Performance Analysis of Solar Drying System for Guntur Chili · curries and various popular dishes...

International Journal of Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJLTET)

Vol. 4 Issue 2 July 2014 283 ISSN: 2278-621X

Performance Analysis of Solar Drying System

for Guntur Chili

T.Bhanu Prakash

M.Tech student, Department of Mechanical Engineering

K L University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, India.

G. Satyanarayana

Department of mechanical engineering

K L University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, India.

Abstract: This study is concerned with performance analysis of solar drying system for Guntur red chili. Chili was

dried to final moisture content of 9 % w.b from 80% w.b in 24 h using this system. In this study energy analysis was

carried out to estimate the heat gain rate for the collector 380 w. The effiffiffifficiencies of the solar collector 71.4%, drying

system 42.18%, at the solar radiation of 950 w/m2 and a mass flow rate of 0.01 kg/sec. Open sun drying system chili

was dried to final moisture content of 9 % w.b from 80% w.b in 56 h using this system.

Keywords: solar drying system, Open sun drying system, w.b.

I. INTRODUCTION

Chili is traditionally dried directly under the open sun. Open sun drying requires a large open space and long

drying times. Although this traditional method requires only a small investment, open sun drying is highly

dependent on the availability of sunshine and is susceptible to contamination from foreign materials (dust, sand

and clay) as well as insect and fungal infestations, which thrive in moist conditions. Such contaminations render

the products unusable. Most agricultural and marine products require drying to preserve the quality of the final

product, but open sun drying results in low-quality products. Therefore, solar drying has become one of the most

attractive and promising applications of solar energy systems as an alternative to open sun drying. Several

studies specifically investigated solar drying systems for red chili.

II. AIM OF THE STUDY

For the analysis of the present study Guntur mirchi is taken into consideration. Guntur chillis are a group of

cultivars originating in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. They are exported to Asia, Canada, and Europe.

The Guntur district is the main producer and exporter of most varieties of Chillies and chili powder in India to

countries like Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Middle East, South Korea, U.K. and USA & Latin America. Chilies have

various colours and flavours because of the level of Capsaicin in them. Guntur chilies form an important part of

curries and various popular dishes of the state of Andhra Pradesh in India.

� Guntur Sannam - S4 Type is the most famous type among the chilis and has a huge demand throughout

the world. It widely grows in Guntur, Warangal, and Khammam districts of Andhra Pradesh. The skin

of crushed chili is thick, red and hot. It has its peak harvesting season from December to May. The

annual Production of this type is approximately 280,000 tons. It has an ASTA Colour value of 32.11

and Capsaicin Value of 0.226%.

� 273 chili is a common wrinkled chili.

� Other Guntur Chilies are Phatki, Indo-5, Ankur, Roshni, Bedki and Madhubala, and Teja could be too

spicy for some people’s taste while a few others are used just to add colour to the dish.

� Wonder Hot chilli is the hottest Guntur chili.

� 334 chillis is a premium export-quality chili.

� Teja chili is a fine variety of Guntur chili.

2.1 Guntur Chilli Characteristics

Guntur Sannam chili has specific characteristics that have enabled it to earn international and national

acclaim. Sannam chili is generally known to trade as a S4 type chili and is mainly used for its pungency and for

the extraction and derivation of capsaicin. The following are characteristics of Guntur Sannam chili:



• The Guntur Sannam chili belongs to Capsicum variety with long fruits (5 to 15 cm. In length) and

diameter range from 0.5 to 1.5 cm.

• The chili has thick skin.

• The skin of crushed chili is thick, red and hot.

• The chili is hot and pungent with average pungency of 35,000 to 40,000 SHU.

• The chili is red with ASTA colour value of about 32.11.

• The content of Capsaicin is about 0.226%.

• This chili is rich in vitamin C (185 mg/100 g) and protein (11.98 g/100 g).

2.1.1 Geographical Area of Production

Table :1

District & State Latitude Longitude

Guntur, Andhra

Pradesh 15.55°N to 16.35°N 79.19°E to 80.36°E

Warangal, Andhra


Prakasam, Andhra


Khammam, Andhra


2.1.2 Grades of Guntur Sannam.

At least 4 grades of Guntur Sannam chilies are known to exist. They are:

� Sannam Special (S.S.): light red in colour, shining, with a length of 5 cm and more.

