Period 5.. Scientist’s Early Theories on the Atom By Corey Lacher and Grant Miller.

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Period 5.

Scientist’s Early Theories on the Atom

By Corey Lacher

and Grant Miller

Democritus

• He was born into considerable wealth which allowed him to travel and research more than a common citizen

• He studied in Egypt at the ancient schools, which specialized in philosophy and mathematics.

• After he finished his studies, he was impoverished and considered insane among his people.

• Leucippus was Democritus’ mentor.

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my.opera.com

Leucippus

• His date of birth or his parents’ status is unknown, however it is estimated that he was born into the upper middle class

• A lot of Leucippus’ theories are to contradict his teacher, Zeno

• After growing up, he moved to Abdera where he began his own studies with his student Democritus.

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leucippus/#2



reich-chemistry.wikispaces.com

Democritus Atomic and Leucippus Theory

• Because of the close relationship between Leucippus and Democritus, their atomic theories are very alike.

• The first theory, created by Leucippus said there is an infinite amount of two elements, the solids and the void.

• This theory was changed during Democritus’s studies, and finally published.

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leucippus/#2

Atomic Theory

• Proposed atomic theory of matter

• Proposed that contrary to belief matter could not be divided forever

• Proposed the idea of an atom-the smallest matter can be divided and still be the same substance

http://www.funsci.com/fun3_en/democritus/democritus.htm

Aristotle

• Greek philosopher• Student of Plato, teacher of Alexander the

Great• Educated as aristocracy• Physics, Metaphysics, Nicomachean Ethics,

Politics, De Anima (On the Soul) and Poetics, important works

• Studied many sciences• Scientific method

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle



britannica.com.ph

Atomic Theory

• Proposed matter can divided infinitely

• Due to being highly regarded as scholar, stuck for 2000 years

http://cstl-csm.semo.edu/mcgowan/ch181/atomhist.htm

Antoine Lavoisierand The Law of Conservation of

Matter

By John Chiavelli and Joey Miller









Biography

• Born to a wealthy Paris family and completed a degree in law

• He dreamed of studying mathematics and science, and soon gained membership into France’s most prestigious Science Academy

• He married Marie-Anne Pierrette Paulze, who became his scientific colleague

• She translated notes, drew sketches, and developed a scientific mind









Continued…

• Known for the Law of Conservation of Matter/Mass

• Implemented the Metric System in France

• Would go on to be the architect of the chemistry revolution

• Known as the Father of Modern Chemistry

• Guillotined at age 51, found guilty of conspiracy against the people of France







The Phlogiston Theory

• Chemistry was very underdeveloped at the time

• A weightless or nearly weightless substance known as phlogiston. Metals and fire were considered to be rich in phlogiston and earth was considered oxygen poor

• Stated that weight loss during combustion was a result of a loss of phlogiston

• When metal is calcined, or roasted in the presence of air, it turns to a powdery substance called a calx

• However, when some metals were calcined, the resulting calx was heavier than the initial metal

• Scientists tried to come up with explanations, but the theory was WRONG***



The Law of Conservation of Matter/Mass

• Was an anti-phlogistonist

• Designed an experiment to disprove the theory

• He heated mercury in a jar for 12 days, red mercury calx formed, and the volume of air in the jar decreased

• The remaining air was nitrogen, and heating the calx produced the air that had decreased

• The sequence of experimentation established that heat caused the formation of calx, and stronger heating reverted it back to the original substances

• Hg(l) + O2(g) -> HgO(s) and then HgO(s) -> Hg(l) + O2(g)

• THEORY DISPPROVED





• ***The law of conservation of matter states that matter is neither lost nor gained in traditional chemical reactions; it simply changes form.***

• The state in which a substance is may change in a chemical reaction, for example, from a solid to liquid to a gas but its total mass does not change.





