!&%)19(/'1,!16!/0%.%!5'&:.;!!!

Page 52: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

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

!9'24#"+:;<!R+*>!M44+'A!S+/6!D-301:!S4600&7!+0!L7+B-06!61!60!-?4!*7-''+0=A!?%&7&!17&&'!?&7&!)4601&5!1-!5+.&71!94:+0=!-?4'!-.&7!17699+*!94-?!T!S;!D76/&7!

Page 53: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ ! "#!

!!

"#$%&!'(!$%&'(%'&)!*'+(%,-+./!0/.11)12!3,)4)5!6&-7!.!18)(,)1!8)&18)(%,3)9!:)+)&.//;2!18)(,)1!%<.%!'1)!17.//!1%&'(%'&)1!4,//!'1)!/.&=)&!1%&'(%'&)1!,6!.88&-8&,.%)!(-3)&!.+5!-%<)&!6).%'&)1!.&)!8&-3,5)52!>'%!7-1%!18)(,)1!(.++-%!'1)!17.//)&!(/.11)19!?<,1!%.>/)!,1!6-&!%)&7,+-/-=;!-+/;!.+5!,1!+-%!,+%)+5)5!%-!>)!'1)5!6-&!1%&'(%'&)!5)1,=+9!@%!(.+!

>)!'1)5!6-&!=)+)&./,A)5!5,1('11,-+1!).&/;!,+!8/.++,+=!8&-()119!@%!,1!+-%!,+%)+5)5!%-!>)!8&)1(&,8%,3)!1,+()!).(<!1,%)!&)B',&)1!1,%)C18)(,6,(!8/.++,+=!>;!B'./,6,)5!

>,-/-=,1%1!.+5!)+=,+))&19!?<)1)!1%&'(%'&)!(/.11)1!4)&)!5)3)/-8)5!>;!%<)!.'%<-&1!,+!(-//.>-&.%,-+!4,%<!$.+5&.!D.(->1-+2!E9$9F9G9!*-&)1%!$)&3,()9!!

!)*+,,-./!01*2312*4!)514/+*6!

72.31-+.!#88*+9-:514!;-:4.,-+.!

<5./4!=085.!9!<-,4>!

?5,,5/4!&95:8@4,! 0843-4,!&95:8@4,!$4A5B-+*5@!#11*-C214,!

0843-4,!D+B4:4.1!E2-@F,!=?+14.1-5@>!

0/.11!HI!$7.//!

E+5)&8.11!

J&-3,5)1!)+(/-1)5!

8&-%)(%,-+!6-&!17.//!.+,7./1!

%<.%!&)B',&)!(-3)&9!

K)%./!8,8)!('/3)&%1!-&!17.//!

>-L!('/3)&%1!H9M!7!NMOP!18.+!

-&!/)11!

$7.//!>&,5=)12!5&;!('/3)&%12!.+5!

)8<)7)&.//;!6/--5)5!5&.,+.=)!

('/3)&%19!0-+%,+'.//;!6/--5)5!

5&.,+.=)!1%&'(%'&)1!<.3)!/,7,%)5!

6'+(%,-+./,%;!6-&!%)&&)1%&,./!

18)(,)1!>'%!7.;!6'+(%,-+!6-&!

1-7)!.B'.%,(19!!!!

G78<,>,.+12!&)8%,/)12!17.//!

7.77./1!.+5!1-7)!7)5,'7C

1,A)5!7.77./1!N>.5=)&2!6-L2!

>->(.%P9!GB'.%,(!18)(,)1!,+(/'5)!

6,1<2!.B'.%,(!.78<,>,.+12!.+5!

,+3)&%)>&.%)19!!!

$7.//!.+,7./1!%<.%!

8&)6)&!(-3)&!-&!5-!+-%!

7,+5!(-+6,+)7)+%9!

Q-4!K->,/,%;!*.'+.2!

K->,/)!$7.//!*.'+.2!

R,=</;!K->,/)!

G5.8%,3)!*.'+.!

0/.11!SI!

K)5,'7!

E+5)&8.11!

J&-3,5)1!1-7)!(-3)&!;)%!

7-&)!-8)++)11!%<.+!0/.11!H!

1%&'(%'&)1!6-&!.+,7./1!

17.//)&!%<.+!5))&9!@6!4.%)&!,1!

(-+3);)52!.//-41!6-&!1%&).7!

1,7'/.%,-+!,+(/'5,+=!

'+4)%%)5!+.%'&./!>.+T19!

E+5)&8.11)1!/.&=)&!%<.+!

H9M!7!NMOP!18.+2!%-!S9U!7!

NVOP!18.+!L!S9U!7!NVOP!&,1)!!

W-L!('/3)&%12!.&(<!8,8)1!.+5!

-%<)&!('/3)&%!1<.8)12!17.//!

>&,5=)19!

0-;-%)2!>->(.%2!-()/-%2!/;+L!.+5!

1-7)!/.&=)!(.&+,3-&)1!N>/.(T!

>).&2!8'7.PX!.//,=.%-&9!

K)5,'7!1,A)5!

7.77./1!%<.%!&)B',&)!

1-7)!(-3)&!.+5!1-7)!

-8)++)11!%-!1))!

%<&-'=<!8.11.=)9!

Q-4!K->,/,%;!*.'+.2!

K->,/)!$7.//!*.'+.2!

R,=</;!K->,/)!

G5.8%,3)!*.'+.2!

G5.8%,3)!E+='/.%)1!

0/.11!"I!Q.&=)!

E+5)&8.11!

J&-3,5)1!.+!.88&-L,7.%)!

7,+,7'7!6-&!'+='/.%)12!

)18)(,.//;!5))&2!.+5!-%<)&!

18)(,)1!%<.%!&)B',&)!

3,1,>,/,%;2!7.+)'3)&.>,/,%;2!

.+5!7-5)&.%)5!+-,1)9!K.;!

.//-4!1-7)!+.%'&./!

8&-()11)1!,+(/'5,+=!

3)=)%.%,-+!=&-4%<!.+5!

1%&).7!8&-()11)19!

E+5)&8.11)1!4,%<!

7,+,7'7!5,7)+1,-+1I!Y9H!

7!NSZOP!18.+!L!S9U!7!NVOP!

&,1)2!-&!"9H!7!NHZOP!18.+!L!

"9H!7!NHZOP!&,1)2!.+5!-8)+!

18.+!>&,5=)1!

W-L!('/3)&%12!/.&=)!.&(<!8,8)12!

>&,5=)1!,+(/'5,+=!-8)+!18.+!

>&,5=)19!K'/%,8/)!(<.7>)&)5!

1%&'(%'&)1!.&)!(-+1,5)&)5!.1!

,+5,3,5'./!'+,%19!!

E+='/.%)1!'1)!1%&'(%'&)1!,+!

.88&-L,7.%)!8&-8-&%,-+!%-!%<),&!

1,A)!N,)2!5))&!(.+!'1)!17.//)&!

1%&'(%'&)1!%<.+!)/T!-&!7--1)P!

./%<-'=<!8&-+=<-&+!&)B',&)!

/.&=)&!1%&'(%'&)1!N7,+,7'7!HV9"!

7!18.+!L!M9M!7!&,1)P9!Q.&=)!

(.&+,3-&)1!N4-/62!=&,AA/;!>).&2!

>/.(T!>).&2!8'7.P9!

Q.&=)&!7.77./1!%<.%!

&)B',&)!1%&'(%'&)1!-6!.!

7,+,7'7!1,A)!6-&!

8.11.=)9!!

Q-4!K->,/,%;!*.'+.2!

K->,/)!$7.//!*.'+.2!

R,=</;!K->,/)!

G5.8%,3)!*.'+.2!R,=<!

[8)++)11!K->,/)!

*.'+.2!G5.8%,3)!

E+='/.%)1!

Page 54: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ ! "#!

!"#$$%&'()*"+,*+"-(!.*-'#"/(

0+&,*%#&(122"#3%4.*-(5%4-&$%#&(

6.&'-(7)2.&(3(6%$-8(

9.$$.'-(:3.42;-$( )2-,%-$(:3.42;-$(<-=.>%#".;(1**"%?+*-$(

)2-,%-$(@#>-4-&*(A+%;B$(79#*-&*%.;8(

$%&''!()!!*+,-.'/0-!12/34-!!5/.6%73-'!8/&376,'9!

:%%;<'!-6;'=',->!?2;6-''-'!,;!?-2>-&,-!@/4@<&=!'76@!&'!<-,%&.3!<&,-2!A%;<B!0-4-,&,/;.!42;<,@B!&.3!-.,/2-!A%;;3?%&/.'C!D2;0/3-'!-+6-%%-.,!@;2/E;.,&%!0/'/F/%/,=!A;2!&./>&%'!2-G7/2/.4!;?-..-''C!

12/34-!-+,-.3/.4!;0-2!'-0-2&%!'?&.'C!H-'/4.-3!A;2!-&6@!'/,-!';!3/>-.'/;.'!0&2=C!I&=!&%%;<!>;2-!'7.%/4@,!7.3-2!',276,72-!,@&.!;,@-2!,=?-'C!

8/&376,'!&2-!%;.4!F2/34-'!-%-0&,-3!;0-2!,@-!%&.3'6&?-!/.!&!'-2/-'!;A!'>&%%-2!'?&.'B!;A,-.!6;..-6,/.4!?;/.,'!;A!-G7&%!@-/4@,C!J=?/6&%%=!;0-2!<-,%&.3'B!',--?!,-22&/.C!!

I;',!'?-6/-'!/.6%73/.4!<-,%&.3!'?-6/-'B!F/23'B!?2;.4@;2.C!!

8/&376,'!&2-!?&2,/67%&2%=!4;;3!A;2!<&2=!'?-6/-'!/.6%73/.4!6&2./0;2-'!,@&,!>&=!.;,!&??2;&6@!;,@-2!',276,72-'B!;2!%;<!>;F/%/,=!'?-6/-'!'76@!&'!>;%%7'K'!,@&,!2-G7/2-!0-4-,&,/;.!,@2;74@;7,!,@-!',276,72-C!

L;<!I;F/%/,=!M&7.&B!I;F/%-!N>&%%!M&7.&B!O/4@%=!I;F/%-!:3&?,/0-!M&7.&B!O/4@!P?-..-''!I;F/%-!M&7.&B!:3&?,/0-!Q.47%&,-'B!:2F;2-&%!M&7.&B!:-2/&%!M&7.&!

$%&''!R)!S/%3%/A-!P0-2?&''!

D2;0/3-'!&.!;?-.!,;?!&.3!-+?&.'/0-!0/'/F/%/,=!;A!,@-!@;2/E;.!A;2!&./>&%'!?2-A-22/.4!7.-.6%;'-3!'?&6-'C!:%%;<'!A7%%!'7.%/4@,!&.3!?2-6/?/,&,/;.!A;2!0-4-,&,/;.!42;<,@C!I&=!&%%;<!'>&%%B!'7.%/,!<&,-2!A-&,72-'C!

P0-2?&''!',276,72-!A;2!</%3%/A-!,;!?&''!;0-2!2;&3<&=B!&'!'>&%%!&'!TCU!>!5VVW9!</3-B!F7,!?2-A-2&F%=!&,!%-&',!RX!>!5YT(W9!</3-C!

P0-2?&''-'!</,@!';/%!&.3!?%&.,!42;<,@C!!

:%%!7.47%&,-'!5?2;.4@;2.!.;,!?2;0-.!=-,9B!6&2./0;2-'!5F-&2B!?7>&B!A;2-',!6&2./0;2-'9C!N;.4F/23'!&.3!/.'-6,'!/.6%73/.4!F7,,-2A%/-'C!!

:.=!'?-6/-'!,@&,!2-G7/2-'!.&,72&%!@&F/,&,B!'7.%/4@,!;2!&>F/-.,!6;.3/,/;.'!A;2!>;0->-.,C!

L;<!I;F/%/,=!M&7.&B!I;F/%-!N>&%%!M&7.&B!O/4@%=!I;F/%-!:3&?,/0-!M&7.&B!O/4@!P?-..-''!I;F/%-!M&7.&B!:3&?,/0-!Q.47%&,-'B!:2F;2-&%!M&7.&B!:-2/&%!M&7.&!

$%&''!T)!N?-6/&%/E-3!$7%0-2,!

:%%;<'!;7,'/3-!-.0/2;.>-.,&%!6;.3/,/;.'!,;!;6672!</,@/.!,@-!-.,/2-!',276,72-B!/.6%73/.4!%/4@,B!,->?-2&,72-!&.3!>;/',72-C!

$722-.,!3-'/4.'!&2-!'>&%%!67%0-2,'!%-''!,@&.!CR!>!5V(Z9!'?&.!F7,!6;7%3!F-!%&24-2!',276,72-'C!

J2-.6@!32&/.'!&.3!'%;,,-3!67%0-2,'C!

[-?,/%-'!&.3!&>?@/F/&.'! [-?,/%-'!&.3!&>?@/F/&.'!,@&,!2-G7/2-!&>F/-.,!;7,'/3-!6;.3/,/;.'!,;!'720/0-!&.3!3/'?-2'-B!;2!,;!;2/-.,&,-!372/.4!>;0->-.,'C!

L;<!I;F/%/,=!M&7.&!

$%&''!U)!$&.;?=!12/34-!

D2;0/3-'!&.!&2F;2-&%!?&''&4-!A;2!&./>&%'!,@&,!,=?/6&%%=!3;!.;,!3-'6-.3!F-%;<!,2--!6&.;?=!,;!42;7.3C!

:3-G7&,-!,;!62;''!&%%!,2&AA/6!%&.-'C!I&=!F-!6;..-6,-3!,;!,2--'!/.!,@-!>-3/&.C!

J2--,;?!2;?-!F2/34-'B!;2!>;3/A/-3!</2-!;2!>-,&%!',276,72-'C!

NG7/22-%'B!&2F;2-&%!2;3-.,'B!;?;''7>C!D;,-.,/&%!A;2!/.'-6,'!&.3!?%&.,'C!

N?-6/-'!,@&,!>;0-!,@2;74@!,@-!6&.;?=!2&,@-2!,@&.!;.!,@-!42;7.3!'72A&6-C!!

:2F;2-&%!M&7.&!

Page 55: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

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

$%&''!F)!K/.78+!,-./01&''/'!K/.78+!1&''&2/'!&0/!8-./01&''/'!5B&5!&0/!%&02/0!5B&-!:!4//5!;(<:!+=!7-!'1&-!&-.!81!53!L!4//5!;F<M!+=!7-!'1&-A!@75B!&-!L!4//5!;F<M!+=!07'/!;E72<!"N=<!!O/72B5!7'!8'/.!&'!5B/!./47-7579/!+/&'80/!&5!5B7'!%/9/%!?/6&8'/!5B/!+&P3075>!34!/D7'57-2!1&''&2/'!7-!5B7'!'7C/!6%&''!&0/!68%9/05'!@B/0/!5B/!B/72B5!7'!/H879&%/-5!30!'7+7%&0!53!5B/[email protected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

!9'24#"+:;<!UD&+1%/!34!&!$%&''!(!*+&%%!$8%9/05A!JVXN!$I!Y!Z<![7-5'6B!

!9'24#"+=><+UD&+1%/!34!&!$%&''!F!K/.78+!$8%9/05A!!JV#N!\]!Y!Z<![7-5'6B!^!R<!$0&+/0!

Page 56: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

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

Page 57: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

$%%&!'()(!*+!,-./%0&12!31!4%..!31!.305%0!30,6!,-./%0&1!'7859!(:+9!;681!,.311!3.1<!

8=,.->%1!3..!&?@%1!<$!A08>5%12!$0<*!&6<1%!&63&!30%!<@%=!1@3=!&<!&6<1%!48&6!*-.&8@.%!

,63*A%01!46%0%!&6%!8=>8/8>-3.!-=8&1!$3..!8=!&681!18B%!03=5%!'7859!((+9!!;6%!1*3..%1&!

@31135%!&63&!631!A%%=!*<=8&<0%>!3=>!/%08$8%>!-1%>!A?!>%%0!81!3!#C!A?!#C!$%%&!'()(!

*+!,-./%0&!8=!D<4>!E-=,&8<=2!F<.<03><!'G%%>!%&!3.9!#HIJ+9!D<=3.>1<=!':CCJ2!:CCK+!

><,-*%=&%>!.8*8&%>!-1%!<$!3!1*3..%0!,-./%0&!'#C)K!$&!L()#9M!*N+!A?!468&%O&38.%>!>%%0!

8=!&6%!%31&%0=!P9Q92!A-&!0%,<**%=>1!@31135%!6%856&!A%!3&!.%31&!#:!$%%&!'(9I!*+9!

R<0><=!3=>!S=>%01<=!':CC(+!0%,<**%=>!&6%!*8=8*-*!>8*%=18<=1!$<0!3!>%%0!

@31135%!8=!&6%80!1&->?!30%3!8=!T?<*8=5!A%!3&!.%31&!M!$%%&!':9"!*+!6856!3=>!:C!$%%&!

'K9#!*+!48>%9!U31%>!<=!&6%1%!0%1-.&1!3=>!0%,<**%=>3&8<=12!&6%!*8=8*-*!18B%!$<0!3!

V305%!P=>%0@311!431!>%&%0*8=%>!&<!A%!%8&6%0!3!MW):CW!':9")K9#!*+!,-./%0&X!3!#CW)#CW!

'()(!*+!,-./%0&X!<0!3!A08>5%!3&!.%31&!M!$%%&!6856!3=>!(:9M!$%%&!48>%!':9")#C!*+9!;6%!

.3&&%0!81!18*8.30!&<!&6%!MW)"(W!':9")#(9#!*+!A08>5%1!-=>%0!7.<08>3W1!YOIJ2!468,6!30%!

-1%>!A?!468&%!&38.%>!>%%0!'7<1&%0!3=>!Z-*@60%?!#HHJ+9!S.1<!8=,.->%>!8=!&681!,.311!

30%!.305%0!1&0-,&-0%12!1-,6!31!1@3=!A08>5%12!468,6!30%!&?@8,3..?!.305%0!&63=!&6%1%!

>8*%=18<=12!48&6!1@3=1!</%0!"(!$%%&!'#(!*+9!;6%!3>>%>!48>&6!@0</8>%1!50%3&%0!

<@%==%11!&<!3!@31135%9!!;6%1%!&?@%1!<$!@31135%1!63/%!A%%=!><,-*%=&%>!@3118=5!3..!

[8=>1!<$!1@%,8%1!$0<*!V<4!\<A8.8&?!Q*3..!73-=32!1-,6!31!$0<512!&<!]%0?!Z856!

^@%==%11!73-=32!1-,6!31!%.[9!!

!

F.311!"_!`)&%=18/%!U08>5%1!O!]83>-,&1!

;6%1%!@31135%1!30%!30%31!46%0%!&6%!0<3>A%>!81!%.%/3&%>!6856!3A</%!&6%!.3=>1,3@%!

</%0!50%3&!>81&3=,%12!1-,6!&63&!48.>.8$%!3=>!%,<1?1&%*!@0<,%11!,3=!$-=,&8<=!

=3&-03..?!8=!&6%!.3=>1,3@%!A%=%3&6!&6%!/83>-,&9!;6%1%!1&0-,&-0%1!1@3=!6-=>0%>1!<$!

?30>1!'*%&%01+!3=>!30%!&?@8,3..?!3&!.%31&!#J!$%%&!'"9K!*+!3A</%!&6%!50<-=>!1-0$3,%9!

\<1&!1@%,8%1!<$!48.>.8$%!,3=!-1%!&6%1%!30%312!8=,.->8=5!4%&.3=>!3=>!08@3083=!1@%,8%1!

31!4%..!31!$.?8=5!3=8*3.1!'7859!("+9!

!

9'24#"+:;<!`)3*@.%!<$!3!F.311!(!V305%!P=>%0@311!30,6!,-./%0&!A%8=5!-1%>!A?!*-.%!>%%0!-=>%0!YOHC!

T3168=5&<=!a!b9!F03*%02!E9!c8=&1,6!d!TQD^;!

9'24#"+::<!`)3*@.%!<$!3!F.311!(!V305%!P=>%0@311!A08>5%!1&0-,&-0%!A%8=5!-1%>!A?!A.3,[!&38.%>!>%%02!QG!

K2!T3168=5&<=!a!b9!F03*%02!E9!c8=&1,6!d!TQD^;!

Page 58: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

!

!!!!!!

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

9'24#"+:;<!;W&=2%.!3-!&!$%&''!"!.W9.6'+0.!51+,?.!31!0+&,8<9M!X>NE!$3%31&,3!Y!ZD![+69'<4!

9'24#"+:=D!V8%.!\..1!36!932!3-!G.0&,&!30.12&''!Y!]D!B.%%+'M!G.0&,&!\/S!

9'24#"+:>D!;W&=2%.!3-!&!$%&''!(!*+%,%+-.!/0.12&''M!G^!Y!]D!B.%%+'M!G.0&,&!\/S!

Page 59: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

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

Page 60: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !""!

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

Page 61: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

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

Page 62: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

$%&'()*!%+,()!-.!/0/1!2+,!*3(!,4%5&(!546!$%&'()*!%+,()!7890!2*!:%$;()!<)((;!

=>?&(@4A*!BCD!A34E(,!2!A%)@)?A?+F!2>4%+*!4G!5&2$;8*2?&(,!,(()!%A?+F!*3(!-.!/0/!

$%&'()*1!2+,!>%&(!,(()!%A?+F!*3(!7890!546!$%&'()*H!:3(A(!,2*2!32,!*3(!)(A(2)$3()A!

2+,!I.JK:!5?4&4F?A*A!)(8*3?+;?+F!*3(!$%&'()*!A?L(!&?>?*A!*32*!,(()!E?&&!+2'?F2*(!

*3)4%F3H!:3(!M4AN%?*4!<)((;!$%&'()*!?A!4+&O!A('(+!G((*!=PH/!>D!3?F31!Q%A*!%+,()!/#!

G((*!=/"H9!>D!E?,(!?+!A@2+1!2+,!/CR!G((*!="P!>D!&4+FH!:3(!7890!,4%5&(!546!$%&'()*A!2*!

:%$;()!<)((;!2)(!&(AA!*32+!G?'(!G((*!=/HS!>D!3?F31!+?+(!G((*!=PHB!>D!?+!A@2+1!2+,!SR!

G((*!=/BHB!>D!&4+F!G4)!(2$3!4G!*3(!*E4!$%&'()*A!%+,()!4@@4A?+F!&2+(A!4G!*)2GG?$H!:3(A(!

$%&'()*!3(?F3*A!2)(!*O@?$2&&O!$4+A?,()(,!*44!A>2&&!G4)!>4)(!*32+!4$$2A?4+2&!>%&(!

,(()!@2AA2F(H!I3?&(!*3(!M4AN%?*4!<)((;!@2AA2F(!>2?+&O!@2AA(,!G(>2&(A!E?*3!O4%+F1!

2+,!4+&O!@2AA(,!4+(!>2&(1!>2;?+F!?*!'()O!&?>?*(,!2A!2!@2AA2F(!G4)!*3(!,(()!

@4@%&2*?4+1!*3(!:%$;()!<)((;!$%&'()*A!%+,()!7890!@2AA(,!G(>2&(A!2+,!O4%+F!2A!E(&&!

2A!PR!@2AA2F(A!4G!>2&(!,(()H!:3(!,2*2!G)4>!*3(A(!$2>()2A!$4+*?+%(A!*4!?+G4)>!4%)!

?,(2A!4G!34E!,(()!E?&&!2,2@*!*4!A*)%$*%)(A!2+,!A%FF(A*!2!+((,!G4)!2,,?*?4+2&!)(A(2)$3!

?+*4!*3(!G2$*4)A!*32*!2GG($*!@2AA2F(!%A(1!A%$3!2A!*)2GG?$!'4&%>(A1!&4$2&!2,2@*2*?4+1!2+,!

325?*2*!,)?'()A1!2>4+F!4*3()AH!!

!

"#$#! %&''&()!*'')''+),-!./'-)+!!!

:3(!T2AA2F(!UAA(AA>(+*!.OA*(>!=TU.D!F%?,(A!@)2$*?*?4+()A!*3)4%F3!2!A()?(A!4G!

*2)F(*(,!N%(A*?4+A!,(A?F+(,!*4!$32)2$*()?L(!2!5)?,F(!4)!$%&'()*!)(&2*?'(!*4!?*A!

@4*(+*?2&!*4!G%+$*?4+A!2A!2!E?&,&?G(!@2AA2F(H!:3(!TU.!?A!4+(!4G!A('()2&!

$4>@&(>(+*2)O!*44&A!*4!2AA?A*!I.JK:!?+!?,(+*?GO?+F!?>@4)*2+*!$4++($*?'?*O!2)(2A!

2+,!,(A?F+!>?*?F2*?4+!A4&%*?4+A!*4!?>@)4'(!4)!)(A*4)(!@()>(25?&?*O!G4)!+2*?'(!

E?&,&?G(H!I3?&(!*3(!I2A3?+F*4+!I?&,&?G(!V25?*2*!<4++($*?'?*O!U+2&OA?A!=IV<IW!

P0/0D!4GG()A!2!5)42,8A$2&(!@()A@($*?'(!4G!$4++($*?'?*O!2$)4AA!*3(!A*2*(1!*3(!TU.!

2&&4EA!I.JK:!5?4&4F?A*A!*4!2AA(AA!@()>(25?&?*O!2*!*3(!A?*(!A$2&(1!G4)!(62>@&(!2&4+F!

*2)F(*(,!A*)(*$3(A!4G!)42,E2O!?,(+*?G?(,!2A!5?A($*?+F!*3(A(!&2+,A$2@(!$4++($*?4+AH!!

!

:3(!TU.!?A!?+*(+,(,!2A!2+!('2&%2*?4+!*44&!*4!(+A%)(!*32*!5?4&4F?A*A!2A;!*3(!)?F3*!

N%(A*?4+A!?+!*3(!G?(&,!2+,!G%&&O!,4$%>(+*!*3(!$4+,?*?4+A!*32*!>2O!2GG($*!@2AA2F(!

G%+$*?4+2&?*O!G4)!*3(!,?'()A?*O!4G!*2)F(*!A@($?(AH!-@4+!$4>@&(*?4+1!*3(!5?4&4F?A*A!E?&&!

32'(!2!$4>@&(*(!@2AA2F(!2AA(AA>(+*!?+$&%,?+F!@)(&?>?+2)O!?,(2A!G4)!?>@)4'?+F!*3(!

A*)%$*%)(1!E3?$3!$2+!5(!G%)*3()!)(G?+(,!,%)?+F!*3(!@)4Q($*!@&2++?+F!2+,!,(A?F+!

@)4$(AA(AH!:3(!TU.!@)4'?,(A!2+!(GG($*?'(!>($32+?A>!G4)!,(*()>?+?+F!E3?$3!

A*)%$*%)(A!2)(!A%?*25&(!G4)!(+32+$(>(+*A!*4!?>@)4'(!*3(?)!G%+$*?4+2&?*O!2A!E?&,&?G(!

@2AA2F(A!4)1!?G!+4!A%$3!(+32+$(>(+*A!2)(!2@@)4@)?2*(1!?,(+*?GO!A*)%$*%)(!

)(@&2$(>(+*!+((,A!G4)!?>@)4'(,!3?F3E2O!@()>(25?&?*O!G4)!E?&,&?G(H!7+!*3?A!E2O1!*3(!

TU.!$2+!?+G4)>!@)4Q($*!@&2+A!2+,!5%,F(*A!2*!*3(!(2)&?(A*!A*2F(A!4G!*3(!*)2+A@4)*2*?4+!

@&2++?+F!2+,!,(A?F+!@)4$(AAH!X?F%)(!CB!,(@?$*A!*3(!>2Q4)!A*(@A!?+!?,(+*?GO?+F!2+,!

('2&%2*?+F!(6?A*?+F!A*)%$*%)(A!G4)!*3(?)!@4*(+*?2&!*4!@2AA!*2)F(*(,!E?&,&?G(!A@($?(AH!

!

:4!5(F?+!*3(!2AA(AA>(+*!@)4$(AA1!?*!?A!+($(AA2)O!*4!G?)A*!A(&($*!*3(!)42,E2O!A(F>(+*A!

4G!?+*()(A*A!5(G4)(!$4+,%$*?+F!*3(!TU.!?+!*3(!G?(&,H!:3(A(!>2O!5(!2)(2A!*32*!2)(!

Page 63: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ ! "#!

!!

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

Major Steps in Identifying the Potential of Existing Structures for Wildlife Passage Based on Species Movement Guilds

Page 64: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

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

Page 65: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

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

o W*1,/!GB%1(,'81!*3'B(!(6%!1($B/(B$%!1,X%!*8+!16*&%U!o YB53%$!'4!($*44,/!.*8%1U!o C$%1%8/%!'4!&*$*..%.!,84$*1($B/(B$%)!1B/6!*1!$*,.$'*+1)!4$'8(*-%!$'*+1!'$!

$%/$%*(,'8*.!&*(61U!!o FB%1(,'81!*3'B(!(6%!,8.%(!*8+!'B(.%(!,8/.B+,8-!1&%/,4,/!,8.%(!'$!'B(.%(!4%*(B$%1!

I1B/6!*1!*8!*&$'8!'$!*!&%$/6%+!'B(.%(L)!(6%!&$%1%8/%!'4!'31($B/(,'81!I1B/6!*1!$,&$*&!'$!+%3$,1L)!2%-%(*(,'8!/'2%$)!*8+!(6%!&$%+'5,8*8(!.*8+!B1%!A,(6,8!(6%!,55%+,*(%!2,/,8,(0U!!

o FB%1(,'81!*3'B(!(6%!,81,+%!'4!(6%!1($B/(B$%!,8/.B+,8-!2,1,3,.,(0)!A*(%$!4.'A)!&$%1%8/%!'4!*!+$0!&*(6A*0)!1B31($*(%)!8',1%)!2%-%(*(,2%!/'2%$)!1R0.,-6(1)!'31($B/(,'81)!*8+!(6%!&$%1%8/%!'4!*!$'*+!'$!($*,.!(6$'B-6!(6%!1($B/(B$%U!

o FB%1(,'81!*3'B(!4%8/,8-!*8+!A*..1!*11'/,*(%+!A,(6!(6%!1($B/(B$%!,8/.B+,8-!(6%!(0&%)!6%,-6(!*8+!/'8+,(,'8!'4!*80!4%8/,8-!'$!A*..1)!*8+!&$%1%8/%!'4!*80!%1/*&%!5%/6*8,151!1B/6!*1!ZB5&!'B(1!'$!'8%[A*0!-*(%1U!!

o T2,+%8/%!'4!A,.+.,4%!B1%U!o T2,+%8/%!'4!6B5*8!*/(,2,(0?!

