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Perceptions and Reality Perceptions and Reality Coming TogetherComing Together

Current Outlook for Current Outlook for Nuclear RenaissanceNuclear Renaissance

--One Man’s View-One Man’s View-

James S. TulenkoJames S. Tulenko President, ANSPresident, ANS

Eastern Washington Local SectionEastern Washington Local Section Richland. WashingtonRichland. Washington

February 22, 2005February 22, 2005

James S. TulenkoJames S. Tulenko President, ANSPresident, ANS

Eastern Washington Local SectionEastern Washington Local Section Richland. WashingtonRichland. Washington

February 22, 2005February 22, 2005

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The American Nuclear SocietyThe American Nuclear Society

The Society for the The Society for the Advancement of Nuclear Advancement of Nuclear

Science and Technology Science and Technology to Benefit Humanityto Benefit Humanity

The Society for the The Society for the Advancement of Nuclear Advancement of Nuclear

Science and Technology Science and Technology to Benefit Humanityto Benefit Humanity

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ANS on the MoveANS on the Move

• Golden Anniversary: 1954-2004Golden Anniversary: 1954-2004

• Total Membership has increased Total Membership has increased for the first time in many years.for the first time in many years.

• Bottom Line: Students are Bottom Line: Students are Growing after years of decline.Growing after years of decline.

• Golden Anniversary: 1954-2004Golden Anniversary: 1954-2004

• Total Membership has increased Total Membership has increased for the first time in many years.for the first time in many years.

• Bottom Line: Students are Bottom Line: Students are Growing after years of decline.Growing after years of decline.

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ANS GoalsANS Goals• To be the recognized leader for the advancement To be the recognized leader for the advancement

of nuclear science and technology.of nuclear science and technology.

• To be members’ primary resource for To be members’ primary resource for professional development and knowledge professional development and knowledge exchange.exchange.

• To be publicly recognized as a credible source of To be publicly recognized as a credible source of nuclear science and technology information.nuclear science and technology information.

• To be an active contributor to, and participant To be an active contributor to, and participant in, nuclear science and technology issues.in, nuclear science and technology issues.

• To be the recognized leader for the advancement To be the recognized leader for the advancement of nuclear science and technology.of nuclear science and technology.

• To be members’ primary resource for To be members’ primary resource for professional development and knowledge professional development and knowledge exchange.exchange.

• To be publicly recognized as a credible source of To be publicly recognized as a credible source of nuclear science and technology information.nuclear science and technology information.

• To be an active contributor to, and participant To be an active contributor to, and participant in, nuclear science and technology issues.in, nuclear science and technology issues.

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Energy – Man’s Basic Need Energy – Man’s Basic Need

• Energy is needed to meet man’s subsistence Energy is needed to meet man’s subsistence requirements as well as to meet the requirements as well as to meet the demands of economic growth and demands of economic growth and development. Per Capita consumption of development. Per Capita consumption of energy is a measure of the physical quality energy is a measure of the physical quality of life. The production of Energy creates of life. The production of Energy creates environmental impacts ranging from local environmental impacts ranging from local to global in nature.to global in nature.

• Energy is needed to meet man’s subsistence Energy is needed to meet man’s subsistence requirements as well as to meet the requirements as well as to meet the demands of economic growth and demands of economic growth and development. Per Capita consumption of development. Per Capita consumption of energy is a measure of the physical quality energy is a measure of the physical quality of life. The production of Energy creates of life. The production of Energy creates environmental impacts ranging from local environmental impacts ranging from local to global in nature.to global in nature.

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Prosperity Requires EnergyProsperity Requires Energy

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Energy Consumption Per Capita (106 Btu/Person)

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Burkina Faso Bangladesh

El Salvador

China

Mexico

United KingdomFrance

Japan

Russia

Poland

South Korea

USA

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How Do We Get Our EnergyHow Do We Get Our Energy

• CoalCoal

• GasGas

• OilOil

• NuclearNuclear

• HydroHydro

• CoalCoal

• GasGas

• OilOil

• NuclearNuclear

• HydroHydro

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Nuclear

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Hydro + other Renew.

