PER PUST AKAAN UMP

11111111111 0000073556

ROAD ACCIDENT STUDY BY USlNU UlS APPLICATION ALONG FT 2

KUANTAN - MARAN (KM 1 - KM 57)

MOHD AIZAD BIN AZIZ

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Civil Engineering

Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources

University Malaysia Pahang

JUNE 2012

v

ABSTRACT

Road accidents are one of the major contributors of human deaths in

Malaysia In the year 2005, 326,850 accidents were recorded, resulting in an

average 17 deaths from road accident every single day. Many highway and traffic

agencies have been using Geographic Information System GIS for analyzing

accident data. Identification of problematic locations is one of the most important

aspects in. accidents studies. The GIS based application combines the information

collection capabilities with the visualization. Federal Route 2 from Kuantan to

Maran experienced 5605 road accidents between the years 2006 and 2010, killing

122 peoples and injuring 466 peoples. The purpose of this study is to establish road

accident database by using GIS which give a quick access for obtaining

information based on accident statistic in FT 2 Kuantan - Maran (KM l - KM 57)

and to perform prioritization and diagnosis of the blackspot locations along the

road and developed of countermeasure of selected blackspot. It was revealed that

ArcGIS 9 has proven to be very useful when identifying such zones. The accident

statistic from PDRM used as the source for information needed in the database

development. The location of the accident was obtained on digitize map. By

indication on it, the user can perform queries on particular characteristic to get the

accident information.

vi

ABSTRAK

Kemalangan jalanraya adalah penyumbang terbesar kepada jumlah

kematian di Malaysia. Pada tahun 2005, sebanyak 326, 850 kes kemalangan

direkodkan dan hasil daripada itu, sebanyak 17 kes kematian di jalanraya

direkodkan setiap hari. Kebanyakkan agensi lebuhraya dan trafik telah

menggunakan Perisian Sistem Maklumat Geografi (GIS) untuk menganalisis

rekod kemalangan. Mengenalpasti lokasi kemalangan yang bermasalah adalah

salah satu daripada perkara penting dalam kajian kemalangan. Jalanraya

Persekutuan 2 dari Kuantan hingga Maran merekodkan 5,605 kes kemalangan

antara Wtun 2006 hingga 2010 dengan 122 kes kematian dan 466 kes kecederaan.

Tujuan kajian ini dilakukan adalah untuk menubuhkan satu bentuk pangkalan data

kemalangan jalanraya dengan menggunakan GIS dimana ia mencepatkan

perolehan maklumat berkaitan kemalangan jalanraya di FT 2 Kuantan - Maran

(KM 1 - KM 57) dan mengenalpasti keutamaan kawasan hitam kemalangan dan

langkah mengatasinya di sepanjang jalan yang terpilih. ArcGIS 9 telah

membuktikan perisian ini sangat berguna dalam mengenalpasti kawasan hitam.

Statistik kemalangan jalanraya diam.bit daripada PDRM sebagai surnber yang

diperlukan dalam memhasilkan pangkalan data. Lokasi kemalangan jalanraya

diperolehi daripada peta digital dan hasil daripada itu, pengguna perisian ini boleh