!

Page 66: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

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

Page 67: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

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

!

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

• Q*.24*!2)(%'05*(!%2!=$5,5$6*!3'(('7*!• R'0$5$%'%*!.24*.*+%!'+,!0-*'%*!3'%&='1(!• Q*,/0*!$+%$.$,'%$2+!• J+&'+0*!(%-/0%/-*!'33-2'0&*(!!• R*+0$+7!'+,!)'--$*-(!• ;,,!2-!',E/(%!(%-/0%/-'5!6*'%/-*(!

!<2.*!*+&'+0*.*+%(!-*I/$-*!$+4*(%.*+%(!$+!.'$+%*+'+0*B!62-!*K'.35*B!-*.24$+7!(*,$.*+%!6-2.!'!0/54*-%!2-!-*3'$-$+7!&25*(!$+!=$5,5$6*!6*+0$+7S!2%&*-(!-*I/$-*!+*=!$+4*(%.*+%(B!(/0&!'(!$+(%'55$+7!+*=!6*+0$+7!2-!7/$,*!='55(B!2-!02+(%-/0%$+7!'!+*=!3'%&='1!%&-2/7&!'!(%-/0%/-*8!9&*!%225)2K!$(!'!5$4$+7!,20/.*+%!%&'%!(&2/5,!)*!/3,'%*,!'(!-*4$(*,!'(!+*=!%*0&+$I/*(!'-*!%-$*,!'+,!%*(%*,B!3-24$,$+7!'+!*4*-G

Page 68: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

$%&'()*(+!',,'-!./!$(0'(1$2$(3!.&3*.(4!/.,!5674!3.!),'8!/,.29!70$4$!$(0'(1$2$(34!1'(!:$!/;,30$,!,$/*($)!'()!1;43.2*<$)!3.!4*3$=4&$1*/*1!1.()*3*.(4!);,*(+!30$!5674!&,.>$13!)$4*+(!&,.1$44$4?!&,*.,!3.!*2&@$2$(3'3*.(9!!!!

!"#$%&'()*( !+,!-./0+,/(#,1('&!+22&,1#%0+,/(!

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email protected]'@$9!6D$,'@@?!30$!*(/.,2'3*.(!+'30$,$)!*(!30$!)$D$@.&2$(3!./!30$!ABC!U!*(!'))*3*.(!3.!30$!ABC!*34$@/!U!8*@@!:$($/*3!30$!41*$(1$!'()!&,'13*1$!./!3,'(4&.,3'3*.(!$1.@.+-!'4!'!80.@$9!!70$!ABC!8'4!/*,43!*(3,.);1$)!3.!+,.;&!./!EC567!:*.@.+*434!*(!B&,*@!#MNNV!'))*3*.('@!$%&$,*$(1$!;4*(+!30$!ABC!*(!30$!/*$@)!8*@@!0.($!30$!:*.@.+*434F!4G*@@4!*(!1.();13*(+!'()!*(3$,&,$3*(+!&'44'+$!$D'@;'3*.(4!'4!'!&',3!./!EC567F4!.D$,'@@!$//.,34!3.!')),$44!&$,2$':*@*3-!/.,!8*@)@*/$!'()!2*3*+'3$!30$!*2&'134!./!30$!3,'(4&.,3'3*.(!($38.,G!.(!1.(($13*D*3-!/.,!:.30!3$,,$43,*'@!'()!'W;'3*1!8*@)@*/$9!70$!ABC!40.;@)!:$!1.(4*)$,$)!'!@*D*(+!).1;2$(3!'4!($8!,$4$',10!,$D$'@4!0.8!&'44'+$!10','13$,*43*14!'//$13!&$,2$':*@*3-!/.,!)*//$,$(3!3-&$4!./!4&$1*$49!!

Page 69: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

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

Page 70: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

!"#"!"$%"&'!

$%&'()*!+,!-,!!.//",!!+0102310)4!5&3'6%&'!1)!%&76(&!802893:!5)%13;01:!)<!16%1;&'!347!)18&%!8&%=&1)<3643!31!3!4)%18!>;)%073!;3?&,!-)6%43;!)<!@0;7;0<&!+3432&5&41!ABC.DE"#BF"A/,!

!

$%&'()*!+,!-,!./GG,!H8&!I3?&!-3(?')4!J()=3''32&,!@&K'01&,!811=ELL999,;3?&M3(?')416%1;&',)%2L!

!

$%0N)43!>0'8!347!O35&,!./GG,!>0%'1!K028)%4!'8&&=!7)(65&41&7!)4!)P&%=3'',!811=ELL3N2<7,4&1L3%1534L=6K;0'8LQ&9'+&703L>0%'1FK028)%4F'8&&=F7)(65&41&7F)4F)P&%=3''&','815;!

!

R34?*!>,O,*!S,I,!T%904*!O,I,!JP04?*!+,J,!O%3:*!U,!V32))7*!-,W,!X043%*!$,!I&P:*!Y,!Z36;')4*!R,!W6&702&%*!347!W,+,!U36P3M)1,!.//.,!@0;7;0<&!V3K0131!S)44&(10P01:!$(%)''!J6%)=&34!V02893:',!>&7&%3;!V02893:!$75040'1%310)4,!$;&[347%03*!\$,!811=ELL041&%4310)43;,<893,7)1,2)PL90;7;0<&]9&K,815!

!

R3%465*!U,!.//^,!T7&410<:042!18&!K&'1!;)(310)4'!1)!=%)P07&!'3<&!802893:!(%)''042!)==)%164010&'!<)%!90;7;0<&,!Z32&'!.#AF.".!04!S,I!T%904*!Z,!O3%%&11*!347!X,!Z,!+(Y&%5)11!C&7'D,!T41&%4310)43;!S)4<&%&4(&!)4!J();)2:!347!H%34'=)%1310)4!Z%)(&&7042',!S&41&%!<)%!H%34'=)%1310)4!347!18&!J4P0%)45&41*!Q)%18!S3%);043!U131&!_40P&%'01:*!W3;&028*!QS,!!

!

R&0&%*!Z,!GBB",!Y0'=&%'3;!)<!M6P&40;&!()623%'!04!<%325&41&7!83K0131,!H8&!-)6%43;!)<!@0;7;0<&!+3432&5&41!"BC.DE..`F.^a,!!

!

R&;;0'*!+,!$,!.//`,!JP3;631042!18&!&<<&(10P&4&''!)<!90;7;0<&!(%)''042!'1%6(16%&'!04!')618&%4!\&%5)41,!_4=6K;0'8&7!18&'0'!=%&'&41&7!1)!18&!O%37631&!U(8));!)<!18&!_40P&%'01:!)<!+3''3(86'&11'!$58&%'1*!$58&%'1*!+$,!GG"!==,!!

!

R0'')4&11&*!-,!$,!347!Z,!S,!S%35&%,!.//A,!@0;7;0<&!347!W)37'E!$!%&')6%(&!<)%!5010231042!18&!&<<&(1'!)<!%)37'!)4!90;7;0<&!6'042!90;7;0<&!(%)''042'!'6(8!3'!)P&%=3''&'*!647&%=3''&'*!347!(%)''93;?',!!811=ELL999,90;7;0<&347%)37',)%2L7&(0'0)42607&L.]G]A,(<5!

!

R0'')4&11&*!-,!$,!347!Z,!S,!S%35&%!.//`,!JP3;6310)4!)<!18&!6'&!347!&<<&(10P&4&''!)<!90;7;0<&!(%)''042',!QSVWZ!W&=)%1!AG",!Q310)43;!S))=&%310P&!V02893:!W&'&3%(8!Z%)2%35*!H%34'=)%1310)4!W&'&3%(8!R)3%7*!Q310)43;!$(37&50&'*!@3'80421)4*!Y,S,!!811=ELL999,1%K,)%2L+304LZ6K;0(LR;6%K'LGA/G/`,3'=[!

!

R%&85*!X,!GB`B,!H8&!3((&=134(&!)<!/,.!5!1644&;'!K:!35=80K034'!76%042!18&0%!502%310)4!1)!18&!K%&&7042!'01&,!Z32&'!.BF#.!04E!H,!J,!U,!I3421)4!CJ7D,!$5=80K034'!347!W)37'*!Z%)(&&7042'!)<!18&!H)37!H644&;!S)4<&%&4(&,!$Sb!Z);:5&%!Z%)76(1'*!U8&<<)%7*!J42;347,!

!

R%0'1)*!X,!347!+,!S%3KK,!.//`,!JP3;6310)4!)<!70'1%0K610)4!347!1%34'F802893:!5)P&5&41!)<!7&'&%1!K028)%4!'8&&=E!$%0N)43!V02893:!A`,!W&=)%1!=%&=3%&7!<)%!$%0N)43!Y&=3%15&41!)<!H%34'=)%1310)4*!Z8)&40[*!$c,!^#!==,!

Page 71: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !""!

!

#$%&'!()!*)'!+)!,)!*-./%0$'!1)!2)!345%66'!$&7!8)!9)!*454:)!;<<=)!9>>4?6:!.>!$!@%A@5$B!

$&7!C%6%A$6%.&!DE.F4?6:!.&!G.G?$6:!%&!:.-6@4E&!*4H$:)!I%.0.A%?$0!

#.&:4E/$6%.&!JJKLJMNOJNP)!!

!

#$/$00$E.'!Q)'!R)!S$&74&'!T)!S?@400@$:4'!$&7!8)!*$&$U$)!;<<")!14:%A&%&A!E.$7!

?E.::%&A:!>.E!:$>4!5%070%>4!D$::$A4L!+4&6-E$!#.-&6B!A-%740%&4:)!2E.-D!

8$:64EV:!WE.F4?6)!1.&$07!IE4&[email protected]!.>!9&/%E.&C4&6$0!S?%4&?4!$&7!

8$&$A4C4&6'!X&%/4E:%6B!.>!#$0%>.E&%$)!S$&6$!I$EG$E$'!#()!KN!DD)!!

!

#04/4&A4E'!()W)'!I)!#@E-:Y?Y'!$&7!R)!2-&:.&)!;<<J)!1E$%&$A4!?-0/4E6:!$:!@$G%6$6!

0%&U$A4:!$&7!>$?6.E:!$>>4?6%&A!D$::$A4!GB!C$CC$0:)!T.-E&$0!.E!(DD0%47!

9?.0.AB!=MLJ=K<OJ=KN)!

!

#04/4&A4E'!()!W)'!I)!#@E-:Y?Y'!R)!2-&:.&'!$&7!T)!Z%[email protected]:U%)!;<<;)!,.$7:!$&7!

5%070%>4!%&!6@4!#$&$7%$&!,.?UB!8.-&6$%&!W$EU:![!C./4C4&6'!C.E6$0%6B'!$&7!

C%6%A$6%.&)!\%&$0!,4D.E6!6.!W$EU:!#$&$7$)!I$&>>'!(0G4E6$'!#$&$7$)!

!

#04/4&A4E'!()!W)!$&7!8)!W)!3-%F:4E)!;<<N)!3$&7G..U!>.E!14:%A&!$&7!9/$0-$6%.&!.>!

Z%070%>4!#E.::%&A!S6E-?6-E4:!%&!].E6@!(C4E%?$)!14D$E6C4&6!.>!

*E$&:D.E6$6%.&'!\474E$0!3%A@5$B!(7C%&%:6E$6%.&'!Z$:@%&A6.&!1)#)!!

@66DL^^555)54:64E&6E$&:D.E6$6%.&%&:6%6-64).EA^7.?-C4&6:^E4D.E6:^K;";"

N_\%&$0_,4D.E6)D7>!

!

#04/4&A4E'!()W)!$&7!()+)!R.?%.04U)!;<<`)!3%A@5$B!C47%$&!%CD$?6:!.&!5%070%>4!

C./4C4&6!$&7!C.E6$0%6BL!:6$64!.>!6@4!DE$?6%?4!:-E/4B!$&7!A$D!$&$0B:%:)!

,4D.E6!].)!\^#(^8aO;<<`^<N)!#$0%>.E&%$!14D$E6C4&6!.>!*E$&:D.E6$6%.&'!

S$?E$C4&6.'!#()!

!

#04/4&A4E'!()W)'!$&7!])!Z$06@.)!;<<<)!\$?6.E:!%&>0-4&?%&A!6@4!4>>4?6%/4&4::!.>!

5%070%>4!-&74ED$::4:!%&!I$&>>!]$6%.&$0!W$EU'!(0G4E6$'!#$&$7$)!#.&:4E/$6%.&!

I%.0.AB'!JKbJcLKPO"`)!!

!

#04/4&A4E'!()W)'!$&7!])!Z$06@.)!;<<")!W4E>.EC$&?4!%&7%?4:!6.!%74&6%>B!$66E%G-64:!

.>!@%A@5$B!?E.::%&A!:6E-?6-E4:!>$?%0%6$6%&A!C./4C4&6!.>!0$EA4!C$CC$0:)!

I%.0.A%?$0!#.&:4E/$6%.&'!J;JLK"=OK`K)!

!

#E$C4E'!W)!#)!;<JJ)!1464EC%&%&A!5%070%>4!-:4!.>!5%070%>4!?E.::%&A!:6E-?6-E4:!-&74E!

7%>>4E4&6!:?4&$E%.:)!\%&$0!,4D.E6!6.!X6$@!14D$E6C4&6!.>!*E$&:D.E6$6%.&!

,4:4$E?@!1%/%:%.&)!T-0B!;<JJ!JK`DD)!a&!,4/%45)!

!

#E$C4E'!W)!#)'!,)!3$C0%&'!$&7!R)!2-&:.&)!;<JJ)!8.&6$&$!XS!3%A@5$B!N=!S.-6@!

5%070%>4!?E.::%&A!E4:4$E?@)!81*!=<MKK",W)!;<J<!(&&-$0!WE.AE4::!,4D.E6)!

WE4D$E47!>.E!8.&6$&$!14D$E6C4&6!.>!*E$&:D.E6$6%.&)!;`!DD)!!

@66DL^^555)C76)C6)A./^E4:4$E?@^7.?:^E4:4$E?@_DE.F^-:N=_5%070%>4^DE.AE4

::_F$&JJ)D7>!

!

#E..U:'!R)'!#)!3$$:'!S)[email protected].'!R)!8%77047.E>'!S)!8$A04'!*)!S@4&U'!R)!Z%0:.&!

$&7!1)!*@4.G$07)!;<<M)!,.$7:!$&7!?.&&4?6%/%6B!%&!#.0.E$7.L!$&%C$0O/4@%?04!

?.00%:%.&:'!5%070%>4!C%6%A$6%.&!:6E-?6-E4:'!$&7!0B&HOE.$75$B!%&64E$?6%.&:)!

Page 72: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

$%&'()!*'+!,-./0122304+!,'5'(67'!-%&6()8%9)!':!/(69;&'()6)<'9=!-%9>%(=!,.+!!

!

-'77=!,+!?=!@+!A+!B6(<CD<><CD!697!E+!E+!F8<)D+!1224+!G::%C)<>%9%;;!':!6!H6((<%(!I655!697!CJ5>%();!<9!(%7JC<9K!I<575<:%!8'()65<)L!'9!6!D%6><5L!)(6>%5%7!D<KDI6L!<9!M5'(<76+!B<'5'K<C65!,'9;%(>6)<'9!N4NOP"04#+!

!

-'77=!*+E+=!A+!@+!Q6K9'9=!F+!B'%=!?+!.K(%9!697!$+G+!FCD%<9;HJ(K+!122R+!G::%C)<>%9%;;!':!I<575<:%!J97%(&6;;%;!<9!8<9<8<S<9K!I<575<:%0>%D<C5%!C'55<;<'9;!697!&('8')<9K!I<575<:%!&%(8%6H<5<)L!6C(';;!D<KDI6L;O!T(<S'96!$'J)%!1#2+!$%&'()!)'!T(<S'96!-%&6()8%9)!':!/(69;&'()6)<'9=!UD'%9<V=!TW+!!

!

-'77=!*+E+=!A+@+!Q6K9'9=!T+E+!X69S'=!697!$+G+!FCDI%<9;HJ(K+!122Y6+!Z<7%'!;J(>%<5569C%!)'!6;;%;!D<KDI6L!J97%(&6;;!J;%!HL!%5[!<9!T(<S'96+!A'J(965!':!@<575<:%!X696K%8%9)!\YN]O#PY0#4"+!

!

-'77=!*+!E+=!A+!@+!Q6K9'9=!F+!B'%=!T+!X69S'=!697!$+!G+!FCDI%<9;HJ(K+!122YH+!G>65J6)<'9!':!8%6;J(%;!)'!8<9<8<S%!I<575<:%0>%D<C5%!C'55<;<'9;!697!86<9)6<9!&%(8%6H<5<)L!6C(';;!D<KDI6L;O!F)6)%!$'J)%!1#2=!T(<S'96=!^FT+!M<965!U('_%C)!$%&'()!\12210122#]+!U('_%C);!AUT!2N0N"1!697!AUT!240214/+!T(<S'96!/(69;&'()6)<'9!$%;%6(CD!,%9)%(!697!)D%!M%7%(65!`<KDI6L!T78<9<;)(6)<'9=!UD'%9<V=!TW+!

!

-'9657;'9=!B+!X+!122"+!M<965!$%&'()O!/D%!J;%!':!D<KDI6L!J97%(&6;;%;!HL!56(K%!868865;!<9!Z<(K<9<6!697!:6C)'(;!<9:5J%9C<9K!)D%<(!%::%C)<>%9%;;+!Z<(K<9<6!/(69;&'()6)<'9!$%;%6(CD!,'J9C<5=!Z<(K<9<6!-%&6()8%9)!':!/(69;&'()6)<'9!697!)D%!^9<>%(;<)L!':!Z<(K<9<6=!Z/$,!2#0$1=!,D6(5'))%;><55%=!Za+!!

!

-'9657;'9=!B+!122#+!/D%!J;%!':!D<KDI6L!J97%(&6;;%;!HL!56(K%!868865;!697!')D%(!I<575<:%!<9!Z<(K<9<6!697!:6C)'(;!<9:5J%9C<9K!)D%<(!%::%C)<>%9%;;+!a9!/(69;&'()6)<'9!$%;%6(CD!B'6(7!122#!T99J65!X%%)<9K+!,-!$.X+!/(69;&'()6)<'9!$%;%6(CD!B'6(7=!*6)<'965!$%;%6(CD!,'J9C<5=!@6;D<9K)'9=!-+,+!

!

M<)SK%(657=!A+U+=!,+T+!X%69%L=!697!-+X+!T(8;)('9K+!NRR4+!X68865;!':!,'5'(67'+!^9<>%(;<)L!U(%;;!':!,'5'(67'+!*<I')=!,.+!

!

M'(7=!F+!Q+!NR32+!G>65J6)<'9!':!D<KDI6L!7%%(![<55!8<)<K6)<'9!'9!FaGbETF0PR"+!$%&'()!*'+!M`@Tb,Tb/U032b2N+!^+F+!-%&6()8%9)!':!/(69;&'()6)<'9=!M%7%(65!`<KDI6L!T78<9<;)(6)<'9!697!,65<:'(9<6!-%&6()8%9)!':!/(69;&'()6)<'9=!F6C(68%9)'=!,T+!

!

M'(%;869=!?+!$+!1224+!/D%!%::%C);!':!D<KDI6L;!'9!:(6K8%9)6)<'9!':!;8655!868865!&'&J56)<'9;!697!8'7<:<C6)<'9;!':!C(';;<9K!;)(JC)J(%;!)'!8<)<K6)%!;JCD!<8&6C);+!M<965!(%&'()!)'!X'9)696!-%&6()8%9)!':!/(69;&'()6<)'9=!`%5%96=!X/+!PR!&&+!!

!

M';)%(=!X+!E+!697!F+!$+!`J8&D(%L+!NRR"+!^;%!':!I<575<:%!J97%(&6;;%;!HL!M5'(<76!&69)D%(;!697!')D%(!I<575<:%+!@<575<:%!F'C<%)L!BJ55%)<9!1POR"0N22+!

!

Q6K9'9!A+!@+!12NN+!^F!RP!B<KD'(9!FD%%&!,(';;<9K+!!III+L'J)JH%+C'8bI6)CDc>d>(?,X1#(NMX+!

!

Page 73: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

$%&'()*!+,!+,!-(.!/,!0,!+%)1)(2)3,!4556,!+&72-3!078-!9&(9&%&3!7:)!&;!<=%.%=;)!93&::=(2!:>379>73):!&(!>?)!@3-(:A+-(-.-!?=2?<-'!=(!B-(;;!C->=&(-%!0-3D*!/%E)3>-,!F=%.%=;)!B=&%&2'!#G66#A64H,!

!

$&3.&(*!I,!-(.!J,!/(.)3:&(,!455K,!L1-%7->=&(!&;!-(!7(.)3M-::!=(:>-%%).!=(!N,J,!O=2?<-'!K5!->!C722)>!+-('&(*!F'&8=(2*!;&3!8=23->=(2!87%)!.))3,!P)M&3>!QOF/AFRAKS56,!F'&8=(2!T)M-3>8)(>!&;!@3-(:M&3>->=&(,!+?)')(()*!FR,!

!

$&3.&(*!I,*!U,!O-:9?D)*!P,!0%78E*!-(.!J,!/(.)3:&(,!455K,!L1-%7->=&(!&;!7(27%->)!7:)!&;!VAW5!7(.)3M-::):,!Q=(-%!P)M&3>!X-'!455K,!F'&8=(2!+&&M)3->=1)!Q=:?!-(.!F=%.%=;)!P):)-39?!N(=>*!N(=1)3:=>'!&;!F'&8=(2*!Y-3-8=),!

!

$3=%&*!+,*!U,!/,!B=::&()>>)*!-(.!0,!+,!+3-8)3,!4565,!X=>=2->=&(!8)-:73):!>&!3).79)!=8M-9>:!>&!E=&.=1)3:=>',!V(G!ZL.=>&3!J,P,!U&():[*!O=2?<-':G!+&(:>379>=&(*!X-(-2)8)(>*!-(.!X-=(>)(-(9),!C&1-!J9=)(9)!07E%=:?)3:*!V(9,!0-2):!#HA66H,!

!

O--:*!+,T,!4555,!T=:>3=E7>=&(*!3)%->=1)!-E7(.-(9)*!-(.!3&-.<-'!7(.)3M-::!3):M&(:):!&;!9-3(=1&3):!>?3&72?&7>!>?)!07)(>)A+?=(&!O=%%:,!X-:>)3!@?):=:*!+-%=;&3(=-!J>->)!0&%'>)9?(=9!N(=1)3:=>'*!0&8&(-*!+/,!

!

O7=\:)3*!X,!0,!-(.!I,!U,!J,!0-7%,!455W,!F=%.%=;)A1)?=9%)!9&%%=:=&(!-(.!93&::=(2!8=>=2->=&(!8)-:73):G!-!%=>)3->73)!3)1=)<!;&3!0-3D:!+-(-.-*!I&&>)(-'!C->=&(-%!0-3D,!P)M&3>!C&,!HF6]4]!/,!0-3D:!+-(-.-*!P-.=78!O&>!JM3=(2:*!B3=>=:?!+&%78E=-*!+-(-.-,!

!

U-9D:&(*!J,!T,!455K,!03&M&:).!.):=2(!-(.!9&(:=.)3->=&(:!;&3!7:)!&;!-8M?=E=-(!-(.!3)M>=%)!>7(()%:!=(!C)<!L(2%-(.,!N(=1)3:=>'!&;!X-::-9?7:)>>:*!/8?)3:>,!?>>MGSS78-::,).7S(3)9S&(%=().&9:,?>8%!

!

U-9D:&(*!J,!T,!6]]^,!N(.)3M-::!:':>)8:!;&3!-8M?=E=-(:,!V(!$,!Y,!L1=(D*!0,!$-33)>>*!T,J)=2%)3*!-(.!U,!B)33'!Z).:[,!@3)(.:!=(!/..3)::=(2!@3-(:M&3>->=&(!P)%->).!F=%.%=;)!X&3>-%=>'*!03&9)).=(2:!&;!>?)!@3-(:M&3>->=&(!P)%->).!F=%.%=;)!X&3>-%=>'!J)8=(-3,!J>->)!&;!Q%&3=.-!T)M-3>8)(>!&;!@3-(:M&3>->=&(*!@-%%-?-::))*!QY,!

!

U-9D:&(*!J,!T,!-(.!X,!C,!X-39?-(.,!6]]W,!N:)!&;!-!M3&>&>'M)!>7(()%!E'!M-=(>).!>73>%):*!+?3':)8':!M=9>-,!N(M7E%=:?).!C&>),!!NPYG!<<<,78-::,).7S(3)9S&(%=().&9:,?>8%!

!

U-9D:&(*!J,!T,*!-(.!@,!Q,!@'(=(2,!6]W],!L;;)9>=1)()::!&;!.3=;>!;)(9):!-(.!>7(()%:!;&3!8&1=(2!:M&>>).!:-%-8-(.)3:!/8E':>&8-!8-97%->78!7(.)3!3&-.:,!0-2):!]KA]]!=(G!@,!L,!J,!Y-(2>&(!ZL.[,!/8M?=E=-(:!-(.!P&-.:*!03&9)).=(2:!&;!>?)!@&-.!@7(()%!+&(;)3)(9),!/+_!0&%'8)3!03&.79>:*!J?);;&3.*!L(2%-(.,!

!

U-9&E:&(*!J,!Y,!455",!X=>=2->=&(!8)-:73):!;&3!?=2?<-'A9-7:).!=8M-9>:!>&!E=3.:,!NJT/!Q&3):>!J)31=9)!$)()3-%!@)9?(=9-%!P)M3=(>!0JFA$@PA6]6,!0-2):!65HKA65"5,!

!

U-9&E:&(*!J,Y,!-(.!T,+,!U-9&E:&(,!455#,!/(!-%>)3(->=1)!>&!>?)!&M)(()::!`3->=&a!7:=(2!7(.)3M-::!M?':=9-%!->>3=E7>):!-(.!E)?-1=&3-%!=8M%=9->=&(:!&;!.))3!1=:=&(!-(.!?)-3=(2!9-M-E=%=>=):,!V(G!+,Y,!V3<=(*!T,!C)%:&(*!-(.!I,0,!X9T)38&&>,!

Page 74: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

$%&'(()*+,-!&.!/0(!1223!4+/(%+5/*&+56!7&+.(%(+'(!&+!8'&6&,9!5+)!:%5+-;&%/5/*&+<!7(+/(%!.&%!:%5+-;&%/5/*&+!5+)!/0(!8+=*%&+>(+/?!@&%/0!75%&6*+5!A/5/(!B+*=(%-*/9?!C56(*,0?!@7<!;<!D2"<!

!

E&'0*>-(+?!F<!G<?!7<!C<!$(/(%-&+?!H<!G<!I+)%(J-?!5+)!E<!K<!L*MM&+-<!122N<!I!6*/(%5/O%(!%(=*(J!&.!/0(!(..('/-!&.!%&5)-!&+!5>;0*M*5+-!5+)!%(;/*6(-!5+)!/0(!>(5-O%(-!O-()!/&!>*+*>*P(!/0&-(!(..('/-<!C(;&%/!/&!/0(!4)50&!Q*-0!5+)!L5>(!F(;5%/>(+/!5+)!/0(!BAFI!Q&%(-/!A(%=*'(<!4)50&!A/5/(!B+*=(%-*/9!5+)!A5=5++50!C*=(%!8'&6&,9!R5M?!B+*=(%-*/9!&.!L(&%,*5<!

!

H(66(%?!S<!TUUU<!:0(!O-(!&.!J*6)6*.(!&=(%;5--(-!M9!>5>>56-V!%(-O6/-!.%&>!*+.%5W%()!=*)(&!-O%=(9-!*+!AJ*/P(%65+)?!L(%>5+9?!Q%5+'(!5+)!/0(!@(/0(%65+)-<!C(;&%/!/&!4+.%5!8'&!@(/J&%X!8O%&;(!Y48@8Z?!Q*./0!48@8!>((/*+,?!TNWT3!I;%*6!TUUU<![O)5;(-/?!\O+,5%9<!

!

H65.X*?!C<!1221<!85-/!H&&/(+59!M5),(%!;%&]('/!'5-(!-/O)9V!5)O6/!.(>56(!M5),(%!O-(!&.!'O6=(%/-!O+)(%!\*,0J59!U^!-&O/0!&.!7%5+M%&&X?![%*/*-0!7&6O>M*5?!75+5)5<!A96=5+!7&+-O6/*+,?!R:F?!4+=(%>(%?![%*/*-0!7&6O>M*5<!

!

H*+/-'0?!E<?!$<!A*+,(%?!G<!\O*]-(%?!E<!7%5+(?!5+)!I<!\O9(//<!12TT<!I!%(,*&+56!('&-9-/(>!.%5>(J&%X!.&%!/(%%(-/%*56!5+)!5_O5/*'!J*6)6*.(!56&+,!/0(!4W32!G&O+/5*+!7&%%*)&%?!7&6&%5)&V!5+!8'&WR&,*'56!.*(6)!/(-/<!C(;&%/!/&!/0(!7&6&%5)&!F(;5%/>(+/!&.!:%5+-;&%/5/*&+?!F(+=(%?!7`<!!

!

R((/(?!$<!12T2<![(-/!;%5'/*'(-!.&%!>((/*+,!F@C!L(+(%56!$OM6*'!K5/(%-!K&%X!$(%>*/!L$!122NW22T<!A(;/(>M(%!12T2!8)*/*&+<!G*++(-&/5!F(;5%/>(+/!&.!@5/O%56!C(-&O%'(-<!G*++(5;&6*-?!G@<!!0//;VaaJJJ<)+%<-/5/(<>+<O-aJ5/(%-aJ5/(%>,>/b-('/*&+a;J;(%>*/-a,;b122Nb222Tb>5+O56<0/>6!

!

R*//6(?!A<!E<?!C<!L<!\5%'&O%/?!5+)!I<!$<!76(=(+,(%<!1221<!F&!J*6)6*.(!;5--5,(-!5'/!5-!;%(9W/%5;-c![*&6&,*'56!7&+-(%=5/*&+<!T23VT^"WTN"<!

!