World Primary Energy

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Growth in Total U.S. Fuel Growth in Total U.S. Fuel ConsumptionConsumption

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Growth in Fuels Used to Growth in Fuels Used to Generate ElectricityGenerate Electricity

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P opulation P rojectionsP opulation P rojectionsR ange Across E missions S cenariosR ange Across E missions S cenarios

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A IM 96 S tandard_S cenarioIM A G E 2.1 B ase line -AIM A G E 2.1 B ase line -BIS 92aIS 92bIS 92dIS 92eIS 92 fIIA S A W E C A 2U N 96 lowU N 96 m edU N 96 h ighIIA S A 96 lowIIA S A 96 m edIIA S A 96 h ighW orld B ank 1U S C ens.B ur. 1U N 92 LR lo U N 92 LR m ed-loU N 92 LR m edU N 92 LR m ed-h iU N 92 LR h iE M F14 A ssum ptions re f1900-1990M ed ian

Nakicenovic Nakicenovic et al.et al. IIAS A 1998IIAS A 1998

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No New U.S. Plants since ‘77No New U.S. Plants since ‘77

The Nuclear Community has continued The Nuclear Community has continued to push for building new nuclear plants. to push for building new nuclear plants. Recently the US became hostage to high Recently the US became hostage to high prices and short supplies of foreign oil. prices and short supplies of foreign oil. Moreover, the world is generating too Moreover, the world is generating too much COmuch CO22 for the environment. Global for the environment. Global warming is upon us!warming is upon us!

Perception or Reality?Perception or Reality?

The Nuclear Community has continued The Nuclear Community has continued to push for building new nuclear plants. to push for building new nuclear plants. Recently the US became hostage to high Recently the US became hostage to high prices and short supplies of foreign oil. prices and short supplies of foreign oil. Moreover, the world is generating too Moreover, the world is generating too much COmuch CO22 for the environment. Global for the environment. Global warming is upon us!warming is upon us!

Perception or Reality?Perception or Reality?

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Global Warming Nay-sayersGlobal Warming Nay-sayers

• ““The direct heating effect of carbon The direct heating effect of carbon dioxide has been overestimated.”dioxide has been overestimated.”

• ““Soil and vegetation are taking up Soil and vegetation are taking up carbon dioxide at an increasing rate to carbon dioxide at an increasing rate to compensate.”compensate.”

• ““Computer predictions and Computer predictions and projections are wrong!”projections are wrong!”

• ““The direct heating effect of carbon The direct heating effect of carbon dioxide has been overestimated.”dioxide has been overestimated.”

• ““Soil and vegetation are taking up Soil and vegetation are taking up carbon dioxide at an increasing rate to carbon dioxide at an increasing rate to compensate.”compensate.”

• ““Computer predictions and Computer predictions and projections are wrong!”projections are wrong!”

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Global Warming PredictorsGlobal Warming Predictors•1998 = the 20th consecutive year the Earth's 1998 = the 20th consecutive year the Earth's surface was warmer than its long-term surface was warmer than its long-term average (from 1961 to 1990). average (from 1961 to 1990).

•Beginning in the 1950s, the use of CFCs and Beginning in the 1950s, the use of CFCs and other ozone depleters increased by ~ 10% other ozone depleters increased by ~ 10% per year. Greenhouse gases include water per year. Greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane vapor, carbon dioxide, methane (25%),(25%), nitrous oxide and ozone. Fluorine, chlorine, nitrous oxide and ozone. Fluorine, chlorine, or bromine are also greenhouse gases, but or bromine are also greenhouse gases, but come from industry.come from industry.

