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PERFORMANC USK WASTE UNDER

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MUHAMMAD ADIB BIN ISMAIL

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A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the undergraduate

project Bachelor in Civil Engineering.

Faculty of Civil Engineering

University of Malaysia Pahang

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June 2012

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ABSTRACT

Nowadays, the utilization of unwanted materials to be added into concrete

mix to improve its performance is continuously studied by many researchers. A study

has been conducted in the laboratory to investigate the performance of concrete with

rice husk waste under different environments. A number of 60 cubes, 100 mm x 100

mm x 100 mm were prepared with 30 cubes as a control and another group of 30

cubes containing rice husk waste. All these samples were left under various

environments for 7 and 28 days. The environments were acidic, alkaline, outdoor,

clean water and indoor environment. The performance of concrete samples was

monitored through their compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. The results obtained

indicated that the strength of concrete with rice husk wastes have decreased at all

ages and environments by almost half of the strength of the normal concrete cubes.

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ABSTRAK

Pada masa kini, kajian sedang dilakukan tentang penggunaan bahan terbuang

untuk di campurkan dengan konkrit untuk meningkatkan prestasinya. Satu kajian

telah dijalankan di makmal untuk mengkaji kesan persekirataran terhadap prestasi

konkrit dengan sekam sisa padi terpakai. Sebanyak: 60 kiub dengan setiap satunya

berukuran 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm telah disediakan. Sebanyak 30 kiub

dijadikan sebagai kawalan dan 30 kiub lagi dengan sekam sisa padi terpak:ai.

Kesernua sampel - sampel ini telah ditinggalkan dibawah persekitaran yang berbeza

seperti asid, alkali, air bersih, persekitaran luaran dan dalaman. Sampel - sampel ini

telah diuji untuk memperoleh kekuatan mampatannya selepas 7 dan 28 hari.

Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa kiub konkrit dengan sekam sisa padi terpakai

mempunyai kekuatan mampatan yang lebih rendah pada 7 dan 28 hari dan juga pada

kesemua persekitaran jika dibandingkan dengan kiub konkrit kawalan.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

THESIS STATUS VALIDATION

SUPERVISOR DECLARATION 11

TITLE tl1

DECLARATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTs v

ABSTRACT vi

ABSTRAK vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS viii

LIST OF TABLES xv

LIST OF FIGURES XVl

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XVlll

1X

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Significant of Study 2

1.3 Problem Statement 2

1.4 Objective of Study 3

1.5 Scope of Study 3

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Concrete 6

2.2.1 Introduction 6

2.2.2 Constituents of Concrete 7

2.2.2.1 Cement 7

2.2.2.2 Aggregates 7

2.2.2.3 Water 9

2.2.3 Properties of Fresh Concrete 9

2.2.3.1 Workability 10

2.2.3.2 Setting Time 10

2.2.3.3 Segregation 11

2.2.3.4 Bleeding 12

2.2.4 Properties of Hardened Concrete 12

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2.2.4.1 Compressive Strength 13

2.2.4.2 Durability 13

2.2.4.3 Creep 14

2.3 Admixtures 14

2.3 .1 Introduction 14

2.3.2 Mineral Admixtures 15

2.3.2.1 Pulverized Fly Ash (PF A) 15

2.3.2.2 Ground Granulated 16

BJast Furnace Slag

2.3.2.3 Silica Fume 17

2.3.2.4 Palm Oil Fuel Ash 17

2.3.2.5 Rice Husk Ash 18

2.3.3 Chemical Admixtures 18

2.3.3. l Accelerating Admixtures 18

2.3.3.2 Retarding Admixtures 19

2.3.3.3 Water Reducing 19

Admixtures

2.3.3.4 High Range water 20

Reducer (Superplasticiser)