R9%(+?!R<!G<!1222<!G&=(>(+/!;5//(%+-!&.!'&9&/(-!5+)!M&M'5/-!%(65/*=(!/&!%&5)!O+)(%;5--(-!*+!/0(!70*+&!\*66-!5%(!&.!A&O/0(%+!756*.&%+*5<!G5-/(%!:0(-*-?!756*.&%+*5!A/5/(!$&69/('0+*'!B+*=(%-*/9?!$&>&+5?!756*.&%+*5<!

!

G5--5'0O-(//-!F(;5%/>(+/!&.!:%5+-;&%/5/*&+<!12T2<!F(-*,+!&.![%*),(-!5+)!7O6=(%/-!.&%!K*6)6*.(!$5--5,(!5/!Q%(-0J5/(%!A/%(5>-<!G5--5'0O-(//-!F(;5%/>(+/!&.!:%5+-;&%/5/*&+?!\*,0J59!F*=*-*&+<![&-/&+?!GI<!TT3;;<!!

! 0//;VaaJJJ<>0)<-/5/(<>5<O-a)&J+6&5)-a;%&]F(=aF(-*,+b[%*),(-b7O6=(%/-bK*6)6*.(b$5--5,(bT113T2<;).!

!

G'7&66*-/(%?!G<!Q<?!5+)!Q<!:<!S5+!G5+(+<!12T2<!8..('/*=(+(--!&.!J*6)6*.(!O+)(%;5--(-!5+)!.(+'*+,!/&!%()O'(!J*6)6*.(W=(0*'6(!'&66*-*&+-<!E&O%+56!&.!K*6)6*.(!G5+5,(>(+/!3NVT311WT3^T<!

!

G'F&+56)?!G<!L<!TUUT<!L6(++!\*,0J59!>&&-(!>&+*/&%*+,!-/O)9<!Q*+56!C(;&%/!/&!/0(!I65-X5!F(;5%/>(+/!&.!:%5+-;&%/5/*&+!5+)!$OM6*'!Q5'*6*/*(-?!I+'0&%5,(?!IH<!!

Page 75: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

$%&'()*+,!-.!)(+!/.!/.!01.!/*)23.!4556.!7*898(1:!1;)1!<3'9'18!;2=;>)?!%3'::2(=!:13@%1@38!@:8!A?!:9)**!9)99)*:!2(!B)(CC!D)12'()*!E)3F.!G'@3()*!'C!H<<*28+!7%'*'=?!6IJK4L#M.!!

!

$%N2((8?,!O.!!)(+!O.!0921;.!455P.!&2:132A@12'(!)(+!13)(:L;2=;>)?!9'Q898(1:!'C!+8:831!A2=;'3(!:;88<!2(!('31;>8:183(!H32R'().!S2()*!38<'31!1'!H32R'()!&8<)3198(1!'C!O3)(:<'31)12'(!)(+!S8+83)*!T2=;>)?!H+92(2:13)12'(.!E;'8(2U,!HV.!!

!

D8>;'@:8!D.G.!)(+!O.!H.!N2(*8?.!4554.!H((@)*!@<+)18!'(!<'<@*)12'(!8%'*'=?!'C!A)+=83:!2(!1;8!7):1!N''18()?J!<3'=38::!38<'31.!/'*@9A2)(!B):2(!S2:;!)(+!-2*+*2C8!/'9<8(:)12'(!E3'=3)9,!S'38:1!W8(8>)*!B./.,!7):1!N''18()?!7(Q23'(98(1)*!0'%281?,!)(+!E)3F:!/)()+).!B3212:;!/'*@9A2),!/)()+).!K!<<.!!

!

D=,!0.!G.,!G.!-.!&'*8,!W.!$.!0)@Q)X'1,!0.!E.!&.!W2*8?,!)(+!O.!G.!Y)*'(8.!4556.!Z:8!'C!;2=;>)?!@(+83%3'::2(=:!A?!>2*+*2C8!2(!:'@1;83(!/)*2C'3(2).!B2'*'=2%)*!/'(:83Q)12'(!II"J6##L"5[.!

!

EC2:183,!T.E.,!Y.!N8**83,!T.!W8%F,!)(+!B.!\8'3=22.!I##[.!B2'L'F'*'=2:%;8!-23F:)9F821!Q'(!\3@(A3@%F8(!@A83!Y83F8;3:>8=8!]B2'L8%'*'=2%)*!8CC8%12Q8(8::!'C!>2*+*2C8!'Q83<)::8:!'3!^=388(!A32+=8:_!'Q83!3')+:!)(+!3)2*>)?!*2(8:`.!T83)@:=8=8A8(!Q'9!B@(+8:92(2:1832@9!C@3!Y83F8;3!HA8182*@(=!013)a8(A)@.!B'((LB)+!\'+8:A83=,!\839)(?.!

!

EC2:183,!T.E.,!Y.!N8**83,!&.!T8?(8(,!)(+!b.!T'*R=)(=.!4554.!.!013)::8!@(+!Y83F8;3,!MJI5ILI5K.!

!

E@F?,!$.!)(+!V.!Y'=8*.!4556.!H9<;2A2)(!9212=)12'(!98):@38:!'(!T@(=)32)(!3')+:J!+8:2=(,!8CC2%28(%?,!<3'A*89:!)(+!<'::2A*8!29<3'Q898(1,!(88+!C'3!%''3+2()18+!7@3'<8)(!8(Q23'(98(1)*!8+@%)12'(!:13)18=?.!c(J!E3'%88+2(=:!'C!1;8!c7D7!/'(C838(%8!'(!T)A21)1!S3)=98(1)12'(!&@8!1'!O3)(:<'31)12'(!c(C3):13@%1@38.!c(C3)!7%'!D81>'3F!7@3'<8,!B3@::8*:!dIMLI"!D'Q898A83,!455M,!B3@::*8:e.!

!

W88+,!&.!S.!I#KI.!$@*8!+883!A8;)Q2'3!)1!)!;2=;>)?!@(+83<)::!8U21.!G'@3()*!'C!-2*+*2C8!$)()=898(1!6"d4eJ"64L!"6M.!

!

W88+,!&.!S.,!O.!&.!c.!B8%F,!)(+!O.!D.!-''+>)3+.!I#[#.!W8=2'()*!+883LQ8;2%*8!)%%2+8(1!38:8)3%;.!W8<'31!D'.!ST-HLW&L[#LII.!Z.0.!&8<)3198(1!'C!O3)(:<'31)12'(,!S8+83)*!T2=;>)?!H+92(2:13)12'(,!-):;2(=1'(,!&./.!!

!

W88+,!&.!S,!O.!D.!-''+)3+,!)(+!O.!$.!E'X)3.!I#[".!B8;)Q2'3)*!38:<'(:8!'C!9@*8!+883!1'!)!;2=;>)?!@(+83<)::.!G'@3()*!'C!-2*+*2C8!$)()=898(1!M#JMPILMP[.!

!

W':),!0.!455P.!T2=;>)?!8CC8%1:!'(!:9)**!9)99)*!%'99@(2128:!)(+!8CC8%12Q8(8::!'C!+883LQ8;2%*8!%'**2:2'(!9212=)12'(!:13)18=?.!$):183:!O;8:2:,!Z1);!01)18!Z(2Q83:21?,!f'=)(,!ZO.!!

!

0)>?83,!T.!)(+!/.!f8B8)@.!45II.!7Q)*@)12(=!9@*8!+883!%3'::2(=!:13@%1@38:!2(!D@==81!/)(?'(J!45I5!<3'=38::!38<'31.!W8<'31!1'!-?'92(=!&8<)3198(1!'C!O3)(:<'31)12'(,!/;8?8((8!-g.!!4I!<<.!

!

Page 76: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!"#$"%&'(')*+,-+./'0)'12+3)#45)4#"0+-,#+6"##"0)#'%(+7'(8('-"+ !"#!

$%&'()*!+,*!%-.!/,!01..,!2##3,!4)5-675)-!)5%.&%'!8)599:-69;!%!)(<:(&!5=!%<%:>%?>(!:-=5)@%A:5-!%-.!B5A(-A:%>!5BA:5-9,!0(B5)A!A5!C(.()%>!+:67&%'!D.@:-:9A)%A:5-*!E'5@:-6!F(B%)A@(-A!5=!G)%-9B5)A%A:5-*!%-.!E'5@:-6!H%@(!%-.!C:97!F(B%)A@(-A*!I7('(--(*!EJ,!

!

$:-6()!C,!%-.!K,!F57()A',!LMN3,!O%-%6:-6!@51-A%:-!65%A9!%A!%!7:67&%'!8)599:-6,!E:>.>:=(!$58:(A'!/1>>(A:-!LP;Q"MRQSS,!

!

$:-6()*!4,*!D,!+1'(AA*!K,!T:-A987!%-.!O,!+1:U9(),!2#LL,!V-A()9A%A(!S#!W85RX56:8%>!O5-:A5):-6!0(B5)A,!0(B5)A!A5!A7(!I5>5)%.5!F(B%)A@(-A!5=!G)%-9B5)A%A:5-*!F(-<()*!IY,!!

!

$&(%-5)*!X,!X,*!T,!D,!X56%-*!%-.!O,!H,!+5)-58Z(),!2###,!I516%)!.:9B()9%>!B%AA()-9*!@(A%B5B1>%A:5-!.'-%@:89*!%-.!85-9()<%A:5-,!I5-9()<%A:5-!/:5>56'!LQ[P\;SMNRN#N,!

!

]-:A(.!$A%A(9!H(5>56:8%>!$1)<(',!2#LL,!4%'-(9!4)%:):(!W85B%99%6(!4)5U(8A,!]$H$!$51A7(%9A!W85>56:8%>!$8:(-8(!I(-A()*!H%:-(9<:>>(*!CX,!!7AAB;^^=>,?:5>56',1969,65<^D@B7:?:%-9_%-._0(BA:>(9^4%'-(9_4)%:):(_4)5U(8A^B%'-(9_B)%:):(_B)5U(8A,7A@>!

!

E%97:-6A5-!F(B%)A@(-A!5=!C:97!%-.!E:>.>:=(,!2###,!C:97!B%99%6(!?%)):()!%-.!91)=%8(!&%A()!.:<()9:5-!98)((-:-6!%99(99@(-A!%-.!B):5):A:`%A:5-!@%-1%>,!$%>@5-:.!$8)((-:-6*!+%?:A%A!W-7%-8(@(-A*!%-.!0(9A5)%A:5-!$(8A:5-*!E%97:-6A5-!F(B%)A@(-A!5=!C:97!%-.!E:>.>:=(*!Y>'@B:%*!ED,!NLBB,!!

!

E%97:-6A5-!E:>.>:=(!+%?:A%A!I5--(8A:<:A'!E5)Z:-6!H)51B![E+IEH\,!2#L#,!E%97:-6A5-!I5--(8A(.!X%-.98%B(9!4)5U(8A;!$A%A(&:.(!D-%>'9:9,!E%97:-6A5-!F(B%)A@(-A9!5=!C:97!%-.!E:>.>:=(*!%-.!G)%-9B5)A%A:5-*!Y>'@B:%*!ED,!!!7AAB;^^&&&,&%85--(8A(.,5)6^9A%A(&:.(R85--(8A:<:A',B7B!!

!

E(9A*!4,E,!2##S,!E:>.>:=(!I5--(8A:<:A'!D8)599!]A%7a9!+:67&%'9!b!]B.%A(.,!0(B5)A!c5,!]GR#",#M*!]A%7!F(B%)A@(-A!5=!G)%-9B5)A%A:5-,!$%>A!X%Z(!I:A'*!]G,!33BB,!!

!

E5>A`*!+,E,*!K,4,!H:??9!%-.!4,T,!F18(',!2##N,!05%.!8)599:-6!9A)18A1)(9!=5)!%@B7:?:%-9!%-.!)(BA:>(9;!:-=5)@:-6!.(9:6-!A7)5167!?(7%<:5)%>!%-%>'9:9,!/:5>56:8%>!I5-9()<%A:5-!LQL;2SQ!R2S3#,!

!!

!!! !!!!!

Page 77: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!

!""#$%&'#()

)!

"##$%&'(!")!! *+,-.!/#$,'$0!-%&!/#$,'$0!1+2$3$%4!56'.&0!7+8!49$!/4-4$!+7!:-09'%;4+%!

!"##$%&'(!<)!! =-00-;$!"00$003$%4!/>04$3!?="/@!!"##$%&'(!A)! !=-00-;$!B%9-%,$3$%4!C++.D+(!!"##$%&'(!E)!! /486,468$!B2-.6-4'+%0F!1+%'4+8'%;!G$06.40F!-%&!G$,+33$%&-4'+%0!7+8!

H3#8+2'%;!=$83$-D'.'4>!7+8!C$88$048'-.!:'.&.'7$!'%!:-09'%;4+%!/4-4$!

Page 78: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'(!)(*+,-.(/"#,&#0(-$%(/"#,&#0(1+2#3#$4(56&.%0(7+8(49#(/4-4#(+7(:-09&$;4+$( ( ( ( (!

"#$!

!""#$%&'(!)( *+,!-(."#,&#.(!$%(."#,&#.(/+0#/#$1(23&-%.(*+4(15#(.1!1#(+*(6!.5&$21+$( Bioregion

Species Guild Common Name Scientific Name Semi-Desert Matrix

N. Rocky Mt Forest Matrix Subalpine Alpine Vancouverian

Low Mobility Small Fauna Cascades Frog Rana cascadae X Columbia Spotted Frog Rana luteiventris X X Creeping Vole Microtus oregoni X Gopher Snake Pituophis catenifer X X Least Chipmunk Tamias minimus X

Northern Red-legged Frog Rana aurora X

Northwestern Garter Snake

Thamnophis ordinoides X

Northern Alligator Lizard Gerrhonotus coerulea X Pika Ochotona princeps X Sagebrush Lizard Sceloporus graciosus X

Southern Alligator Lizard Gerrhonotus multicarinatus X

Tiger Salamander Ambystoma tigrinum X Vagrant Shrew Sorex vagrans X X X Western Rattlesnake Crotalus viridis X X Western Toad Bufo boreas X X XX

Western Yellow-bellied Racer Coluber constrictor X X

Yellow Pine Chipmunk X Moderate Mobility Small Fauna American Badger Taxidea taxus X American Marten Martes americana X X X Black-tailed Jackrabbit Lepus californicus X Fisher Martes pennanti X X X Mink Mustela vison X Olympic Marmot Marmota olympus X X Snowshoe Hare Lepus americanus X X Spotted Skunk Spilogale putorius X

Washington Ground Squirrel

Spermophilus washingtoni X

White-tailed Jackrabbit Lepus townsendii X Western Gray Squirrel Sciurus griseus X Yellow-Bellied Marmot Marmota flaviventris X

Page 79: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'(!)(*+,-.(/"#,&#0(-$%(/"#,&#0(1+2#3#$4(56&.%0(7+8(49#(/4-4#(+7(:-09&$;4+$( ( ( ( (!

"#$!

! Bioregion

Species Guild Common Name Scientific Name Semi-Desert Matrix

N. Rocky Mt Forest Matrix Subalpine Alpine Vancouverian

Adaptive High Mobility Fauna Black Bear Ursus americanus X X X X Bobcat Lynx rufus X Canada Lynx Lynx canadensis X Coyote Canis latrans X X X High Openness High Mobility Carnivores Mountain Lion Felis concolor X X Gray Wolf Canis lupus X X Grizzly Bear Ursus arctos X X X X Wolverine Gulo gulo X X Adaptive Ungulates

Black-tailed Deer Odocoileus hemionus columbianus

Moose Alces alces X X Mountain Goat Oreamnos americanus X X XX X Mule Deer Odocoileus hemionus XX XX X X White-tailed Deer Odocoileus virginianus Very High Openness Fauna Bighorn Sheep Ovis canadensis X Elk Cervus elaphus X X X X Greater Sage Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus X Pronghorn Antilocapra americana Sharp-tailed Grouse Tympanuchus phasianellus Y White-tailed

Ptarmigan Lagopus leucurus X X

Woodland Caribou Rangifer tarandus X X

(limited) Arboreal Fauna Northern Flying

Squirrel Glaucomys sabrinus X X Aerial Fauna Fringed Myotis Myotis thysanodes X Long-legged Myotis Myotis volans Y Northern Spotted Owl Strix occidentalis X X Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus Y (limited) Silver-haired Bat Lasionycteris noctivagans X Townsend's Big-eared

Bat Plecotus townsendii X

!

Page 80: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*((((("!++!,#(!++#++-#$.(+/+.#-(

Appendix B: PAS - General Form Location #:___________ Page 1

PASSAGE ASSESSMENT SYSTEM: GENERAL QUESTIONSPlease complete this form for each structure visited

Date:

Location ID:

Location Code:

Route #:

Milepost:

GPS ID:

GPS Latitude:

GPS Longitude:

Structure Functional Class: Class 1: small underpass Class 2: medium underpass Class 3: large underpass

Class 4: extensive bridge Class 5: wildlife overpass Class 6: specialized culvert

Class 7: canopy bridge

Species Movement Guild (select all that apply):

Low Mobility Small Fauna

Moderate Mobility Small Fauna

Adaptive High Mobility Fauna

High Openness High Mobility Fauna

Adaptive Ungulates

Very High Openness Fauna

Arboreal Fauna Aerial Fauna

Briefly describe the general environmental conditions at the time of the assessment (e.g., water levels, vegetation):

Bridge Number:

Divided or Undivided: Divided Undivided

Highway Direction: East/West North/South

Roadway Photos Numbers: 1: 2: 3: 4:

Page 81: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - Divided Form Location #:___________ Page 1

No (continue)

No (continue)

No (continue)

Round Pipe Squash Pipe Box Culvert Arch CulvertOther (text)

Concrete Metal Plastic/Fiberglass Other (text)No

**If Yes, select the most appropriate chamber for terrestrial passage to answer the following questions.Single span Multispan (1 or more supports)

**If Multispan, select the most appropriate chamber for terrestrial passage to answer the following questions.

Concrete Concrete/Soil Soil Riprap Gabian Wall Other (txt)0:1 1:1 2:1

Concrete Concrete/Soil Soil Riprap Gabian Wall Other (txt)0:1 1:1 2:1

Number of lanes of road:No

Notes:

Bridge Overpass

Road Attributes

Yes (structure is not suitable for enhancement)

Yes (structure is not suitable for enhancement)Yes (structure is not suitable for enhancement)No (structure is not suitable for enhancement)

Yes (continue)

What is the structure material?

Bridge Underpass - sloped sides

Bridge Underpass - straight sides

Is there extensive development/pavement in the immediate vicinity of one or both sides of the structure? (fatal flaw for all Species Movement Guilds)

Is the culvert slope > 30 degrees and 100' or longer? (fatal flaw for all Species Movement Guilds)

Is the structure longer than 300 feet? Consider each structure under a divided highway separately. (fatal flaw for Adaptive Ungulates and Very High Openness Fauna)

Can you see through the structure to the other (for divided highways, consider each structure individually)? (if no, fatal flaw for Adaptive Ungulates, Very High Openness Fauna and High Openness High Mobility Carnivores)

[If Shape = Box] Are there multiple chambers? Yes - Describe:

Is there parallel infrastructure such as railroads, recreational paths, frontage roads, etc?

[If Shape = Bridge Underpass] What is the material of the abutments on the West/North side?

[If Shape = Bridge Underpass] Is this a single span or multispan structure?

PASSAGE ASSESSMENT SYSTEM: DIVIDED HIGHWAY

Preliminary Questions (i.e., fatal flaws)

West/North Structure

Special Note About Divided Highways with One Long Structure: This form is designed for divided highways with two separate structures cross under or over opposing traffic lanes, although it may also be use where one long structure crossing the entire roadway, including the median. In this case, users need not complete the sections of the Assessment that correspond to the median side inlet/outlet, which are not present when there is just one long culvert. Users should complete the Median section of the assessment regardless.

Assess each of the following questions relative to the species guild of interest to determine whether the structure is fatally flawed for members of the Species Movement Guilds indicated:

What is the shape of the structure?

[If Shape = Bridge Underpass] What is the material of the abutments on the East/South side?

-What is the slope ratio? (horizontal:vertical)

-What is the slope ratio? (horizontal:vertical)

Yes - Describe:

Page 82: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - Divided Form Location #:___________ Page 2

INLET SIDE (West/North Structure)1: 2: 3: 4:

No Yes, metal Yes, concreteNo Yes

Are the distances measured for the whole structure or for a single chamber of a multispan structure? Whole Structure Single ChamberFor each measurement, indicate 'actual' or 'estimated' measurement with an 'x' in the appropriate column. Actual Estimated -Height/Rise (feet) – can be marked as graduated -Width/Span (feet) – distance from side to side for animal crossing over/under road

ObstructionsIs the immediate entrance blocked? None Cattle Fence Boulders humans would have to climb over

Rocks/Riprap (> volleyball size) Rocks/Riprap (> baseball size) Some rocks, not continuousThick Vegetation Gate Other:

Are there structures that block the entrance within 25 feet? No Cattle Fence Small Mesh FenceBoulder Field Stream Flow High/Steep Cut or Fill Slope

Fill SlopeIs the structure located in a fill slope? No Yes, < 20' high Yes, > 20' high -If yes, how is the structure situated in the slope? At the base Midway on fill slope Near top of fill slopeApproach Vegetation & CoverIs there vegetation/cover within 25' of the inlet? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/TreesIs there vegetation/cover within 25-50' of the inlet? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/TreesLand Use Within 100 feet of inlet: Predominant land use: Forest Prairie/Grassland Agriculture Wetlands

Shrub/Steppe Mixed: Human/Natural Residential Commercial Other:NoiseWhat does passing traffic sound like at the entrance to the structure?

Silent Low Rumble Loud and JarringRoad AttributesHow wide is zone of maintained vegetation (allowing extra visibility along the road shoulder)?

0' 0-6' 6-30' UndeterminedNo Yes, structure only Yes, extensive

Notes:

Is there a guard rail or jersey wall above the structure?

Is there an apron at the inlet?

Structure Approximate Dimensions (functional dimensions if partially buried)Does the culvert have wing walls?

-Length (feet) – distance through the structure for animal crossing over/under road

Photo Number (route_mp_date_photo#):

Page 83: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - Divided Form Location #:___________ Page 3

INSIDE STRUCTURE (West/North Structure)1: 2: 3: 4:

VisibilityDoes the inside of the structure appear much darker than the outside lighting? High Contrast Low ContrastIs there a clear line of sight from one end of the structure(s) to the other? No Obscured Yes, complete visibility

Water Features Is there perennial water flow through structure? No < 3' deep 3-10' deep >10' deep

None Dry Dirt Pathway Rock/Dirt Pathway Dry Rocky Pathway

Is there evidence that the dry pathway may be obliterated seasonally or during high water events?No Yes Uncertain

SubstrateWhat is the substrate of the floor at the bottom/center of the structure? Concrete/Asphalt Metal

Plastic Rocks Dry Soil Stream Bottom Other (txt) -Is there a natural bottom through the length of the structure? Yes No -Is there a natural bottom across the width of the structure? Yes No, > 6" No, 6" or greater

Pathway Floor SubstrateDoes the substrate through the structure appear similar to substrate outside of the structure? Yes No -If No, what is the floor substrate?

Concrete Concrete with Baffles/StabilizersSteel Riprap (> baseball)

Riprap (> volleyball)

Boulders Other (text)

-If Yes, what is the minimum width of the dry natural pathway all the way through the structure?<2 feet 2-5 feet 5-10 feet 10-20 feet 20-50 feet Over 50 feet

VegetationIs there vegetative cover and/or woody debris through the structure? None Some Logs, Down Trees

Some Grass/Brush Grasses Brush/Bushes/TreesNoiseWhat does passing traffic sound like from the middle of the structure?

Silent Low Rumble Loud and JarringOtherIs there a road or trail through the structure? None Paved Road Dirt Road Railroad Paved Trail Dirt Trail Are there obstructions inside the structure? None Debris Soil Baffles Gaps/TrenchesMan-made ItemsIs there a sky light in structure? No YesNotes:

Photo Number (route_mp_date_photo#):

Does there appear to be a dry natural substrate/dirt pathway through the structure during average flows?

Page 84: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - Divided Form Location #:___________ Page 4

OUTLET SIDE (West/North Structure)1: 2: 3: 4:

No Yes, metal Yes, concreteIs the outlet perched? No Yes, < 0.5 feet Yes, > 0.5 feet

No Yes

Are the distances measured for the whole structure or for a single chamber of a multispan structure? Whole Structure Single ChamberFor each measurement, indicate 'actual' or 'estimated' measurement with an 'x' in the appropriate column. Actual Estimated -Height/Rise (feet) – can be marked as graduated -Width/Span (feet) – across or span of bridge/culvert along road

ObstructionsIs the immediate entrance blocked? None Cattle Fence Boulders humans would have to climb over

Rocks/Riprap (> volleyball size) Rocks/Riprap (> baseball size) Some rocks, not continuousThick Vegetation Gate Other:

Are there structures that block the entrance within 25 feet? No Cattle Fence Small Mesh FenceBoulder Field Stream Flow High/Steep Cut or Fill Slope

Fill SlopeIs the structure located in a fill slope? No Yes, < 20' high Yes, > 20' high -If yes, how is the structure situated in the slope? At the base Midway on fill slope Near top of fill slopeApproach Vegetation & CoverIs there vegetation/cover within 25' of the outlet? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/TreesIs there vegetation/cover within 25-50' of the outlet? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/TreesLand Use Within 100 feet of outlet: Predominant land use: Forest Prairie/Grassland Agriculture Wetlands

Shrub/Steppe Mixed: Human/Natural Residential Commercial Other:NoiseWhat does passing traffic sound like at the entrance to the structure?

Silent Low Rumble Loud and JarringRoad AttributesHow wide is zone of maintained vegetation (allowing extra visibility along the road shoulder)?

0' 0-6' 6-30' UndeterminedNo

Notes:

Photo Number (route_mp_date_photo#):

Structure Approximate Dimensions (functional dimensions if partially buried)

Is there an apron at the outlet?

Yes, structure only

Does the culvert have wing walls?

Yes, extensiveIs there a guard rail or jersey wall above the structure?

-Length (feet) – for animal crossing over/under road

Page 85: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - Divided Form Location #:___________ Page 5

Fencing/Walls (West/North Structure)1: 2: 3: 4:

Is there fencing present on the West/North side of the structure? Yes NoSelect type of fencing to right when facing structure: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls)

Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other: -If curb or wall, does it have a lip? Yes No -What is the height of fencing/wall? None ! 6" > 6" to !2' 2' to 4' 4 to 6' 6 to 8' >8' -What is the mesh size? None 6x6" 6x6”, graduating smaller to 2x3 at base Other: -Is it connected to the structure? Yes No - small gap (!0.5') No - large gap (>0.5') -Does the fencing reach all the way to ground level without gaps? Yes No -Is the fencing entrenched in the ground to prevent animals from digging under it? Yes No - Is the ROW fencing the same as the fencing that is immediately adjacent to the structure? Yes No

If no, what is the ROW fencing type: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls)Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other:

-Minimum distance fence extends from structure: ! 10 feet 10-50 feet 50-100 feet >100 feet ~" mile 1 mile Miles End not visible/known

Select type of fencing to left when facing structure: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls)Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other:

-If curb or wall, does it have a lip? Yes No -What is the height of fencing/wall? None ! 6" > 6" to !2' 2' to 4' 4 to 6' 6 to 8' >8' -What is the mesh size? None 6x6" 6x6”, graduating smaller to 2x3 at base Other: -Is it connected to the structure? Yes No - small gap (!0.5') No - large gap (>0.5') -Does the fencing reach all the way to ground level without gaps? Yes No -Is the fencing entrenched in the ground to prevent animals from digging under it? Yes No - Is the ROW fencing the same as the fencing that is immediately adjacent to the structure? Yes No

If no, what is the ROW fencing type: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls)Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other:

-Minimum distance fence extends from structure: ! 10 feet 101 feet 120-250 feet # mile " mile 2 mile Miles End not visible/known

What is the general condition of the fencing? Gaps and areas where fence is down Some tacking up of fence neededVegetation needs to be cleared from fence Fence in good working order

Is there an escape ramp(s) within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction? No Yes - 1 Yes - 2 or moreIs there a one-way gate(s) within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction? No Yes - 2 Yes - 2 or more

None 1 2-5 6-10 >10Notes:

Are there uncontrolled driveways or intersections that cause breaks in the fencing within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction?

Photo Number (route_mp_date_photo#):

Page 86: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - Divided Form Location #:___________ Page 6

East/South Structure Round Pipe Squash Pipe Box Culvert Arch Culvert

Other (text)

Concrete Metal Plastic/Fiberglass

Other (text)

No**If Yes, user will be prompted "Select the most appropriate chamber for terrestrial passage to answer the following questions"

Single span Multispan (1 or more supports)**If Multispan, user will be prompted "Select the most appropriate chamber for terrestrial passage to answer the following questions"

Concrete Concrete/Soil Soil Riprap Gabian Wall Other (txt)

0:1 1:1 2:1

Concrete Concrete/Soil Soil Riprap Gabian Wall Other (txt)

0:1 1:1 2:1

Number of lanes of road:No

Notes:

Road Attributes

Is there parallel infrastructure such as railroads, recreational paths, frontage roads, etc? Yes - Describe:

[If Shape = Bridge Underpass] What is the material of the abutments on the East/South side?

[If Shape = Bridge Underpass] What is the material of the abutments on the West/North side?

Bridge Overpass

What is the structure material?

[If Shape = Box] Are there multiple chambers? Yes - Describe:

-What is the slope ratio? (horizontal:vertical)

-What is the slope ratio? (horizontal:vertical)

Bridge Underpass - sloped sides

Bridge Underpass - straight sides

[If Shape = Bridge Underpass] Is this a single span or multispan structure?

What is the shape of the structure?

Page 87: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - Divided Form Location #:___________ Page 7

INLET SIDE (East/South Structure)1: 2: 3: 4:

No Yes, metal Yes, concreteNo Yes

Are the distances measured for the whole structure or for a single chamber of a multispan structure? Whole Structure Single ChamberFor each measurement, indicate 'actual' or 'estimated' measurement with an 'x' in the appropriate column. Actual Estimated -Height/Rise (feet) – can be marked as graduated -Width/Span (feet) – across or span of bridge/culvert along road

ObstructionsIs the immediate entrance blocked? None Cattle Fence Boulders humans would have to climb over

Rocks/Riprap (> volleyball size) Rocks/Riprap (> baseball size) Some rocks, not continuousThick Vegetation Gate Other:

Are there structures that block the entrance within 25 feet? No Cattle Fence Small Mesh FenceBoulder Field Stream Flow High/Steep Cut or Fill Slope

Fill SlopeIs the structure located in a fill slope? No Yes, < 20' high Yes, > 20' high -If yes, how is the structure situated in the slope? At the base Midway on fill slope Near top of fill slopeApproach Vegetation & CoverIs there vegetation/cover within 25' of the inlet? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/TreesIs there vegetation/cover within 25-50' of the inlet? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/TreesLand Use Within 100 feet of inlet: Predominant land use: Forest Prairie/Grassland Agriculture Wetlands

Shrub/Steppe Mixed: Human/Natural Residential Commercial Other:NoiseWhat does passing traffic sound like at the entrance to the structure?