menggunakan sistem pertanyaan yang berkaitan untuk mendapatkan maklumat

kemalangan.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION 11

DEDICATION Ill

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS Vil

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xi

LIST OF APPENDICES Xlll

1 PREFACE

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Objective 2

1.4 Scope 4

1.5 Expected Result 4

1.6 Study Area 5

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction Blackspot 6

2.2 Road Accident 7

2.3 Road Accident Factors 8

2.4 Classification of Road Accident 10

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2.5 Blackspot 11

2.6 GIS Application in Road Accident 14

2.6.1 GIS Application in Road Accident in Other 15

Country

2.6.2 GIS Application in Road Accident in 16

Malaysia

2.7 Geographic Infonnation System (GIS) 17

2.8 GIS Components 18

2.8.1 Data 19

2.8.2 Software 19

2.8.3 Hardware 20

2.8.4 People 20

2.8.5 Method 21

2.9 GIS Subsystems 21

2.9.1 Data Input 22

2.9.2 Data Storage and Retrieval 22

2.9.3 Data Manipulation and Analysis 23

2.9.4 Data Output and Display 23

2.10 ArcGIS 23

2.10.1 ArcCatalog 24

2.10.2 ArcMap 24

2.10.3 ArcToolbox 25

3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 27

3.2 Phase I - Planning 28

3.3 Phase 2 & 3 - Design 29

3.3.l Basic Manual of Project 30

3.3.1. l Capturing Map 30

3.3.1.2 Opening the Spatial Files 31

3.3.1.3 Browsing through the Attribute 33

Table

3.4 Phase 4 - System Development 34

3.5 Phase 5 - Analysis

3.6 Phase 6 - Presenting the Final Report

4 DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Establishment of Road Database

4.3 Road Accident Trends

4.3.l Accidents per Time of the Day Year 2008

4.3.2 Total Number of Accidents by Light

Condition Year 2008

4.4 Ranking Accident Point W eightage

4.4.l Ranking of the Top Ten Accident Section

4.4.2 Kilometre Post Analysis

4.4.3 Accident on the Basis of Gender

4.5 Accident Data at Permatang Badak Traffic Light

KM7

4.5.1 Type of Vehicle involved Accident

4.5.2 Number of Casualty Involved by Type of

Accident

4.5.3 Analysis of Accident Data

4.6 Conclusion

5 RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1

5.2

REFERENCES

Appendix A, B, C

Recommendation

5.1.1 Development of Accident

Countermeasures

5.1.2 Countermeasures Options at Permatang

Badak Traffic Light KM 7

Conclusion

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x

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE

2.1 The percentage of total road accident in Malaysia 8

2.2 Overview of definition of road accident blackspot in 11

selected European countries

3.1 Blackspot area by ranking of Accident Point 36

Weightage

4.1 The number of accidents and casualties 32

4.2 Ranking accident point weighting FT 2 over 5 years 36

4.3 Ranking of top 10 sections accident over 5 years along 37

FT2

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE

1.1 Location of FT 2 Kuantan - Maran (KM 1 - KM 57) 5

2.1 Sliding Window Method 13

2.2 Components of GIS in GIS application 18

2.3 GIS subsystems output 22

2.4 ArcCatalog application 24

2.5 ArcMap application features 25

2.6 ArcToolbox application 26

3.1 Study overview 28

3.2 Base feature map from Google Earth 29

3.3 Image captured using Map Window GIS 30

3.4 Procedure to add data in ArcMap 31

3.5 New File Geodatabase 31

3.6 District of Malaysia layer 32

3.7 Captured image of FT 2 Kuantan- Maran layer 32

3.8 Road and Kilometre layer 33

3.9 Attribute data 33

3.10 Example of query application 34

4.1 Malaysia District Region layer 39

4.2 Combination of layers (FT 2 Kuantan - Maran) 39

4.3 The identify tool of GIS 40

4.4 Procedure for query accidents as per yearly variations 41

4.5 Accident and casualties at FT 2 41

4.6 Procedure for calculation accident with respect to 43

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time

4.7 Total road accident with respect to time (2008) 44

4.8 Procedure for calculation accident with respect to 45

light condition

4.9 Total number of accident by light condition at FT 2 45

4.10 The procedure for calculation of accident according 48

to KM

4.11 Injury accident at lOkm length of FT 2 over 5 years 48

4.12 The procedure for road accident query based on 49

gender

4.13 Accident according to gender 50

4.14 The real situation at Permatang Badak Traffic Light 51

(KM7)

4.15 The procedure from calculation of type of vehicle 52

4.16 Number of vehicles involved at KM 7 52

4.17 The procedure for calculation of accident types 53

4.18 Number of Casualty Involved by Type of Accident 54

4.19 Collision diagram at KM 7 (Permatang Badak Traffic 55

Light)

5.1 Conflict at one lane 47

5.2 Line marking becomes fade due to road maintenance 48

5.3 The countermeasure diagram for Permatang Badak 50

Traffic Light KM 7

xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Permission letter for PDRM 65

B Collision diagram 66

c Example of softcopy accident record 67

1

CHAPTERl

PREFACE

1.1 Introduction

In Asia record, almost 400,000 people are killed on the road accident

annually and more than four million injured. According to the World Health

Organization (WHO), almost one million people are killed, three million are strictly

paralyzed for life and thirty million are injured in road accidents each year. In 1990,

death by road accidents remained 9th in ranking and in year 2020, it has been divined

that traffic accidents will be the third leading cause of death worldwide.