2.3.3.5 Air Entraining Admixtures 21

2.4 Environment 21

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2.4.l Introduction 21

2.4.2 Acidic Environment 22

2.4.3 Alkali Environment 23

2.4.4 Water 24

2.4.5 Outdoor 24

2.4.6 Indoor 25

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 26

3.2 Material Used 28

3.2.l Cement 28

3.2.2 Coarse Aggregates 29

3.2.3 Fine Aggregates 30

3.2.4 Water 31

3.2.5 Rice Husk Waste 31

3.3 Apparatus Used to Preparing 33

3.3.1 Concrete Mixer 33

3.3.2 Cube Moulds 33

3.3.3 Compacted Bar 34

3.3.4 Cut off Machine 34

3.4 Sample Preparation 35

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3.4.1 Mix.Design 35

3.4.2 Mixing Process 36

3.4.3 Casting and Curing 37

3.5 Fresh Concrete Testing 38

3.5.l Slump Test 38

3.5.2 Vebe Test 38

3.5.3 Compacting Factor Test 39

3.6 The Environment 40

3.6.1 Acidic Solution 40

3.6.2 Alkaline Solution 41

3.6.3 Water 41

3.6.4 Outdoor Environment 42

3.6.5 Indoor Environment 43

3.7 Compressive Strength of Concrete Cube Test 43

4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction 45

4.2 Fresh Concrete Testing 46

4.2.1 Slump Test 46

4.2.2 VebeTest 47

4.2.3 Compacting Factor Test 48

4.3 Sieve Analysis

4.3.l Fine Aggregate

4.3.2 Coarse Aggregate

4.4 Properties of Rke Husk Waste

4.5 Optimum Content of Rice Husk Waste

4.6 Properties of Fresh Concrete

4.7 Compressive Strength at 7 days

4.8 Compressive Strength at 28 days

4.9 General Discussion

4.9.1 Introduction

4.9.2 Effects of Rice Husk Waste on the

Performance of Concrete

4.9.3 Effects of Environments on the

Compressive Strength of Concrete

Containing Rice Husk Waste

5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusions

5.2 Recommendations

REFERENCES

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xiv

APPENDICES

A Properties of Fresh Concrete 67

B Optimum Content of Rice Husk Waste 70

Cl Compressive Strength at 7 days 71

C2 Compressive Strength at 28 days 72

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LIST OFT ABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

3.1 Chemical Compositions of OPC used 28

3.2 Grading Limits for course aggregate as stated in BS 30

882: 1992

3.3 Mix Design 36

4.1 Slump Test 67

4.2 Properties of Slump Test of concrete 67

4.3 Vebe Test 68

4.4 Properties ofVebe Test of concrete 68

4.5 Compacting Factor Test 69

4.6 Properties of Compacting Factor Test of concrete 69

4.7 Optimum Content of Rice Husk Waste 70

4.8 Compressive strength of concrete containing Rice 71

Husk Waste and the control after 7 days

4.9 Compressive strength of concrete containing Rice 72

Husk Waste and the control after 28 days

xvi

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

3.1 Flow Chart of Experimental Process Flow 27

3.2 Course Aggregates 29

3.3 Fine Aggregates 31

3.4 Rice Husk Waste Made of Bio Composite 32

3.5 Concrete Mixer 33

3.6 Cut - off Machine 35

3.7 An Example on How the Fine Particles of Rice Husk 35

Waste is Collected

3.8 Steel Moulds 37

3.9 Water Curing 37

3.10 VebeTest 39


3.12 Cubes Placed in the Acidic Solution 40

3.13 Cubes in The Alkaline Solution 41

3.14 Cubes Immersed in Water Under the Water 42

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Environment

3.15 Cubes Exposed to the Outdoor Environment 42

3.16 Cubes Exposed to the Indoor Environment in the 43

Concrete and Structure Lab

3.17 Compression Test Machine 44

4.1 Slump Test 46

4.2 Vebe Test 47


4.4 Compressive Strength of Concrete Containing Rice 53

Husk Waste and the Control After 7 Days


Husk Wastes and the Control After 28 Days


Husk Waste and the Control After 7 And 28 Days

4.7 Strength Development of Concrete Containing RHW 58

and the Control in the Acidic Solution


and the Control in the Alkaline Solution


and the Control in the Water Environment


and the Control in the Indoor Environment

4.11 Strength Development of Concrete Containing RHA 60

and the Control in the Outdoor Environment

HCL

NaOH

WTR

OUTDR

INDR

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Acidic Environment, Hydrochloric Acid

Alkaline Environment, Sodium Hydroxide

Water Environment, Clean Water

Outdoor Environment

Indoor Environment

xviii

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Non-degradable wastes has been a major issue now in the 21st century as

more and more of these wastes are piling up in our world today and being disposed

of in landfill areas without being recycled. These wastes take up a very long period

of time to decompose and up till now, the decomposition period of waste is still

unknown. Because of this problem, researches have been done to fully utilize these

wastes as the final products for construction materials such as concrete and mortar.

Concrete has been the most commonly used material in construction .which is

very versatile in nature and application. It consists generally of cement, water, coarse

aggregates and fine aggregates. The main material which binds the concrete mix

together is the Portland cement which is a cementitious material used centuries ago.

However, concrete is weak in terms of tensile strength, low ductility, high

permeability and weak against chemical attacks. In order to increase the performance

of concrete, improvements can be done.

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1.2 Significant of Study

Nowadays, with the worlds technology getting more and more advanced, it

might be possible that one day the usage of wastes in construction can be utilized,

which may help to reduce the ever increasing cost of waste disposal and due to the

stringent environmental regulations.