•1998 = the 20th consecutive year the Earth's 1998 = the 20th consecutive year the Earth's surface was warmer than its long-term surface was warmer than its long-term average (from 1961 to 1990). average (from 1961 to 1990).

•Beginning in the 1950s, the use of CFCs and Beginning in the 1950s, the use of CFCs and other ozone depleters increased by ~ 10% other ozone depleters increased by ~ 10% per year. Greenhouse gases include water per year. Greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane vapor, carbon dioxide, methane (25%),(25%), nitrous oxide and ozone. Fluorine, chlorine, nitrous oxide and ozone. Fluorine, chlorine, or bromine are also greenhouse gases, but or bromine are also greenhouse gases, but come from industry.come from industry.

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Earth’s Climate is ChangingEarth’s Climate is Changing

Estimated Change in Northern Hemisphere Temperature Since 1000 ADEstimated Change in Northern Hemisphere Temperature Since 1000 AD

• • The increase in temperature during the 20th century is likely to have The increase in temperature during the 20th century is likely to have been the largest of any century during the past 1000 years.been the largest of any century during the past 1000 years.

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Long-Term Development of the ClimateLong-Term Development of the Climate(Ref: Marland et al, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, 2003 and Keeling et al, (Ref: Marland et al, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, 2003 and Keeling et al,

Atmospheric CO2 Record: A Compendium of Data, ORNL, 2004)Atmospheric CO2 Record: A Compendium of Data, ORNL, 2004)

0

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1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000

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*** Atmospheric CO2 concentrations (ppmv) derived from flask*** and in situ air samples collected at the South Pole 10-Dec-01

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More Global Warming PredictorsMore Global Warming Predictors

• 20th century use of oil and fossil fuels upped 20th century use of oil and fossil fuels upped atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gas atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gas COCO22 by 30%. Industry introduced 70,000 by 30%. Industry introduced 70,000 synthetic chemicals to the environment.synthetic chemicals to the environment.

• Ground-level temperature measurements show Ground-level temperature measurements show the earth has warmed between 0.3 and 0.6 the earth has warmed between 0.3 and 0.6 degrees C in the last century. degrees C in the last century.

• The 2nd Assessment Report of the Intergov. The 2nd Assessment Report of the Intergov. Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed: Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed: “The balance of evidence suggests a discernible “The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate." human influence on global climate."

• 20th century use of oil and fossil fuels upped 20th century use of oil and fossil fuels upped atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gas atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gas COCO22 by 30%. Industry introduced 70,000 by 30%. Industry introduced 70,000 synthetic chemicals to the environment.synthetic chemicals to the environment.

• Ground-level temperature measurements show Ground-level temperature measurements show the earth has warmed between 0.3 and 0.6 the earth has warmed between 0.3 and 0.6 degrees C in the last century. degrees C in the last century.

• The 2nd Assessment Report of the Intergov. The 2nd Assessment Report of the Intergov. Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed: Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed: “The balance of evidence suggests a discernible “The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate." human influence on global climate."

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Interesting FactoidsInteresting Factoids

• On balance, Natural Gas contributes On balance, Natural Gas contributes to the Greenhouse Effect equal to or to the Greenhouse Effect equal to or greater than Coal.greater than Coal.

• Natural Gas is methane, 25 times more Natural Gas is methane, 25 times more destructive as a greenhouse gas than destructive as a greenhouse gas than COCO22. A minimum of 4% is lost in . A minimum of 4% is lost in transmission, making Natural Gas transmission, making Natural Gas releases equivalent to Coal.releases equivalent to Coal.

• On balance, Natural Gas contributes On balance, Natural Gas contributes to the Greenhouse Effect equal to or to the Greenhouse Effect equal to or greater than Coal.greater than Coal.

• Natural Gas is methane, 25 times more Natural Gas is methane, 25 times more destructive as a greenhouse gas than destructive as a greenhouse gas than COCO22. A minimum of 4% is lost in . A minimum of 4% is lost in transmission, making Natural Gas transmission, making Natural Gas releases equivalent to Coal.releases equivalent to Coal.