Significance of Concept

• Changed chemistry from qualitative to quantitative science

• Put an end to the Phlogiston Theory, by proving that the mass of the reactants is equal to that of the products

• He later showed that oxygen was responsible for weight differences associated with combustion


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Continued…

• Acceptance of the Phlogiston Theory dissipated

• The Law of Conservation of Matter became accepted

• A major turning point in the world of chemistry

• Chemistry further developed into a vast scientific field

• Antoine Lavoisier is known as the Father of Modern Chemistry





Joseph Proust. Born on Sept. 26, 1754 in Angers, France

. His father was apothecary of Angers

. Studied chemistry in father’s shop

. Became apothecary at prestigious Salpetriere hospital

. Taught chemistry with famous chemist and physicist Pilâtre de Rozier



http://en.wikivisual.com/index.php/Joseph_Proust

http://www.answers.com/topic/joseph-proust

Joseph Proust’s Later Life. Went to Spain to teach at Chemistry School of Segovia and University of Salamanca

. Napoleon invaded Spain and his army burnt Proust’s laboratory

. Forced to go back to France as a result

. Died on July 5, 1826 in Angers

. During his lifetime, studied the sugars in fruits and vegetables (glucose) and created the Law of Definitive Proportions



http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/fall03/pfeiffer/university.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Proust

Law of Definite Proportions-A chemical compound contains

the same proportions of elements by mass

-All of one type of compounds have the same make up

-Ex:The mass of Pure water is always 8/9ths oxygen and 1/9

hydrogen

-Makes up part of modern chemistry

Law of Definite Proportions(Exceptions)

-The law is not always true -Non-stoichiometric compounds composition

can vary from sample to sample-Chemical Compounds with compositions that

can not be defined by ratios of real numbers-Ex:Iron Oxide Wustile- Levels and mass of

oxygen and iron can differ

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_definite_proportions

Effect Upon Chemistry Society• Initially upon first publish there was much

controversy among fellow chemists especially Berthollet, who believed the opposite of what Proust was trying to say; elements could come in any proportion.

• The laws of definite proportion created the basis for the development of the atomic theory by John Dalton mere years later.

• Dalton also came up with the law of multiple proportions, which in combination with the law of definite proportions, helped to begin stoichiometry (the science of chemical reactions).



Effect Upon Chemistry Society (cont’d)• His law helped lead to chemists being able to create compounds and learn

their properties more because knowing the ratio of elements is all they need. Naturally its also useful in identifying compounds.



- For example, we know that Steel is always almost completely made of Iron with a bit of Carbon and other small elements.

•Although it is a chemistry principle it does have its practical uses.

•This law makes it easy to modify a baking recipe according to the amount you want to produce.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_definite_proportions

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/480555/Joseph-Louis-Proust/260847/Law-of-definite-proportions

http://www.ehow.com/about_4570091_law-definite-proportions.html

John Dalton

• Born: September 6th, 1766 in Eaglesfield, England

• Died: July 27th, 1844 of a stroke

• English chemist and physicist

http://www.universetoday.com/38193/john-daltons-atomic-theory/http://dl.clackamas.edu/ch104-04/dalton%27s.htmhttp://www.nndb.com/people/278/000049131/

Background Information

• Had two siblings: Jonathon and Mary • Was a farmer for two years • Discovered color blindness• Learned math from a distant relative, Elihu

Robinson• Went to work at a school in Kendal for his

cousin George• Became a teacher at York College• Is most widely known for his atomic theory

Dalton’s Atomic Theory• Elements are made of small particles called

atoms.• All atoms for a particular element are identical

and have the same mass.• Atoms of different elements can combine in a

chemical reaction to form chemical compounds in fixed ratios.

• [In a chemical reaction] atoms cannot be created or destroyed; only rearranged.

The Atomic Theory: Explanation/Significance

• It explains a lot of chemical properties; for example, how atoms can combine to form molecules

• It explains chemical change better than previous theories (the Particle Theory) had

• It confirms the basic laws of chemistry: Definite Proportions and Conservation of Mass

The Law of Multiple Proportions --Also known as “Dalton’s Law”

-- It is part of what laid the foundation for Dalton’s atomic theory, and the basis of

chemical formulas for compounds

-States that when elements combine in more than one proportion, they do so in the ratio

of small who numbers (under the assumption that they have the same type of

chemical bond)--Example: carbon and oxygen react to form CO

or CO2, but not CO1.4

Law of Multiple Proportions (continued)

Example:

2 carbon oxides: CO and CO2

The ratio for the first is 1/1

The ratio for the second is 1/2

The ratio between these ratios is a ratio between small whole

numbers, or

1/1 : 1/2= 2:1

- This proves that the law is consistent with the use of

chemical formulas

JJ THOMSON

CATHODE RAY TUBE

Full Name: Joseph John ThomsonDecember 18, 1856 – August 30 1940

Born in Cheetham Hill in Manchester, EnglandPrivate School Education

Attended Owens College at age 14



•Transferred to Trinity College after his father died•Became Cavendish Professor of Physics, with Ernest Rutherford as a student•Married Rose Elizabeth Paget, daughter of a physician, and fathered one son and one daughter•Seven of his research assistants got Nobel Prizes and his son won in 1937 for proving the wavelike properties of electrons•He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1906 in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases•In 1918 he became master of Trinity College, Cambridge and remained there until his death in 1940

JJ THOMSON

CATHODE RAY TUBE•Thompson investigated the nature of matter which led him to create an experiment testing a charged particle •In the Cathode Ray Tube, an electric current generates a beam that strikes through a hole on the other end of the tube•A fluorescent coating is added to the ray to make it visible to human eyes•There is a magnetic field around the ray, proving that it has mass•The rays path is also affected by an external electric field, determining that the ray is charged

CATHODE RAY TUBE•By studying the deflections of the tube due to the fields, Thompson determined the mass to charge ratio of the beam particles•He found the mass-to-charge ratio to be thousands of times smaller than hydrogen, the lightest element, meaning they were extremely light or very highly charged•He discovered that the beam was negatively charged

SIGNIFICANCE•his research proved the existence of negatively charged particles, later called electrons•proved atoms can be divided•Created the plum pudding model of the atom which was later proved wrong by Ernest Rutherford•Lead to later experiments with the electron



SIGNIFICANCE•Contribution in the development of cathode ray tubes•Lead to research in subatomic particles•When a solid object was put in the path of cathode rays a shadow appeared showing that cathode rays traveled in straight lines.•The cathode rays were deflected by electric and magnetic fields meaning they were composed of charged particles.•When a paper wheel was placed in the path of the cathode rays, the cathode rays struck it and made it rotate, proving that cathode rays were made of particles

Robert Milikan Background: -March 22, 1868 - December 19, 1953

-Went to high school in Iowa (lived in a rural era)

-Went to Oberlin College and then Columbia University

-Wife = Greta Erwin Blanchar

-Three sons: Clark Blanchard, Glenn Allen, and Max Franklin

-Received his Ph.D. in 1895

-Made numerous discoveries in the fields of electricity, optics, and molecular physics (contributions to science were with the research of cosmic rays).

-Was an author (wrote in scientific journals) that were really well-respected in science community



http://hi.fi.tripod.com/timeline/

Robert Milikan Background: •Held highly esteemed scientific

positions:•President of the American Physical Society •Vice-President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

•Held honorary doctor’s degrees from 25 universities

•Set a goal to write textbooks that would capture the attention of readers that was easy to understand

•Vice-Chairman of the National Research Council during WWI playing a major part in developing anti-submarine and meteorological devices



http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/robertmillikan.html

The Experiment: Oil-Drop-Major success was

determining charge of an electron, using the elegant "falling-drop method" called Milikan Oil Drop

-Proved that electric charge is quantized (as predicted by quantum physics)

-Discovery was accomplished by spraying minute drops of oil into a specially built chamber



http://millikan.nbaoh.com/1.htm

The Experiment: Oil-Drop-How the experiment operated:

1. Atomizer produces oil droplets2. Oil Droplets fall through the hole3. X-rays negatively charge the droplets4. Voltage applied to 2 plates creates an electric field and the electric force pulls some oil drops up5. Microscope measures the rate at which the oil drops fall or rise



http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Simplified_scheme_of_Millikan%E2%80%99s_oil-drop_experiment.png

The Experiment: Oil-Drop-Drops travel up/down

depending on the forces acting on it

-1st: experiment is done without an electric field = gravity pulls the drops down because its force is greater than air resistance-Then done W/ electric field = electric force larger than gravitational pull causing droplets to go up

-Using this formula: you can find velocity (velocity is related to charge), thus finding the charge of an electron



W/O Electric Field



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Significance of the Experiment

-First successful scientific attempt to detect and measure the effect of an individual subatomic particle