� Sannam General (S.G.): light red in colour, shining skin, with a length of 3 to 5 cm.

� Sannam Fair (S.F.): which is blackish a dull red in colour with a length of 3 to 5 cm.

� Non Specified (N.S.): This is not a regular grade and is meant to meet specific requirements of the

buyers which are not covered under regular grades.

III. CLASSIFICATION OF SOLAR DRYERS

Drying equipment may be classified in several ways. The two most useful classifications are based on

(1). the method of transferring heat to the wet solids.

(2). the handling characteristics and physical properties of the wet material.

The first method of classification reveals differences in dryer design and operation, while the second method is

most useful in the selection of a group of dryers for preliminary consideration in a given drying problem. A

classification chart of drying equipment on the basis of heat transfer is shown in Figure below. This chart

classifies dryers as direct or indirect, with subclasses of continuous or batch wise operation. Solar energy drying

systems are classified primarily according to their heating modes and the manner in which the solar heat is

utilized.



3.1 Classification of Solar Dryers.

IV. WORKING OF SOLAR DRYER

4.1. Indirect solar drying (ISD).

These differ from direct dryers with respect to heat transfer and vapour removal. Figure describes the working

principle of indirect solar drying. The crops in these indirect solar dryers are located in trays. The drying cabinet

and a separate unit termed as solar collector are used for heating of the entering air into the cabinet. The heated

air is allowed to flow through over the wet crop that provides the heat for moisture evaporation by convective

heat transfer between the hot air and the wet crop. Drying takes place due to the difference in moisture

concentration between the drying air and the air in distributed the crop surface. The advantages of indirect solar

drying are:

a) Offers a better control over drying and the product obtained is of better quality than sun drying.

Solar energy drying

SOLAR DRYERS

Conventional

Drying

Bulk or storage

(low temperature)

dryers

Batch and

continuous (high

temperature)

dryers

Natural dryers Solar energy dryers

Crops dried in-situ

sisituvation

Drying on

ground mats

concrete and

floor

Drying on trays

Horizontal

trays

Vertical or inclined

Racks

Active dryers Passive dryers

Distributed type

dryers

Mixed mode dryers

Integral type dryers

Distributed

type dryers

Mixed mode

dryers

Integral type

dryers

Cabinet type

Dryers

Green house

dryers



b) Caramelization and localized heat damage do not occur as the crops are protected and opaque to direct

radiation.

c) Can be operated at higher temperature, recommended for deep layer drying.

d) Highly recommended for photo-sensitive crops.

e) Have inherent tendency towards greater efficiency than direct solar drying.

They are, however, relatively elaborate structures requiring more capital investment in equipment and incur

larger maintenance costs than the direct drying units.

Figure. 1 .Working principle of indirect solar drying system

4.1.2 Selection of solar dryers.

The diversity of food products has introduced many types and combinations of solar dryers to the food industry.

The methods of supplying heat and transporting the moisture and the drying product are the basic variations

among different types of solar dryers. Table 1.2 enumerates the typical checklist for evaluation and selection for

solar dryers.

Table.2 Typical checklist for preliminary evaluation and selection of solar dryers

S.No Parameters Features

1.

Physical features of dryer

• Type, size and shape

• Collector area

• Drying capacity/loading density (kg/unit tray

area)

• Tray area and number of trays

• Loading/unloading convenience

2

Thermal performance

• Solar insulation

• Drying time/drying rate

• Dryer/drying efficiency

• Drying air temperature and relative humidity

• Airflow rate

3

Properties of the material being

handled

• Physical characteristics (wet/dry)

• Acidity

• Corrosiveness

• Toxicity

• Flammability

• Particle size

• Abrasiveness



4

Drying characteristics of the

material

• Type of moisture (bound, unbound, or both)

• Initial moisture content

• Final moisture content (maximum)