Highways and transportation engineers very rely on geographic information

system (GIS). Previously, the common paper maps have used for centuries. Large

numbers of paper maps with highways features data marked on them which our

predecessors have serious disadvantages and hidden elements. The term GIS is now

invariability and fix used to describe computerized systems. It can be viewed in any

desired combination and at any scale which comprise a digital map background and

layers of additional information.

2

Nowadays, many highway agencies have been using GIS software for

analyzing accident data. Identification of problem area is one of the most important

aspects of road accident studies. Using the system, the user can consolidate accident

and roadway data, well-matched the accident data and locations, analyze the data

using fixed part, sliding and spot analysis, count the frequency and rate of accidents,

make a variable selection for stratification to obtain mean and standard deviation of

accident rates and regularities and sort the sections based on selected criteria.

Conventional accident analysis normally has not been successful in reducing

the incident of traffic related accidents. There is need for improvement information

on the circumstances of collisions, especially with respect to location in order to

produce the result with a general picture of the data. More explicit location data

could help provide facts to guide programs including rule enforcement, learning,

maintenance, vehicle inspection, emergency medical services, and engineering to

improve streets and highways.

A prototype Geographic Information System (GIS) was developed to analyse

road accident for the purpose of reducing the number of accidents. Using the system,

the user can determine the highest accident location, obtain the accident location's

ranking, visualize the road accident and location details, input and retrieve the

accident database, execute statistical analysis on the selected road accident location

and so on within a short period. The system is able to perform several types of

analysis which is operating to display the accident data and visualize a particular

area. There is function which is able to display the overall of the accident cases in

general along the road.

3

1.2 Problem Statement

Federal Route (FT 2) Kuantan - Maran where travelled by an estimated

35,000 to 40,000 people each day. The vehicles travelled in this road have been

increasing dramatically every year. Since then, traffic accident has become more

common. Most of these accidents flow from the mistake and carelessness on the part

of the drivers. However, the probability of circumstance, and its severity, can often

be reduced by the utilization of proper traffic control devices, and good roadway

design features. The success or failure of such manages devices and design

specifications depend extensively upon the analysis of traffic accident recorded at

specific locations. It has been identified that the most effective means towards

accident decrease lies in a systematic and scientific approach based of use of correct

and reliable traffic accident data. But the quality and quantity of important data for

the analysis are not always sufficient such as lack of high accident location and

accident location's ranking database, no visualize the road accident and location

information, lack of input and retrieve the accident database and unperformed

statistical analysis on the preferred accident location and so on within a short period.

1.3 Objective

This study was conducted to achieve several objectives. The objectives of this study

are:

l. To establish road accident database by using GIS which give a quick access

for obtaining information based on accident statistic in Federal Route (FT

2) Kuantan - Maran (KM 1 - KM 57).

2. Prioritization and diagnosis the blackspot locations along the road and

developed of countermeasure of selected blackspot.

4

1.4 Scope

The scope of this study to create a database with relationships between

tabular attributes and spatial features, this system used ArcGIS software as spatial

data storage and this system also was used for developing the user-interface and

analysis tools. By visual analysis the system capable to produce figures or maps, this

can be used to visually assess the problem.

The location of this study is along Federal Route (FT 2) Kuantan - Maran

(KM 1 - KM 57), Kuantan District, Pahang Darul Makmur. The purpose of this

study is to carry out an accident investigation and propose improvements for Federal

Route 2 especially selected blackspot area. The road accident trend and blackspot

ranking were established at Federal Route (FT 2) Kuantan - Maran. This study is

limited to the reticulation system in this area only.

1.5 Expected Result

The result will be expected that the GIS system can access the road accident

and the problem can be analyzed. The blackspot area can be defined and the problem

for selected blackspot area can be diagnosis and recommendation can be provided.