-The Millikan oil drop experiment was so significant that Millikan won the 1923 Nobel Prize in physics for his work

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http://www.chemteam.info/Gallery/Gallery15.html

Significance of the Experiment

-Expanded upon Cathode-Ray experiment which determined mass/charge ratio but didn’t determine the numbers for it

- He determined the numbers for the ratio-Determined charge of electron through oil-drop experiment

-Determined that an electron is a sub-atomic particle

-Determined that charge is quantized



http://www.goalfinder.com/product.asp?productid=69


• 1871- 1937

• “Father of nuclear physics”

• Early on in his life, he developed a device to detect electromagnetic waves

•Left home in New Zealand to study at Caterbury University as a researchstudent on a scholarship

•His professor, J.J. Thompson recognizedhis potential and invited Rutherford to work with him

• After radioactive atoms were discovered, he became highly interested in radioactivity

• He discovered that radioactive atoms gave off two different types of rays: alpha and beta rays (alpha= made up of positively charged particles; beta= made up of negatively charged particles

• Returned to New Zealand for marriage butcontinued his research at McGill University

• He researched into radioactivity,discovering radon

• Published the book, Radioactivity, and won theNoble Prize in chemistry for his work on the transmutation of elements and the chemistryof radioactive substances

• Is most famous for his Gold Foil Experiment

• Rutherford came up with the earliest version of the atomic model when he conducted his gold foil experiment

•When firing alpha particles at a fine sheet of gold foil, he found that some particles pass through the foil, whilesome change direction orpass back

• He concluded that the atoms of gold foil must bemostly empty space around a dense nucleus and cameup with his atomic model

1.Downfall of the Plum Pudding Model

2.Creation of the Atomic Model

• J.J Thompson’s Plum Pudding Model claimed that the negatively charged electrons were embedded in a sphere of positive charge so the charges were balanced

• WAS INCORRECT since none of Thompson’s electrons contained enough charge or mass to deflect alphas strongly

• ** INSTEAD, Rutherford suggested in his Atomic Model that a large amount of the atoms charge and mass is instead concentrated into a very small region giving it a high electric field

• Rutherford propsed that the atom was mostly empty space

Sir James Chadwick

1891 - 1974



Early Life

• Born October 20, 1891• Born in Cheshire, England• Graduated from Honours School of Physics in 1911• Studied under Ernest Rutherford in the Physical

Laboratory in Manchester for 2 years• Gained his Master of Science degree in 1913

Scientific Context

• Ernest Rutherford recently discovers the proton

• Henri Becquerel recently discovers gamma waves

• Beginning to develop accurate atomic model





Experiment

• Sample of Beryllium bombarded with alpha particles (type of radiation)

• Caused Beryllium to emit different radiation

• Knew radiation was neutral because it was not affected by a magnetic field

• Knew the particles were large because they discharged protons

Experiment



Discoveries

• Leads to discovery of the neutron (1932)

• Discovers mass of the neutron

Significance

• Previously, mass number was always much higher than atomic number

• Neutrons solved this problem

• Atomic model more accurate

• Receives Nobel Prize in Physics in 1935

• Knighted in 1945 QuickTime™ and a decompressor


Significance

• Made the development of the atomic bomb possible

• Now understood how isotopes worked

• Used uranium 235 to create bomb

• Chadwick worked on Manhattan Project



Niels Bohr and the Bohr Model

By Tim Hwang and Noah Pardes

Born: October 7, 1885Died: November 18, 1962

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http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95oct/nbohr.html

About Niels Bohr• Born in Copenhagen, Denmarck on October 7,

1885• His father is Christian Bohr who was a professor

of physiology at the University of Copenhagen.• His mother is Ellen Adler Bohr.• His brother is Harald Bohr who was a

mathematician • Enrolled as an undergrad at the University of

Copenhagen in 1903 and graduated with a doctrine in 1911.

• Marries Margrethe Nørlund in 1912.

About Niels Bohr Cont.• In 1913, he published his theory on the

structure of the atom which was based on Rutherford’s theory.

• Niels Bohr becomes the professor of physics at the University of Copenhagen in 1916.

• He died in Copenhagen on November 18, 1962

Main Point

• Electrons orbit the nucleus in orbits that have a set size and energy.

