Perception

Cognition

Names

Sensation

Motivation and Emotion

States of Consciousness

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Perception Cognition Names Sensation Motivation and Emotion

States of Consciousness

Type of processing used by perception

Top Down

The tendency to place items that look similar in a

group

Gestalt Organizing Principle of Similarity

What is size constancy?

The understanding that an object’s shape remains the

same even though the angle of view makes the shape appear changed

What is a visual cliff?

Used to study depth perception in infants

What are your two binocular depth cues? Explain what they are!

Retinal Disparity: Results from slightly different images produced by the separation of the retinas in the left and right eye

Convergence: related to the tension in the eye muscles when the eyes track inward to focus on objects close to the viewer

Difference between phonemes and morphemes

Phonemes = smallest unit of sound

Morphemes = smallest unit of sound with meaning

Divergent v Convergent Thinking

Divergent = many different solutions to a problem

Convergent = one solution to a problem

A tendency to approach a situation in a particular way

Mental Set

What is framing?

The way an issue is worded or presented; Can effect our judgments

What is the difference between the availability heuristic and the representativess heuristic?

Availability: decision is made based on information that is easily retrieved from memory

Representativeness: heuristic in which a situation is judged on the basis of its resemblance to a stereotypical model

Ivan Pavlov

Accidently discovered classical conditioning while studying digestion in dogs

Paul Ekman

Studies emotion (through facial expressions) across cultures

John B. Watson

Studied the classical conditioning of emotions (Little Albert); Major figure in behaviorism

Helmholtz and Young

Creators of the trichromatic theory of color visions

Ernst Weber

Author of Weber’s Law: In order for a difference to be perceptible, two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion, not amount

Receptor cells for sight

Rods and Cones

Height of a sound wave determines _____; Frequency determines _______

Loudness; Pitch

Path that sound takes as it makes its way through the ear

Ear canal; Tympanic Membrane; Ossicles; Oval Window; Cochlea; Auditory Nerve

Layers of the retina (in order from which light hits them)

Receptor cells (rods/cones); bipolar cells; ganglion cells (which form optic nerve)

What is transduction?

Process by which receptor cells turn one form of energy (light, heat, etc.) into a neural impulse

What is homeostasis?

Balance; In drive-reduction theory, our behavior is an attempt to return to homeostasis

What is glucose? What does it indicate?

Type of sugar that cells need for energy; Low levels indicate hunger

Difference between lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus

Lateral: brings on hunger; stimulate – will eat, lesion – will stop eating

Ventromedial: stops hunger; stimulate – will stop eating, lesion – won’t stop eating

Describe the Schachter Singer Two Factor Theory of emotion

Stimulus Physiological response + Cognitive label = emotion

What are the three stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome?

Alarm

Reaction

Exhaustion

When do dreams occur?

REM sleep

Body rhythms that occur every 24 hours

Circadian rhythms

Two Theories of Hypnosis

Divided Consciousness (Dissociation) and Social Influence

Type of drug that is a painkiller

Opiate

What is narcolepsy?

Sleep disorder characterized by sudden sleep attacks