Silent Low Rumble Loud and JarringRoad AttributesHow wide is zone of maintained vegetation (allowing extra visibility along the road shoulder)?

0' 0-6' 6-30' UndeterminedNo

Notes:

Does the culvert have wing walls?

-Length (feet) – for animal crossing over/under road

Photo Number (route_mp_date_photo#):

Yes, structure only

Is there an apron at the inlet?

Structure Approximate Dimensions (functional dimensions if partially buried)

Is there a guard rail or jersey wall above the structure?

Yes, extensive

Page 88: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - Divided Form Location #:___________ Page 8

INSIDE STRUCTURE (East/South Structure)1: 2: 3: 4:

VisibilityDoes the inside of the structure appear much darker than the outside lighting? High Contrast Low ContrastIs there a clear line of sight from one end of the structure(s) to the other? No Obscured Yes, complete visibility

Water Features Is there perennial water flow through structure? No < 3' deep 3-10' deep >10' deep

None Dry Dirt Pathway Rock/Dirt Pathway Dry Rocky Pathway

Is there evidence that the dry pathway may be obliterated seasonally or during high water events?No Yes Uncertain

SubstrateWhat is the substrate of the floor at the bottom/center of the structure? Concrete/Asphalt Metal

Plastic Rocks Dry Soil Stream Bottom Other (txt) -Is there a natural bottom through the length of the structure? Yes No -Is there a natural bottom across the width of the structure? Yes No, > 6" No, 6" or greater

Pathway Floor SubstrateDoes the substrate through the structure appear similar to substrate outside of the structure? Yes No -If No, what is the floor substrate?

Concrete Concrete with Baffles/StabilizersSteel Riprap (> baseball)

Riprap (> volleyball)

Boulders Other (text)

-If Yes, what is the minimum width of the dry natural pathway all the way through the structure?<2 feet 2-5 feet 5-10 feet 10-20 feet 20-50 feet Over 50 feet

VegetationIs there vegetative cover and/or woody debris through the structure? None Some Logs, Down Trees

Some Grass/Brush Grasses Brush/Bushes/TreesNoiseWhat does passing traffic sound like from the middle of the structure?

Silent Low Rumble Loud and JarringOtherIs there a road or trail through the structure? None Paved Road Dirt Road Railroad Paved Trail Dirt Trail Are there obstructions inside the structure? None Debris Soil Baffles Gaps/TrenchesMan-made ItemsIs there a sky light in structure? No YesNotes:

Photo Number (route_mp_date_photo#):

Does there appear to be a dry natural substrate/dirt pathway through the structure during average flows?

Page 89: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - Divided Form Location #:___________ Page 9

OUTLET SIDE (East/South Structure)1: 2: 3: 4:

No Yes, metal Yes, concreteIs the outlet perched? No Yes, < 0.5 feet Yes, > 0.5 feet

No Yes

Are the distances measured for the whole structure or for a single chamber of a multispan structure? Whole Structure Single ChamberFor each measurement, indicate 'actual' or 'estimated' measurement with an 'x' in the appropriate column. Actual Estimated -Height/Rise (feet) – can be marked as graduated -Width/Span (feet) – across or span of bridge/culvert along road

ObstructionsIs the immediate entrance blocked? None Cattle Fence Boulders humans would have to climb over

Rocks/Riprap (> volleyball size) Rocks/Riprap (> baseball size) Some rocks, not continuousThick Vegetation Gate Other:

Are there structures that block the entrance within 25 feet? No Cattle Fence Small Mesh FenceBoulder Field Stream Flow High/Steep Cut or Fill Slope

Fill SlopeIs the structure located in a fill slope? No Yes, < 20' high Yes, > 20' high -If yes, how is the structure situated in the slope? At the base Midway on fill slope Near top of fill slopeApproach Vegetation & CoverIs there vegetation/cover within 25' of the outlet? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/TreesIs there vegetation/cover within 25-50' of the outlet? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/TreesLand Use Within 100 feet of outlet: Predominant land use: Forest Prairie/Grassland Agriculture Wetlands

Shrub/Steppe Mixed: Human/Natural Residential Commercial Other:NoiseWhat does passing traffic sound like at the entrance to the structure?

Silent Low Rumble Loud and JarringRoad AttributesHow wide is zone of maintained vegetation (allowing extra visibility along the road shoulder)?

0' 0-6' 6-30' UndeterminedNo

Notes:

Is there a guard rail or jersey wall above the structure?

Yes, structure only Yes, extensive

Does the culvert have wing walls?Structure Approximate Dimensions (functional dimensions if partially buried)

Is there an apron at the outlet?

-Length (feet) – for animal crossing over/under road

Photo Number (route_mp_date_photo#):

Page 90: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - Divided Form Location #:___________ Page 10

Fencing/Walls (East/South Structure)1: 2: 3: 4:

Is there fencing present on the East/South side of the structure? Yes NoSelect type of fencing to right when facing structure: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls)

Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other: -If curb or wall, does it have a lip? Yes No -What is the height of fencing/wall? None ! 6" > 6" to !2' 2' to 4' 4 to 6' 6 to 8' >8' -What is the mesh size? None 6x6" 6x6”, graduating smaller to 2x3 at base Other: -Is it connected to the structure? Yes No - small gap (!0.5') No - large gap (>0.5') -Does the fencing reach all the way to ground level without gaps? Yes No -Is the fencing entrenched in the ground to prevent animals from digging under it? Yes No - Is the ROW fencing the same as the fencing that is immediately adjacent to the structure? Yes No

If no, what is the ROW fencing type: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls)Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other:

-Minimum distance fence extends from structure: ! 10 feet 10-50 feet 50-100 feet >100 feet ~" mile 1 mile Miles End not visible/known

Select type of fencing to left when facing structure: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls)Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other:

-If curb or wall, does it have a lip? Yes No -What is the height of fencing/wall? None ! 6" > 6" to !2' 2' to 4' 4 to 6' 6 to 8' >8' -What is the mesh size? None 6x6" 6x6”, graduating smaller to 2x3 at base Other: -Is it connected to the structure? Yes No - small gap (!0.5') No - large gap (>0.5') -Does the fencing reach all the way to ground level without gaps? Yes No -Is the fencing entrenched in the ground to prevent animals from digging under it? Yes No - Is the ROW fencing the same as the fencing that is immediately adjacent to the structure? Yes No

If no, what is the ROW fencing type: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls)Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other:

-Minimum distance fence extends from structure: ! 10 feet 101 feet 120-250 feet # mile " mile 2 mile Miles End not visible/known

What is the general condition of the fencing? Gaps and areas where fence is down Some tacking up of fence neededVegetation needs to be cleared from fence Fence in good working order

Is there an escape ramp(s) within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction? No Yes - 1 Yes - 2 or moreIs there a one-way gate(s) within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction? No Yes - 2 Yes - 2 or more

None 1 2-5 6-10 >10Notes:

Are there uncontrolled driveways or intersectionsthat cause breaks in the fencing within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction?

Photo Number (route_mp_date_photo#):

Page 91: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - Divided Form Location #:___________ Page 11

Median1: 2: 3: 4:

Is there an open median? Yes No[Include checkbox for each measurement below - Actual Measurements?} -What is the length of the median (distance between the two structures)?

What is the substrate of the median? Concrete/Asphalt Mix: Man-made & Natural Natural

[if substrate = natural] Is there vegetation in the median? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/Trees

Is their median fencing/walls to prevent animals from accessing the highway via the median? Yes No -Select type of fencing Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls) 4-Strand Wire

Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence

What is the general condition of the fencing? Gaps and areas where fence is down Some tacking up of fence neededVegetation needs to be cleared from fence Fence in good working order

Notes:

General1: 2: 3: 4:

Wildlife UseAre there signs of wildlife use in the structure such as tracks? Tracks Scat Live Animal None Other (text) -If yes, describeAre there signs of wildlife within 30 feet of the entrances? Tracks Scat Roadkill Live Animal None -If yes, describe Other (text)

Human UseIs there apparent human activity in the structure? Yes - Frequent/Daily Yes - Occasional No evidence Found -What type(s) of activity? (check all that apply): Camping/Occupancy Vehicle/ATV use Trail

Recreation Dog Night Use Other:

Which description best matches human activities immediately adjacent to the structure?Daily human activity at both entrances Daily human activity at one entranceRecreational use in a wild setting Wild setting with infrequent human activity Other:

Notes:

Photo Number (route_mp_date_photo#):

Photo Number (route_mp_date_photo#):

Page 92: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - Divided Form Location #:___________ Page 12

Species Movement Guild RankingsWhen ranking the structure, consider how changes in water levels and vegetation growth may affect passage for each Species Movement Guild.

A C FComments:

A C FComments:

A C FComments:

A C FComments:

A C F

A C FComments:

Rate this structure for High Openness High Mobility Carnivores, e.g., larger animals that prefer larger structures, such as grizzly bear or mountain lion

Rate this structure for Low Mobility Small Fauna, e.g., slow-moving animals that require a consistent environmental conditions, such as frogs or salamanders:

Rate this structure for Adaptive High Mobility Fauna, e.g., fairly tolerant medium-sized animals, such as bobcat, coyote and black bear:

Rate this structure for Moderate Mobility Small Fauna, e.g., small animals that are fairly adaptable, such as squirrels, skunks, raccoons, fishers and some turtles:

Which features could be changed to make the structure more functional for each target Species Movement Guild given an A or C rank?

Rate this structure for Adaptive Ungulates, e.g., ungulates that require good visibility through a structure, such as deer, moose or mountain goats:

Rate this structure for Very High Openness Fauna, e.g., animals that require large structures with clear lines of sight that are less than 100' long, such as elk, pronghorn and turkey:

A = This animal could make it though as is, or with small modifications C = With modest modifications this structure could be functional F = Can't be fixed with a retrofit

Page 93: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - Undivided Form Location #:___________ Page 1

No (continue)

No (continue)

No (continue)

Round Pipe Squash Pipe Box Culvert Arch CulvertOther (text)

Concrete Metal Plastic/Fiberglass Other (text)

No**If Yes, select the most appropriate chamber for terrestrial passage to answer the following questions.

Single span Multispan (1 or more supports)**If Multispan, select the most appropriate chamber for terrestrial passage to answer the following questions.

Concrete Concrete/Soil Soil Riprap Gabian Wall Other (txt)0:1 1:1 2:1

Concrete Concrete/Soil Soil Riprap Gabian Wall Other (txt)0:1 1:1 2:1

Number of lanes of road:No

Notes:

Is the structure longer than 300 feet? (fatal flaw for Adaptive Ungulates and Very High Openness Fauna)

Yes (structure is not suitable for enhancement)

Is the culvert slope > 30 degrees and 100' or longer? (fatal flaw for all Species Movement Guilds)

Yes (structure is not suitable for enhancement)

-What is the slope ratio? (horizontal:vertical)

[If Shape = Bridge Underpass] Is this a single span or multispan structure?

[If Shape = Bridge Underpass] What is the material of the abutments on the West/North side?

Structure What is the shape of the structure?

Bridge Underpass - sloped sides

PASSAGE ASSESSMENT SYSTEM: UNDIVIDED HIGHWAY

Preliminary Questions (i.e., fatal flaws)

What is the structure material?

[If Shape = Box] Are there multiple chambers? Yes - # of Chambers? (num)

Bridge Underpass - straight sides

Bridge Overpass

Is there extensive development/pavement in the immediate vicinity of one or both sides of the structure? (fatal flaw for all Species Movement Guilds)

Yes (structure is not suitable for enhancement)

Can you see through the structure to the other (for divided highways, consider each structure individually)? (if no, fatal flaw for Adaptive Ungulates, Very High Openness Fauna and High Openness High Mobility Carnivores)

Yes (continue) No (structure is not suitable for enhancement)

Assess each of the following questions relative to the species guild of interest to determine whether the structure is fatally flawed for members of the Species Movement Guilds indicated:

[If Shape = Bridge Underpass] What is the material of the abutments on the East/South side?

-What is the slope ratio? (horizontal:vertical)

Road Attributes

Is there parallel infrastructure such as railroads, recreational paths, frontage roads, etc? Yes - Describe:

Page 94: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - Undivided Form Location #:___________ Page 2

INLET SIDE1: 2: 3: 4:

No Yes, metal Yes, concreteNo Yes

Are the distances measured for the whole structure or for a single chamber of a multispan structure? Whole Structure Single ChamberFor each measurement, indicate 'actual' or 'estimated' measurement with an 'x' in the appropriate column. Actual Estimated -Height/Rise (feet) – can be marked as graduated -Width/Span (feet) – across or span of bridge/culvert along road

ObstructionsIs the immediate entrance blocked? None Cattle Fence Boulders humans would have to climb over

Rocks/Riprap (> volleyball size) Rocks/Riprap (> baseball size) Some rocks, not continuousThick Vegetation Gate Other:

Are there structures that block the entrance within 25 feet? No Cattle Fence Small Mesh FenceBoulder Field Stream Flow High/Steep Cut or Fill Slope

Fill SlopeIs the structure located in a fill slope? No Yes, < 20' high Yes, > 20' high -If yes, how is the structure situated in the slope? At the base Midway on fill slope Near top of fill slopeApproach Vegetation & CoverIs there vegetation/cover within 25' of the inlet? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/TreesIs there vegetation/cover within 25-50' of the inlet? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/TreesLand Use Within 100 feet of inlet: Predominant land use: Forest Prairie/Grassland Agriculture Wetlands

Shrub/Steppe Mixed: Human/Natural Residential Commercial Other:NoiseWhat does passing traffic sound like at the entrance to the structure?

Silent Low Rumble Loud and JarringRoad AttributesHow wide is zone of maintained vegetation (allowing extra visibility along the road shoulder)?

0' 0-6' 6-30' UndeterminedNo Yes, structure only Yes, extensive

Notes:

Does the culvert have wing walls?

-Length (feet) – for animal crossing over/under road

Is there an apron at the inlet?

Structure Approximate Dimensions (functional dimensions if partially buried)

Photo Number (route_mp_date_photo#):

Is there a guard rail or jersey wall above the structure?

Page 95: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - Undivided Form Location #:___________ Page 3

Inlet Side: Fencing/Walls1: 2: 3: 4:

Is there fencing associated with the inlet side of the structure? Yes NoSelect type of fencing to right when facing structure: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls)

Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other: -If curb or wall, does it have a lip? Yes No -What is the height of fencing/wall? None ! 6" > 6" to !2' 2' to 4' 4 to 6' 6 to 8' >8' -What is the mesh size? None 6x6" 6x6”, graduating smaller to 2x3 at base Other: -Is it connected to the structure? Yes No - small gap (!0.5') No - large gap (>0.5') -Does the fencing reach all the way to ground level without gaps? Yes No -Is the fencing entrenched in the ground to prevent animals from digging under it? Yes No - Is the ROW fencing the same as the fencing that is immediately adjacent to the structure? Yes No

If no, what is the ROW fencing type: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls)Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other:

-Minimum distance fence extends from structure: ! 10 feet 10-50 feet 50-100 feet >100 feet ~" mile 1 mile Miles End not visible/known

Select type of fencing to left when facing structure: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls)Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other:

-If curb or wall, does it have a lip? Yes No -What is the height of fencing/wall? None ! 6" > 6" to !2' 2' to 4' 4 to 6' 6 to 8' >8' -What is the mesh size? None 6x6" 6x6”, graduating smaller to 2x3 at base Other: -Is it connected to the structure? Yes No - small gap (!0.5') No - large gap (>0.5') -Does the fencing reach all the way to ground level without gaps? Yes No -Is the fencing entrenched in the ground to prevent animals from digging under it? Yes No - Is the ROW fencing the same as the fencing that is immediately adjacent to the structure? Yes No

If no, what is the ROW fencing type: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls)Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other:

-Minimum distance fence extends from structure: ! 10 feet 101 feet 120-250 feet # mile " mile 2 mile Miles End not visible/known

What is the general condition of the fencing? Gaps and areas where fence is down Some tacking up of fence neededVegetation needs to be cleared from fence Fence in good working order

Is there an escape ramp(s) within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction? No Yes - 1 Yes - 2 or moreIs there a one-way gate(s) within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction? No Yes - 2 Yes - 2 or more

None 1 2-5 6-10 >10Notes:

Photo Number (route_mp_date_photo#):

Are there uncontrolled driveways or intersectionsthat cause breaks in the fencing within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction?

Page 96: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - Undivided Form Location #:___________ Page 4

INSIDE STRUCTURE1: 2: 3: 4:

VisibilityDoes the inside of the structure appear much darker than the outside lighting? High Contrast Low ContrastIs there a clear line of sight from one end of the structure(s) to the other? No Obscured Yes, complete visibility

Water Features Is there perennial water flow through structure? No < 3' deep 3-10' deep >10' deep

None Dry Dirt Pathway Rock/Dirt Pathway Dry Rocky Pathway

Is there evidence that the dry pathway may be obliterated seasonally or during high water events?No Yes Uncertain

SubstrateWhat is the substrate of the floor at the bottom/center of the structure? Concrete/Asphalt Metal

Plastic Rocks Dry Soil Stream Bottom Other (txt) -Is there a natural bottom through the length of the structure? Yes No -Is there a natural bottom across the width of the structure? Yes No, > 6" No, 6" or greater

Pathway Floor SubstrateDoes the substrate through the structure appear similar to substrate outside of the structure? Yes No -If No, what is the floor substrate?

Concrete Concrete with Baffles/StabilizersSteel Riprap (> baseball)

Riprap (> volleyball)

Boulders Other (text)

-If Yes, what is the minimum width of the dry natural pathway all the way through the structure?<2 feet 2-5 feet 5-10 feet 10-20 feet 20-50 feet Over 50 feet

VegetationIs there vegetative cover and/or woody debris through the structure? None Some Logs, Down Trees

Some Grass/Brush Grasses Brush/Bushes/TreesNoiseWhat does passing traffic sound like from the middle of the structure?

Silent Low Rumble Loud and JarringOtherIs there a road or trail through the structure? None Paved Road Dirt Road Railroad Paved Trail Dirt Trail Are there obstructions inside the structure? None Debris Soil Baffles Gaps/TrenchesMan-made ItemsIs there a sky light in structure? No YesNotes:

Does there appear to be a dry natural substrate/dirt pathway through the structure during average flows?

Photo Number (route_mp_date_photo#):

Page 97: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - Undivided Form Location #:___________ Page 5

OUTLET SIDE1: 2: 3: 4:

No Yes, metal Yes, concreteIs the outlet perched? No Yes, < 0.5 feet Yes, > 0.5 feet

No Yes

Are the distances measured for the whole structure or for a single chamber of a multispan structure? Whole Structure Single ChamberFor each measurement, indicate 'actual' or 'estimated' measurement with an 'x' in the appropriate column. Actual Estimated -Height/Rise (feet) – can be marked as graduated -Width/Span (feet) – across or span of bridge/culvert along road

ObstructionsIs the immediate entrance blocked? None Cattle Fence Boulders humans would have to climb over

Rocks/Riprap (> volleyball size) Rocks/Riprap (> baseball size) Some rocks, not continuousThick Vegetation Gate Other:

Are there structures that block the entrance within 25 feet? No Cattle Fence Small Mesh FenceBoulder Field Stream Flow High/Steep Cut or Fill Slope

Fill SlopeIs the structure located in a fill slope? No Yes, < 20' high Yes, > 20' high -If yes, how is the structure situated in the slope? At the base Midway on fill slope Near top of fill slopeApproach Vegetation & CoverIs there vegetation/cover within 25' of the outlet? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/TreesIs there vegetation/cover within 25-50' of the outlet? No Yes, partially Yes, completely -If yes, select predominant type: Grasses Bushes Bushes/TreesLand Use Within 100 feet of outlet: Predominant land use: Forest Prairie/Grassland Agriculture Wetlands

Shrub/Steppe Mixed: Human/Natural Residential Commercial Other:NoiseWhat does passing traffic sound like at the entrance to the structure?

Silent Low Rumble Loud and JarringRoad AttributesHow wide is zone of maintained vegetation (allowing extra visibility along the road shoulder)?

0' 0-6' 6-30' UndeterminedNo Yes, structure only Yes, extensive

Notes:

Photo Number (route_mp_date_photo#):Is there an apron at the outlet?

-Length (feet) – for animal crossing over/under road

Does the culvert have wing walls?Structure Approximate Dimensions (functional dimensions if partially buried)

Is there a guard rail or jersey wall above the structure?

Page 98: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - Undivided Form Location #:___________ Page 6

Outlet Side: Fencing/Walls1: 2: 3: 4:

Is there fencing associated with the outlet side of the structure? Yes NoSelect type of fencing to right when facing structure: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls)

Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other: -If curb or wall, does it have a lip? Yes No -What is the height of fencing/wall? None ! 6" > 6" to !2' 2' to 4' 4 to 6' 6 to 8' >8' -What is the mesh size? None 6x6" 6x6”, graduating smaller to 2x3 at base Other: -Is it connected to the structure? Yes No - small gap (!0.5') No - large gap (>0.5') -Does the fencing reach all the way to ground level without gaps? Yes No -Is the fencing entrenched in the ground to prevent animals from digging under it? Yes No - Is the ROW fencing the same as the fencing that is immediately adjacent to the structure? Yes No

If no, what is the ROW fencing type: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls)Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other:

-Minimum distance fence extends from structure: ! 10 feet 10-50 feet 50-100 feet >100 feet ~" mile 1 mile miles end not visible/known

Select type of fencing to left when facing structure: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls)Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other:

-If curb or wall, does it have a lip? Yes No -What is the height of fencing/wall? None ! 6" > 6" to !2' 2' to 4' 4 to 6' 6 to 8' >8' -What is the mesh size? None 6x6" 6x6”, graduating smaller to 2x3 at base Other: -Is it connected to the structure? Yes No - small gap (!0.5') No - large gap (>0.5') -Does the fencing reach all the way to ground level without gaps? Yes No -Is the fencing entrenched in the ground to prevent animals from digging under it? Yes No - Is the ROW fencing the same as the fencing that is immediately adjacent to the structure? Yes No

If no, what is the ROW fencing type: Curb (not including wingwalls) Wall (not including wingwalls)Chain Link Wildlife Fence Sediment Fence 4-Strand Wire Other:

-Minimum distance fence extends from structure: ! 10 feet 101 feet 120-250 feet # mile " mile 2 mile miles end not visible/known

What is the general condition of the fencing? Gaps and areas where fence is down Some tacking up of fence neededVegetation needs to be cleared from fence Fence in good working order

Is there an escape ramp(s) within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction? No Yes - 1 Yes - 2 or moreIs there a one-way gate(s) within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction? No Yes - 2 Yes - 2 or more

None 1 2-5 6-10 >10Notes:

Are there uncontrolled driveways or intersections that cause breaks in the fencing within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction?

Photo Number (route_mp_date_photo#):

Page 99: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - Undivided Form Location #:___________ Page 7

General1: 2: 3: 4:

Wildlife UseAre there signs of wildlife use in the structure such as tracks? Tracks Scat Live Animal None Other (text) -If yes, describeAre there signs of wildlife within 30 feet of the entrances? Tracks Scat Roadkill Live Animal None -If yes, describe Other (text)

Human UseIs there apparent human activity in the structure? Yes - Frequent/Daily Yes - Occasional No evidence Found -What type(s) of activity? (check all that apply): Camping/Occupancy Vehicle/ATV use Trail

Recreation Dog Night Use Other:

Which description best matches human activities immediately adjacent to the structure?Daily human activity at both entrances Daily human activity at one entranceRecreational use in a wild setting Wild setting with infrequent human activity Other:

Notes:

Species Movement Guild RankingsWhen ranking the structure, consider how changes in water levels and vegetation growth may affect passage for each Species Movement Guild.

A C FComments:

A C FComments:

Rate this structure for Low Mobility Small Fauna, e.g., slow-moving animals that require a consistent environmental conditions, such as frogs or salamanders:

Photo Number (route_mp_date_photo#):

A = This animal could make it though as is, or with small modifications C = With modest modifications this structure could be functional F = Can't be fixed with a retrofit

Rate this structure for Moderate Mobility Small Fauna, e.g., small animals that are fairly adaptable, such as squirrels, skunks, raccoons, fishers and some turtles:

Page 100: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - Undivided Form Location #:___________ Page 8

A C FComments:

A C FComments:

A C FComments:

A C FComments:

Rate this structure for High Openness High Mobility Carnivores, e.g., larger animals that prefer larger structures, such as grizzly bear or mountain lion

Which features could be changed to make the structure more functional for any Species Movement Guild given an A or C rank?

Rate this structure for Very High Openness Fauna, e.g., animals that require large structures with clear lines of sight that are less than 100' long, such as elk, pronghorn and turkey:

Rate this structure for Adaptive Ungulates, e.g., ungulates that require good visibility through a structure, such as deer, moose or mountain goats:

Rate this structure for Adaptive High Mobility Fauna, e.g., fairly tolerant medium-sized animals, such as bobcat, coyote and black bear:

Page 101: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - User's Guide Location #:___________ Page 1

Special Note About Seasonality and Using the PAS: The time of year at which the PAS is conducted can greatly later perspectives on the functionality of the structure for a given Species Movement Guild because of changes in water flows in different seasons. At locations where terrestrial passage may be significantly affected by changes in water levels, it is recommended that the PAS be conducted two or more times throughout the year to more accurately capture the impacts on terrestrial passage through the structure. Multiple assessments can also provide additional information relating to changes in vegetation growth and signs of animal activity throughout the year.

This User's Guide is a reference document to assist users of the Passage Assessment System. For each structure that is being evaluated, the user will complete (1) General Assessment Questions, and (2) Divided or Undivided Highway Assessment Questions, depending on whether the structure is located on a divided or undivided highway. Each of the questions in these sections are fully explained in this User's Guide.

Special Note About Urban Environments: The Passage Assessment System was developed for the purpose of assessing highway infrastructure located in non-urban environments. This evaluation system may also be applied to structures located in urban environments, however, users should be aware that urban wildlife are more adapted to human activity and infrastructure than their non-urban counterparts and may, therefore, have different tolerances for which the user will need to account when developing enhancement solutions.

User's Guide to Passage Assessment System

MATERIALS:Clipboard, GPS unit, camera, 200' measuring tape

Page 102: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - User's Guide Location #:___________ Page 2

Date: Today's date (dd/mm/yyyy)Location ID: Unique location number assigned to a given structure during a given field session (i.e., 01, 02, 03, etc)Location Code:

Route #: Highway number (e.g. US 101)Milepost: Milepost number to the nearest tenth mileGPS ID: Record ID number automatically generated by the GPS unitGPS Latitude: Derived from the GPS unitGPS Longitude: Derived from the GPS unitStructure Functional Class:

Species Movement Guild:

Bridge Number: WSDOT identification number Divided or Undivided:

Highway Direction: Note if the primary direction of the roadway is east-west or north-south.Roadway Photo Numbers: Enter photo id numbers. Pictures are extremely helpful - take a lot!

This form should be completed for each structure being evaluated.

Unique identifier code for a given structure written as: route number_milepost_location id (e.g., 90_234_07 for US90, MP 234, Location #7)

Select the appropriate Functional Class of the structure being evaluated: 1 = small underpass (<5' span); 2 = medium underpass (5-8' span x 8' rise); 3 = large underpass (! 20' span x 8' rise, or ! 10' span x 10' rise) ; 4 = extensive bridge; 5 = wildlife overpass; 6 = specialized culverts; 7 = canopy bridge. Refer to the document Functional Classes of Structures for complete descriptions. Identify the Species Movement Guilds that have been identified for this location (select all that apply): Low Mobility Fauna; Moderate Mobility Small Fauna; Adaptive High Mobility Fauna; High Openness High Mobility Fauna; Adaptive Ungulates; Very High Openness Fauna; Arboreal Fauna; Aerial Fauna. Refer to the document Terrestrial Species Guilds for complete descriptions.

Note if the highway along this segment is divided or undivided at the point of the structure being evaluated.

TAB 1: GENERAL QUESTIONS

Page 103: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - User's Guide Location #:___________ Page 3

Select the appropriate form for evaluating a given structure based on whether the structure is at a divided or undivided highway.

Preliminary Questions

Is the structure longer than 300 feet?

Is the culvert slope > 30 degrees and 100' or longer?

Is there extensive human development/pavement in the immediate vicinity of one or both sides of the structure?

Can you see through the structure to the other side (for divided highways, consider each structure individually)?

Structure What is the shape of the structure?

What is the structure material?

A 'Yes' response is considered a fatal flaw for all Species Movement Guilds and the structure is not suitable for enhancement. While structures in a developed landscape may pass some animals that have adapted to that landscape, these structures offer limited use for passing wildlife populations and improving connectivity. If the response is 'No', the user continues with the evaluation.

A 'No' response is considered a fatal flaw for several species guilds and the structure is not suitable for enhancement. If the response is 'No', the user continues with the evaluation.

While the questions posed are the same for a divided or undivided highway, they must be posed independently for each structure at a divided highway site. Evaluation questions are divided into distinct sections to guide the evaluation process. Some questions are repeated to capture conditions on both sides of a structure.

These are a collection of targeted questions designed to determine if there is a ‘fatal flaw’ with the structure relative to the Species Movement Guild(s) of interest. Each question should be considered relative to the Species Movement Guilds indicated. If a fatal flaw is identified, then the user need not complete all of the Passage Evaluations System questions as the fatal flaw renders the structure unsuitable for a enhancement; a redesigned and reconstructed structure is required to pass wildlife at that location.

A 'Yes' response is considered a fatal flaw for Adaptive Ungulates and Very High Openness Fauna and the structure is not suitable for enhancements. If the response is 'No', the user continues with the evaluation.

Select one: Round Pipe, Squash Pipe, Box Culvert, Arch Culvert, Bridge Underpass with sloped sides, Bridge Underpass with straight sides, Bridge Overpass or Other (describe).