This study is to observe the performance of rice husk waste in concrete under

different environments. By understanding more on the properties of this waste in

concrete, in the future, it might just be one of the main components in concrete as it

is abundant and a far cheaper material to be used.

1.3 Problem Statement

Concrete is the most common material in constructions nowadays and it is

used extensively from very developed countries to underdeveloped countries in many

aspects. The properties of concrete can be predetermined by design, selection of

constituent materials and quality control (Shan Somayaji, 2001 ). These properties are

then related to the strength and durability of the concrete which shows that the

performance of concrete is associated to the design, environment ·and the

workmanship of the concrete. To produce concrete which is strong and durable

against all harmful agents who may cause deterioration of concrete, many types of

cement and additives have been researched on. By providing additives or certain type

of cement, the performance of the concrete might improve and reduces the

deterioration effect of the concrete.

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Rice busk waste is introduced into this study as an additive into concrete to

determine its contribution in terms of strength performance to the concrete under

various aggressive environments. Any reaction between the hardened concrete

containing rice husk waste and the existing agents in the environments is observed

during the study.

1.4 Objective of Study

The focus of this study was to find out on how concrete with rice husk wastes

perform under stresses. The objectives of the study were:

i) To observe the effects of rice husk waste on the performance of concrete.

ii) To investigate the effects of various environments on the performance of

concrete containing rice husk waste.

1.5 Scope of Study

The scope of this study is to focus on the compressive strength of concrete

containing rice husk waste under the effects of different environments. The

implication of the use of rice husk waste as additives in the concrete will be ranked

according to different environments. Compression tests were done to obtain the

compressive strength after 7 and 28 days after the production of concrete cubes. The

environments related to this research are as follows:

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- Acidic environment, HCL

- Alkaline environment, NaOH

- Submerged in water, WTR

- Outdoor environment, OUTDR

-Indoor environment (control Environment), INDR

Limitation to this study is listed as follows:

i) The size of the cube samples to be used is 100 mm x I 00 mm x I 00 mm

ii) The specification oftbe concrete mix design in of grade 30

iii) Raw materials used in the mix design consists of Ordinary Portland Cement

(OPC), coarse aggregates, and fine aggregates (sand) of 40% passing 600 µm

sieve.

iv) The optimum content of rice husk waste to be added into the concrete mix

would be determined through test of 10%, 20%, and 30% and 50% by

volume. Control concrete cubes of 0% waste would also be prepared.

5

CHAPTER2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Concrete is one of the most common construction materials nowadays. The 3

factors which predetermined the properties of concrete are the design, selection of

constituent materials, and quality control. Generally concrete consists of cement,

aggregates, water and admixtures. By mixing and molding all of these components

together into the desired size and shape while the mixture is still wet. Within a few

minutes of mixing, hydration process occurs which is the chemical reaction of

cement and water. This process continues with time, producing a hard, strong,

durable material called concrete, (Shan Somayaji, 2001). Under certain

circumstances, admixtures are added to the concrete to change one or more of the

properties. The design mix which is commonly used is defined as the criteria of

compressive strength at 28 days and designed according to the grade.

For example, concrete grade 30 has a compressive strength of 30N/mm2 at 28

days, (Blackledge, 1992) since concrete is one of the most used construction

materials; the technique used to produce concrete at its best in terms of quality must

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be understood and reviewed thoroughly. The quality of concrete depends on the

quality of the raw materials used (cement, aggregates and water).

The rate of mixture, water/cement ratio, the way of mixing, transporting,

placing and compacting of concrete which has been mixed, the quality of formwork

and curing, (Mat Lazim Zakaria, 1997) If the quality of the raw materials used is low

or the concrete is not mixed according to the standard, the quality of the concrete

would differ from what is expected and could cause the concrete structure to fail as it

did not reach the strength that it is designed for. If this happens, the consequences

would be very high. Because of that, the materials used should be tested according to

the standard stated before being used for construction purposes.

2.2 Concrete

2.2.1 Introduction

As explained earlier, Portland cement concrete is a combination of cement,

aggregates and water. We can see it as a mixture of aggregates which consists of fine

and coarse aggregates, bound together by cement paste which consists of cement and

water. About 60 - 70% of the concrete is made up of aggregates and 25 - 40% of the

paste and the remaining is water. Besides that, concrete also consists of air with the

volume ranging from 2 - 8% of the total volume, (Shan Somayaji, 2001 ). Since all of

these materials would determine the strength of the concrete, it is important to fully

understand the materials used.