• Permissible drying temperature

• Probable drying time for different dryers

5

Flow of material to and from

the dryer

• Quantity to be handled per hour

• Continuous or batch operation

• Process prior to drying

• Process subsequent to drying

6

Product qualities

• Shrinkage

• Contamination

• Uniformity of final moisture content

• Decomposition of product

• Over-drying

• State of subdivision

• Appearance

• Flavour

• Bulk density

7 Recovery problems • Dust recovery

• Solvent recovery

8

Facilities available at site of

proposed installation

• Space

• Temperature, humidity, and cleanliness of air

• Available fuels

• Available electric power

• Permissible noise, vibration, dust, or heat

losses

• Source of wet feed

• Exhaust-gas outlets

9

Economics

• Cost of dryer

• Cost of drying

• Payback

10

Other parameters

• Skilled technician and operator requirements,

• Safety and reliability

• Maintenance

4.1.3 Type of Solar Dryer

On the basis of the mode of drying, e.g. direct or indirect, solar dryers may be classified as passive and active

ones: (a) Passive dryers, where crops are dried by direct impingement from the sun’s radiation with or without

natural air circulation, and (b) Active

Solar dryers, where hot drying air is circulated by means of a ventilator (forced convection).

• Active Solar Drying Systems.

• Indirect-Type Active Solar Drying Systems.

4.1.3.1 Active Solar Drying Systems.

Active solar drying systems are designed incorporating external means, like fans or pumps, for moving the solar

energy in the form of heated air from the collector area to the drying beds. Thus all active solar dryer are, by

their application, forced convection dryer. A typical active solar dryer depends on solar-energy only for the heat

source, while for air circulation uses motorized fans or ventilator. These dryers find major applications in large-

scale commercial drying operation. Active solar dryers are known to be suitable for drying higher moisture

content foodstuffs such as papaya, kiwi fruits, brinjal, cabbage and cauliflower slices and chilli. A variety of

active solar-energy dryers exist which could be classified into either the direct -type, indirect-type or hybrid

dryers.

4.1.3.2 Indirect-Type Active Solar Drying Systems

These active dryers as discussed for indirect dryer in section a separate collector and drying unit. They are

generally comprised of four basic components viz., a solar air heater, drying chamber, a blower for air

circulation and ducting. Due to the separate air heating unit higher temperatures can easily be obtained with a



control on air flow rate. However as the efficiency of collector decreases at higher temperature operation, an

optimum temperature and airflow rate has to be determined to have a cost effective design. While most solar

collectors are made up of metal (mild steel) absorbers with appropriate black coatings, materials like tempered

glass, air ducting lines, etc. Figure shows below a typical indirect-type active solar dryer. A few designs also

employ the recirculation of drying air, which ensures low exhaust air temperature and thereby efficient use of

energy. A system employing partial air- circulation, in a metal-tube solar collector. The efficiency of the

indirect- type active solar dryer also depends on the location of the fan, though not so significantly in small

batches. The prime objective of the fan is to maintain a desired flow-rate in the drying cabinet causing uniform

evaporation of moisture from the wet material and in the collector is the collection of heat maintaining a

negative pressure, reducing the heat losses. Figure shows the role of the fan in a typical continuous flow in an

active solar dryer.

V. SOLAR COLLECTOR DESIGN.

.

Figure: 2(a) .The schematic of solar drying system. Figure: 2(b) .The schematic of solar

drying system.

Samples of chili (Guntur Sannam - S4) were obtained from the farm of Guntur; a total of 1 kg of fresh red chili

was used in each experiment. About 10 milligrams of red chili paste were taken and dried in a Bra Bender at a

temperature of 130 ± 1 0C. The initial and final masses of the red chili were recorded using an electronic

balance. The procedure was repeated at 0.5 h intervals until the end of the drying process. The average moisture

content was 80% (w.b).

The solar drying system consists of a finned single-pass solar collector, a blower, and a flat bed drying chamber.

The drying system is classified as a forced convection indirect type. A schematic diagram of the solar dryer is

shown in Figure 1(a), 1(b). The width and length of the collector are 0.73 and 1.3 m, respectively. The total area

of the collector is 0.95 m2. The collector has a glass cover, and the sides are insulated and painted black on a



mild steel absorber plate. The channel depth is 2.5 cm. The bottom and sides of the collector are insulated with

5.08 cm thick glass wool to minimize heat losses. Air initially enters the collector through the finned absorber

plate. The drying chamber is 0.096 m in length, 0.1524 m in width, and 0.3048 m in height.