Refers to the material used to construct the structure, on the inside of the structure that an animal passing through would experience. This question does not refer to the presence of natural or deposited sediment on the floor of the structure. Select one: Concrete, Metal, Plastic/Fiberglass

TAB 2 or 3: DIVIDED OR UNDIVIDED HIGHWAY

A 'Yes' response is considered a fatal flaw for all Species Movement Guilds and the structure is not suitable for enhancement. If the response is 'No', the user continues with the evaluation. This threshold is intended as a general guideline; it may be adjusted based on additional research or local expertise.

Page 104: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - User's Guide Location #:___________ Page 4

[If Shape = Box] Are there multiple chambers?

[If Shape = Bridge Underpass] Is this a single span or multispan structure?

[If Shape = Bridge Underpass] What is the material of the abutments on the West/North side? -What is their ratio?

[If Shape = Bridge Underpass] What is the material of the abutments on the East/South side? -What is the slope ratio?

Road AttributesNumber of lanes of road:

Is there parallel infrastructure such as railroads, recreational paths, frontage roads, etc?

Describe any additional transportation infrastructure adjacent to the roadway.

Notes:

INLET/OUTLET SIDE

Photo Number:

Is there an apron at the inlet/outlet?

Does the culvert have wing walls? Yes or No

If the structure is a Bridge Underpass, the user is prompted to answer this question. Select one: Concrete, Concrete/Soil mix; Soil, Riprap, Gabian Wall, or Other (describe)

What is the approximate ratio of the side slope on the West or North side of the structure?

If the structure is a Bridge Underpass, the user is prompted to answer this question. A single span bridge has supports only at either end of the structure; a multispan bridge has one or more supports at intervals along the length of the structure.

0:1 = vertical; 1:1 = 45° angle; 2:1 = gentle low slope

Yes or No. If yes, indicate whether metal or concrete

If the structure is a box culvert, the user is prompted to answer this question. Multiple chambers occur if the box has one or more divisions, resulting in discrete chambers. If the response is yes, there are multiple chambers, then the user if prompted to select the most appropriate chamber for responding to all subsequent questions (e.g., the largest or driest chamber)

Provide any additional information about the structure or its situation in the surrounding environment that is not covered elsewhere.

If the structure is a Bridge Underpass, the user is prompted to answer this question. Select one: Concrete, Concrete/Soil mix; Soil, Riprap, Gabian Wall, or Other (describe)

Enter the total number of lanes, in both travel directions, including center lanes and turning lanes. Do not include highway exits or frontage roads.

Enter photo id numbers. Pictures are extremely helpful - take a lot!

For sites without water flow through the structure, the user should designate the uphill side as the inlet and the downhill side as the outlet. At locations where an uphill and downhill side cannot be distinguished, the user should simply designate one entrance to represent the inlet and the other the outlet.

Page 105: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - User's Guide Location #:___________ Page 5

Is the outlet perched?

Actual or Estimated Measurements? -Height/Rise (feet): -Width/Span (feet):

-Length (feet):

ObstructionsIs the immediate entrance blocked?

Are there structures that block the entrance within 25 feet?

Fill SlopeIs the structure located in a fill slope? Select one: No or Yes. If yes, is the slope less than 20' high or greater than or equal to 20' high?

-If yes, how is the structure situated in the slope?

Approach Vegetation & CoverIs there vegetation/cover within 25' of the inlet?

Select one: No, Yes - partial cover, or Yes - complete cover

-If yes, select predominant type: Select one: Grasses, Bushes, Bushes/Trees mix

Is there vegetation/cover within 25-50' of the inlet?

Select one: No, Yes - partial cover, or Yes - complete cover

-If yes, select predominant type:

Land Use Within 100 feet Predominant land use: Select the predominant land use within 100 feet of the structure entrance: Forest, Prairie/Grassland,

Agriculture, Wetlands, Shrub/Steppe, Mixed Human/Natural, Residential, Commercial, or Other (describe)

Note the location of the structure relative to the fill slope. Select one: At the base; Midway on fill slope; or Near the top of fill slope

Indicate whether the structure was measured precisely or if the measurements were estimated.

Measure the width (span) of the structure in feet. Refers to the width of the structure from the perspective of an animal passing through. Measure the length of the structure in feet. Refers to the length of the structure from the perspective of an animal passing through.

Select one: Grasses, Bushes, Bushes/Trees mix

A perched outlet refers to a culvert whose base is perched above the ground level. This situation often occurs with pipes either by design, or because the ground immediately beneath the culvert has eroded.

Are there physical barriers at the immediate entrance that may block entry for target species that may try to enter the structure? Select one: None, Cattle Fence (4-strand barbed wire), Boulders so big a human would have to climb over them, Riprap larger than a volleyball, Riprap larger than a baseball, Some rocks (not continuously blocking the entrance), Thick Vegetation, Gate, or Other (describe).

Are there physical barriers within 25 feet that may block passage through the structure? Select one: None, Cattle Fence, Small Mesh Fence, Boulder Field, Stream Flow, High/Steep Cut or Fill Slope.

Measure the height of the structure in feet

Structure Approximate Dimensions (functional dimensions if partially buried)

Page 106: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - User's Guide Location #:___________ Page 6

NoiseWhat does passing traffic sound like at the entrance to the structure?

Road AttributesHow wide is zone of maintained vegetation (allowing extra visibility along the road shoulder)?Is there a guard rail or jersey wall above the structure?

No, Yes - immediately above the structure only, or Yes - extensive along the roadway segment

Notes:

INSIDE STRUCTUREPhoto Number:

VisibilityDoes the inside of the structure appear much darker than the outside lighting?Is there a clear line of sight from one end of the structure(s) to the other?

Water Features Is there perennial water flow through structure?Does there appear to be a dry natural substrate/dirt pathway through the structure during average flows?

Is there evidence that the dry pathway may be obliterated seasonally or during high water events?

Enter photo id numbers. Pictures are extremely helpful - take a lot!

The purpose of this question is to determine whether there are certain time periods when a structure may become unusable for certain species due to high water. Select: No, Yes, or Uncertain.

This refers to the portion of the right-of-way that is maintained to keep it clear of high vegetation and other obstructions. Note the approximate width of the apparent zone of maintained vegetation to the left and right of the structure.

Loud traffic noise at the entrance to a structure my deter passage use by some species. Select one of the following to best characterize how passing traffic sounds when standing in front of the entrance to a structure: Silent; Low Rumble; or Loud and Jarring.

A clear sight line means that you have visibility from one end of the structure to the other. Some wildlife have a higher tendency to use structures with clear lines of sight than those they cannot see the open area out the other end. Note if the line of sight is completely clear, partially obscured, or completely obscured.

Note the depth of perennial water flow through the structure: None; < 3' deep; 3-10' deep; or >10' deep

A dry, natural pathway through a structure from one end to the other is important to structure functionality for a number of terrestrial species. Select one: None, Dry Dirt Pathway, Rock/Dirt Pathway, or Dry Rocky Pathway.

Note High or Low Light Contrast. In some cases, animals (e.g., ungulates) may be deterred from structures where the lighting inside the structure contrasts significantly with the lighting outside the structure.

Page 107: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - User's Guide Location #:___________ Page 7

SubstrateWhat is the substrate of the floor at the bottom/center of the structure? -Is there a natural bottom through the length of the structure? -Is there a natural bottom across the width of the structure?

Pathway Floor SubstrateDoes the substrate through the structure appear similar to substrate outside of the structure?

Yes or No.

-If No, what is the floor substrate?

-If Yes, what is the minimum width of the dry natural pathway all the way through the structure?

Select one: <2 feet; 2-5 feet; 5-10 feet; 10-20 feet; 20-50 feet; or Over 50 feet

VegetationIs there vegetative cover and/or woody debris through the structure?

NoiseWhat does passing traffic sound like from the middle of the structure?

OtherIs there a road or trail through the structure?Are there obstructions inside the structure?

Is there a sky light in structure? Yes or No

Notes:

Vegetation in a structure may provide protective cover which can encourage use by some species. Select one: None; Some Logs or Down Trees; Some Grass/Brush; Grasses; Mix of Brush/Bushes/Trees.

A broad, subjective assessment of traffic noise levels for animals crossing through the structure. Question does not consider traffic volumes. Select one: Silent; Low Rumble; or Loud and Jarring

Select one: Concrete/Asphalt, Metal, Plastic, Rocks, Soil, Stream Bottom, or Other (describe).

Indicate whether there are any features that could obstruct movement through the structure for the Species Guilds of interest. Select all that apply: None, Natural Debris, Soil, Human Structures/Equipment, Gaps/Trenches, Baffles.

Select one: Concrete, Concrete with Baffles/Stabilizers, Steel, Riprap greater than a baseball, Riprap greater than a volleyball, Boulders, or Other (describe)

Select all that apply: None, Paved Road, Dirt Road, Railroad, Paved Trail, Dirt Trail.

Does a natural surface (non-manmade) extend across the entire width or some portion of the width of the structure? Answer Yes, No - less than 6"; No - 6" or greater

Does a natural surface (non-manmade) extend the full length of the structure, for as least some portion of the width of the structure? Answer Yes or No.

Page 108: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - User's Guide Location #:___________ Page 8

Fencing/Walls (completed for both inlet and outlet sides of the structure)Photo Number: Enter photo id numbers. Pictures are extremely helpful - take a lot!

Is there fencing associated with the structure?

Yes or No

Select type of fencing to right/left when facing structure:

-If curb or wall, does it have a lip? -What is the height of fencing/wall? -What is the mesh size?

-Is it connected to the structure?

-Does the fencing reach all the way to ground level without gaps? -Is the fencing entrenched in the ground to prevent animals from digging under it? - Is the ROW fencing the same as the fencing that is immediately adjacent to the structure? -Minimum distance fence extends from structure:

What is the general condition of the fencing?

Is there an escape ramp(s) within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction?

These questions apply to the fencing only, they do not apply to structure wingwalls. Select one: Curb (short wall to guide amphibians), Wall, Chain Link Fence, Wildlife Fence, Sediment Fence, 4-Strand Wire Fence, or Other (specify).

Yes or No. (A lip inhibits animals from climbing over the wall)Select one: ! 6"; > 6" to !2'; 2' to 4'; 4 to 6'; 6 to 8', >8'

Note if there are gaps between the structure and the start of the fencing or wall, where an animal may be able to pass through. Select one: Yes, No - small gap (!0.5'), No - large gap (>0.5')

Escape ramps are designed to allow ungulates (in particular) and other large mammals that have become trapped inside the right-of-way to escape back to the other side of the fencing. Indicate if ramps are present along the fencing: No; Yes - 1; Yes - 2 or more.

Yes or No. If no, what is the ROW fencing type: Curb (not including wingwalls); Walls (not including wingwalls); Chain Link; Wildlife Fence; Sediment Fence; 4-Strand Wire; or Other (specify).

This question characterizes the purpose of the fencing as guide fencing or continuous fencing along a segment of roadway. Select the option that best approximates the length of the fencing: ! 10 feet; 10-50 feet; 50-100 feet; >100; ~1/2 mile; miles (may be determined if the user has driven a long segment of roadway); or end not known or visible.

The condition of fencing is important to capture in the evaluation as poorly maintained fencing with gaps may allow animals to pass through and become trapped inside the right-of-way. Select all that apply: Gaps and areas where fence is down; Some tacking up of fence needed; Vegetation needs to be cleared from fence; Fence in good working order.

Yes or No. Animals may be able to pass underneath fencing if it does not extend to ground level along the full length of the fencing.Yes or No. Digging animals may be able to pas underneath fencing that is not entrenched into the ground.

Mesh size refers to the spacing of the fence strands. Small animals may be able to pass through larger mesh sizes. Select one: None; 6x6"; 6x6”, graduating smaller to 2x3 at base; Other (describe)

Page 109: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - User's Guide Location #:___________ Page 9

Is there a one-way gate(s) within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction?

Are there uncontrolled driveways, intersections or exit ramps that cause breaks in the fencing within a 1/2 mile of the structure in either direction?

Notes: Provide any additional information about fencing and/or walls.

GeneralPhoto Number: Enter photo id numbers. Pictures are extremely helpful - take a lot!

Wildlife UseAre there signs of wildlife use in the structure such as tracks? -If yes, describeAre there signs of wildlife within 30 feet of the entrances? -If yes, describe

Human UseIs there apparent human activity in the structure? -What type(s) of activity?

Which description best matches human activities immediately adjacent to the structure?

Notes:

One-way gates are a previously-used mechanism for allow ungulates that have become trapped inside the right-of-way to escape back to the other side of the fencing, however they are difficult to maintain and often themselves become gaps in the fencing. Their installation is no longer recommended as an effective mitigation measure. Indicate if ramps are present along the fencing: No; Yes - 1; Yes - 2 or more.

An uncontrolled driveway, intersection or exit ramp is point where there is a break in the fencing to allow vehicular access to adjacent infrastructure that also acts as a gap in the fencing for wildlife. Such breaks may be controlled by double cattle guards, specifically-designed electric mats, gates, or other mechanisms, however controlling these breaks can be expensive if there are multiple breaks in a segment of fencing. Select one: None; 1; 2-5; 6-10; >10

Select all that apply: Tracks, Scat, Live Animal, None or Other (describe)

Note species, if known, and other pertinent informationSelect all that apply: Tracks, Scat, Live Animal, None or Other (describe)

The purpose of this question is to get a general understanding of human activity - not including permanent development - at the structure, in terms of frequency, location (at one or both entrances) and the setting itself. Select one: Daily human activity at both entrances; Daily human activity at one entrance; Recreational use in wild setting; Wild setting with infrequent human activity; Other.

Yes - Frequently/Daily; Yes - Occasional; or No evidence Found

Select all that apply: Camping/Occupancy, Vehicle/ATV use, Trail, Recreation, Dog, Night Use, Other (describe)

Note species, if known, and other pertinent information

Page 110: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

Appendix B: PAS - User's Guide Location #:___________ Page 10

Species Movement Guild Rankings

A C F

A C F

A C F

A C F

A C F

A C F

Rate this structure for Adaptive Ungulates, e.g., ungulates that require good visibility through a structure, such as deer, moose or mountain goats:

Which features could be changed to make the structure more functional for any Species Movement Guild given an A or C rank?

Rate this structure for Very High Openness Fauna, e.g., animals that require large structures with clear lines of sight that are less than 100' long, such as elk, pronghorn and turkey:

Each question should be ranked as follows:

The following questions are designed to get a general impression while the user is in the field of how functional the structure is for each of the Species Movement Guild of interest. They are subjective and responses should be based on the user's overall impression having completed the rest of the structure assessment. Refer to Species Movement Guilds for complete descriptions.

Rate this structure for High Openness High Mobility Carnivores, e.g., larger animals that prefer larger structures, such as grizzly bear or mountain lion

Rate this structure for Adaptive High Mobility Fauna, e.g., fairly tolerant medium-sized animals, such as bobcat, coyote and black bear:

A = This animal could make it though as is, or with small modifications C = With modest modifications this structure could be functional F = Can't be fixed with a retrofit

Rate this structure for Low Mobility Small Fauna, e.g., slow-moving animals that require a consistent environmental conditions, such as frogs or salamanders:

Rate this structure for Moderate Mobility Small Fauna, e.g., small animals that are fairly adaptable, such as squirrels, skunks, raccoons, fishers and some turtles:

This question offers an opportunity for the user to suggest potential retrofits to improve the structure functionality. These may, of course, be amended later, but it is often helpful to capture initial impressions and ideas while still in the field.

Page 111: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SOLUTION

SPECIES MOVEMENT GUILDS

STRUCTURE FUNCTIONAL

CLASSNOTES & REFERENCES

Remove obstruction or barrier at one or both structure entrances, inside the structure, or in the approaches to the structure (e.g.,cattle fencing across structure entrances; trash or debris).

Low Mobility Small FaunaModerate Mobility Small FaunaAdaptive High Mobility FaunaHigh Openness High Mobility CarnivoresAdaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

ALL

Clear debris and install sediment traps and/or regularly maintain to prevent structure from being blocked, filled or clogged.

Low Mobility Small FaunaModerate Mobility Small FaunaAdaptive High Mobility Fauna

Class 1, 2 Yanes, M., J.M. Velasco, and F. Suárez. 1995. Permeability of roads and railways to vertebrates: the importance of culverts. Biological Conservation 71:217-222.

Keep culvert enterances clear of heavy vegetation growth that could block wildlife passage.

Class 1, 2, 3 Clevenger, A.P., B. Chruszcz, and K. Gunson. 2001. Drainage culverts as habitat linkages and factors affecting passage by mammals. Journal or Applied Ecology 38:1340-1349.

Remove Obstacles to Wildlife Passage

APPENDIX C. PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT TOOLBOX FOR IMPROVING EXISTING STRUCTURES FOR TERRESTRIAL WILDLIFE

Page 112: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SOLUTION

SPECIES MOVEMENT GUILDS

STRUCTURE FUNCTIONAL CLASS

NOTES & REFERENCES

Add a dry, natural pathway through structure, on both sides of waterway if a stream or river is present.

Adaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

Class 3, 4, 5 Forman, R. T., Sperling, D., Bissonette, J. A., Clevenger, A. P., Cutshall, C. D., Dale, V. H., et al. 2003. Mitigation for wildlife. Pages 139-167 in: Road Ecology: Science and Solutions. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

Minimize or cover riprap on side-slopes with dirt to create a dry, smooth pathway.

Adaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

Class 3, 4, 5

Install interlocking brick to support slopes instead of riprap toopen up a pathway and facilitate wildlife passage.

Adaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

Class 3, 4, 5

Install a raised shelf through water-filled culverts to provide a dry pathway for small mammals; Include a shelf tube to provide protective cover for voles.

Low Mobility Small Fauna Class 1, 2

Add baffles to culvert floor to retain sediment on artifical culvert floor (where water flows occasionally through the culvert).

Moderate Mobility Small FaunaAdaptive High Mobility FaunaHigh Openness High Mobility CarnivoresAdaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

Class 1, 2, 3

Facilitate Movement and Create Pathways

Page 113: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SOLUTION

SPECIES MOVEMENT GUILDS

STRUCTURE FUNCTIONAL CLASS

NOTES & REFERENCES

Install woody debris (e.g., down logs) through a structure for small species requiring cover from predators.

Low Mobility Small FaunaModerate Mobility Small Fauna

Class 2, 3, 4, 5 Ehinger, W., P. Garvey-Darda, R. Gersib, K. Halupka, P. McQueary, W. Meyer, R. Schanz and P. Wagner. 2006. Interstate 90 Snoqualmie Pass East Mitigation Development Team: Recommendation package. Submitted to: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration and Washington State Department of Transportation.

Maintain natural streambanks through the structure.

Low Mobility Small FaunaModerate Mobility Small Fauna (riparian species)

Class 2, 3, 4

Add a strip of natural substrate and vegetation along one or both sides of a road through a structure.

Low Mobility Small FaunaModerate Mobility Small Fauna

Class 3

Where scour has resulted in perched culverts, build up scour resistant materials to create a navigable pathway into the culvert. Use natural materials; if riprap is used to build up the entrance pathway, it should be covered with natural substrate.

Low Mobility Small FaunaModerate Mobility Small Fauna

Class 1, 2,

Page 114: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SOLUTION

SPECIES MOVEMENT GUILDS

STRUCTURE FUNCTIONAL CLASS

NOTES & REFERENCES

Rerrange substrate material around inlet/outlet of small culverts to allow greater visibility through structures.

Low Mobility Small FaunaModerate Mobility Small Fauna

Class 1

Add salamander ramps at curbs. Low Mobility Small Fauna

Add grates to existing culverts to allow light/moisture/temperature penetration into the culvert.

Low Mobility Small Fauna Class 1, 6 Carr, T., R. Dacanay, K. Drake, C. Everson, A. Sperry and K. Sullivan. 2003. Wildlife Crossings: Rethinking Road Design to Improve Safety and Reconnect Habitat. Portland State University Planning Workshop, Prepared for Metro. 111 pp.

Modify existing trenched drains to allow animals to enter.

Low Mobility Small Fauna Class 6 Bank, F.G., C.L. Irwin, G.L. Evink, M.E. Gray, S. Hagood, J.R. Kinar, A. Levy, D. Paulson, B. Ruediger, and R.M. Sauvajot. 2002. Wildlife Habitat Connectivity Across European Highways. Federal Highway Administration. Alexandria, VA. URL: http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/wildlife_web.htm

Page 115: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SOLUTION

SPECIES MOVEMENT GUILDS

STRUCTURE FUNCTIONAL CLASS

NOTES & REFERENCES

For Multi-chambered structures with waterflow, divert waterflow so that one chamber remains dry for terrestrial wildlife.

Moderate Mobility Small FaunaAdaptive High Mobility FaunaHigh Openness High Mobility CarnivoresAdaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

Class 2, 3, 4

Promote waterflow through culverts to prevent standing water from inhibiting passage through a culvert or detering entry into the culvert.

Moderate Mobility Small FaunaAdaptive High Mobility FaunaHigh Openness High Mobility CarnivoresAdaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

Class 1, 2, 3

Prevent polluting agents and road sediment from being flushed through culverts.

Low Mobility Small FaunaModerate Mobility Small Fauna

Class 1, 6

Reduce Intimidation

Replace steep abutment slopes or walls with natural 2:1 slopes.

Adaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

Class 2, 3, 4 Dodd, N.L., J.W. Gagnon, A.L. Manzo, and R.E. Scheinsburg. 2007. Video surveillance to assess highway underpass use by elk in Arizona. Journal of Wildlife Management 71(2):637-645.

Page 116: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SOLUTION

SPECIES MOVEMENT GUILDS

STRUCTURE FUNCTIONAL CLASS

NOTES & REFERENCES

Remove fill predator perches - ledges or places where prey species may be fearful of unseen predators.

Adaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

Class 2, 3, 4 Little, S.J., R.G. Harcour, A.P. Clevenger. 2002. Do wildlife passages act as prey-traps? Biological Conservation 107:135-145.

Add median skylights or openings. [This measure is not appropriate for all culvert situations. Avoid creating very high contrast conditions inside the culvert; Avoid where there is a narrow median that would result in a large increase in traffic noise inside the culvert; Avoid allowing precipitation to enter the culvert where winter temperatures could cause the creation of ice mounds inside the culvert, thereby inhibiting wildlife passage].

Adaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

Class 2 Reed, D.F., T.N.Woodard, T.M. Pojar. 1975. Behavioral Response of Mule Deer to a Highway Underpass. J. Wild Manage. 39(2):361-367.

Page 117: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SOLUTION

SPECIES MOVEMENT GUILDS

STRUCTURE FUNCTIONAL CLASS

NOTES & REFERENCES

Avoid/remove highway lighting near structure entrances.

ALL ALL Jackson, S. D. (2000). Overview of Transportation Impacts on Wildlife Movement. Wildlife and Highways: Seeking Solutions to an ecological and Socio-economic Dilemma. T. A. Messmer and B. West, The Wildlife Society.

Implement measures to reduce traffic noise inside culvert and/or at structure entrances (e.g., concrete shoulder barriers placed above the structure)

ALL ALL Jackson, S. D. (2000). Overview of Transportation Impacts on Wildlife Movement. Wildlife and Highways: Seeking Solutions to an ecological and Socio-economic Dilemma. T. A. Messmer and B. West, The Wildlife Society.

To the extent possible, avoid laying trails or other human access through crossing structures. Where trails do pass through a structure, separate human trails from wildlife pathways through the structure.

High Openness High Mobility CarnivoresAdaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

Class 2, 3, 4, 5 Hartmann, M. (2003). Evaluation of Wildlife Crossing Structures: Their Use and Effectiveness.

Page 118: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SOLUTION

SPECIES MOVEMENT GUILDS

STRUCTURE FUNCTIONAL CLASS

NOTES & REFERENCES

Install signs near crossing structures or where trails cross through structures to limit human activity in and around wildlife crossings [Avoid drawing attention to unobtrusive crossing structures with unnecessary signage]

ALL ALL Clevenger, A. and N. Waltho. 2005. Performance indices to identify attributes of highway crossing structures facilitating movement of large mammals. Biological Conservation 121:453-464.

Install barriers (e.g., large boulders) to prevent motorized travel through crossing structures.

High Openness High Mobility CarnivoresAdaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

Class 3, 4, 5

Enhance/maintain native vegetation cover in front of structure entrances.

ALL ALL Ng, S., J. Dole, R. Sauvajot, S. Riley, and T. Valone. 2004. Use of highway undercrossings by wildlife in southern California. Biological Conservation 1115:499-507.

Thin heavy vegetation that may obstruct wildlife passage at structure entrances.

Adaptive High Mobility FaunaHigh Openness High Mobility CarnivoresAdaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

Class 2, 3 Maintain a balance between enough cover for prey species to feel safe entering a culvert, but not so much that animals cannot enter or have good visibility into and through the culvert.

Avoid the use of herbicides around structure entrances.

Low Mobility Small Fauna ALL

Enhance Structure Approaches

Page 119: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SOLUTION

SPECIES MOVEMENT GUILDS

STRUCTURE FUNCTIONAL CLASS

NOTES & REFERENCES

Plant bushes in the median to provide better cover and insulation from highway traffic noise and lights.

High Openness High Mobility CarnivoresAdaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

Wherever open median is present

Avoid the use of erosion netting in landscaping around crossing structures, which may ensnare snakes.

Moderate Mobility Small Fauna ALL

Convert cattle fencing near structure approaches to wildlife-friendly rail fencing to allow young to pass through to access structures.

Adaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

Class 2, 3, 4

Add wildlife fencing and/or guide walls to existing suitable structures - do not install extensive fencing where there are no suitable crossing structures.

ALL - type, design & height of fencing or guide wall depends on species (see notes)

N/A For guidance on different types of wildlife fencing, see: http://www.azdot.gov/highways/EPG/EPG_Common/PDF/Technical/Wildlife_Connectivity/Wildlife_Funnel_Fencing/Wildlife_Funnel_Fencing_Summary.pdf

Modify existing right-of way fencing by adding height to convert it to wildlife fencing.

High Openness High Mobility CarnivoresAdaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

N/A FHWA. Keeping it Simple - Arizona. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/wildlifeprotection

Fencing and Barriers

Page 120: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SOLUTION

SPECIES MOVEMENT GUILDS

STRUCTURE FUNCTIONAL CLASS

NOTES & REFERENCES

Angle fence ends away from roadway to preven 'end-arounds'.

ALL Clevenger, A. P., B. Chruszcz, and K. E. Gunson. 2001. Highway mitigation fencing reduces wildlife–vehicle collisions. Wildlife Society.

Do not end fencing in good wildlife habitat; end in transitional areas (e.g., steep terrain, change in habitat or land use).

Hardy, A.R., J. Fuller, M.P. Huijser, A. Kociolek and M. Evans. 2006. Evaluation of wildlife crossing structures and fencing on US Highway 93, Evaro to Polson. Phase I: Preconstruction data collection and finalization of evaluation plan. Final report. Western Transportation Institute, College of Engineering, Montana State University.

Place large boulders at fence ends to prevent animals at-grade crossings at fence ends.

Adaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

N/A Clevenger, A.P., B. Chruszcz, K. Gunson, K. and M. Brumfit. 2002. Highway mitigation monitoring: Three Sisters Parkway interchange. Final report, August 1999 - July 2002. Prepared for Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Canmore, Alberta, Canada.

Install wildlife fencing across a median to adjacent structures.

ALL N/A

Page 121: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SOLUTION

SPECIES MOVEMENT GUILDS

STRUCTURE FUNCTIONAL CLASS

NOTES & REFERENCES

Install escape ramps along fenced sections.

Adaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

N/A Bissonette, J.A. and M. Hammer. 2000. Effectiveness of earthen ramps in reducing big game highway mortality in Utah: Final Report. Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Report Series 2000 (1): 1-29.

http://www.azdot.gov/highways/EPG/EPG_Common/PDF/Technical/Wildlife_Connectivity/Wildlife_Connectivity/Description_of_Wildlife_Escape_Measures.pdf

Replace one-way gates with escape ramps.

Adaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

N/A Bissonette, J.A. and M. Hammer. 2000. Effectiveness of earthen ramps in reducing big game highway mortality in Utah: Final Report. Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit Report Series 2000 (1): 1-29.

Maintain fencing to prevent gaps in fence.

Adaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

N/A

Page 122: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SOLUTION

SPECIES MOVEMENT GUILDS

STRUCTURE FUNCTIONAL CLASS

NOTES & REFERENCES

Install Electromat at gaps in fencing, such as highway on/off ramps, driveways.

Adaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

N/A http://www.electrobraid.com/wildlife/highway_fence.htmlDodd, N. and J. Wise. The Nation's Most Advanced Game Crossing System. IMSA Journal 45(2); T.W. Seamans, Z.J. Patton, and K.C. VerCauteren. ElectroBraid Fencing for Use as a Deer Barrier. http://www.itre.ncsu.edu/cte/icoet

Construct crosswalk at controlled gap in fencing to allow animals to cross at-grade.

Adaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

N/A Gagnon, J.W., N.L. Dodd, S.C. Sprague, K. Ogren, and R.E. Schwuinsburg. 2010. Preacher Canyon Fence and Crosswalk Enhancement Project Evaluation. Report No. JPA 04-088. Arizona Department of Transportation, Phoeniz, AZ. http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/StateRoute_260_Elk_Crosswalk.shtml

Install shoulder or median barriers with scuppers (at least 25cm high and 100cm wide) every 5th barrier to faciliate small animal passage through the barrier.

Moderate Mobility Small Fauna N/A Clevenger, A.P. and A.V. Kociolek. 2006. Highway median impacts on wildlife movement and mortality: state of the practice survey and gap analysis. Report No. F/CA/MI-2006/09. California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, CA.

Page 123: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SOLUTION

SPECIES MOVEMENT GUILDS

STRUCTURE FUNCTIONAL CLASS

NOTES & REFERENCES

Arrange shoulder or median barriers with intermittent gaps to faciliate wildlife passage at-grade.

Moderate Mobility Small FaunaAdaptive High Mobility FaunaHigh Openness High Mobility CarnivoresAdaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

Clevenger, A.P. and A.V. Kociolek. 2006. Highway median impacts on wildlife movement and mortality: state of the practice survey and gap analysis. Report No. F/CA/MI-2006/09. California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, CA.

Replace concrete shoulder and median barriers with cable median barriers where it is desirable to facilitate at-grade wildlife passage [cable barriers are considered more permeable for all species guilds than box-beam barriers, though more research is needed].

Moderate Mobility Small FaunaAdaptive High Mobility FaunaHigh Openness High Mobility CarnivoresAdaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

N/A Clevenger, A.P. and A.V. Kociolek. 2006. Highway median impacts on wildlife movement and mortality: state of the practice survey and gap analysis. Report No. F/CA/MI-2006/09. California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, CA.