• The energy of the orbit is related to its size. The lowest energy is found in the smallest orbit.

• Radiation is absorbed or emitted when an electron moves from one orbit to another.

• The simplest example of the Bohr Model is for the hydrogen atom (Z = 1) or for a hydrogen-like ion (Z > 1), in which a negatively-charged electron orbits a small positively-charged nucleus-char

Main Point Cont.• When an electron is in an "allowed" orbit it does not radiate.

Thus the model simply throws out classical electromagnetic theory

• When an electron absorbs energy from incident electromagnetic radiation, it "quantum jumps" into a higher energy allowed state. This higher energy state corresponds to an allowed orbit with a higher value of the integer n

• When an electron is in a higher energy state, it can quantum jump into a lower energy state, one with a smaller value of n, emitting all of its energy as a single photon of electromagnetic energy

Significance• The significance of the Bohr model is that it states

that the laws of classical mechanics do not apply to the motion of the electron about the nucleus

• Bohr proposed rather that a new kind of mechanics, or quantum mechanics, describes the motion of the electrons around the nucleus

• The Rutherford-Bohr model provided the first really useful view of the atom

• It matched what scientists knew about chemical reactions and the way atoms behaved

Significance Cont.

• It matched what scientist knew about chemical reactions and the way atoms behaved

• The Bohr model of the atom deals specifically with the behavior of electrons in the atom

• While he realized electrodynamics is useless, he proposed to use "mechanics" to describe the motion of an electron in its orbit

Work Cited

• http://www.lucidcafe.com/library/95oct/nbohr.html• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr• http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/

1922/bohr-bio.html• http://chemistry.about.com/od/atomicstructure/a/bohr-

model.htm• http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/PVB/Harrison/

BohrModel/BohrModel.html• http://www.lycos.com/info/bohr-model--electrons.html• http://www.chemteam.info/Electrons/Bohr-Model-

part1.html

Citations

• http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=56

• http://mattson.creighton.edu/History_Gas_Chemistry/Lavoisier.html

• http://cti.itc.virginia.edu/~meg3c/classes/tcc313/200Rprojs/lavoisier2/home.html#phlogiston

http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=56


http://mattson.creighton.edu/History_Gas_Chemistry/Lavoisier.html


http://cti.itc.virginia.edu/~meg3c/classes/tcc313/200Rprojs/lavoisier2/home.html#phlogiston


Citations-http://martine.people.cofc.edu/111LectWeek1.htm?referrer=webcluster&-http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Image:Carbon_with_oxygen.JPG-http://www.iscid.org/encyclopedia/Law_of_Multiple_Proportions-http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/law+of+multiple+proportions-http://www.brightstorm.com/science/chemistry/matter/law-of-definite-proportions-law-of-multiple-proportionss

http://www.solarpowerwindenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/kineticandpotentialenergy.jpg

http://library.thinkquest.org/3659/energy/matterandenergy.html




http://sciencepark.etacude.com/chemistry/law.php

http://www.ehow.com/about_4568411_law-conservation-mass.html

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/684121/chemical-bonding/43364/The-law-of-conservation-of-mass

http://www.homeoint.org/morrell/articles/pm_origin.htm

http://www.ssplprints.com/image.php?id=100610

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_picture_candidates/Antoine_Lavoisier http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lavoisier_decomposition_air.png


http://www.famousdead.com/antoine-lavoisier/

http://www.scienceshorts.com/lavois.htm

http://www.iss.k12.nc.us/schools/mountmourne/lalerch/shmetric.htm

http://letsgotribe.mlblogs.com/archives/2007/10/the_tribe_pulls.html

http://www.rjdposters.com/Store/DrawProducts.aspx?Action=GetDetails&ProductID=621&ParentID=&PageID=75

http://www.philiplarson.com/e1.shtml

http://reich-chemistry.wikispaces.com/timothy.hitchings.atomichistory.fall.2009

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/combustion.html

http://www.silkywater.com/waterintro.htm

https://www.msu.edu/~moorean4/TestSite/chemistrymain.htm

http://www.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/~sander/chem-intro.html

http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=periodic-table-quiz











http://sciencepark.etacude.com/chemistry/law.php






http://www.homeoint.org/morrell/articles/pm_origin.htm

http://www.ssplprints.com/image.php?id=100610

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_picture_candidates/Antoine_Lavoisier