The drying process was conducted from 9:30 AM to 5:30 PM. The solar dryer was shut down at night. The

drying process was continued until the next day, and the process was repeated until the required equilibrium

moisture content was reached. For the experiments, the solar dryer was loaded to its full capacity of1 kg of red

chili, which was divided and equally distributed on single tray. The red chili was also placed in a small tray

positioned at the center of the dryer to determine the moisture loss by using a CS 2000 (Ohaus Compact Scales)

digital electronic balance. The balance has an accuracy of 0.1 g. The air temperature (ambient, collector inlet,

and collector outlet temperatures), radiation intensity, and air velocity were measured. The air temperatures

before entering, inside, and outside the dryer chamber were also measured. An air flow Tes 1340 Hot Wire

Anemometer was used to determine the air flow velocity in the solar collector. k -type thermocouples and digital

thermometers were used.

VI. PERFORMANCES ANALYSES OF SOLAR COLLECTOR CALCULATION

6.1 Input parameters

The flat collector consists of absorber, insulation, glass plate, fin specifications. The properties of these

components are;

6.1 (a) Absorber.

Material = mild steel (20 gauge C.R sheet),

Thickness of the sheet = 0.9 mm.

Dimensions of the absorber plate = 1300 mm* 730mm* 0.9mm.

Thermal conductivity k = 40 w/ m-0k.

Absorber plate coating = black paint

Length of collector (L) = 1350 mm.

Width of collector (W) =780 mm.

Length of absorber plate (l) =1300 mm.

Width of absorber plate (w) = 730 mm.

Air inlet temperature (Tfi) = 50

Ambient temperature Ta = 300C (308

0k).

Absorber plate temperature Tab = 70 0C (343

0k).

6.1 (b) Insulation.

Material = glass wool slab.

Glass wool Thickness (Tg) = 50mm.

Glass wool Thermal conductivity (kg) = 0.03 W/ m- 0k.

6.1 (c) Glass plate

Number of glass plate N =1

Glass plate thickness = 4mm



Glass plate dimensions (L*W*T) = 1350mm*780mm* 4mm .

Glass emissivity g = 0.88.

The assumed wind speed v= 3 m2/sec

6.1 (d) Fin specifications.

Material = mild steel (20 gauge C.R sheet),

Fin thickness= 0.9mm.

Fin height =15mm.

Center to center distance between fins = 50mm.

Spacing between absorber and bottom plate = 25mm.

6.1 (d) some other properties.

Solar flux incident on the collector face---------------- 950 w/m2

Thermal diffusivity α = 0.85

p= emissivity of the absorber plate surface. ----------- 0.95

b= emissivity of the bottom plate surface. ------------- 0.95

The mean fluid temperature of 600for the purpose of evaluating the properties of air, we have

Air density =1.060 kg/ m3

Specific heat Cp =1.005 k j/kg-0k

Air thermal conductivity K= 0.0290 w/ m-0k

Air velocity V = 18.97 * 10-6 m2/s.

6.2 Mathematical equations

“DITTUS – BOELTER” equation is applicable to solar collector design:

Clearance to spacing ratio (L+ Lf) / (WL- f) is less than one.

The spacing to fin height ratio (W- f) /Lf. is greater than one.

These constraints are usually satisfied in practice.

The Nusselt number is = Nu= 0.023 *Re0.8

* Pr0.4

Where the characteristic dimension used in the definitions of Nu and Re is the equivalent diameter de given by

Equivalent diameter de = 4* cross –sectional area of a fin channel

Wetted perimeter of a fin channel

de = 4(WL- f Lf)

2 (WL+ Lf) (1)

Where;

W= fin centre to centre distance



f = fin thickness

L = Spacing between absorber and bottom plate

f = fin height.

Clearance to spacing ratio = (L+ Lf) / (WL- f). (2)

Spacing to fin height ratio = (W- f) /Lf (3)

Average air velocity ( ) = VA * n (4)

.Re = inertia force/ viscous force. Where (Re = Reynolds number).

Re = V de / (5)

The Nusselt number is = Nu= 0.023 *Re0.8

* Pr0.4

(6)

Nu= 0.023* 3730 0.8

*0.696 0.4

hfp = hff = hfb = Nu* k/ de (7)

Where, hfp = Connective heat transfer coefficient between the absorber plate and air stream.

hff = Connective heat transfer coefficient between the fin surface and air stream.

hfb = Connective heat transfer coefficient between the bottom plate and air stream.

hr =equivalent radioactive heat transfer coefficient.

he = effective heat transfer coefficient.

f = fin effectiveness.

f = tanh mLf / mLf. (8)

The effective heat transfer coefficient equation:

he = hfp 1+2* Lf* f * hff / w hfp + hr * hfp / hr + hfp (9)

Where, hff = hfp= hfb

he = hfp 1+2* Lf* f / w + hr * hfp / hr + hfp (10)

hr =4 Tav3 / (1/ p + 1/ b – 1) (11)

Where, Tav = average ambient temperature.