Install double cattle-guards and convert existing flat-bar cattle guards with round bars at controlled gaps in wildlife fencing, e.g., driveways or county roads. [May not be effective for all species]

Adaptive UngulatesVery High Openness Fauna

N/A Hardy, A.R., J. Fuller, M.P. Huijser, A. Kociolek and M. Evans. 2006. Evaluation of wildlife crossing structures and fencing on US Highway 93, Evaro to Polson. Phase I: Preconstruction data collection and finalization of evaluation plan. Final report. Western Transportation Institute, College of Engineering, Montana State University.

Avoid gaps in wildlife fencing or walls.

ALL N/A

Page 124: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SOLUTION

SPECIES MOVEMENT GUILDS

STRUCTURE FUNCTIONAL CLASS

NOTES & REFERENCES

Fix perched outlets to allow access into culvert.

Moderate Mobility Small Fauna Class 1

Add a gutter pipe for small mammals.

Moderate Mobility Small Fauna Class 1 Foresman, K.R. 2004. The effects of highways on fragmentation of small mammal populations and modifications of crossing structures to mitigate such impacts.Final Report. FHWA/MT-04-005/8161.

Bore new dry culverts adjacent to innundated culverts to promote wildlife passage through drainages.

Low Mobility Small FaunaModerate Mobility Small Fauna

Class 1

Add bat boxes. Aerial Fauna (bats) Classes 3, 4, 5

Install poles placed on bridge edges to help birds perceive the barrier and avoid colliding with vehicles.

Aerial Fauna Animal-vehicle collision prevention mechanisms at roadway bridges bisecting flyways

FHWA. Keeping it Simple - Oklahoma. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/wildlifeprotection

Install aerial bridges across highways between poles to facilitate arboreal crossings.

Arboreal Fauna Class 6 NCDOT flying squirrel platformsRope bridges over roads

Add or Adjust Structural Features

Page 125: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

PASSAGE ENHANCEMENT SOLUTION

SPECIES MOVEMENT GUILDS

STRUCTURE FUNCTIONAL CLASS

NOTES & REFERENCES

Decommission old roads through a structure and restore natural landscape features to convert to a wildlife crossing.

ALL Class 3

Page 126: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$

!""#$%&'(%)(( (

*+,-.+-,#(#/!0-!+&1$*2(31$&+1,&$4(,#*-0+*(!$%(,#.133#$%!+&1$*(51,(&3",1/&$4("#,3#!6&0&+7(51,(+#,,#*+,&!0(8&0%0&5#(&$(8!*9&$4+1$(*+!+#(

$($94$%./,#%(:;*(

%&'()$*(+,-./0$123"45-6'&,(6+-0$772$!48$9),4(.()$24):540$;,)/$<,),5$;+(=54-(,>$(

<4-*(

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

Page 127: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$

$$

!"#$%%$&'()*+',$'-$(./012*3$),4$52+4613$10)/.)*14$+,$*7+3$3*.48$-'2$*71+2$)5+/+*8$*'$9)33$*12213*2+)/$:+/4/+-1$;6211,$3*)23<%$=)>'2$(+*+13$)21$41,'*14$58$4)2?$(+2(/13%$

&'"(()'$

*)+,#-"$$

."/0123'4$$

5"6-,"$$

&#16"/'$$

Page 128: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$

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

Page 129: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$

!"#$%&"'()$*+,(-"./0&%"(12++3((!"#$%&"'()*%$&'&()*+,('&$+",%-*$&'&$ .&/-0"1%%$)*+,$$

-./01/2$3$4567$!789:5;65.<$

=>58$87?@7<6$.A$-.B67$&'&$58$/$61."C/<7$:./0$6>/6$:B<8$<.:6>"8.B6>$/C.<?$6>7$

8.B6>17867:<$9./86$.A$D/8>5<?6.<E$6:/F7:85<?$87F7:/C$0:/5</?78$6>/6$A770$5<6.$6>7$

9./86/C$1/67:8+$=>7$8B::.B<05<?$>/G56/6$58$C/:?7C2$A.:78670$5<$</6B:7+$$

$

46:B96B:7$!789:5;65.<$$

9:"#%$H.<9:767$G.I$9BCF7:6$+,-./,.-#(;.$/,&4$23(<3255%$HC/88$J$K@705B@$B<07:;/88L$)&=#$5&4$5%$)M$>5?>$I$&,MNO$8;/<$I$&PQM$C.<?$$

R.8SB56.$H:77T$58$/$8@/CCE$87/8.</C$9:77T+$D/67:$AC.1$6>:.B?>$6>7$86:B96B:7$/6$6>7$

65@7$.A$6>7$8B:F72$1/8$8>/CC.1+$=>7$86:7/@$9>/<<7C$58$</6B:/CC2$7<6:7<9>70$

B;86:7/@$/<0$0.1<86:7/@$.A$6>7$:./01/2$156>$6>59T$GB8>78$/<0$6:778$6.$6>7$70?78$

.A$6>7$G/<T8+$D>5C7$6>7$9.<9:767$G.I$9BCF7:6$/6$6>58$C.9/65.<$58$C/:?7$7<.B?>$6.$/CC.1$

A.:$/$:7C/65F7C2$</6B:/C$1/67:$AC.1$6>:.B?>$6>7$86:B96B:7E$6>7$86:7/@$9>/<<7C$58$<.6$

@/5<6/5<70$6>:.B?>$6>7$86:B96B:7$/<0$6>7$AC.1$5<867/0$AC/667<8$.B6$/9:.88$6>7$1506>$

.A$9BCF7:6+$!B:5<?$C.1$AC.18E$@B002U?:/F7C2$;/6>1/28$/:7$;:787<6$6>:.B?>$6>7$

86:B96B:7E$/C6>.B?>$6>787$C5T7C2$G79.@7$.GC567:/670$0B:5<?$>5?>7:$AC.1$;7:5.08+$$

$

=>7:7$58$<.$A7<95<?$/88.95/670$156>$756>7:$8507$.A$6>7$86:B96B:7+$VB/:0:/5C$58$;:787<6$

/G.F7$6>7$86:B96B:7$A.:$6>7$8;/<$.A$6>7$86:B96B:7E$GB6$<.6$/C.<?$6>7$:786$.A$6>7$

:./01/2$87?@7<6+$=>7:7$58$<.$/;;/:7<6$>B@/<$/965F562$/6$6>58$86:B96B:7+$$

$

D5C0C5A7$

-/99..<E$@B8T:/6$/<0$8@/CC$:.07<6$6:/9T8$17:7$.G87:F70$5<$6>7$@B002$G/<T8$5<8507$

6>7$86:B96B:7+$-/99..<$6:/9T8$17:7$/C8.$.G87:F70$.B68507$.A$6>7$86:B96B:7+$$

$

+"#/&#5(641#=#$,(>.&3%(82$?&$75(=>58$8567$1/8$507<65A570$G2$D4!W=$G5.C.?5868$/8$5@;.:6/<6$A.:$8;79578$5<$7/9>$.A$6>7$

R.F7@7<6$VB5C08+$=>58$C.9/65.<$:7975F70$/<$XYM$:/<T$A.:$Z.1$R.G5C562$4@/CC$[/B</E$

R.07:/67$R.G5C562$4@/CC$[/B</E$/<0$Y0/;65F7$\5?>$R.G5C562$[/B</E$@7/<5<?$6>/6$6>7$

A57C0$7F/CB/6.:8$9.<9CB070$6>/6$/<5@/C8$A:.@$7/9>$.A$6>787$?B5C08$9.BC0$8B99788ABC$

;/88$6>:.B?>$6>58$86:B96B:7$/8$58$.:$156>$8@/[email protected]/65.<8+$$=>7$86:B96B:7$:7975F70$

/$XHM$:/<T$A.:$\5?>$W;7<<788$\5?>$R.G5C562$H/:<5F.:78$/<0$Y0/;65F7$]<?BC/678E$

5<059/65<?$6>/6$6>7$86:B96B:[email protected]$6.$G7$@/07$AB<965.</C$A.:$8;79578$.A$

6>787$R.F7@7<6$VB5C08+$$=>7$86:B96B:7$:7975F70$/<$X[M$:/<T$A.:$^7:2$\5?>$W;7<<788$

[/B</E$@7/<5<?$6>/6$6>7$86:B96B:7$9/<<.6$G7$:76:.A56$6.$/99.@@.0/67$6>787$8;79578+$$

$

$

$

$

Page 130: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$

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

,,,,,,,,,,,

G37.('$H>$I,'$HJH$*//=347$0/.,-$ G37.('$K>$F3'<$:(/2$/.,*',$$$

,,,,,,,,,,$ G37.('$L>$M//=347$,/<)(10$$$ /.,*',$,,

G37.('$N>$A.119$;),-<)9$,-(/.7-$5.*&'(,,,

Page 131: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$

!"#$%"&$#'()*+,-%+((./(010(!"+2,$%"(3&**4(3,-5*&%($%&'($)*+),-.-$/*0$)123-,.$'($1+4-,$56$787$(*1.&$*9$:/-,4--+;$<=(&'+>.*+?$:.$.'@-($*9$2*A$92*A;$.&-,-$'($=$@144B$C=.&$.*$.&-$('4-$*9$.&-$),--D?$%&-,-$'($+*$A'242'9-$9-+)'+>$=.$.&'($('.-?$%&-$=,-=$'($&-=3'2B$3->-.=.-4$=+4$9*,-(.-4?$<6!E%$-(.'@=.-($9*,$:3-,=>-$!='2B$%,=99')$=CC,*0'@=.-($F;888$3-&')2-(?$E+$G1+-$H;$I878;$.A*$)=@-,=($A-,-$C2=)-4$=.$.&-$)123-,.$-+.,=+)-(;$/*.&$C*('.'*+-4$9=)'+>$'+A=,4?$$J+$7KL$4=B($*9$@*+'.*,'+>;$.&'($)123-,.$A=($@*(.$&-=3'2B$1(-4$/B$/2=)D".='2-4$4--,;$(C-)'9')=22B$4*-($=+4$9=A+(?$E9$.&-$M7$4--,$*/(-,3=.'*+($=.$.&-$('.-;$*+2B$.A*$A-,-$*9$/2=)D".='2-4$4--,$/1)D(;$.&-$,-@='+4-,$A=($*9$4*-($=+4$9=A+(;$C,*/=/2B$.&-$(=@-$9=@'2B$*9$.&,--$@*3'+>$.*$-'.&-,$('4-$*9$.&-$,*=4?$E+-$/1)D$,-C-22-4$9,*@$.&-$(.,1).1,-;$.&-$(-)*+4$9*22*A-4$=$4*-$=+4$9=A+($.&,*1>&$.&-$(.,1).1,-;$(--$C&*.*($/-2*A?$!--,$1(-$C-=D-4$'+$G1+-$=+4$-=,2B$G12B;$(--$N'>1,-$F?$!--,$4=.=$'($C,-(-+.-4$'+$%=/2-$7?$$$678-*(0?$O2=)D".='2-4$4--,$*/(-,3=.'*+$4=.=$.=/12=.-4$9*,$56$787$P*(Q1'.*$R,--D$/*0$)123-,.?$$R=@-,=$!=B($

:+=2BS-4$

!--,$T&*.*"$*/(?$=.$6'.-$

!--,$T&*.*"*/(?$C-,$!=B$

U1@/-,$*9$61))-((912$$R,*(('+>($.&,*1>&$(.,1).1,-$

61))-((912$!--,$

),*(('+>($C-,$4=B$$

61))-(($V=.-$WXY$

V=.-$*9$V-C-22-+)B$

WXY$

T=,=22-2$V=.-$WXY$

7KL$ M7$ 8?F7$ #8$ 8?ZK$ LZ?F$ F?#$ H?H$

$

Page 132: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$

$%&'()*$+,$-./01"2/&.*3$3**)$4/55*5$26)7('6$0(.8*)2$4*)$9**1$/2$:;$<=<$>75?(&27$

@)**1$0(.8*)2$78*)$26*$9**15$7A$B7C&27)&C'$&C$D=<=,$$

$EC*$*.1$9/5$46727')/46*3$')/F&C'$/2$26*$*C2)/C0*$27$26*$0(.8*)2,$G2$3&3$C72$*C2*)$26*$

52)(02()*H$I5**$467275$J*.79K,$L6*$)*B/&C&C'$54*0&*5$7J5*)8*3$/)*$4)*5*C2*3$&C$

L/J.*$D,$$$

!"#$%&',$;4*0&*5$/C3$C(BJ*)$7A$3*2*02&7C5$/2$26*$:;$<=<$>75?(&27$@)**1$0(.8*)2,$!"#$%#&' $

>/BB/.5$ -&)35$

-./01"2/&.*3$3**)$"$#<$ @)79$"$M$N/0077C$"$<O$*8*C25H$MP$&C3&8&3(/.5$ N/8*C$"$<$

@/2$"$<O$ $

Q(B/C5$$"$D$ $$

$$

$

$

Page 133: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$

$%&'()*$+,$-./01"2/&.*3$3**)$34*$/53$6/758$/2$9:$;<;$=48>(&24$?)**1$0(.@*)2A$2B*C$D(82$E/88*3$2B)4('B$2B*$0(.@*)2,$$

$%&'()*$F,$-./01"2/&.*3$3**)$G(01$)*E*..&5'$6)4H$9:$;<;$=48>(&24$?)**1$0(.@*)2,$$

$%&'()*$#,$-./01"2/&.*3$3**)$6/758$.441&5'$(E$/2$9:$;<;$6)4H$=48>(&24$?)**1,$

$%&'()*$I,$J5.C$G(01$EB424')/EB*3$(8&5'$9:$;<;$=48>(&24$?)**1$0(.@*)2,$%4..47&5'$34*$/53$6/758,$$

$%&'()*$;<,$K/@*5$/2$=48>(&24$?)**1$0(.@*)2$*52)/50*$(53*)$9:$;<;,$LB*)*$&8$54$*@&3*50*$2B*$)/@*5$7*52$&524$2B*$0(.@*)2,$$

%&'()*$;;,$LB*$45.C$*.1$EB424')/EB*3$/2$9:$;<;$=48>(&24$?)**1$0(.@*)2,$M2$3&3$542$*52*)$2B*$0(.@*)2,$$

Page 134: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$

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email protected]/65.<8+$$$W6>7:$J.<8507:/65.<8$=>7$A.CC.15<?$9.<8507:/65.<8$1/::/<6$/00565.</C$A.CC.1"B;%$

Page 135: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

• &'()%*+%)',%-(./"01.,2+'*3%*.%)'*+%(2,(4%52,%)',2,%(.6%70.7,2.+%1*)'%32*8(),%-(./+%/,8,-039,.)%.,(2%)',%+)2:7):2,4%%

%!"#$%%"&'()*$&+,!,+3*),%)',%;5<%2(.=*.>+%?02%(--%0?%)',%@3,7*,+%A08,9,.)%B:*-/+C%+,8,2(-%2,)20?*)%2,7099,./()*0.+%(2,%(/8*+,/%()%)'*+%+*),D%

• E,908,%)',%7,.),2%+:3302)+%)0%72,(),%(%902,%03,.%+*.>-,"+3(.%+)2:7):2,%F9(6%.0)%G,%30++*G-,%1*)'0:)%2,3-(7*.>%)',%,.)*2,%+)2:7):2,HI%

• J0.+)2:7)%/26C%.():2(-%/*2)%3()'1(6+%0.%G0)'%+*/,+%0?%)',%+)2,(9%)'()%2,9(*.%/26%/:2*.>%+,(+0.(-%'*>'%1(),2I%

• A*.*9*K,%02%708,2%2*32(3%0.%+*/,"+-03,+%1*)'%/*2)%)0%72,(),%(%/26C%+900)'%3()'1(6I%

• A(*.)(*.%)',%+)2:7):2,%',*>')%?02%)',%?:--%-,.>)'%0?%)',%+3(.%F+0%)'()%)',%/*+)(.7,%?209%)',%>20:./%-,8,-%)0%)',%7,*-*.>%0?%)',%+)2:7):2,%*+%'*>'%,.0:>'%)0%(--01%)',%3(++(>,%G6%:.>:-(),%+3,7*,+%(./%0)',2%-(2>,2%9(99(-+HI%

• L.+)(--%1*-/-*?,%?,.7*.>%?02%-(2>,2%9(99(-+%(./%+(-(9(./,2%1(--+%)0%>:*/,%(.*9(-+%)01(2/+%)',%+)2:7):2,M%%

%%%%%%%%%%%%

N*>:2,%#OM%E),%#$#%-00=*.>%P02)'% N*>:2,%#QM%E),%#$#%-00=*.>%@0:)'%%%%

%%%%%%%%%%%

N*>:2,%#RM%S2*/>,%()%T07()*0.%#$#UQVMVU$O% N*>:2,%#WM%@)2,(9%?-01%)'20:>'%)',%7,.),2%+3(.%302)*0.%0?%)',%G2*/>,%

Page 136: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"##$

$$

$$$$$$$$$$$$

%&'()*$#+,$-.)*/0$1/23$(24*)$5(.6&4*$67/2$ %&'()*$#8,$9&*:$;)50$6.)(<.()*$.5$*/6.$=&2>*.$6&4*?$

Page 137: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

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

Page 138: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

• &'()*+%,-.%/()*%,0%1*234+.%506.%07%,-.%618.69)*:/;%1*234+1*<%)%51*15)3%+6=%06%/.51"+6=%(),->)=%+461*<%-1<-%,1+./?%

• @*/,)33%>13+317.%7.*21*<%706%3)6<.6%5)55)3/%)*+%/)3)5)*+.6%>)33/%,0%<41+.%)*15)3/%,0>)6+/%,-.%/,642,46.?%

!!!!!!!!!!

A1<46.%#B?%@*3.,%/1+.;%300:1*<%>./,?% A1<46.%#C?%D)*:%0*%/04,-%/1+.%07%/,642,46.%+461*<%30>%,1+.?%

%%%%%%%%!!%

A1<46.%EF?%G0)+>)=%300:1*<%/04,-% A1<46.%E#?%H,642,46.%300:1*<%/04,-.)/,%

%%%%%%%%%%%%

A1<46.%EE?%D)*:%4*+.6%/,642,46.%0*%*06,-%/1+.%!

Page 139: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

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

Page 140: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

!"#$%&'&%%'()*+,-%*.,,/01%2(3%)45603%(2%7/,8,/20%090)*1%30:(3808%6-%:.503.1%.*%;()0%<300=%;3/8>0?%@A%#B#&%%'()*+% C45603%(2%7/,8,/20%

090)*1%30:(3808%'()*+% C45603%(2%7/,8,/20%090)*1%

30:(3808%DE3/,% #F% D4>41*%% $%'.-%% ##% A0E*05603%% #G%H4)0%% ##% I:*(603%%% ##%%J.,,%3.::(()%090)*1K%H4,-% #L% "% "%%

Page 141: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

%

%&'()*+%,-.%/0123"41'0+5%5++*%56+%175%8+1*0'7(%)9'7(%76*4:%+75%6;%/67+%<'=+*%/*'5(+>%?@%#A#.%

%&'()*+%,B.%/0123"41'0+5%5++*%56+%26C'7(%4:*6)(:%D*'5(+%6=+*%/67+%<'=+*>%?@%#A#.%%

%&'()*+%,E.%F6864+%0663'7(%46%4:+%G+94%46G1*5%H'001I1%/18%;*6C%96)4:%+75%6;%/67+%<'=+*%/*'5(+>%?@%#A#.%F6864+9%%144+CI4+5%46%C6=+%)75+*%4:+%D*'5(+%14%4:'9%9'4+>%D)4%7+=+*%1II+1*+5%46%9)22++5>%10G189%26C'7(%D123.%

%&'()*+%,$.%J708%*'=+*%644+*%I:646(*1I:+5%'7%94)58>%)9'7(%1*+1%7+1*%96)4:+*7%D19+%6;%/67+%<'=+*%/*'5(+>%?@%#A#.%

%&'()*+%,K.%&0665'7(%6;%)I01759%1067(%/67+%<'=+*>%96)4:%+75%6;%/*'5(+>%?@%#A#.%%

%&'()*+%,L.%F)*'6)9%*122667%14%96)4:%+75%6;%/67+%<'=+*%/*'5(+>%?@%#A#.%%

Page 142: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

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

Page 143: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

%%%%%%%%%%%!

%&'()*+%,-.%/+01%2334'5(%1367*80%9'4+% &'()*+%:;.%<52+1%0'8+%=71>%9*'8(+% %%

%%%%%%%%%%%

%&'()*+%:#.%?=75%3@+*%*'@+*9754% &'()*+%:,.%A334'5(%)=01*+7B%%

%%%%%%%%%%%!!%&'()*+%::.%C*'B7*D%0+E1'35%3F%0=75%6>+*+%*'@+*%F2360%

Page 144: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

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

%Q(-8+.%OL=%V10D?"/0(1.,%,..+%7*).+50/(7;)%3.+%>..?%0/%G4%N%2(11030%4(5.+%V+(,-.%75.+%/'.%>..?)%79%67;(/7+(;-%(;%KC#C=%

Page 145: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

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

%

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

)>)4'+%*)-/*3)3%P/4'(% V:;6)*%/0%1.232.0)%)>)4'+%

*)-/*3)3%B,*.2% RQ% B:7:+'%% #M%P5?%% RT% K),');6)*%% #T%U:4)%% GR% &-'/6)*%%% C%U:2?% #R% % %%

Page 146: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

%

%&'()*+%,-.%/0123"41'0+5%5++*%56+%+74+*'7(%1*+1%)75+*%76*48%9'5+%6:%;*'5(+.%

%&'()*+%,<.%=>6%;0123%"41'0+5%5++*%56+9%)9'7(%1*+1%)75+*%96)48%9'5+%6:%;*'5(+.%

%&'()*+%,?.%@A699)B%)9'7(%1*+1%)75+*%76*48%9'5+%6:%;*'5(+.%C+(+414'67%7+1*%6A699)B%'9%144128+5%46%'49%41'0.%%

%&'()*+%,D.%/0123"41'0+5%5++*%56+%175%:1>7%'7%1*+1%>8+*+%(*199%819%;++7%2)4E%76*48%+75%6:%FG%<%H'001A1%G'I+*%/*'5(+.%%

%&'()*+%,J.%/0123"41'0+5%5++*%+74+*'7(%96)48%+75%6:%;*'5(+.%K64+%067(%(*199.%%%

%&'()*+%LM.%N14%175%6A699)B%)75+*%76*48%9'5+%6:%;*'5(+.%N14%175%6A699)B%*17%1>1O%'7%6AA69'4+%5'*+24'679.%

%

Page 147: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"##$

!"#$%&"'()$*+,(-"#.(/0++.(!"#$%&"'()*%$&'#&'()$+",%-*$&$ .&/-0"1%%$#&$$

*+,-.,/$0$1234$!45672832+9$

:;25$54<=493$+>$13,34$?2<;.,/$&$25$,9$4,53".453$7@9929<A$@9-2B2-4-$3.+"C,94$7+,-D$

E$F2G4$8,3;$7@95$8,7,CC4C$3+$3;4$7+,-.,/$,C+9<$3;4$9+73;$52-4$,C+9<$,9$+C-$7,2C7+,-$

<7,-4D$*+6G$H744G$7@95$3;7+@<;$3;4$537@63@74A$.;26;$25$5@77+@9-4-$F/$>+7453$6+B47$

3+$F+3;$3;4$9+73;$,9-$5+@3;D$$

$

137@63@74$!45672832+9$$

9:"#%$H+967434$58,9$F72-<4$+,-./,.-#(;.$/,&4$23(<3255%$HC,55$I$JC,7<4$@9-478,55K$)&=#$5&4$5%$L&MNO$;2<;$P$L(&M$58,9$P$#QM$C+9<$$

:;25$537@63@74$25$,9$+C-$=@C32"58,9$F72-<4$@9-478,55$J8C,R@4$29-26,34-$23$.,5$

6+9537@634-$29$LS#QK$.23;$6+967434$5@88+73$8+535A$.;26;$87+B2-4$,$=+74$+849$>44C$

3;7+@<;$3;4$537@63@74D$:;4$649347$58,9$F72-<45$3;4$=,29$8+732+9$+>$*+6G$H744G$T$

.;26;$.,5$,887+P2=,34C/$I"L(M$-448$,3$3;4$32=4$+>$3;4$,55455=493$T$.;2C4$3;4$3.+$

+@352-4$58,95$F72-<4$7287,8$52-4$5C+845D$:;4$7287,8$25$=+53C/$C,7<47$52U4-$J2D4DA$C,7<47$

3;,9$,$B+CC4/F,CCKA$,C3;+@<;$+9$3;4$4,53$52-4$+>$3;4$6744G$3;474$25$,$9,77+.$-7/$

8,3;.,/$6+=8+54-$+>$5=,CC47$7287,8$,9-$-273D$

$

:;474$25$9+$>49629<$,55+62,34-$.23;$3;4$537@63@74$+9$3;4$29C43$J5+@3;K$52-4D$V2=234-$Q"

537,9-$F,7F4-$.274$>49629<$4P349-5$3+$3;4$.453$>+7$,887+P2=,34C/$L((M$+9$3;4$9+73;$

52-4$+>$3;4$537@63@74D$:;25$>49629<$25$29$8++7$6+9-232+9$.23;$=@C328C4$;+C45$,9-$,74,5$

.;474$3;4$B4<43,32+9$25$8@CC29<$-+.9$3;4$>4964D$W@,7-7,2C$25$8745493$,F+B4$3;4$

537@63@74$>+7$3;4$C49<3;$+>$3;4$537@63@74D$:;474$25$C233C4$4B2-4964$+>$;@=,9$,632B23/$,3$

3;25$537@63@74A$,C3;+@<;$,$>4.$>++3872935$.474$+F547B4-D$$

$

X2C-C2>4$

!447A$7,66++9A$,9-$5=,CC$7+-493$37,6G5$.474$+F547B4-$F/$3;4$537@63@74A$,9-$47=294$

56,3$.,5$>+@9-$F494,3;$3;4$537@63@74D$$$

$

+"#/&#5(641#=#$,(>.&3%(82$?&$75(:;25$5234$.,5$2-4932>24-$F/$X1!Y:$F2+C+<2535$,5$2=8+73,93$>+7$5846245$29$4,6;$+>$3;4$

Z+B4=493$W@2C-5D$:;25$C+6,32+9$74642B4-$$[HM$7,9G5$>+7$V+.$Z+F2C23/$1=,CC$\,@9,A$

E-,832B4$]9<@C,345A$,9-$^47/$?2<;$Y8499455$\,@9,A$=4,929<$3;,3$537@63@74$6+@C-$

F4$7437+>2334-$3+$F43347$,66+==+-,34$5846245$+>$3;454$<@2C-5D$ECC$+3;47$5846245$<@2C-5$

74642B4-$,9$[EM$7,9GD$_9$<4947,CA$3;4$>24C-$4B,C@,3+75$-4347=294-$3;,3$3;4$537@63@74$25$

C,7<4$,9-$+849$49+@<;$3+$,66+==+-,34$4,6;$+>$3;4$3,7<43$1846245$W@2C-5A$F@3$3;4$

7287,8$-4674,545$3;4$>@9632+9,C23/$+>$3;4$537@63@74$>+7$54B47,C$1846245$W@2C-5D$

$

$

$

Page 148: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

%!"#$%%"&'()*$&+,&'((')*+,%-./%01/%./2'33/+4/4%./0.'5*06%-0%01*6%6*0/7%

• 8(0/.%'.%2'9/.%.*:.-:%'+%6*4/%6(':/6%0'%:.'9*4/%-%4*.0%:-01)-;%01.'<,1%01/%.*:.-:%'+%/*01/.%6*4/%'5%01/%2.//=>%?-*+0-*+%+-0<.-(%60./-3%@-+=6%0'%01/%/A0/+0%:'66*@(/B%

• ?-*+0-*+%+-0*9/%9/,/0-0*'+%,.')01%-0%01/%60.<20<./%/+0.-+2/6%-+4%-9'*4%01/%<6/%'5%1/.@*2*4/6%*+%01/6/%-./-6B%

• C+60-((%)*(4(*5/%5/+2*+,%5'.%(-.,/.%3-33-(6%-+4%63-((%3-33-(6%0'%,<*4/%-+*3-(6%0')-.46%01/%60.<20<./B%%

%%

%%%%%%%%%%%%

&*,<./%DEB%F*,1)-;%G%(''=*+,%/-60% % &*,<./%D#B%F*,1)-;%G%(''=*+,%)/60%%%%

%%%%%%%%%%%%

&*,<./%D$B%H.*4,/%-+4%.*:.-:%6*4/%6(':/6% &*,<./%DDB%?-*+%6:-+

Page 149: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

% % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

&'()*+%$,-%.*'/(+%01/%0/203+14%56*+74% &'()*+%$8-%$"74*01/%90*9+/%:'*+%5+13'1(%61%16*4;:+74%7'/+%65%74*)34)*+% % % %

Page 150: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

!"#$%&"'()$*+,(-''$*+.(/0&12%$034(/&5%"'(6&7+0(!"#$%&"'()*&%$'()#*)'+%+",%-*%$'(% .&/-0"1%&%#*%%,-./0.1%2%3456%!67894:54-;%<4=>0.1%$'(%47%.;%6.75"0675%9?;;4;=%50-"@.;6%>4=>0.1%5>9-?=>%4;%7-?5>067569;%A.7>4;=5-;B%C>47%76=D6;5%-E%5>6%9-./%89-7767%5>9-?=>%E-96756/F%D-?;5.4;-?7%5699.4;B%%%359?85?96%!67894:54-;%%9:"#&%A--/6;%G94/=6%+,-./,.-#(;.$/,&4$23(<3255&%[email protected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email protected]%.;/%[691%<4=>%S:6;;677%X.?;.%G68.?76%45%47%5--%7D.@@%5-%.88-DD-/.56%7:68467%4;%5>676%T-Q6D6;5%P?4@/7F%.;/%8.;;-5%G6%9659-E45%5-%.88-DD-/.56%5>6DB%Y%;60%759?85?96%0-?@/%G6%96\?496/%.5%5>47%@-8.54-;%5-%:9-Q4/6%.%7.E6%:.77.=6%E-9%D6DG697%-E%5>676%P?4@/7B%%%6+#"**+'.$%&"'8(X-@@-04;=%.96%5>6%968-DD6;/6/%9659-E457%.5%5>47%7456&%