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2.2.2 Constituents of Concrete

2.2.2.1 Cement

Cement is produced by grinding clinker formed by burning materials

(argillaceous and calcareous) primarily consisting of lime (CaO), Silicate (Si02),

alumina (Al203), and iron oxide (Fe203). The characteristic of cement is that it sets

and hardens when it is mixed to a paste with water. It will harden and bind all of the

materials together into a tough and solid form through the hydration process. Cement

can be classified into two groups which is the hydraulic cement and non-hydraulic

cement. The most common form of hydraulic cement is the ordinary Portland cement

(OPC) which consists mainly of silicate and alumina, a finely pulverized material

that develops its binding property thanks to its reaction with water.

It is manufactured by heating a mixture of limestone and clay until it almost

fuses and then grinding the clinker to a fine powder. Hydraulic cement is cement

which solidifies and hardens under water because of chemical reaction. Besides that,

the most common form of non-hydraulic cement is gypsum and lime. Non-hydraulic

cements could not solidify and harden under water but needs air to harden.

2.2.2.2 Aggregates

Aggregates are rocklike materials of various sizes and shapes used in the

manufacture of concrete. American Society on Testing of Materials (ASTM) defines

aggregates as granular material such as sand, gravel, crushed stone used with

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cementing medium to form mortar or concrete. Natural aggregates are taken from

natural deposits without change in their nature during production. Besides that,

manufactured aggregates are produced from crushing and processing of quarried

stone. Aggregates are mixed into concrete to control shrinkage of concrete, reduce

heat during hydration process and produces concrete which is suitable for its usage

besides reducing cost.

Aggregates can be classified into 3 types which are based on source or

method of manufacture, based on size or based on density. But for the use in

concrete, aggregates are divided into two groups which are fine and coarse

aggregates. Fine aggregates (also called sand) consist of natural or manufactured

particles ranging in size from 150µm to 4.75mm. In concrete construction, fine

aggregate is defined as an aggregate with particles predominantly of size smaller

than 4.75mm and equal to or larger than 75 µm. Coarse aggregates consists ofround

gravel, crushed stone or manufactured aggregate with particles of size equal to or

larger than 6.35mm.

Important properties of aggregates such as its shape, texture mechanical

properties (bond, strength toughness and hardness), physical properties (specific

gravity, bulk density, porosity, absorption, moisture content, bulking of sand and

soundness) and thermal properties are the main priority. To produce a strong

concrete, aggregates should be angular and rough to increase the bonding with

cement and interlocking among aggregates. Since aggregates are cheaper compared

to concrete, it is better to use more aggregates and reduce the cement content for the

concrete mix as it will reduce cost and thus increases the volume stability and

durability of concrete.

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2.2.2.3 Water

To produce concrete which is high in quality, the quality and quantity of

water used to mix the concrete should be considered. Water is used for the hydration

process of cement and also to control the workability of concrete. Based on the

relationship between the water-to-cement ratios, the compressive strength of concrete

can be measured. The relationship between the water-to-cement ratio of the mix and

the compressive strength of concrete is called Abram's Law.

The higher the water-to-cement ratio is, the lower the compressive strength of

the concrete will be and vice versa. Besides that, the durability of concrete is affected

by the quality of water. By using impure water for aggregate washing could cause the

aggregates to be coated with silt, salts or organic materials. It could produce

distressed concrete due to chemical reactions with the cement paste or poor

aggregate bonding.

2.2.3 Properties of Fresh Concrete

Fresh concrete is concrete at the mixing stage. It should be such that it can be

transported, placed, compacted and finished without harmful segregation. A proper

mix should maintain its uniformity inside the forms and should not bleed

excessively. It should set within a reasonable amount of time and hydrate in a

manner that ensures adequate strength when the structure is put into service (Shan

Somayaji, 2001 ). The properties of fresh concrete such as the workability, the setting

time of concrete, segregation and bleeding are very important properties as it will

then affect the properties of the hardened concrete's performance.

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2.2.3.1 Workability

Workability is the amount of work required in mixing, placing and

compacting fresh concrete without segregation. The three mutually independent

characteristics usually used to express workability are consistent, mobility and

compatibility. Factors affecting workability are

i) Water content

ii) Cement content and fineness

iii) Aggregate types and grading

iv) Size of aggregates

v) Aggregate - cement ratio

vi) Admixtures

vii) weather/temperature

Tests that could be done to measure the workability of concrete are the slump

test, compacting factor test and the vebe test

2.2.3.2 Setting Time

By mixing water with cement, the resulting paste would lose its behavior and

form into a hard rock. One or two hours after the mixing of cement and water, the

paste would lose its fluidity. After a few hours after mixing, stiffening which is

noticeable occurs. This mechanism is called setting. It could be divided into two

stages which is the initial set and the final set. The initial setting time is not less than

45 minutes after water is poured into the mix and the final setting time occurs not

more than l 0 hours. During the final setting time, hydration process still occurs

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