BP Says Oil Supply To Peak Sooner Than We Think

• World oil production will peak in the next decade, earlier than many international forecasts, a senior BP executive claims.

• BP exploration consultant Francis Harper estimates the world's total original usable oil resources -- the amount of oil before drilling began -- at about 2.4 tn barrels of oil. This is considerably less than the 3 tn assumed by bullish commentators, e.g., the US gov.'s Geological Survey.

• BP analysis points to oil production peaking between 2010 and 2020.

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BP Says Oil Supply To Peak BP Says Oil Supply To Peak Sooner Than We Think Sooner Than We Think (2)(2)

•Harper’s comments are a rare entry by a Harper’s comments are a rare entry by a global oil company into the debate on the life global oil company into the debate on the life of world oil supplies. If true, it would mean of world oil supplies. If true, it would mean demand outstripping supply earlier than demand outstripping supply earlier than projections by ExxonMobil and Shell. (BP projections by ExxonMobil and Shell. (BP does not officially give projections.)does not officially give projections.)

•The International Energy Agency expects oil The International Energy Agency expects oil demand to continue to rise until 2030, and demand to continue to rise until 2030, and assumes production will rise to meet demand.assumes production will rise to meet demand.

•Harper’s comments are a rare entry by a Harper’s comments are a rare entry by a global oil company into the debate on the life global oil company into the debate on the life of world oil supplies. If true, it would mean of world oil supplies. If true, it would mean demand outstripping supply earlier than demand outstripping supply earlier than projections by ExxonMobil and Shell. (BP projections by ExxonMobil and Shell. (BP does not officially give projections.)does not officially give projections.)

•The International Energy Agency expects oil The International Energy Agency expects oil demand to continue to rise until 2030, and demand to continue to rise until 2030, and assumes production will rise to meet demand.assumes production will rise to meet demand.

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Fossil Fuel SuppliesFossil Fuel Supplies

• Western World must reduce Western World must reduce their dependence on oiltheir dependence on oil– Limit influence on foreign Limit influence on foreign

policypolicy– Reduce cost to economy of Reduce cost to economy of

oil price shocksoil price shocks– Reduce greenhouse gas Reduce greenhouse gas

emissionsemissions– Prepare for inevitable Prepare for inevitable

resource depletionresource depletion– Husband oil for other usesHusband oil for other uses

• Reducing oil use is not a Reducing oil use is not a solution to terrorism but it solution to terrorism but it may helpmay help

• Western World must reduce Western World must reduce their dependence on oiltheir dependence on oil– Limit influence on foreign Limit influence on foreign

policypolicy– Reduce cost to economy of Reduce cost to economy of

oil price shocksoil price shocks– Reduce greenhouse gas Reduce greenhouse gas

emissionsemissions– Prepare for inevitable Prepare for inevitable

resource depletionresource depletion– Husband oil for other usesHusband oil for other uses

• Reducing oil use is not a Reducing oil use is not a solution to terrorism but it solution to terrorism but it may helpmay help

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The Hydrogen EconomyThe Hydrogen Economy

• Using coal to generate power to Using coal to generate power to produce hydrogen for automobile produce hydrogen for automobile fuel cells would result in 3X the fuel cells would result in 3X the current COcurrent CO22 production using production using

gasoline.gasoline.From “Ending the Energy Stalemate” - 12/04From “Ending the Energy Stalemate” - 12/04

• Using coal to generate power to Using coal to generate power to produce hydrogen for automobile produce hydrogen for automobile fuel cells would result in 3X the fuel cells would result in 3X the current COcurrent CO22 production using production using

gasoline.gasoline.From “Ending the Energy Stalemate” - 12/04From “Ending the Energy Stalemate” - 12/04

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Prominent EnvironmentalistProminent Environmentalist

““I’ve always said we I’ve always said we should use nuclear power should use nuclear power moremore. . It’s the one decent It’s the one decent thing we can do as citizens thing we can do as citizens of this earth. If we don’t of this earth. If we don’t use it in a portfolio of use it in a portfolio of energy sources, I think we energy sources, I think we are in desperate troubleare in desperate trouble.”.”