• ]D:9-Q6%E-9%7D.@@%D.DD.@7%G1%:9-Q4/4;=%.%/91%:.5>0.1%-;%-;6%74/6%-E%5>6%7596.D%645>69%G1%8-;759?854;=%.;%.954E484.@%G.;O%5>9-?=>%5>6%759?85?96%?74;=%7D.@@"/4.D6569%94:9.:%.;/%/495F%-9%G1%4;75.@@4;=%.%7D.@@%D.DD.@%7>6@E%5>9-?=>%5>6%759?85?96B%%

%X-@@-04;=%.96%5>6%968-DD6;/.54-;7%E-9%96:@.84;=%5>6%759?85?96%5-%.88-DD-/.56%@.9=69%04@/@4E6F%7?8>%.7%/669F%8-1-56%.;/%6@O&%

Page 151: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

• &'()*+(%+,(%-.*/0*1%+.%*22.33./*+(%*%,45,(-%6+-72+7-(8%• 9.:6+-72+%*%04/(-%6+-72+7-(%+,*+%6;*:6%+,(%<*:=6%.:%(4+,(-%64/(%.>%+,(%6+-(*3%

+.%;-.)4/(%*%/-1%;*+,0*1?%@-%2-(*+(%*%/.7<'(%6+-72+7-(%+,*+%*22.33./*+(6%+,(%6+-(*3%.:%.:(%64/(A%*:/%+,(%+(--(6+-4*'%;*66*5(%*:%.)(->'.0%4:%+,(%.+,(-?%

• B:6+*''%04'/'4>(%>(:24:5%>.-%'*-5(-%3*33*'6%*:/%63*''%3*33*'6%+.%574/(%*:43*'6%+.0*-/6%+,(%6+-72+7-(?%%

%%%

%%%%%%%%%%%

C457-(%DE?%F.7+(%GHI%'..=4:5%0(6+% C457-(%DI?%@7+'(+%64/(%%%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

C457-(%DJ?%K..=4:5%/.0:6+-(*3%>-.3%.7+'(+% C457-(%GH?%B:'(+%64/(%%

Page 152: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

!"#$%&"'()$*+,(-"./&%0(1&2+3((!"#$%&"'()*&%'#(''#)*(+$%+",%-*%'#% .&/-0"1%&%'##)*%%,-./0.1%2%3456%!67894:54-;%<=47%76>?6;5%-@%35.56%A4>=0.1%'#%47%.;%6.75"0675%9B;;4;>C%B;/4D4/6/%50-"E.;6%9-./)%F%7?.EE%8-B;51%9-./%4;56976857%5=6%=4>=0.1%4??6/4.56E1%5-%5=6%0675%-@%5=6%759B85B96)%<=6%7B99-B;/4;>%E.;/78.:6%47%E.9>6E1%.>948BE5B9.EC%045=%.%;.99-0%7594:%-@%94:.94.;%@-9675%E4;4;>%5=6%94D69)%F%04/6%8E6.9%G-;6%./H.86;5%5-%5=6%9-./%:.D6?6;5%47%?.4;5.4;6/%-;%I-5=%74/67%-@%5=6%9-./)%%359B85B96%!67894:54-;%%9:"#&%3566E%.;/%8-;89656%7:.;%I94/>6%+,-./,.-#(;.$/,&4$23(<3255&%JE.77%K%L6M56;74D6%I94/>6N%)&=#$5&4$5&%##O%=4>=%M%#++O%7:.;%M%PPO%E-;>%%<=47%759B85B96%47%.;%6M56;74D6%I94/>6%7:.;;4;>%.%I9-./%94D69%.;/%./H.86;5%I.;Q7C%045=%?BE54:E6%9-07%-@%8-;89656%7B::-95%:-757%.E-;>%5=6%E6;>5=%-@%5=6%7:.;)%<=6%I94/>6%7:.;7%.89-77%5=6%;.5B9.E%=4>=%I.;Q%7E-:67C%7B8=%5=.5%5=696%47%.%04/6%569967594.E%.96.%I6;6.5=%5=6%759B85B96C%6D6;%/B94;>%:694-/7%-@%=4>=%@E-07)%A-06D69C%5=696%47%E455E6%D6>65.54-;%8-D69%I6;6.5=%5=6%759B85B96%4576E@)%%F%/495%9-./%6M56;/7%@9-?%5=6%=4>=0.1%5-%5=6%759B85B96%6;59.;86%-;%5=6%;-95=0675%74/6C%@-9%:6-:E6%5-%/49685E1%.88677%5=6%94D69)%%%<=696%47%;-%04E/E4@6%@6;84;>%.77-84.56/%045=%5=6%759B85B96C%.E5=-B>=%5=6%./H.86;5%.>948BE5B9.E%@46E/7%.96%@6;86/)%<=696%47%.%E4?456/%76>?6;5%-@%>B.9/9.4E%.77-84.56/%045=%5=6%759B85B96)%AB?.;%.854D451%47%.::.96;5%.5%5=6%759B85B96C%.;/%I-5=%=B?.;%.;/%/->%59.8Q7%0696%-I769D6/)%%%%R4E/E4@6%!669%59.8Q7%0696%-I769D6/%B;/69%5=6%759B85B96C%.;/%I-5=%/669%.;/%6EQ%59.8Q7%0696%-I769D6/%4;%5=6%D484;451%-@%5=6%759B85B96)%SEQ%59.8Q7%0696%.E7-%@-B;/%.E-;>%5=6%9-./74/6)%F%>.?6%59.4E%0.7%@-B;/%E6./4;>%@9-?%5=6%94:.94.;%G-;6%.E-;>%5=6%@6;86/"-@@%.>948BE5B9.E%@46E/7%-;%5=6%7-B5=0675%74/6%B:%5-%5=6%>B.9/9.4E)%%%+"#/&#5(641#=#$,(>.&3%(82$?&$75(<=47%7456%0.7%4/6;54@46/%I1%R3!T<%I4-E->4757%.7%4?:-95.;5%@-9%7:68467%4;%6.8=%-@%5=6%U-D6?6;5%VB4E/7)%<=47%E-8.54-;%96864D6/%.;%WFO%9.;Q%@-9%6.8=%-@%5=6%5.9>65%3:68467%U-D6?6;5%VB4E/7C%?6.;4;>%5=.5%5=6%@46E/%6D.EB.5-97%/6569?4;6/%5=.5%.;4?.E7%@9-?%6.8=%-@%5=676%>B4E/7%8-BE/%7B88677@BE%:.77%5=9-B>=%5=47%759B85B96%.7%47%-9%045=%7?.EE%?-/[email protected];7)%%%%%(

Page 153: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

!"#$%%"&'()*$&+,&'((')*+,%-./%01/%./2'33/+4/4%./0.'5*06%-0%01*6%6*0/7%

• 8+60-((%)*(4(*5/%5/+2*+,%5'.%(-.,/.%3-33-(6%-+4%63-((%3-33-(6%0'%,9*4/%-+*3-(6%0')-.46%01/%60.9209./:%%

• ;*+*3*</%193-+%-20*=*0>%-0%01/%60.9209./?%@.'=*4/%.*=/.%-22/66%59.01/.%9@"%'.%4')+60./-3%5.'3%01/%60.9209./%*06/(5:%%

%%%%%%%%%%%%

%&*,9./%AB:%8+(/0%6*4/% &*,9./%A#:%C/../60.*-(%-./-%D/+/-01%%D.*4,/%

%%%%%%%%%%

&*,9./%AE:%F90(/0%6*4/% &*,9./%AG:%H''I*+,%0')-.46%*+(/0%%%%%%%%%%%%%

&*,9./%AA:%J-3/%0.-*(%5.'3%.*@-.*-+%% &*,9./%AK:%L'-4)->%M'+/%-+4%5/+2/4%5*/(46%0'%,9-.4.-*(%

Page 154: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

!"#$%&"'()$*+,(-'.&$'(/0++1(!"#$%&"'()*&%'#(')$(*+%+",%-*%'#% .&/-0"1%&%')$%%,-./0.1%2%3456%!67894:54-;%<=47%76>?6;5%-@%35.56%A4>=0.1%'#%47%.;%6.75"0675%9B;;4;>C%B;/4D4/6/%50-"E.;6%9-./F%<=6%7B99-B;/4;>%E.;/78.:6%47%@-96756/%.;/%4;%G.54-;.E%H-9675%-0;697=4:F%I%=-976%9.;8=%-:69.567%-;%5=6%;-95=%74/6%-@%5=6%=4>=0.1F%%359B85B96%!67894:54-;%%9:"#&%3566E%.;/%8-;89656%7:.;%J94/>6%+,-./,.-#(;.$/,&4$23(<3255&%KE.77%L%M6N56;74D6%J94/>6O%)&=#$5&4$5&%+P%=4>=Q%N%')*P%7:.;%N%R#P%E-;>%

Q>4,#&%5=47%47%5=6%@B;854-;.E%=64>=5%-@%5=6%569967594.E%:.5=0.1%B;/69%5=6%J94/>6C%;-5%5=6%=64>=5%@9-?%5=6%94D69%5-%5=6%J94/>6F%%

%<=47%759B85B96%47%.;%6N56;74D6%J94/>6%7:.;;4;>%.%?-B;5.4;-B7%94D69%/9.4;.>6F%<=6%J94/>6%7:.;7%5=6%94D69%.7%06EE%.7%5=6%./S.86;5%=4>=%J.;T7F%U5%47%7B::-956/%J1%8-;89656%:4EE.97%-;%J-5=%74/67%-@%5=6%94D69%.;/%94:9.:%964;@-986?6;5%.5%5=6%.JB5?6;57F%I%/6@4;6/%/495%:.5=0.1%47%6D4/6;5%89-774;>%5=9-B>=%5=6%759B85B96C%.;/%.::6.97%5-%J6%B76/%J1%=-976J.8T%94/697%.;/%04E/E4@6%.E4T6F%%<=696%47%;-%D6>65.54-;%8-D69%J6;6.5=%5=6%759B85B96%4576E@F%%%<=696%47%;-%04E/E4@6%@6;84;>%.77-84.56/%045=%5=6%759B85B96C%.E5=-B>=%5=6%./S.86;5%.>948BE5B9.E%@46E/7%.96%@6;86/F%VB.9/9.4E%47%:9676;5%.J-D6%5=6%759B85B96%@-9%5=6%E6;>5=%-@%5=6%759B85B96F%AB?.;%.854D451%.5%5=6%759B85B96%.::6.97%E4?456/%5-%-88.74-;.E%B76%J1%=-976J.8T%94/697F%I;%4;569D460%045=%5=6%=-976%9.;8=%-:69.5-97%8-BE/%8-;@49?%5=6%E6D6E%-@%=B?.;%B76F%%%W4E/E4@6%I%>.?6%59.4E%:.7767%5=9-B>=%5=6%759B85B96%.;/%.%;B?J69%-@%J-5=%/669%.;/%6ET%59.8T7%0696%-J769D6/%B;/69%5=6%759B85B96%.;/%4;%5=6%./S.86;5%=.J45.5C%.7%06EE%.7%E6./4;>%B:%5-%5=6%9-./74/67F%3?.EE%9-/6;5%78.5%0.7%.E7-%@-B;/%4;%5=6%759B85B96F%A6.D1%6ET%/9-::4;>7%0696%-J769D6/%4;%.96.7%E6./4;>%5-%5=6%759B85B96F%%+"#/&#5(641#=#$,(?.&3%(82$@&$75(<=47%7456%0.7%4/6;54@46/%J1%W3!X<%J4-E->4757%.7%4?:-95.;5%@-9%7:68467%4;%6.8=%-@%5=6%Y-D6?6;5%VB4E/7F%<=47%E-8.54-;%96864D6/%ZIP%9.;T7%@-9%Y-/69.56%Y-J4E451%3?.EE%H.B;.C%I/.:54D6%A4>=%Y-J4E451%H.B;.C%.;/%A4>=%X:6;;677%A4>=%Y-J4E451%K.9;4D-967F%<=6%759B85B96%96864D6/%ZKP%9.;T7%@-9%I/.:54D6%[;>BE.567%.;/%\691%A4>=%X:6;;677%H.B;.%J68.B76%5=6%E.8T%-@%.%/91%:.5=0.1%-;%5=6%0675%74/6%-@%5=6%94D69%?.T67%45%4?:.77.JE6%@-9%7:68467%4;%5=676%>9-B:7%5=9-B>=%5=.5%:-954-;%-@%5=6%759B85B96F%<=6%759B85B96%96864D6/%.%ZHP%@-9%]-0%Y-J4E451%3?.EE%H.B;.%J68.B76%-@%5=6%E.8T%-@%;.5B9.E%94:.94.;%7596.?%J.;T7%5=9-B>=%5=6%759B85B96F%%%(

Page 155: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

!"#$%%"&'()*$&+,&'((')*+,%-./%01/%./2'33/+4/4%./0.'5*06%-0%01*6%6*0/7%

• 8'+60.920%+-09.-(%69:60.-0/%;-01)-<6%-('+,%01/%)-0/.=6%/4,/%5'.%.*;-.*-+%6;/2*/6%3'>*+,%-('+,%01-0%/4,/?%%

• @+60-((%)*(4(*5/%5/+2*+,%5'.%(-.,/.%3-33-(6%-+4%63-((%3-33-(6%0'%,9*4/%-+*3-(6%0')-.46%01/%60.9209./%-+4%;./>/+0%-0",.-4/%2.'66*+,6?%%

• A*+*3*B/%193-+C1'.6/%-20*>*0<%-0%01/%60.9209./D%/+69./%-;;.';.*-0/%-22/66%-+4%2'+0.'(6%5'.%01/%1'.6/%.-+21%0'%/+69./%01-0%*5%+/)%)*(4(*5/%5/+2*+,%*6%*+60-((/4%*0%)*((%+'0%:/%*+%2'+5(*20%)*01%01/*.%+//46?%%

• A-*+0-*+%>/,/0-0*'+%2'>/.%-0%60.9209./%/+0.-+2/6?%%

%%%%%%%%%%%

&*,9./%EF?%G'-4)-<%(''H*+,%/-60% &*,9./%EI?%@+(/0%6*4/%%

%%%%%%%%%%% % &*,9./%J$?%!.<%;-01)-<%'+%/-60%6*4/%%%%,,

&*,9./%EK?%L0//;%:-+H%'+%)/60%6*4/%,,%% &*,9./%JM?%N*/)%0')-.46%*+(/0

Page 156: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

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

Page 157: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

%• &'()*%+(,*-.%/*01%23(%042'(2%)5+%1)-52)-5%05%)%*(64')*%,).-.7%%• 8++%,)//'(.%20%23(%94':(*%/'00*%20%*(2)-5%)%+-*2%/'00*%23*0463%23(%'(5623%0/%23(%

.2*4924*(7%%%%%%%%%%%%%

;-64*(%<$7%=0>%94':(*2%)2%,).(%0/%/-''%.'0?(%%

%%% ;-64*(%<#7%@056A%5)**0B%2455('%% (//(92%%%%%%%%

%;-64*(%<C7%@00D-56%4?%23(%+*)-5)6(%/*01%-5'(2%

%%%%%%% ;-64*(%<E7%!(,*-.%)2%94':(*2%042'(2%%%%;-64*(%<<7%F0)+B)G%'00D-56%50*23

Page 158: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"##$

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

Page 159: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

!"#$%%"&'()*$&+%&'(%)*++*,-./%0(1234(2%14(%4(5*00(.6(6%7*%-084*9(%7'(%)3.57-*.1+-7:%*)%7'-2%27435734(;%%

• <4(17(%6-47%817',1:2%7'4*3/'%7'(%4-8418%*.%=*7'%2-6(2%*)%7'(%4-9(4;%• >(9(/(717(%7'(%274(10%=1.?2%7'4*3/'%7'(%27435734(%7*%155*00*617(%@*,%

A*=-+-7:%B01++%C13.1%1.6%*7'(4%4-814-1."6(8(.6(.7%,-+6+-)(;%%• >(8+15(%7'(%=14=(6",-4(%)(.5-./%,-7'%DE")**7%'-/'%,-+6+-)(%)(.5-./%7*%/3-6(%

1.-01+2%7*,1462%7'(%27435734(%1.6%6-25*341/(%17"/416(%54*22-./2;%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%C-/34(%FG;%>*16,1:% C-/34(%FD;%B388*47%,1++%%%%%%%%%%%%

C-/34(%FH;%B-6(%2+*8(%*.%,(27%2-6(%*)%4-9(4% C-/34(%GI;%J4-6/(%9-(,%)4*0%*37+(7%%

%%%%%%%%%%

C-/34(%GK;%>-8418%*.%(127%2-6(%*)%4-9(4% C-/34(%GL;%M-(,%*)%641-.1/(%)4*0%*37+(7%

Page 160: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

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

Page 161: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

%%

%%%%%%%%%%%%

&'()*+%,#-%.'/0*'01%23*+45%016% &'()*+%,7-%&805"93553:+6%/'/+%;)8<+*5%:+063=%05%3)58+5%%%

%%%%%%%%!!!

&'()*+%,>-%.306=0?%016%06@0;+15%23*+45%%%%!!% &'()*+%,$-%A18+5%!

Page 162: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

!"#$%&"'()$*+,(-&..(/0++1(!"#$%&"'()*&%'($)*'(+'%+",%-*%'% .&/-0"1%&%$)*'%%,-./0.1%2%3456%!67894:54-;%<=47%76>?6;5%-@%5=6%6.75"0675%9A;;4;>%75.56%B4>=0.1%'%47%.%/4C4/6/%@-A9"D.;6%=4>=0.1%5=9-A>=%5=6%@-96756/%E.78./6%F-A;5.4;7*%%%359A85A96%!67894:54-;%%9:"#&%G98=%8ADC695%+,-./,.-#(;.$/,&4$23(<3255&%ED.77%#%HD.9>6%A;/69:.77I%)&=#$5&4$5&%+'J%=4>=%K%#LJ%7:.;%K%+M)J%D-;>N%

>?4,#(@4,A(,A#($4-,A(2$%(54.,A(5,-./,.-#5(A21#(2""-4'&=2,#3:(,A#(52=#(%&=#$5&4$5B(23,A4.7A(,A#(54.,A(5,-./,.-#(C25($4,(%&-#/,3:(=#25.-#%(@#/2.5#(4D(,A#(32/E(4D(2//#55(%.#(,4(,A#(5,##"(-&"-2"(534"#5F(

%<=696%.96%50-%759A85A967%.5%5=47%D-8.54-;O%-;6%A;/69%5=6%6.75P-A;/%D.;67%.;/%.;-5=69%A;/69%5=6%0675%P-A;/%D.;67*%%Q-5=%759A85A967%.96%D.9>6%.98=%8ADC6957%045=%:696;;4.D%0.569%@D-0%5=9-A>=%5=6%759A85A96*%<=6%759A85A967%.96%76:.9.56/%P1%04/6%HR'))JI%C6>65.56/%?6/4.;*%<=6%7596.?%8-?67%4;%@9-?%5=6%7-A5=S%0=696%45%47%P476856/%P1%5=6%=4>=0.1S%.;/%?6.;/697%5=9-A>=%5=6%=6.C4D1"C6>65.56/%?6/4.;S%7A8=%5=.5%5=6%;-95=%759A85A96%47%-@@765%@9-?%5=6%7-A5=69;%-;6%P1%.P-A5%+T+)"?4D6*%<=6%;-95=%759A85A96%47%745A.56/%4;%.%D-0%@4DD%7D-:6%0=4D6%5=6%7-A5=%759A85A96%47%745A.56/%.5%5=6%P.76%-@%.%7-?60=.5%=4>=69%.;/%74>;4@48.;5D1%D-;>69%@4DD%7D-:6*%%%%UK56;74C6%94:9.:%47%.77-84.56/%045=%P-5=%759A85A967%.7%06DD%.7%5=6%7596.?%P.;V7%5=9-A>=%5=6%?6/4.;*%G5%5=6%;-95=%759A85A96S%94:9.:%D4;67%5=6%7596.?%P.;V7%HR#)J%04/6I%.;/%./W.86;5%@4DD%7D-:67%-;%P-5=%5=6%-A5D65%.;/%?6/4.;%H4;D65I%74/67%-@%5=6%759A85A96*%G5%5=6%7-A5=%759A85A96S%5=6%6K56;74C6%@4DD%7D-:6%47%964;@-986/%045=%94:%9.:%.D-;>%457%6;5496%D6;>5=*%%%Q-AD/697%=.C6%P66;%:D.86/%4;74/6%-@%5=6%759A85A967%5-%74?AD.56%.%?-96%;.5A9.D%@D-0*%<=6%8ADC695%47%8-?:D656D1%-88A:46/%P1%5=6%7596.?%.;/S%0=4D6%5=6%7596.?%47%;-5%/66:%HD677%5=.;%#J%.5%5=6%54?6%-@%5=6%6C.DA.54-;IS%45%47%A;D4V6D1%5=.5%6C6;%D.9>69%?.??.D7%0-AD/%89-77%5=9-A>=%5=676%8ADC6957*%%<=696%47%;-%@6;84;>%.77-84.56/%045=%5=6%759A85A96*%XA.9/9.4D%6K56;/7%5=9-A>=-A5%5=47%76>?6;5%-;%P-5=%74/67%-@%5=6%9-./0.1%.P-C6%P-5=%5=6%;-95=%.;/%7-A5=%759A85A967*%Y=4D6%=A?.;%A76%/-67%;-5%.::6.9%5-%-88A9%96>AD.9D1%.5%5=47%D-8.54-;S%>9.@@454%0.7%@-A;/%-;%5=6%;-95=69;%759A85A96*%%%%%Y4D/D4@6%!669%.;/%6DV%59.8V7%0696%-P769C6/%4;%5=6%C484;451%-@%5=6%;-95=%759A85A96%-;%P-5=%5=6%-A5D65%.;/%?6/4.;%74/67*%Z;%-;6%:D.86S%/669%59.8V7%0696%@-A;/%89-774;>%5=9-A>=%5=6%;.99-0675%:-954-;%-@%5=6%94:9.:%5-%.786;/%5=6%@4DD%7D-:6*%%,-./%V4DD%0.7%.D7-%@-A;/%.5%

Page 163: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

&'()%*+,-&(+./%0+)&%*(12*3%-%)45(662*%+6%6-77(&8%%96-,1)%:262%;+5.<%-*+.=%&'2%6+-<:-3%

-&%7+&'%&'2%.+6&'%-.<%)+5&'%)&65,&562)8%>+))(7*2%7(='+6.%)'22?%&6-,1)%:262%+7)26@2<%

-*+.=%&'2%6+-<%-&%&'()%)(&28%%%

%

+"#/&#5(641#9#$,(:.&3%(82$;&$75(9'()%)(&2%:-)%(<2.&(;(2<%73%AB!C9%7(+*+=()&)%-)%(0?+6&-.&%;+6%)?2,(2)%(.%2-,'%+;%&'2%

D+@202.&%E5(*<)8%9'()%)&65,&562%62,2(@2<%-%FGH%6-.1%;+6%-**%)?2,(2)%0+@202.&%=5(*<)%

-.<%,-..+&%72%62&6+;(&%&+%-,,+00+<-&2%&2662)&6(-*%:(*<*(;28%I+&-7*3/%&'2%)&65,&562%

'-)%62,2(@2<%-:-6<)%;+6%(&)%-7(*(&3%&+%-,,+00+<-&2%;()'%?-))-=2/%'(='*(='&(.=%&'2%

.22<%&+%,+.)(<26%&2662)&6(-*%-)%:2**%-)%-45-&(,%?-))-=2%:'2.%<2)(=.(.=%-.<%

,+.)&65,&(.=%)&65,&562)8%%

%

!"#$%%"&'()*$&+,A'(*2%&'2%)&65,&562%05)&%72%62?*-,2<%:(&'%-%.2:%)&65,&562%&+%-,,+00+<-&2%

&2662)&6(-*%:(*<*(;2%?-))-=2/%)2@26-*%(0?6+@202.&)%,+5*<%72%0-<2%&+%0-12%&'2%

*+,-&(+.%0+62%:(*<*(;2";6(2.<*38%9'2)2%(.,*5<2J%

• D(.(0(K2%6(?6-?%+.%&'2%)*+?2)%-<L-,2.&%&+%&'2%)&65,&562%-.<M+6%?6+@(<2%

F2),-?2%?-&':-3)H%;+6%5.=5*-&2)%&'-&%-62%&6-??2<%+.%&'2%6+-<:-3%)(<2%+;%&'2%

6(?6-?8%%

• N20+@2%&'2%)*+?2%.2&&(.=/%:'(,'%0-3%2.).-62%).-12)%-.<%)0-**%-.(0-*)8%%

%

%

%

%

%

% %

%

%

%

%

%

G(=562%OO8%I+6&'")(<2%)&65,&562%+5&*2&% G(=562%O$8%A2)&%7+5.<%*-.2)/%*++1(.=%%

% 2-)&%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

%

G(=562%OP8%Q(2:%;6+0%.+6&'")(<2%)&65,&562%+5&*2&%

%

%

Page 164: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

%%%%%%%%%%

&'()*+%,-.%/'0*10"2'3+4%56*+17% &'()*+%,8.%9'+:%;*<7%3<*6="%5'4+%>13?%134%;'22%52<0+%@3<*6=%5'4+% 56*)A6)*+%1A*<55%7+4'13%6<%*'0*10%56*)A6)*+%'32+6B% % ;'22%52<0+%12<3(%+156><)34%213+5%%% % %

%%%%%%%%%%%

&'()*+%,C.%/'0*10%;'22%52<0+%<3%5<)6=%5'4+%@+156><)34%213+5B%%%%%% &'()*+%,#.%&*<7%+156><)34%213+5%%% 2<<?'3(%1A*<55%7+4'13%6<:1*45%% 3<*6=%56*)A6)*+%%%%%%% %%

Page 165: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

!"#$%&"'()$*+,(-.+(/.0*(1&2+3(43&56+(7$8$(40..93"6:(!"#$%&"'()*&%'$()'(*+%+",%-*%,"'$% .&/-0"1%&%)'%%-./01/2%3%4567%!789:5;65.<%=>58%87?@7<6%.A%,<67:86/67%'$%58%/<%7/86"1786%:B<<5<?C%#"D/<7%05E507%>5?>1/2%FG%D/<78%5<%7/9>%05:7965.<HI%=>7%8B::.B<05<?%D/<089/;7%58%D/:?7D2%A.:78670I%%46:B96B:7%!789:5;65.<%%9:"#&%J.<9:767%/<0%4677D%K:50?78%+,-./,.-#(;.$/,&4$23(<3255&%JD/88%#%F7L67<85E7%M:50?7H%)&=#$5&4$5&%*GN%>5?>%L%*O$N%8;/<%L%+$N%D.<?P%

>?4,#(@4,A(,A#($4-,A(2$%(54.,A(5,-./,.-#5(A21#(2""-4'&=2,#3:(,A#(52=#(%&=#$5&4$5B(

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

Page 166: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

!"#$%%"&'()*$&+,&'(()*+,-.%+/)%0+('1+'()%20%/23/,-%4'*1+25*6,%45(%72,8,24)%960063)%5*%+/)%7)0+%028)%54%+/)%(2:)(.%;'+%()<62*0%,6(3),-%*5*"4'*1+25*6,%5*%+/)%)60+%028)=%>%96+/76-%+/(5'3/%+/)%(29(69%75',8%2<9(5:)%960063)%5995(+'*2+2)0%5*%+/)%)60+%028)=%%%%%

%%%%%%%%%%%

?23'()%@#=%A2)7%4(5<%;)*)6+/%05'+/%0+('1+'()%

%%%% %?23'()%@B=%CD!EF%0+644%6*8%%% ()0)6(1/)(%2*%4(5*+%54%;(283)%%% % %% %%%%

?23'()%@G=%H29(69%;6*I0%5*%)60+%028)%54%(2:)(%%

%%%%% ?23'()%@J=%!2(+.%(51I-%6()6%5*%7)0+%%% 028)%54%(2:)(%%%%%%

?23'()%@@=%K60+%028)%<)826*%%

Page 167: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

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

E8234V.,%

W09*.+%6;%!..+%D*)<%2/%

C(/.%

W09*.+%6;%!..+%D*)<%:.+%!24%

W09*.+%6;%C011.));03%%>+6))(8-)%/'+60-'%)/+01/0+.%

W09*.+%6;%!..+%

1+6))(8-%:.+%,24%%

C011.))%@2/.%XTY%

@2/.%6;%@.:.33.814%

XTY%

Z2+233.3%@2/.%XTY%

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

Page 168: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

&'())(*+,%-(.(*+,%/(&-(*+,%0*1%23!45%)0(*67*0*87%90*+(*+%/9:)%690&-%;(8.<;%6:%890*7&%8:)(*+%<*179%6-7%=9(1+7%/:9%<;.77;>%%