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lavoisier_decomposition_air.png


http://www.famousdead.com/antoine-lavoisier/

http://www.scienceshorts.com/lavois.htm

http://www.iss.k12.nc.us/schools/mountmourne/lalerch/shmetric.htm

http://letsgotribe.mlblogs.com/archives/2007/10/the_tribe_pulls.html




http://www.philiplarson.com/e1.shtml

http://reich-chemistry.wikispaces.com/timothy.hitchings.atomichistory.fall.2009

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/combustion.html

http://www.silkywater.com/waterintro.htm

https://www.msu.edu/~moorean4/TestSite/chemistrymain.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson

http://www.experiment-resources.com/cathode-ray.html

http://members.chello.nl/~h.dijkstra19/page3.html

http://www.tutorvista.com/physics/jj-thomson-cathode-ray-tube

freepatentsonline.com

http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/AtomicStructure/JJThompson.htm

http://www.wwnorton.com/college/chemistry/gilbert2/tutorials/interface.asp?chapter=chapter_02&folder=cathode_ray

SOURCES Thomson

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson

http://www.experiment-resources.com/cathode-ray.html

http://members.chello.nl/~h.dijkstra19/page3.html

http://www.tutorvista.com/physics/jj-thomson-cathode-ray-tube






http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1923/millikan-bio.html http://www.wwnorton.com/college/chemistry/gilbert2/tutorials/interface.asp?chapter=chapter_02&folder=millikan http://www.light-science.com/millikan.html

Citations Millikan


http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/millikanoildrop.html

http://chemistry.about.com/od/electronicstructure/a/millikan-oil-drop- experiment.htm

http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/212_fall2003.web.dir/ryan_mcallister/slide3.htm


http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/millikanoildrop.html

http://chemistry.about.com/od/electronicstructure/a/millikan-oil-drop-%20experiment.htm

http://chemistry.about.com/od/electronicstructure/a/millikan-oil-drop-%20experiment.htm



• http://christchurchcitylibraries.com/kids/famousnewzealanders/ernest.asp

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford

• http://mysciencearticles.com/page/8/•http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/41549/18103/Shell-atomic-model-In-the-shell-atomic-model-electrons-occupy•http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/HTbtGA9m7iMKVP8ry_drhw •http://reich-chemistry.wikispaces.com/Fall.2008.MMA.Haley.Timeline •http://www.natlib.govt.nz/collections/online-exhibitions/20th-century-scientists/ernest-rutherford

http://christchurchcitylibraries.com/kids/famousnewzealanders/ernest.asp

http://christchurchcitylibraries.com/kids/famousnewzealanders/ernest.asp

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford

http://mysciencearticles.com/page/8/

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/41549/18103/Shell-atomic-model-In-the-shell-atomic-model-electrons-occupy




http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/HTbtGA9m7iMKVP8ry_drhw

http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/HTbtGA9m7iMKVP8ry_drhw

http://reich-chemistry.wikispaces.com/Fall.2008.MMA.Haley.Timeline

http://reich-chemistry.wikispaces.com/Fall.2008.MMA.Haley.Timeline

http://www.natlib.govt.nz/collections/online-exhibitions/20th-century-scientists/ernest-rutherford



Sources Chadwick• http://www.suite101.com/content/the-discovery-of-the

-neutron-a46060• http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1

935/chadwick-bio.html• Portrait:

http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/chadwick-bio.html

• Nobel Prize Image: http://startswithabang.com/?p=982

• Rutherford Image: http://www.mlahanas.de/Physics/Bios/ErnestRutherford.html

http://www.suite101.com/content/the-discovery-of-the-neutron-a46060






http://startswithabang.com/?p=982

Sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutronz

http://hyperphysics.phy-

astr.gsu.edu/hbase/particles/neutrondis.html


Becquerel Image: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/becquerel-bio.html

Mushroom Cloud Image: http://www.allamericanpatriots.com/photos/mushroom-cloud

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutronz



Period 5.. Scientist’s Early Theories on the Atom By Corey Lacher and Grant Miller.

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Transcript of Period 5.. Scientist’s Early Theories on the Atom By Corey Lacher and Grant Miller.