Author and Author and environmentalist environmentalist James LovelockJames Lovelock

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US Manufacturing IASR US Finance, Insurance, Real Estate IASR US Nuclear IASR*

Nuclear’s Superior Safety Nuclear’s Superior Safety RecordRecord

4.704.70

4.30 4.20 4.204.00 3.95

0.700.600.800.80 0.62

0.901.10

0.340.290.450.460.640.770.26

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

1992 1994 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

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Acc

iden

ts# P

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20

0,0

00 W

ork

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#Number of accidents resulting in lost work, restricted work, or fatalities per 200,000 worker hours *Full- time, on- site employees

Sources: WANO and BLS

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The Anti's are Defecting The Anti's are Defecting

In 2004, Prime Minister Tony Blair proposed a In 2004, Prime Minister Tony Blair proposed a new generation of Nuclear Power Plants for new generation of Nuclear Power Plants for Britain, to confront the problem of climate Britain, to confront the problem of climate control. Hugh Montefiore, a former Anglican control. Hugh Montefiore, a former Anglican bishop and longtime trustee of Friends of the bishop and longtime trustee of Friends of the Earth, wrote in the British Journal Earth, wrote in the British Journal The TabletThe Tablet, , "I have now come to the conclusion that the "I have now come to the conclusion that the solution (global warming) is to make more use solution (global warming) is to make more use of nuclear energy." When Montefiore told of nuclear energy." When Montefiore told fellow trustees that the planned to speak out, fellow trustees that the planned to speak out, they made him resign. they made him resign.

In 2004, Prime Minister Tony Blair proposed a In 2004, Prime Minister Tony Blair proposed a new generation of Nuclear Power Plants for new generation of Nuclear Power Plants for Britain, to confront the problem of climate Britain, to confront the problem of climate control. Hugh Montefiore, a former Anglican control. Hugh Montefiore, a former Anglican bishop and longtime trustee of Friends of the bishop and longtime trustee of Friends of the Earth, wrote in the British Journal Earth, wrote in the British Journal The TabletThe Tablet, , "I have now come to the conclusion that the "I have now come to the conclusion that the solution (global warming) is to make more use solution (global warming) is to make more use of nuclear energy." When Montefiore told of nuclear energy." When Montefiore told fellow trustees that the planned to speak out, fellow trustees that the planned to speak out, they made him resign. they made him resign.

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““Experts” Want More PlantsExperts” Want More Plants

• Opinion LeadersOpinion Leaders

• PoliticiansPoliticians

• Environmentalists - more & moreEnvironmentalists - more & more

• Media (Leaning)Media (Leaning)

• ScientistsScientists

• Engineers, ProfessionalsEngineers, Professionals

• Opinion LeadersOpinion Leaders

• PoliticiansPoliticians

• Environmentalists - more & moreEnvironmentalists - more & more

• Media (Leaning)Media (Leaning)

• ScientistsScientists

• Engineers, ProfessionalsEngineers, Professionals

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What is NeededWhat is Needed

What is requested by Utilities and the What is requested by Utilities and the Nuclear Industry:Nuclear Industry:• Government guarantee of construction Government guarantee of construction loans for new, untested reactor designs. loans for new, untested reactor designs. • Tax credit allowing 20% deduction of the Tax credit allowing 20% deduction of the spending on new reactors. spending on new reactors. • Production credit of 1.8 cents for every Production credit of 1.8 cents for every kilowatt hour of power produced by the new kilowatt hour of power produced by the new plants plants – – same as currently exists for same as currently exists for windpower. windpower.

