Peritoneal Dialysis Anatomy and Physiology of Peritoneal Dialysis.
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Transcript of peritoneal dialysis
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Peritoneal Dialysis Indications and Limitations
ByMostafa Abd_Elsalam, MD
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Stage GFR Description
1 >90 Kidney damage with normal or increased GFR
2 60-89 Kidney damage with mild GFR fall
3 30-59 Moderate fall in GFR
4 15-29 Severe fall in GFR
5 <15 or RRT Established renal failure
Classification of CKD according to GFR
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.
Managing New Patient with ESRD
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Prof. MacLeod:
4
“Patients whose kidney fail require life-saving treatment with dialysis or with a kidney transplant.
Although dialysis is now very advanced, allowing more patients to be treated successfully, it is also very expensive.
It is essential, therefore, to ensure that resources are used as effectively as possible.”[1]
[1] Khan I., MacLeod A. Towards cost-effective dialysis therapy in Europe: the need for a multidisciplinary approach. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997; 12: p. 2483
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The word preitoneum refers to the Greek word
“peritononion” and means to stretch. Ancient Egypt were probably the first people to get a look
at the peritoneum
1st steps towards peritoneal dialysis.
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Preservation of RRF
Higher Hb concentration
Less risk of acquiring blood borne infections e.g. HCV
Better quality of life
Why to start with PD ?
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Travel , employment
It allows expansion with limited resources
Lower staff / patient ratio
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saves vascular access
preferred for children (APD)
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Things to Remember
ESRD is life-long ordeal• Access problems • Higher morbidity and mortality
Survival lines• One PD membrane • 4 sites for permanent vascular access• Two iliac for transplantation
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“The right modality at the right time.” Peter Blake, MD, John Burkart, MD
“Complementary Not Competitive” Coles 1998
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PD versus HD Which is best?
• PD may best be seen as a therapy for early years of dialysis with HD being used as a back up if or when PD fails
• This approach which has recently been called “integrated dialysis care” has economic as well as medical advantages
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CAPD Advantages
• Medical
• Lifestyle
• Economic
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Economic
• Paradoxically, however the difference is greater in poorer developing countries and least in wealthier countries .
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LIFESTYLE
• Given free choice , because it involves less daytime procedures and so less disruptive .
• Exceptions are people who are nervous about machines or who have difficulty staying in bed .
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• Patient Preference . • Availability And Convenience.• Underlying Medical Problems
and Comorbid Conditions.• Socioeconomic and Dialysis
Center Factors.• The Patient's Home Situation• Medical staff Training.
Selecting RRT modalities is influenced by a number of
considerations such as
Patient selection
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• Those wanting a lifestyle with more freedom and flexibility
• Those with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or hypertension
• Patients who live a long way from their dialysis unit and /or who have had problems with hemodialysis
• Individuals whose peritoneal membrane can handle the daily needs of this option
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11% of all dialysis patients are treated with PDPD distribution differs significantly between countries
Global dialysis patients
HD – PD patient distribution
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%2013
2,522,000
11%
89%
100%0% 80%40% 60%20%
USA
ChinaJapan
Thailand
Egypt
Korea
FranceItaly
Turkey
Malaysia
Brazil
GermanyMexico
TaiwanIndia
PDHD (countries ordered according to dialysis patient population)PDHD
ESRD, end-stage renal disease; HD, haemodialysis; PD, peritoneal dialysis. Fresenius Medical Care annual report 2013, available at: http://www.fresenius.com/191.htm, accessed September 2014
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Perl J, Wald R, McFarlane P, et al. Hemodialysis vascular access modifies the associated between dialysis modality and survival. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011;22:1113-1121
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PD Patients Have an Initital Survival Advantage Relative to HD. Danish Registry 2001
05
101520253035
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
HDPD
Time (years)
% m
orta
li ty
J Heaf, NDT 2002
4921 patients
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While the issue of survival differences between the twomodalities remains unsettled, it is clear that utilizing PDat the initiation of dialysis will slow the decline in residualrenal function and may provide a sur vival advantage withinthe first years of dialysis.J. Kevin Tucker, MD, is MedicalDirector of the Peritoneal DialysisProgram at Brigham andWomen’s Hospital
Peritoneal Dialysis First: PD ShouldBe Considered for Dialysis Initiation
Nephrology Times May 2009
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better maintenance of residual renal
function
Better maintenance of residual renal function
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What Are the Benefits of Preserving RRF?
Reduces Mortality
Contributes to total solute clearance (1 ml/min CrCl = 10 liter CrCl/week)
Facilitates volume control
Allows for more liberal diet and
fluid intake
Provides endocrine functions
Improves 2-microglobulin
and middle molecule clearance
Improves nutritional status
Improves QOL
Increases total Na removal
Davies, S. 2000
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Most Patients Are Medically Eligible for PD
Netherlands 83% and U.S.A 76%
The prevalence of medical contraindications to PD (23% to 24%) is similar to the 17% to 21% reported … from other parts of the world
Jager KJ, Korevaar JC, Dekker FW et al. The effect of contraindications and patient preference on dialysis modality selection in ESRD patients in the Netherlands. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43:891-899.Mehrotra R, Marsh D, Vonesh E, et al. Patient education and access of ESRD patients to renal replacement therapies beyond in-center hemodialysis.. Kidney Int. 2005;68:378-390
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7%
13%16%
19%23%
31%
44%47%
50%
35%
25%
5%2%2%
0%
17%
8%12%
34%
5%
15%
20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
McIntyr
e
Brugna
noCha
nJo
nas
Cantu
Dusso
lBarr
ilNeto
Selgas
Huang
Yoshid
a
HD PD
Pereira KI 1997;51:981-999
Prevalence of anti-HCV Among Patients on Dialysis by Modality
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40 Nurses per 100 HD-patients.
4 Nurses in the Out-patient Clinic per 100 PD-patients.
Saving 36 nurses
Logistics of PD versus HD
Logistics of PD versus HD
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Transports
Hospitalisation
Pharmaceuticals (e.g. EPO)
Equipment costs (Lease, depreciation,
maintenance)
Disposables
Labor
Water Treatment
Infrastructure
Transports
Hospitalisation
Pharmaceuticals (e.g. EPO)
Equipment costs
Disposables
Labor
Infrastructure
Schematic RRT Cost Comparison Available ModalitiesHe
m o PD
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Modality Cost Comparison in KSA
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A great man once said, “Everything is possible. The impossible just takes longer…”