Perception of urban sound · ISO/TS 15666 (2003). Acoustics. Assessment of noise annoyance by means...
Transcript of Perception of urban sound · ISO/TS 15666 (2003). Acoustics. Assessment of noise annoyance by means...
Perception of urban sound
André Fiebig | Visiting professor | Technical University Berlin | April 03, 2019
Structure
Perception of urban sound | André Fiebig | April 03, 2019Page 2
Introduction Role of context
Multidimensional emotions
Overall impression
Perception of urban sound
Perception of urban sound | André Fiebig | April 03, 2019Page 4
individual environment
Environmental perception
Individuals have personal goals, expectations and values
Individuals look for function and meaning
Individuals selectively process environmental information
Individuals find strategies to cope with the environment
Perception of urban sound | André Fiebig | April 03, 2019Page 5
The sound(scape) of the city
Perception of urban sound | André Fiebig | April 03, 2019Page 6
… soundscape exists through human perception of the acoustic environment.
Key components
Perception of urban sound | André Fiebig | April 03, 2019Page 7
people
contextAcoustic environment
Acoustic environment ≠ Soundscape?
Perception of urban sound | André Fiebig | April 03, 2019Page 9
“Sound perception is quintessentially contextual.”
Acoustic environment ≠ Soundscape
cf. Bergman, P., Västfjäll, D., Fransson, N., Sköld, A. (2008). Emotion and meaning in interpretation of sound sources, Acoustics 08, Proceedings, Paris, France
Same sound is differently perceived by contemplating a picture putting the environmental sound in different contexts
(effect of priming)
Ad hoc experiment
The pink hat experiment …
Perception of urban sound | André Fiebig | April 03, 2019Page 11
Korte, C., Grant, R. (1980). Traffic noise, environmental awareness and pedestrian
behavior, Environment and Behavior, 12(3), 408-420
Role of contextContext Context influences the way we perceive our environment Context provides the frame of reference for experiencing the environment
Attention Sound is (consciously or subconsciously) processed changing the way we interpret
the information extracted from the environment
Perception of urban sound | André Fiebig | April 03, 2019Page 12
It is not one-dimensional …
not at all annoying extremely annoying pleasant annoying… …
Environmental noise assessment Soundscape concept
Perception of urban sound | André Fiebig | April 03, 2019Page 14
Multidimensional emotions
Perception of urban sound | André Fiebig | April 03, 2019Page 15
Two-dimensional representation of the affective quality attributed to environmentsRussell, J.A., Ward, L.M., Pratt, G. (1981). Affective quality attributed to environments: a factor analytic study. Environment and Behavior,
13, 259–288
arousing
distressing exciting
unpleasant pleasant
sleepy
gloomyrelaxing
Semantic urban sound dimensions
Axelsson, Ö., Nilsson, M.E., Berglund, B. (2010). A principal components
model of soundscape perception, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 128 (5), 2836-2846
Perception of urban sound | André Fiebig | April 03, 2019Page 16
Urban sound perception is multi-dimensionalSeveral dimensions A broad range of appraisal criteria beyond pleasantness exist, which modulate our
sound perception
Meaning Sounds are processed on the basis of semantic features rather than abstracted
perceptual (sensory) properties
Perception of urban sound | André Fiebig | April 03, 2019Page 17
How do we form overall impressions? We form our perception of our surrounding world unfolding over time through a
stream of transient states
If we are requested to provide an overall assessment, we have to retrospectively assign a magnitude of affective appraisal to the experienced period
Perception of urban sound | André Fiebig | April 03, 2019Page 19
ISO/TS 15666 (2003). Acoustics. Assessment of noise annoyance by means of social and socio-acoustic surveys, International Standardization Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Humans neglect (more or less) duration Momentary affect is not aggregated over time and longer experiences do not increase
the level of overall assessments
Perception of urban sound | André Fiebig | April 03, 2019Page 20
20t/s 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
15N/soneGF
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Loudness vs. Time
N5:12.6soneGF,
Ave(arithm):12.3soneGF, Sum:123.1soneGF s
20t/s 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
15N/soneGF
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Loudness vs. Time
N5:12.6soneGF,
Ave(arithm):12.3soneGF, Sum:246.4soneGF s
Schreiber, C.A., Kahneman, D. (2000). Determinants of the remembered utility of aversive sounds, Journal of Experimental Psychology, General, 129 (1), 27-42
Nrms
How does the cognitive averaging work?
Perception of urban sound | André Fiebig | April 03, 2019Page 21
75t/s0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Airplane. Loudness vs. Time
55N/soneGF
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
left
right
9t/s0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Loudness vs. Time
55N/soneGF
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
?
N5
Nave
N10
N50
How does the cognitive averaging work?
Perception of urban sound | André Fiebig | April 03, 2019Seite 22
Normative Principle
No parts of an extended experience are ignored and do not contribute to the cognitive computation of average
EQUIVALENT CONTINUOUS SOUND LEVEL LAeq
𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 10 lg1𝑇𝑇
�0
𝑇𝑇 𝑝𝑝2 𝑡𝑡
𝑝𝑝02𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡
Heuristic Principle
Overall impression depends on the peak moment of instantaneous affect and the affect at its end
PEAK AND END MODEL
𝐆𝐆 𝐱𝐱 = 𝑎𝑎 � 𝑥𝑥𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 + 𝑏𝑏 � 𝑥𝑥𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
In most cases, humans use a mixture of normative and heuristic principles
The human mind deviates from the expected “norm”
Perception of urban sound | André Fiebig | April 03, 2019Page 23
Annoyance score (discrete point conversion) by season measured by the 5-point and 11-point scales (± 95% confidence interval)
Asking for the last 12 month should eliminate any seasonal effect
Brink, M., Schreckenberg, D., Vienneau, D., Cajochen, C., Wunderli, J.M., Probst-Hensch, N., Röösli, M. (2016).
Effects of Scale, Question Location, Order of Response Alternatives, and Season on Self-Reported Noise
Annoyance Using ICBEN Scales: A Field Experiment, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 1163
The “end” of the last 12 months got a larger weighting changing the self-reported overall noise assessment
The human mind deviates from the expected “norm”
Perception of urban sound | André Fiebig | April 03, 2019Page 24
“We are in agreement that when people evaluate experiences retrospectively, they do not play back the equivalent of a movie but instead
tend to recall specific salient features of the experience […].”*
*Ariely, D., Kahneman, D., Loewenstein, G. (2000). Joint comment on „When does duration matter in judgment and decision making? (Ariely & Loewenstein, 2000), Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Vol. 129, No.4, 524-529
Perception of urban sound Although real-time reports of sound perception and overall assessments are related,
a simple universal relationship does not exist
Biases occur which are beyond physics referring to the way of extracting meaning
But biases are systematic and stable
Perception of urban sound | André Fiebig | April 03, 2019Page 25
Summary A fixed relation between the physical stimulus and the perception of it does not exist,
because perception is quintessentially contextual
Attention processes and search of meaning are central
Perception of urban sound is multidimensional
Forming an overall impression is based on heuristics principles
Perception of urban sound | André Fiebig | April 03, 2019Page 27
Outlook
„Crowding has been shown to be detrimental to humans in certain situations, but not in others. With animals, the negative effects of high density are much more uniform.“
Perception of urban sound | André Fiebig | April 03, 2019Page 28
Fisher, J.D., Bell, P.A., Baum, A. (1984). Environmental psychology, New York,CBS College Publishing, USA
Thank you for your attention!
André Fiebig | Technische Universität Berlin | April 03, 2019