What is requested by Utilities and the What is requested by Utilities and the Nuclear Industry:Nuclear Industry:• Government guarantee of construction Government guarantee of construction loans for new, untested reactor designs. loans for new, untested reactor designs. • Tax credit allowing 20% deduction of the Tax credit allowing 20% deduction of the spending on new reactors. spending on new reactors. • Production credit of 1.8 cents for every Production credit of 1.8 cents for every kilowatt hour of power produced by the new kilowatt hour of power produced by the new plants plants – – same as currently exists for same as currently exists for windpower. windpower.

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Recent News Flash Recent News Flash HOUSTON (Dow Jones) -- Overall U.S. natural HOUSTON (Dow Jones) -- Overall U.S. natural gas production fell 3.5% last year, Lehman Bros. gas production fell 3.5% last year, Lehman Bros. said in a survey of 59 U.S. gas producers. For said in a survey of 59 U.S. gas producers. For 2004, Lehman forecasts as much as a 5% supply 2004, Lehman forecasts as much as a 5% supply drop in U.S. production, no change in 2005, drop in U.S. production, no change in 2005, followed by 1% declines in the next three years to followed by 1% declines in the next three years to 2008. Canadian production fell about 1.6% and 2008. Canadian production fell about 1.6% and overall North American production fell just under overall North American production fell just under 1% in the 4th quarter of 2004 versus the third 1% in the 4th quarter of 2004 versus the third quarter. 4quarter. 4thth qtr. 2004 LNG imports rose almost qtr. 2004 LNG imports rose almost 100 mmcf/d vs. the same qtr. last yr. to make up 100 mmcf/d vs. the same qtr. last yr. to make up for domestic shortfalls. for domestic shortfalls.

HOUSTON (Dow Jones) -- Overall U.S. natural HOUSTON (Dow Jones) -- Overall U.S. natural gas production fell 3.5% last year, Lehman Bros. gas production fell 3.5% last year, Lehman Bros. said in a survey of 59 U.S. gas producers. For said in a survey of 59 U.S. gas producers. For 2004, Lehman forecasts as much as a 5% supply 2004, Lehman forecasts as much as a 5% supply drop in U.S. production, no change in 2005, drop in U.S. production, no change in 2005, followed by 1% declines in the next three years to followed by 1% declines in the next three years to 2008. Canadian production fell about 1.6% and 2008. Canadian production fell about 1.6% and overall North American production fell just under overall North American production fell just under 1% in the 4th quarter of 2004 versus the third 1% in the 4th quarter of 2004 versus the third quarter. 4quarter. 4thth qtr. 2004 LNG imports rose almost qtr. 2004 LNG imports rose almost 100 mmcf/d vs. the same qtr. last yr. to make up 100 mmcf/d vs. the same qtr. last yr. to make up for domestic shortfalls. for domestic shortfalls.

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Public Approves of More PlantsPublic Approves of More Plants

Nuclear Energy Insight Dec. 2004

AGREEAGREE

DISAGREEDISAGREE

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Doomsday Movie HelpsDoomsday Movie Helps

"The Day After Tomorrow"The Day After Tomorrow”” brought a brought a multi-million-dollar PR campaign multi-million-dollar PR campaign offering the movie was not fiction, but offering the movie was not fiction, but cinema verite cinema verite –– a realistic warning of a realistic warning of what could happen if we don't what could happen if we don't dismantle our modern economy to dismantle our modern economy to stave off global warming. stave off global warming.

"The Day After Tomorrow"The Day After Tomorrow”” brought a brought a multi-million-dollar PR campaign multi-million-dollar PR campaign offering the movie was not fiction, but offering the movie was not fiction, but cinema verite cinema verite –– a realistic warning of a realistic warning of what could happen if we don't what could happen if we don't dismantle our modern economy to dismantle our modern economy to stave off global warming. stave off global warming.