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

Page 169: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"##$

$ $$

%&'()*$+,-$./0$12$34(25$3&6*$47$8"+,$9/*$

./(:$;)&6'*-$

%&'()*$+<-$91/&74)=&1$')4(=6$3>(&))*/$4=$

=4)25$3&6*$47$8"+,$9/*$./(:$;)&6'*-$$

$$

%&'()*$+?-$@(/*$6**)$;(A0$1=6$64*$4=$

34(25$3&6*$47$8"+,$9/*$./(:$B)&6'*-$$

%&'()*$+C-$@(/*$6**)$71D=$/440&='$(E$24$

8"+,$4=$=4)25$3&6*$47$25*$9/*$./(:$B)&6'*-$$

$ $%&'()*$+#-$91=161$'443*$1=6$'43/&='3$

(=6*)$8"+,$9/*$./(:$B)&6'*-$$

%&'()*$+F-$G4)A(E&=*$*=2*)&='$1)*1$

(=6*)$8"+,$9/*$./(:$B)&6'*H$=4)25$3&6*$47$

;)&6'*-$$

Page 170: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

!"#$%&'#(!)%*+,!-.$/+0!10++/!23!45!6#.78+!9#:!1.8;+0&!!"#$%&"'()*&%'()*+),#%+",%-*%-"'(% .&/-0"1%&%*+%%./01203%4%5678%!89:;6<76/=%>?69%98@A8=7%/B%-=78;97078%'(%69%0=%8097"2897%;C==6=@D%#"E0=8%16F618%?6@?203%GH%E0=89%6=%80:?%16;8:76/=IJ%>?8%9C;;/C=16=@%E0=19:0<8%69%98A6"=07C;0ED%B/;89781%267?%=80;K3%;89618=760E%18F8E/<A8=7J%%%57;C:7C;8%!89:;6<76/=%%9:"#&%L/=:;878%M/N%LCEF8;7%O=18;<099%+,-./,.-#(;.$/,&4$23(<3255&%LE099%H%GA816CA%C=18;<099I%)&=#$5&4$5&%#P,(Q%?6@?%N%'P%9<0=R%N%$SP+Q%E/=@%%>?8%97;C:7C;8%69%:/A</981%/B%72/%98<0;078%72/":?0AK8;81%:/=:;878%K/N%:CEF8;79J%>?8;8%69%0%@;0993D%287%A8160=%G0<<;/N6A078E3%+$P%2618I%98<0;076=@%7?8%72/%97;C:7C;89J%T%9A0EE%97;80A%BE/29%7?;/C@?%7?8%97;C:7C;89J%>?8%97;80A%BE/2%BE0778=9%/C7%09%67%<09989%7?;/C@?%7?8%97;C:7C;8J%%>?8;8%209%=/%1;3%<07?203%0EE%7?8%203%7?;/C@?%7?8%97;C:7C;8D%0E7?/C@?%7?8%2078;%E8F8E%209%E/2%0=1%9E/2"A/F6=@%07%7?8%76A8%/B%7?8%8F0EC076/=J%>?8%97;80A%E6U8E3%1;689%C<%<0;760EE3%K3%A61"9CAA8;D%E80F6=@%A/;8%1;3%<0990@8%6=%K/7?%:?0AK8;9J%56A6E0;E3D%1;3%<07?2039%26EE%E6U8E3%K8%:/A<E878E3%/KE678;0781%1C;6=@%?6@?%2078;%8F8=79J%>?8%9CK97;078%7?;/C@?%7?8%97;C:7C;8%69%AC113%0=1%267?/C7%;/:U9%/;%@;0F8EJ%T%;06E;/01%;C=9%<0;0EE8E%7/%7?8%6=78;97078%/=%7?8%9/C7?%9618%/B%7?8%97;C:7C;8D%2?8;8%7?8%97;80A%69%:?0==8E81%7?;/C@?%0=%011676/=0E%K/N%:CEF8;7J%%%>?8%9C;;/C=16=@%?0K6707%/=%K/7?%7?8%=/;7?%0=1%9/C7?%96189%/B%7?8%97;C:7C;8%69%E0;@8E3%B/;89781J%>?8;8%0;8%=/%/K97;C:76/=9%/;%18K;69%07%0=3%/B%7?8%:CEF8;7%8=7;0=:89J%V696K6E673%7?;/C@?%7?8%97;C:7C;8%69%:E80;D%KC7%E677E8%E6@?7%8=78;9%6=7/%7?8%97;C:7C;8%0=1%7?8;8%69%0%?6@?%E6@?7%:/=7;097%:/A<0;81%7/%7?8%103E6@?7%/C79618%/B%7?8%97;C:7C;8J%%%M0;K81"26;8%;6@?7"/B%203%B8=:6=@%69%<;898=7%/=%K/7?%7?8%=/;7?%0=1%9/C7?%96189%/B%7?8%97;C:7C;8%B/;%7?8%8=76;8%;/01203%98@A8=7J%-=%011676/=D%7?8;8%69%0%@C0;1;06E%6AA816078E3%0K/F8%7?8%97;C:7C;8%6798EBJ%>?8;8%69%=/%8F618=:8%/B%?CA0=%0:76F673%07%7?69%E/:076/=J%%%W6E1E6B8%!88;%7;0:U9%28;8%/K98;F81%07%K/7?%7?8%=/;7?%0=1%9/C7?%9618%8=7;0=:89X%0=3%</996KE8%7;0:U9%6=9618%7?8%97;C:7C;8%/;%6=%7?8%A8160=%2/CE1%K8%/K9:C;81%K3%7?8%2078;%BE/2J%T%E6F8%188;%209%0E9/%/K98;F81%0<<;/0:?6=@%=80;%7?8%=/;7?"9618%8=7;0=:8J%.0:://=%7;0:U9%28;8%6=9618%7?8%2897%:?0AK8;%/B%7?8%9/C7?%97;C:7C;8J%V8;3%?6@?%7;0BB6:%F/ECA89%/=%7?8%6=78;97078%GH$D(((%7/%Y$D(((%0F8;0@8%F8?6:E89%<8;%103I%0:76=@%09%0%K0;;68;%0;8%E6U8E3%7/%6=:8=76F6Z8%188;%0=1%/7?8;%0=6A0E9%7/%C98%7?898%97;C:7C;89%7/%7?8%8N78=7%</996KE8D%189<678%7?8%E6A67076/=9J%.0:://=%7;0:U9%28;8%6=9618%7?8%2897%:?0AK8;%/B%7?8%9/C7?%97;C:7C;8J%%

Page 171: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

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

• S/)*-77%-%)'+70%*';6@8'%*'+%<@7>+;*)%6;%1@(7.@:%)+.(9+/*%6/%6/+%)(.+%60%*'+%)*;@<*@;+%*6%:;6>(.+%-%<6/)()*+/*%.;2%:-*',-2%-77%*'+%,-2%*';6@8'%*'+%)*;@<*@;+%.@;(/8%-77%)+-)6/)A%

• T7-/*%1@)'+)%(/%*'+%9+.(-/%*6%:;6>(.+%1+**+;%<6>+;%-/.%(/)@7-*(6/%0;69%'(8',-2%*;-00(<%/6()+%-/.%7(8'*)A%

%

Page 172: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

%%%%%%%%%%

&'()*+%,-.%/0)12%3'4+%0)15+1% &'()*+%,$.%/+6'"4*7%8912%12*0)(2%:+31%%% ;296<+*%0=%30)12%31*);1)*+>%:'12%% *9;;00?%1*9;@3%%%%

%%%%%%%%%%

&'()*+%,A.%B+4'9?% &'()*+%,,.%C4D9;+?1%;)5E+*13%9?4%%% '?=*931*);1)*+%D)31%<+70?4%12+%30)12%%% 3'4+%0=%12+%'?1+*3191+%F)?4+*%*094%G%%% *9'5*094H%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%&'()*+%IJJ.%!++*%1*9;@3%91%?0*12"3'4+%'?5+1

Page 173: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

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

D9,.=W(3%

X1-4()%0;%!(()%C4+8%,/%

B*/(%

X1-4()%0;%!(()%C4+8%:()%!,=%

X1-4()%0;%B166(++;1.%%I)0++*92+%/')012'%+/)16/1)(%

B166(+;1.%!(()%

I)0++*92+%:()%3,=%%

B166(++%Y,/(%OPQ%

Y,/(%0;%Y(:(..(96=%

OPQ%

V,),..(.%Y,/(%OPQ%

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

Page 174: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

%%&'()*+%,-,.%/)0+%1++*%2344+4%2+*%5++6%37%8"$-%/9%:;%<=>%?)0@+*74%=@+*%7A+%5++64%=B%C=D'7=*'D(%'D%E-,-.%%%!"#$%&'(.%F2+?'+4%1+7+?7+1%37%7A+%8"$-%/9%:;%1=)<0+%<=>%?)0@+*7%3D1%7A+%D)C<+*%=B%+@+D74%B=*%7A37%42+?'+4.%!"#$%#&'/3CC304%%%G)C3D4%"%EE%+@+D74%%%H37%"%E,%%%I3??==D%"%J%%%I3<<'7%"%K%%%H30'B=*D'3%(*=)D1%4L)'**+0%"%,%%%F6)D6%"%,%%

Page 175: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

%

%&'()*+%,$-.%/)0+%1++*%2)345%6781+*'8(%9":$%/;%<=%3)0>+*?5.%@A+B%*+6+00+1%CDCB%E*7F%5?*)3?)*+%%

%&'()*+%,$=.%/)0+%1++*%2*'8(5%ECD8%?A*7)(A%?A+%5?*)3?)*+%)81+*%9":$%C?%/;%<=%E7*%?A+%E'*5?%?'F+.%

%&'()*+%,$G.%/)0+%1++*%2)345%+8?+*'8(%C81%)5'8(%3)0>+*?%78%9":$%%/;%<=.%

%&'()*+%,$#.%/)0+%1++*%17+%C81%ECD85%37F'8(%?A*7)(A%5?*)3?)*+%)81+*%9":$%C?%/;%<=.%

%&'()*+%,$H.%I4)84%)5'8(%9":$%/;%<=%3)0>+*?..%

%&'()*+%,$<.%@B6'3C0%F7?7*'J+1%>+A'30+%)5+%7E%3)0>+*?%)81+*%9":$%C?%/;%<=.%

Page 176: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

!"#$%&"'()$*+,(-.(//(!$01+(23$'(40&51+(!"#$%&"'()*&%'()*+)$#%+",%-*%,"'(% .&/-0"1%&%**-.%%/012314%5%6789%!9:;<7=870>%?@7:%:9AB9>8%0C%,>89<:8189%'(%7:%1>%91:8"39:8%<D>>7>AE%+"F1>9%27G729%@7A@314%H.%F1>9:%7>%91;@%27<9;870>I-%?@9%:D<<0D>27>A%F1>2:;1=9%7:%:9B7">18D<1FE%C0<9:892%378@%>91<J4%<9:729>871F%29G9F0=B9>8-%%%68<D;8D<9%!9:;<7=870>%%9:"#&%K0>;<989%L<72A9%M>29<=1::%+,-./,.-#(;.$/,&4$23(<3255&%KF1::%*%HF1<A9%D>29<=1::I%)&=#$5&4$5&%*(N%@7A@%O%#PNQR%:=1>S%O%P(N%F0>A%

>+"2$(=#25.-#%(25(?.$/,&4$23(%&5,2$/#(@#,A##$(5.""4-,(A2335B(%?@7:%F0;1870>%@1:%830%:8<D;8D<9:%T%0>9%D>29<%8@9%91:8J0D>2%F1>9:%1>2%1>08@9<%D>29<%8@9%39:8J0D>2%F1>9:-%%L08@%:8<D;8D<9:%1<9%F1<A9%:=1>%J<72A9:%378@%;0>;<989%:D==0<8%31FF:%1>2%:F0=7>A%27<8%:729%:F0=9:%H.&$%:F0=9I-%U%."F1>9%<012%<D>:%=1<1FF9F%80%8@9%7>89<:8189%0>%8@9%>0<8@%:729%0C%8@9%:8<D;8D<9-%%%U%3729%27<8VA<1G9F%<9;<91870>1F%8<17F%<D>:%8@<0DA@%8@9%;9>89<%0C%8@9%:8<D;8D<9-%?@9<9%7:%:0B9%A<1::4%;0G9<%8@<0DA@%8@9%:8<D;8D<9:%0>%978@9<%:729%0C%8@9%8<17F-%W<1::V:@<DJ%F9127>A%7>80%C0<9:8%;0G9<%7:%=<9:9>8%18%J08@%9>8<1>;9:%0>%978@9<%:729%0C%8@9%8<17F-%?@9%8<17F%<9;97G9:%<9ADF1<%D:9%J4%31FX9<:E%Y0AA9<:E%;4;F7:8:%1>2E%=<9:DB1JF4E%20A:-%Z91<J4%>97A@J0<@002:%1<9%=<9:9>8%0>%J08@%8@9%>0<8@%1>2%:0D8@%:729:%0C%8@9%7>89<:8189:E%1>2%8@9%9G1FD180<:%1F:0%C0D>2%9G729>;9%0C%>7A@8"87B9%D:9%1>2%=1<847>A%18%8@9%:789-%%%U%$+#N%G9A981892%B9271>%:9=1<189:%8@9%830%:8<D;8D<9:%1>2%=<0G729:%=1<871F%JD:@V8<99%;0G9<%1F0>A%J08@%:729:%0C%8@9%<9;<91870>1F%8<17F-%L1<J92%37<9%C9>;7>A%;0>>9;8:%8@9%830%:8<D;8D<9:%8@<0DA@%8@9%B9271>E%@039G9<%F1<A9%A1=:%7>%8@9%C9>;7>A%20%>08%=<0G729%1%;0>87>D0D:%J1<<79<%80%37F2F7C9%1;;9::%80%8@9%B9271>-%%%67O%80%97A@8%C008%@7A@%;@17>%F7>X%C9>;7>A%9O89>2:%1F0>A%8@9%7>89<:8189%7>%J08@%27<9;870>:%C<0B%8@9%:8<D;8D<9E%8@0DA@%78%;0>817>:%B1>4%A1=:%1F0>A%78:%F9>A8@-%?@9%C9>;7>A%0>%8@9%:0D8@91:8%:729%0C%8@9%:8<D;8D<9%7:%+N"@7A@%J1<J92%37<9%<18@9<%8@1>%8@9%81FF9<%;@17>%F7>X-%U%F1<A9%A1=%7>%8@9%C9>;9%@1:%9G729>;9%0C%9FX%=1::1A9%378@%1>%D>ADF189%8<17F%378@%9FX%:;18%F9127>A%8@<0DA@%8@7:%A1=%1>2%=<0G727>A%1;;9::%7>80%8@9%@7A@314%<7A@8"0C"314-%WD1<2<17F%7:%=<9:9>8%7BB927189F4%1J0G9%8@9%:8<D;8D<9%78:9FC-%%%[7F2F7C9%\FX%:;18%31:%0J:9<G92%0>%1>%D>ADF189%8<17F%8@18%;<0::9:%8@<0DA@%1%A1=%7>%8@9%C9>;7>A%0>%8@9%:0D8@%:729-%U%<012%X7FF92%<1JJ78%31:%1F:0%0J:9<G92%0>%8@9%@7A@314-%%%%%%

Page 177: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

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

• C..%<6>+;%-/.%.6,/%768)%*';6@8'%*'+%)*;@<*@;+%-/.%*'+%9+.(-/%*6%(9:;6>+%<;6))(/8%'-1(*-*%06;%G6,%=61(7(*2%49-77%H-@/-A%

• L+:-(;%8-:)%(/%0+/<(/8%-/.%;+:7-<+%1-;1+.%,(;+%0+/<(/8%6/%)6@*'%)(.+%,(*'%MD"'(8'%<'-(/%7(/E%6;%,(7.7(0+%0+/<(/8A%%

• N(8'*"*(9+%:67(<(/8%*6%9(/(9(O+%'@9-/%-<*(>(*2%.@;(/8%*'+%/(8'*%'6@;)%,'+/%,(7.7(0+%<6@7.%1+%+/<6@;-8+.%*6%@)+%*'+%)*;@<*@;+A%%

%-$&*)$.*&/,01%%(.2,,3456,-788,9.*'/"+,&,6%<-9+;-)%,+;+%(/)*-77+.%-*%*'()%)(*+%6/%C:;(7%P#%-/.%PQI%$RPRA%&'+%(/(*(-7%.-2%-/.%/(8'*%60%96/(*6;(/8%;+>+-7+.%6/72%'@9-/%:-))-8+)%*';6@8'%*'+%)*;@<*@;+A%S2%*'+%*'(;.%/(8'*I%*'+%<-9+;-%@*(7(*2%16F+)%,+;+%1;6E+/%(/*6%-/.%*'+%<-9+;-)%,+;+%1;6E+/%-/.%)*67+/A%&'()%+/.+.%96/(*6;(/8%-*%*'()%)(*+A%C%<-9+;-%,-)%7-*+;%;+<6>+;+.%(/%-%/+-;12%;(>+;%)+>+;-7%96/*')%7-*+;A%%%

Page 178: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

% %%%%%%%%%%%%

&'()*+%,-./%0'+1%2*34%53*67%8'9+%32% &'()*+%,-:/%;)<<3*6%1=>>%=59%8'9+%8>3<+%7'(71=?% 32%53*67%86*)@6)*+%%%%

%% % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

&'()*+%,,-/%A=<%'5%@7='5%>'5B%2+5@'5(% &'()*+%,,,/%C=*(+%(=<%'5%D=*D+9%1'*+%%35%83)67%8'9+% 2+5@'5(%67*3)(7%4+9'=5%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Page 179: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

!"#$%&"'()$*+,(-'"./$0*&+(1&2+3(43&56+7()"3%8(4+'5(!"#$%&"'()*&%'()*(+#),-%+",%-*%."'(% .&/-0"1%&%*,+#%%/012314%5%6789%!9:;<7=870>%?@7:%:9AB9>8%0C%.>89<:8189%'(%7:%1>%91:8"39:8%<D>>7>AE%$"F1>9%27G729%@7A@314%HI%F1>9:%7>%91;@%27<9;870>J+%?@9%:D<<0D>27>A%F1>2:;1=9%7:%F1<A9F4%C0<9:892+%%68<D;8D<9%!9:;<7=870>%%9:"#&%K0>;<989%L<72A9%+,-./,.-#(;.$/,&4$23(<3255&%KF1::%$%H9M89>:7G9%N<72A9J%)&=#$5&4$5&%-O,(P%@7A@%M%'(O%:=1>Q%R%'#O%F0>A%

>?#&7@,(2$%(5"2$(=#25.-#=#$,5(-#A#-5(4$3:(,4(,@#(#25,#-$B=45,(5"2$(4A(,@#($4-,@(5,-./,.-#C(D@#-#(&,(5"2$5(,@#(,-2&3E(9@#(A.33(5,-./,.-#(&5(,44(32-7#(,4(=#25.-#(%&-#/,3:E((

%?@9<9%1<9%830%:8<D;8D<9:%18%8@7:%F0;1870>S%0>9%D>29<%8@9%91:8N0D>2%F1>9:%1>2%1>08@9<%D>29<%8@9%39:8%N0D>2%F1>9:+%%L08@%:8<D;8D<9:%1<9%F1<A9%;0>;<989%N<72A9:%378@%8@<99%;0>;<989%:D==0<8%31FF:+%?@9%6>0TD1FB79%/7G9<%CF03:%D>29<%N08@%N<72A9:+%?@9%N<72A9:%1<9%=1<1FF9F%80%0>9%1>08@9<%1>2%:9=1<1892%N4%II*O"3729%G9A981892%B9271>%1>2%8@9%<7G9<+%%?@9<9%7:%B7>7B1F%G9A981870>%H:0B9%A<1::9:J%N9>918@%8@9%:8<D;8D<9:%8@9B:9FG9:E%ND8%9M89>:7G9%U7B1F141>%NF1;VN9<<4%1F0>A%8@9%<7G9<%N1>V:%18%N08@%9>2:%0C%8@9%:8<D;8D<9%3@7;@%B14%F7B78%37F2F7C9%B0G9B9>8%1F0>A%8@9%N1>V:+%W7:7N7F784%8@<0DA@%N08@%:8<D;8D<9:%7:%G9<4%@7A@+%%?@9%N<72A9%:=1>:%8@9%<7G9<%1:%39FF%1:%8@9%N1>V:%1>2%1%:DN:81>871F%1B0D>8%0C%D=F1>2%1<91%0>%978@9<%:729%0C%8@9%<7G9<+%X%<9;<91870>1F%8<17F%<D>:%8@<0DA@%8@9%91:8%:729%0C%8@9%:8<D;8D<9E%1>2%8@9%@7A@%N1>V:%1<9%<97>C0<;92%378@%<7=<1=E%3@7;@%B14%=<9G9>8%1>7B1F:%C<0B%1;;9::7>A%8@9%D=F1>2%8<17F%C<0B%8@9%<7G9<+%U039G9<%1:%=90=F9%<9ADF1<F4%D:9%8@9%8<17F%H3@7;@%=<0G729:%1;;9::%C0<%8@9%12Y1;9>8%>97A@N0<@002JE%37F2F7C9%B14%N9%F1<A9F4%27:7>;F7>92%C<0B%:@1<7>A%8@9%8<17F%2D<7>A%214F7A@8%@0D<:+%?@9%8<17F%1==91<:%80%<9;97G9%217F4%D:9%N4%31FV9<:ZY0AA9<:%1>2%20A:+%%%[7A@8"C008%81FF%;@17>%F7>V%C9>;7>A%7:%=<9:9>8%0>%N08@%8@9%>0<8@%1>2%:0D8@%:729:%0C%8@9%:8<D;8D<9+%?@9%C9>;7>A%879:%7>80%8@9%:8<D;8D<9%N08@%7>%8@9%B9271>%1>2%18%8@9%9>2:%0C%8@9%N<72A9+%?@9%C9>;9%9M89>2:%91:8%1>2%39:8%1F0>A%8@9%@7A@314%C0<%18%F91:8%1%B7F9+%\>%8@9%:0D8@%:729%0C%8@9%39:8N0D>2%N<72A9E%7>%8@9%B9271>%1<91E%78%7:%=<9:9>8%0>F4%7>89<B7889>8F4%378@%F1<A9%A1=:%1FF037>A%37F2F7C9%1;;9::%80%8@9%B9271>E%1>2%8@9<9%7:%1%A1B9%8<17F%F9127>A%27<9;8F4%D=%80%8@9%@7A@314+%%%]7F2F7C9%X%BDF9%299<%31:%0N:9<G92%;<0::7>A%8@<0DA@%8@9%:8<D;8D<9%C<0B%39:8%80%91:8%18%8@9%87B9%0C%8@9%1::9::B9>8+%X%F0>9%209%;<0::92%B0G92%1F0>A%8@9%:@1FF03:%80%8@9%<7=1<71>%G9A981870>%0>%8@9%08@9<%:729+%]@9<9%8@9%G9A981870>%A08%=1<87;DF1<F4%8@7;V%378@%U7B1F141>%NF1;VN9<<4%:@9%:31B%1;<0::%8@9%<7G9<%1>2%9M7892%0>%8@9%08@9<%:729+%?@7:%0N:9<G1870>%31:%=1<87;DF1<F4%7>89<9:87>A%N9;1D:9%>0%299<%8<1;V:%39<9%0N:9<G92%0>%

Page 180: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"##$

%&'$()*+()+,$-+,./$%&(012&$%&'$/%(13%1('/4$5&'('$,16'(01/$702$+,7$&16+,$%(+3./$5'('$0-/'(8'79$:&'$+,)6+;$),/%'+7$3&0/'$%0$5+;.$%&(012&$%&'$/&+;;05$5+%'(9$!''($%(+3./$5'('$+;/0$0-/'(8'7$0,$%&'$%(+);$<=$>''%$>(06$%&'$/%(13%1('$',%(+,3'9$!1(),2$+,$'+(;)'($8)/)%$5&',$%&'$60,)%0(),2$3+6'(+/$5'('$),/%+;;'74$';.$%(+3./$5'('$+;/0$0-/'(8'79$$$+"#/&#5(641#9#$,(:.&3%(82$;&$75(:&)/$/)%'$5+/$)7',%)>)'7$-?$@A!B:$-)0;02)/%/$+/$)6*0(%+,%$>0($/*'3)'/$),$'+3&$0>$%&'$C08'6',%$D1);7/9$$:&)/$/%(13%1('$('3')8'7$+$EFG$(+,.$>0($H05$C0-);)%?$A6+;;$I+1,+$-'3+1/'$0>$%&'$;+3.$0>$30,%),101/$()*+()+,$&+-)%+%$%&(012&$%&'$/%(13%1('9$:&'$/%(13%1('$('3')8'7$+,$EJG$(+,.$>0($+;;$0%&'($/*'3)'/$608'6',%$21);7/4$),7)3+%),2$%&+%$+,)6+;/$>(06$'+3&$0>$%&'$C08'6',%$D1);7/$301;7$/133'//>1;$*+//$%&(012&$%&)/$/%(13%1('$+/$)/4$+;%&012&$*+//+2'$301;7$-'$>1(%&'($',&+,3'7$5)%&$/06'$607)>)3+%)0,/9$$$!"#$%%"&'()*$&+,F1((',%;?4$%&'$/%(13%1('$)/$&)2&;?$>1,3%)0,+;$>0($60/%$5);7;)>'4$+;%&012&$('21;+($&16+,$+3%)8)%?$6+?$;)6)%$/06'$5);7;)>'$*+//+2'9$:&'$>0;;05),2$('3066',7+%)0,/$501;7$',&+,3'$/133'//>1;$3(0//),2/K$

• L'*+)($2+*/$),$>',3),2$+,7$'/3+*'$(+6*/$>0($'M%',/)8'$/%('%3&'/$0>$>',3),29$• N6*(08'$/%('+6$-+,.$&+-)%+%$0,$-0%&$/)7'/$0>$%&'$()8'(9$O/%+-;)/&$+$()*+()+,$

+33'//$+('+$>0($*'0*;'$+,7$%&')($*'%/$+5+?$>(06$%&'$/%(13%1('$+,7$),&)-)%$/13&$&16+,P702$+3%)8)%?$7)('3%;?$1,7'($%&'$/%(13%1('$)%/';>9$$

• F0,%(0;$Q)6+;+?+,$-;+3.-'((?$-(+6-;'/$/0$5);7;)>'$3+,$608'$%&(012&$%&'$()*+()+,$8'2'%+%)0,$+,7$%&')($608'6',%/$3+,$-'$/'*+(+%'7$>(06$('3('+%)0,)/%/$+,7$702/$0,$%&'$%(+);9$$

• J77$/0);$*+%&5+?/$08'($%&'$()*(+*$0,$-0%&$/)7'/$0>$%&'$()8'($R+%$;'+/%$0,'$*+%&5+?$1,7'($'+3&$/%(13%1('$+,7$),$%&'$6'7)+,S9$$

$$$

$$$$$$$$$$$

I)21('$TTU9$V','+%&$,0(%&$/%(13%1('$ I)21('$TT<9$:(+);$1,7'($,0(%&$$$ /%(13%1('$$$

Page 181: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

%%%%%%%%%%

&'()*+%,,-.%/'0*10%23%4+56%7138% &'()*+%,,#.9:';8%<+(+616'23%%% 6:*2)(:%=+>'13%%

%%%%%%%%%%%

&'()*+%,,$.%?:1'3%@'38%A+3;'3(% &'()*+%,,B.%!2+%;*255'3(%6:*2)(:%%% 56*);6)*+%1@23(%416+*C5%+>(+%%%

%%%%%%%%%%%

&'()*+%,,D.%!2+%E)=0'3(%6:*2)(:%7*1=7@+5%7+A2*+%%54'=='3(%62%20025'6+%7138%%

Page 182: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

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

%U/74-,%::V>%F('%,2A%9*../07%403,-%W"V=%6-/37,%(E,-%Q0(G4*2+/,%R/E,-%(41./3,%(B%15,%1('0%(B%K(-15%T,03>%%

Page 183: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

%&'()*+%,-./%01*++%234%+56%7899':(%):;+*%<*';(+%=3*%>"?.%3@+*%A:3B)85C'+%D'@+*E%:+8*%F3*G1%H+:;E%IJ/%%%%%%

Page 184: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

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`HN%:/<\%A.:%a.1%F.D5C562%4@/CC%X/B</%D79/B87%.A%6>7%C/9\%.A%9.<65<B.B8%>/D56/6%/<0%86:B96B:7%6>:.B?>%6>7%86:B96B:7E%%=>7%

Page 185: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

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

• L+9,/(%;,9&%/5%7+5*/5;%,51%+&*,9+%(,F9&%7.(%+M'+5&/0+%&'(+'*?+&%.7%7+5*/5;D%• 811%1.J5%-.;&%'.%+5?,5*+%&'()*')(,-%*.F9-+M/'=%'?(.);?%'?+%&'()*')(+%7.(%

N.J%H.B/-/'=%OF,--%A,)5,D%H.5/'.(/5;%1,',%(+0+,-+1%)&+%B=%*,(5/0.(+&%B)'%5.%(,**..5G%7.MG%&6)56G%(.1+5'&G%.(%&F,--+(%J/-1-/7+%J?/*?%F,=%B+%'?(+,'+5+1%B=%*.5'/5).)&%*,(5/0.(+%9(+&+5*+D%P0+5%'?+%(+&+,(*?+(%*?+*6/5;%'?+%*,F+(,&%*.)-1%&F+--%'?+%B+,(%9(+&+5*+D%%

• Q5&'+,1%.7%B)(=/5;%'?+%&F,--%*(++6%,&%/'%9,&&+&%'?(.);?%'?+%&'()*')(+&G%,--.J%/'%'.%F+,51+(%'?(.);?%'?+%&'()*')(+%R%9+(?,9&%B=%B)/-1/5;%)9%'?+%;(,1+%7)('?+(%)9&-.9+%R%'.%9(.0/1+%,11/'/.5,-%?,B/','%7.(%N.J%H.B/-/'=%OF,--%A,)5,%,51%'.%+5?,5*+%'?+%&'()*')(+4&%,99+,-%7.(%.'?+(%&9+*/+&D%

• 3.5'(.-%'?+%&9(+,1%.7%/50,&/0+%&9+*/+&%,(.)51%'?+%&'()*')(+D%%%%%%%%%%%%

A/;)(+%STSD%O.)'?%&'()*')(+%+5'(,5*+% A/;)(+%STTD%</+J%7(.F%&'()*')(+%%% .)'-+'%

%%%%%%%%%%

A/;)(+%STUD%O.)'?%&'()*')(+G%J/'?% A/;)(+%STVD%W.('?%&'()*')(+%.)'-+'%)5*.57/5+1%7-.J%

Page 186: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

&'()*+%$,-.%/0'12%3+4'56%7+(+858'96% &'()*+%$,#.%:+;8+*6%8954%%%

%%%%%%%%%%%

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

Page 187: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

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

Page 188: Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife ...Permeability of Existing Structures for Terrestrial Wildlife: A Passage Assessment System Report to the Washington State

!""#$%&'()*(+,-./,.-#(0123.2,&4$5(2$%(64$&,4-&$7(8#5.3,5( !"#$%

%&'()*+%,-./%01234%5+2*%678%97:';(%<=*7)(=%>".?%3)1:+*<%2<%9'1+%@76<%-./%&'*6<%7A%<87/%

%&'()*+%,$??/%01234%5+2*%3)56%A71178';(%97<=+*%<=*7)(=%>".?%3)1:+*<%2<%9'1+%@76<%-./%B+37;C%7A%<87/%

%&'()*+%,$,/%D7E7<+%5+';(%*+@+11+C%A*79%3)1:+*<F%67)<=%+;<*2;3+F%);C+*%>".?F%9'1+%@76<%-./%%

%&'()*+%,$-/%01234%5+2*%+;<+*';(%;7*<=%+;C%7A%3)1:+*<%);C+*%>".?%2<%9'1+%@76<%-./%G1<'92<+1E%5+2*%8+;<%<=*7)(=/%%

%&'()*+%,$$/%H)1+%C++*%2;C%E7);(%+I'<';(%3)1:+*<%);C+*%>".?%2<%9'1+%@76<%-./%

%&'()*+%,$J/%07532<%+;<+*';(%3)1:+*<%);C+*%>".?%2<%9'1+%@76<%-./%

%