Perception, Personality, and Emotion. Perception and Personality, and Emotions What is perception? ...

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Perception, Personality, and Emotion

Transcript of Perception, Personality, and Emotion. Perception and Personality, and Emotions What is perception? ...

Perception, Personality, and Emotion

Perception and Personality, and Emotions

What is perception? What causes people to have different

perceptions of the same situation? Can people be mistaken in their

perceptions? Does perception really affect outcome? What is personality and how does it affect

behaviour? Can emotions help or get in the way when

dealing with others?

Questions for ConsiderationQuestions for Consideration

Perception

What is Perception? The process by which individuals organize

and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

Why Is it Important? Because people’s behaviour is based on

their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.

The world as it is perceived is the world that is behaviourally important.

Why We Study Perceptions

We study this topic to better understand how people make attributions about events.

We don’t see reality. We interpret what we see and call it reality.

The attribution process guides our behaviour, regardless of the truth of the attribution

Factors Influencing Perception The Perceiver The Target The Situation

Factors that Influence Perception

Perception

The Target

• Novelty

• Motion

• Sounds

• Size

• Background

• Proximity

The Perceiver

• Attitudes

• Motives

• Interests

• Experience

• Expectations

The Situation

• Time• Work setting• Social setting

Perceptual Errors

Attribution Theory Selective Perception Halo Effect Contrast Effects Projection Stereotyping

Attribution Theory

When individuals observe behaviour, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Distinctiveness

Does individual act the same way in other situations?

Consensus Does individual act the same as others in same

situation? Consistency

Does the individual act the same way over time?

Attribution Theory

Fundamental Attribution Error The tendency to underestimate the

influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behaviour of others.

Self-Serving Bias The tendency for individuals to attribute

their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.

Attribution Theory

Observation InterpretationAttributionof cause

External

High(Seldom)

Low(Frequently)

High(Frequently)

Low(Seldom)

High(Frequently)

Low(Seldom)

Internal

External

Internal

Internal

External

Individualbehaviour

Distinctiveness (How often does the

person do this in other settings?)

Consensus (How often do other

people do this in similar situations?)

Consistency(How often did theperson do this in

the past?)

Additional Perceptual Errors Selective Perception

People selectively interpret what they see based on their interests, background, experience, and attitudes

Halo Effect Drawing a general impression about an

individual based on a single characteristic Contrast Effects

A person’s evaluation is affected by comparisons with other individuals recently encountered

Additional Perceptual Errors Projection

Attributing one’s own characteristics to other people

Stereotyping Judging someone on the basis of your

perception of the group to which that person belongs

Personality

The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others.

Personality Determinants Heredity Environment Situation

Personality Traits Enduring characteristics that describe an

individual’s behaviour The Big Five Model

vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.vs.

OutgoingMore intelligentEmotionally stableDominantHappy-go-luckyConscientiousVenturesomeSensitiveSuspiciousImaginativeShrewdApprehensiveExperimentingSelf-sufficientControlledTense

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.

Sixteen Primary Personality Traits

Reserved Less intelligent Affected by feelingsSubmissiveSeriousExpedientTimidTough-mindedTrustingPracticalForthrightSelf-assuredConservativeGroup-dependentUncontrolledRelaxed

The Big Five Model

Classifications Extroversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Emotional Stability Openness to Experience

Big Five Personality Factors and PerformanceBig Five Personality

Factor Relationship to Job Performance

Relationship to Team Performance

Extroversion * Positively related to job performance in occupations requiring social interaction

* Positively related to training proficiency for all occupations

* Positively related to team performance

* Positively related to degree of participation within team

Agreeableness * Positively related to job performance in service jobs

* Most studies found no link between agreeableness and performance or productivity in teams

* Some found a negative link between person’s likeability and team performance

Conscientiousness * Positively related to job performance for all occupational groups

* May be better than ability in predicting job performance

Big Five Personality Factors and PerformanceBig Five Personality

Factor Relationship to Job Performance

Relationship to Team Performance

Emotional Stability * A minimal threshold amount may be necessary for adequate performance; greater degrees not

related to job performance

* Positively related to performance in service jobs

* May be better than ability in predicting job performance across all occupational groups

Openness to Experience

*Positively related to training proficiency

*Data unavailable

Major Personality Attributes Influencing OB Locus of Control Machiavellianism Self-Esteem Self-Monitoring Risk Taking Type A and Type B Personalities

Locus of Control

The degree to which people believe they are in control of their own fate Internals

Individuals who believe that they control what happens to them

Externals Individuals who believe that what happens

to them is controlled by outside forces such as luck or chance

Machiavellianism

Degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means

Self-Esteem

Individuals’ degree of liking or disliking of themselves

Self-Monitoring

A personality trait that measures an individual’s ability to adjust behaviour to external situational factors

Risk-Taking

Refers to a person’s willingness to take chances or risks

Type A Personality

Always moving, walking, and eating rapidly. Feel impatient with the rate at which most

events take place. Strive to think or do two or more things at

once. Cannot cope with leisure time. Are obsessed with numbers, measuring

their success in terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire.

Type B Personality

Never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying impatience.

Feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or accomplishments unless such exposure is demanded by the situation.

Play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their superiority at any cost.

Can relax without guilt.

THE END