The National Center for Public Policy Research

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"Nukes are Back""Nukes are Back"This quote from Forbes January 31, 2005 This quote from Forbes January 31, 2005 tells it all: tells it all:

"The U.S. Nuclear construction industry "The U.S. Nuclear construction industry was presumed dead. It is anything but. If was presumed dead. It is anything but. If oil prices stay high, if people worry about oil prices stay high, if people worry about carbon dioxide causing global warming, carbon dioxide causing global warming, if the Middle East stays violent, nuclear if the Middle East stays violent, nuclear power stands a good chance of making a power stands a good chance of making a comeback in this country."comeback in this country."

This quote from Forbes January 31, 2005 This quote from Forbes January 31, 2005 tells it all: tells it all:

"The U.S. Nuclear construction industry "The U.S. Nuclear construction industry was presumed dead. It is anything but. If was presumed dead. It is anything but. If oil prices stay high, if people worry about oil prices stay high, if people worry about carbon dioxide causing global warming, carbon dioxide causing global warming, if the Middle East stays violent, nuclear if the Middle East stays violent, nuclear power stands a good chance of making a power stands a good chance of making a comeback in this country."comeback in this country."

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Our Time is NOWOur Time is NOW

• Finally, the so-called experts, public Finally, the so-called experts, public and media are coming to see the and media are coming to see the benefits of Nuclear power.benefits of Nuclear power.

• More are agreeing with the Nuclear More are agreeing with the Nuclear Industy that more plants are needed.Industy that more plants are needed.

• We have an opportunity to make good We have an opportunity to make good things happen for our industry, and things happen for our industry, and for earth.for earth.

• Finally, the so-called experts, public Finally, the so-called experts, public and media are coming to see the and media are coming to see the benefits of Nuclear power.benefits of Nuclear power.

• More are agreeing with the Nuclear More are agreeing with the Nuclear Industy that more plants are needed.Industy that more plants are needed.

• We have an opportunity to make good We have an opportunity to make good things happen for our industry, and things happen for our industry, and for earth.for earth.

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Plants Under ConstructionPlants Under Construction

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Path to Sustainable Energy Path to Sustainable Energy FutureFuture

• Enormous untapped energy resources Enormous untapped energy resources (fossil, nuclear and renewables) are not (fossil, nuclear and renewables) are not uniformly distributed! uniformly distributed!

• All energy use causes some pollution.All energy use causes some pollution.• Nuclear proliferation is a concern.Nuclear proliferation is a concern.• Financing (capital and risk) is an issue.Financing (capital and risk) is an issue.• Waste Disposal remains a challenge.Waste Disposal remains a challenge.• The energy debate has geopolitical The energy debate has geopolitical

impacts.impacts.

• Enormous untapped energy resources Enormous untapped energy resources (fossil, nuclear and renewables) are not (fossil, nuclear and renewables) are not uniformly distributed! uniformly distributed!

• All energy use causes some pollution.All energy use causes some pollution.• Nuclear proliferation is a concern.Nuclear proliferation is a concern.• Financing (capital and risk) is an issue.Financing (capital and risk) is an issue.• Waste Disposal remains a challenge.Waste Disposal remains a challenge.• The energy debate has geopolitical The energy debate has geopolitical

impacts.impacts.

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Sustainable Energy PathSustainable Energy Path

There is not There is not oneone path. All path. All technical options need to be technical options need to be developed.developed.

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The FutureThe Future

““The optimist thinks that this is The optimist thinks that this is the best of all possible worlds, the best of all possible worlds, and the pessimist knows it is.”and the pessimist knows it is.”

J. Robert Oppenheimer

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The FutureThe Future

““In science, credit In science, credit goes to the man who goes to the man who convinces the world, convinces the world, not the man to whom not the man to whom the idea first occurs.”the idea first occurs.”

Charles Darwin