6.2 (A) Collector Overall Loss Coefficient.



Figure: 3 (a). The thermal net work for the proposed flat plate collector is shown below.

.

Figure: 3 (b) The equivalent thermal net work

The overall loss coefficient equation (UL) =Ub+ Ut.

Where, Ut =Top loss coefficient.

Ub = Bottom loss coefficient.

The Bottom loss coefficient equation.

Ub = glass wool thermal conductivity (kg) (12)

Glass wool thickness (Tg)

The top loss coefficient suggested (0k), following the basic procedure of “HOTEL and WORT’Z” is given by

Ut = N + [1/ hw] -1

+

[(344/Tp ) (Tp – Ta) / (N+f )]0.31



(Tp – Ta) (Tp2– Ta

2)

[ p+0.0425 N (1- p)]-1 + [(2N + f- 1)/ g]- N

(13)

Where, hw = wind transfer coefficient

hw = 5.5+3.8 * V

f= (1.0 - 0.04 hw + 5.0*10^-4* hw2)

*(1+0.058N). (15)

Top loss coefficient modified equitation. Ut.

The overall loss coefficient equation (UL) =Ub+ Ut.

Collector efficiency factor equation (F’) = (1+ (UL / he))-1 (16)

Collector heat removal factor equation;

If relates the actual energy gain of a collector to the use full energy gain if the whole collector surface where at

the air inlet temperature. The use full energy gain is expressed as;

Collector heat removal factor equation FR = m*cp / ULAP [1-EXP {-(F’ UL AP) / (mCP)}] (17)

Heat gain rate for the collector (equation qu) = FR AP [(S* α) - UL (Tfi- Ta)]. (18)

qu / S AP = FR [( α) - FR UL ( )].

Instantaneous efficiency equation = FR [( α) - FR UL ( )]. (19)

qu / S AP =

qu = S AP *

The air out let temperature is obtained equation;

m*Cp * (Tao-Tai) = qu. (20)

The Saving in drying time equation is S= *100 (21)

Where; open solar drying time, =solar drying time

Chili water content was estimated on dry basis. Wet matter value of the samples was calculated. The product

water content at different drying stages was then expressed according to the following relation:

X = (22)

Where: me is the mass of the product water,

X the water content in wet basis,

m the mass of the product

ms the corresponding wet basis.

Table:3 The table results Performance evaluation of solar collector drying system.

Parameter Value

Initial weight of product (total) 1 kg

Final weight of product (total) 200 grams

Initial moisture content (wet basis) 80%



Final moisture content (wet basis) 9%

Air mass flow rate 0.01 kg/s

Average solar radiation 950 W/m2

Average ambient temperature 300C

Average drying chamber temperature 500C

Average ambient relative humidity 65%

Average drying chamber humidity 38%

Drying time 24 h

Blower air volume 3.5 m3/min

Evaporative capacity 0.01kg/sec

Overall drying efficiency 42.18%

Initial weight of product (total) 1 kg

Clearance to spacing ratio 0.20 (less than one)

Spacing to fin height ratio 3.27 (greater than one)

Equivalent diameter de de = 3.8046 cm.

Average air velocity ( ) V= 1.86 m/s.

Reynolds number( Re) 3730

Nusselt number (Nu) 14.326.

Connective heat transfer coefficient

between the bottom plate and air stream.

(hfb )

10.921 w/ m2-

ok

overall loss coefficient UL 8.66 w/ m2 – 0C

Top loss coefficient. Ut 8.06 w/ m2 – 0C

Bottom loss coefficient. Ub 0.6 w/ m2 –

0C

wind transfer coefficient hw 17.1 w/ m2 – 0C

Collector efficiency factor F’ 71.4%

fin effectiveness f ) 0.956.

Equivalent radioactive heat transfer

coefficient. ( hr )

7.598 w/ m2-

0k.

The effective heat transfer coefficient(he) 21.658 w/ m2-

0k .

Collector heat removal factor (FR) 0.564

Instantaneous efficiency 0.4218 (42.18%).

