Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy
Transcript of Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy
![Page 1: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PeriodVI:1865-1898Part3:IndustrialSupremacy
![Page 2: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
EconomicTransformation• Newtechnologies• Newformsofcorporateorganiza4on• Waveofimmigra4on–cheapandabundantlaborforce• VastnaturalresourcesoftheUS
![Page 3: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
NewTechnologies• Newsteelproduc4ontechniques• Bessemerprocess• westernPAandeasternOH
• Newtransporta4on• Steamfreighters,railroads
• PetroleumIndustry
![Page 5: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
NewTechnologies• Automobile• PerfectedbyHenryFord–appliedassemblylinetechniqueandinterchangeableparts
• Airplane• WilburandOrvilleWright
![Page 6: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
NewTechnologies• CorporateResearchandDevelopment• Transforma4onofhighereduca4on–receivedfundingfromcorpora4ons
• Changesinproduc4ontechniques• “Taylorism”–ledtomovingassemblyline
![Page 7: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
NewTechnologies• Railroadexpansion• Principalformoftransporta4on• Gaveaccesstorawmaterialsandmarkets• Ledtogrowthofotherindustries• Developmentof“standard4me”and4mezones
• CorneliusVanderbilt
![Page 8: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Corporations• Emergenceof“modern”corpora4ons• Financethroughsaleofstock–“limitedliability”• Onlyriskamountofinvestment
• Steel–AndrewCarnegie,HenryClayFrick• Ver4calIntegra4on• CarnegiesoldintereststoJ.P.MorganformingU.S.Steel
![Page 12: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Corporations• HorizontalIntegra4on• Combinefirmsinvolvedinsameenterpriseintoonecorpora4on
• Ver4calIntegra4on• Takingoverdifferentbusinessesonwhichacompanyreliedforitsprimaryfunc4on
• UsedbyJohnD.Rockefeller–StandardOilCo.
![Page 13: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
TrustandHoldingCompany• “Trust”• Stockholdersandindividualcorpora4onstransferstockstoasmallgroupoftrusteesinexchangeforsharesinthetrustitself
• “Holding”Company• Centralcorporatebodythatwouldbuyupstockoftrustandestablishdirectownershipofcorpora4onsinthetrust
• CONSOLIDATIONisthetheme• 1%ofcorpora4onscontrol33%ofmanufacturingbyendofnineteenthcentury
![Page 14: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
CapitalismandControversy• Mythofthe“self-mademan”–manytycoonsbegancareersfromposi4onsofwealthandprivilege
• Ruthlesscorrup4onprevalent• Poortreatmentofworkers,briberyofpoli4cians,blackmail
![Page 15: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
SocialDarwinism• “SurvivaloftheFi\est”• Richesseenasarewardforworthiness–hardwork,thri],skill
• Jus4fica4onforstatusquo• Jus4fiedelimina4onofcompe44on
• TheGospelofWealth:AndrewCarnegie• Believedwealthyhadobliga4ontosocialprogress–philanthropy
• Waswealthavailableforeveryone?• RussellConwell,Hora4oAlger:“ragstoriches”stories
![Page 17: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
ProblemsofMonopoly• Controlofmarketbylargecorporatecombina4ons• nocompe44on• Blamedforar4ficiallyhighprices• Unstableeconomy• Threatenedabilityofindividualstoadvance• Baronslivelivesofluxurywhileothersstruggle
![Page 19: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
ImmigrantWorkForce• Mexico,Asia,Canada,mostlyEurope• 25millionbetween1865and1915
• Shi]fromnorthernandwesternEuropetosouthernandeasternEuropearound1871• Italy,Poland,Russia,Greece,Slaviccountries
• Heightenedethnictensions
![Page 23: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
WagesandWorkingConditions• $400-$500ayear-$600requiredforminimallevelofcomfort• Li\lejobsecurity• Repe44vetasks–monotonousschedule• 10hoursaday,6daysaweek• Unsafe,unhealthycondi4ons• Nocontroloverlabor
![Page 24: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
WomenandChildren• Couldbehiredatlowerwages• Twoincomeso]enbecamearequirementforfamilies
• Needforaddi4onalwagesledtohiringofchildren• Earlychildlaborlawswereineffec4ve
![Page 25: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
TheStruggletoUnionize• Triedtousetechniquesofconsolida4on• Na4onalLaborUnion
• “MollyMaguires”–militantlabororganiza4on• Li\lesuccessinlate1800s
![Page 26: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
GreatRailroadStrikeof1877• Responseto10%wagecut• Strikersdisruptedrailservice,destroyedequipment,rioted• PresidentHayesusedfederaltroopstosuppress• Firstmajor,na4onallaborconflict
![Page 27: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
TheKnightsofLabor• Firstmajorefforttocreateagenuinelyna4onallaborunion• Membershipopentovirtuallyallworkers• Metwith“localassemblies”looselyaffiliatedwithna4onal“generalassembly”
• Disappearedaroundtheturnofthecentury
![Page 28: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
TheAFL–AmericanFederationofLabor• LedbySamuelGompers• Representedmainlyskilledlaborers• Opposedtofemaleemployment–s4llsoughtequalpay• Wantedagreatershareofcapitalism’srewardsforworkers
![Page 29: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
HaymarketSquare-Chicago• Partofgeneralstrike–strikehadalreadybegan• Policeorderedcrowdtodisperse–bombthrownintopoliceforma4on• Policefiredintocrowd–killedfour
![Page 30: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
TheHomesteadStrike-1892• AmalgamatedAssocia4onofIronandSteelWorkers• Deniedrighttonego4atebyCarnegieandFrick
• Constantwagecuts• Amalgamatedcalledforstrike• FrickshutdownHomesteadplantandbroughtin300PinkertonDetec4vestoprotect“scabs”• Ledtooutbreakofviolence
![Page 31: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
ThePullmanStrike-1894• PullmanPalaceCarCompany• Slashedwages,highrentin“companytown”• StrikesupportedbyAmericanRailwayUnion–EugeneDebs• 2,000troopssenttoquellstrikers
![Page 32: Period VI: 1865-1898 Part 3: Industrial Supremacy](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022061400/629dc81068f6ab3ee300fb43/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Labor’sWeaknesses• Fewvictoriesforlabor• Onlyasmallpor4onofworkersrepresentedbyunions• Shi]ingnatureofworkforce–workermobility• Corpora4onsweretoostrong