Heat gain rate for the collector (qu) 380.273 w

The air out let temperature (Tao) 31.8710C

water content in wet basis % 9%

VII. RESULTS

During the 3days (24 h) experimentation period is conducted from 9:30 AM to 5:30 PM, the daily mean values

of the drying chamber air temperature, drying Chamber and solar radiation ranged from 30 0C to 57

0C, and

180W/m2

to 950W/m2. The drying temperature and relative humidity under solar drying continuously varied

with increasing drying time. The results revealed that the drying temperature in solar drying was greater than the

ambient temperature, where as the relative humidity in this system was lower than the ambient relative

humidity. The drying temperature and relative humidity values also significantly differed at 25 0C and 45%,

respectively, during the 24 h drying period. The efficiency of the collector ranged from 42.18 to 71.4% with an

average value of 35 % at a drying air flow rate of 0.01kg/s

7.1 .Solar Cabinet Inlet& Outlet Temperature Plot



Figure 4 TEMPERATURE Vs TIME IN DAY

The variation of temperature vs. time in day was shown in graph. The graph reveals that temperature increases

with increases in time that means sun raises. The graph reveals that temperature decrease with decrease in time

that means sun falling. The above chart measuring the every one hour temperature, and weighing to the chilli

mass.

7.2. Solar Collector Inlet and Outlet Temperature Plot

Figure5. TEMPERATURE Vs TIME IN DAY

The variation of temperature vs. time in day was shown in graph. The graph reveals that temperature increases

with increases in time that means sun raises. The graph reveals that temperature decrease with decrease in time



that means sun falling. The above chart measuring the every one hour temperature of solar collector input and

output.

7.3. Solar Drying And Open Sun Drying Rates Plot

Figure 6. Moisture content (wet basis) variation with dying time.

The above chart will be solar drying and open sun drying rates indicates in the every 4hours. The solar drying

in 24 h curve will be plotted and open sun drying 56 h curve will be plotted. The chart will be the x- axis is

drying rate in every 4hours and y-axis is moisture content in percentage.

VIII. CONCULUSION The performances analyses of the solar drying system for chili were performed in this study. Given the results

from these analyses, the following remarks may be concluded:

• Drying red chili via solar drying reduced the moisture content from 80% (w.b) to 9% (w.b) in 24 h.

• The solar drying system was compared with open sun drying 57.89% saving in drying time was

obtained for

the solar drying system .

• The solar radiation of 950 W/m2 and an air flow rate of 0.01 kg/s. Maximum and minimum collector

efficiencies of 71.4%, and 42.18%, respectively, were observed. The drying temperature varied

between 30 0C and 57 0C with an average of 45 0C.

IX. NOMENCLATURE

L c Length of collector (mm)

W Width of collector (mm)

l Length of absorber plate (mm)

w Width of absorber plate (mm)

V Air flow rate ( m2/sec)

Tai Air inlet temperature 0C



Ta Ambient temperature 0C

Tabp Absorber plate temperature 0C

k Thermal conductivity w/ m-0k.

g Glass emissivity

p emissivity of the absorber plate surface.

b emissivity of the bottom plate surface.

Air density (kg/ m3)

Cp Specific heat (k j/kg-0k)

W fin centre to centre distance (mm)

f fin thickness (mm)

L Spacing between absorber and bottom plate (mm)

f fin height.(mm)

de Equivalent diameter (mm)

Nu Nusselt number

Re Reynolds number

hfb Connective heat transfer coefficient between the bottom plate and air stream. (w/ m2-

ok)

hr equivalent radioactive heat transfer coefficient. . (w/ m2-ok)

he effective heat transfer coefficient. . (w/ m2-

ok)

f fin effectiveness.

Tav average ambient temperature. 0C

UL overall loss coefficient w/ m2 – 0C

Ut Top loss coefficient. w/ m2 –

0C

Ub Bottom loss coefficient. w/ m2 –

0C

w.b wet basis %

hw wind transfer coefficient w/ m2 –

0C

F’ Collector efficiency factor

FR Collector heat removal factor

qu Heat gain rate for the collector

Instantaneous efficiency (%)

Tao air out let temperature 0c

S Saving in drying time (%)



Open solar drying time (h)

Solar drying time (h)

x water content in dry basis %

Subscripts:

c collector

a ambient

abs absorber plate

g glass

f fin

L loss

u useful

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