5

1.6 Study Area

Study area was along FT 2 Kuantan - Maran (KM 1 to KM 57), Pahang

Darul Makmur which is from junction KM 1 Telok Sisek Traffic Light to the KM 57

Kuantan - Maran. The length of the road is 57 kilometres shows in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1: Location of FT 2 Kuantan - Maran (KM 1 - KM 57)

6

CHAPTER2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter presented a review of the literature on two criteria related to

traffic engineering. There are road accident study and the used of GIS application in

road accident. The main topic discussed in this chapter is the used of GIS in analysis

of road accident in Malaysia. In addition, the factors of road accidents also discussed

in this chapter based on the previous research studies in certain area.

Generally, Geographical Information System (GIS) was a software program

combined with a database that allows the manipulation, analysis and printing or

plotting of data with geospatial locations. According to Chang (2008), the important

part of this system was database which GIS was a combination of tools for explore,

visualize, query edit, and analyze any geographical locations information based on

the database. By the capability of this software, it can be relate to road accident

analysis.

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2.2 Road Accident

Road accidents are common and the injuries suffered by those involved can

differ greatly from minor whiplash to fatal injuries (Thompsons solicitors, 2007).

Accidents happen as a result of combination of several factors and are often not

caused by a single factor. According to the World Health Organization's (WHO's),

road traffic injuries are defined as "fatal or non-fatal injuries incurred as a result of a

road traffic crash" and road traffic crash is defined as "collision or incident that may

or may not lead to injury, occur on a public road and involving at least one moving

vehicle" (World Health Organization, 2007b). Road traffic accidents and injuries is a

public health problem worldwide. Jn 2002, 1.2 million people die as a result of road

traffic accidents and 50 million are injured and disabled. It is also the eleventh cause

of death in the world and accounts for 2.1 % of all deaths globally (World Report on

Road Traffic Injury Prevention, 2004)

In Malaysia, a national statistic on road traffic accident (RTA) by the Royal

Malaysian Police showed that a very significant proportion of fatal accidents were

caused by motorcyclists. Fatal accidents have remained the number one cause ofroad

traffic fatality since 2002 for five consecutive years. In 2002, the number of fatality

cases for motorcycle accident was 3,034 cases and it was increased to 3, 166 in 2003,

reduced to 3,101 in 2004 and subsequently increased to 3,181 in 2005 and 3,243 in

2006. From 2002 to 2006, road accident statistics for four of the most common

methods of transportation (bicycle, pedestrian, motorcycle and car) show that, the

number of fatal, mild and severe injury caused by RTA remain dominated by

motorcycles (Royal Malaysian Police, 2007). Injuries including road traffic accidents

are third cause of admission and fifth cause of death in Malaysian government

hospitals in 2003. In the year 2003 about 17 people are killed a day. (Health Facts,

2003)

In Malaysia, there are many factors that contribute to this problem. Poor of

driving experience and skills among those who did not have any driving license

lessons. Once a person earns a driving license in Malaysia they are still on trial

period for two years before they can acquire the normal driving license. Most new

8

licensed drivers are more careful and alert as they unwilling to lose their driving

status and opportunity at an early stage. The increase in road accidents is linked to

the rapid growth in population, economic, industrialization and motorization

industries (Mustafa, 2006). Furthermore, rapid motorization, poor road maintenance,

lack of police enforcement, rapid population growth and poor road conditions are a

few examples of factors which might lead to an increase in RTA in developing

countries (Worley, 2006). One study shows that, the majority of motorcycle crashes

in Klang Valley occur between 12.00 p.m. to 6.59 p.m. and more than 50% of fatal

crashes occur after mid afternoon (3.00 p.m.) it is significantly higher during

weekends (Yen et al., 1999).

According to Hirasawa (2003), travel speeds are high and country roads with

only two lanes are prevalent are the factors that contribute to the highly fatality rate

and to Hokkaido's record of having the most traffic accidents of any official

residence in Japan. Seat belts effectively reduce serious injuries and deaths. The

function of seat belts to prevent from irtjuries, followed by fear of being fined but the

facts given for not using the seat belts provided were driving in short distances,

unmindful, were in a hurry and this will contribute in road accident.

2.3 Road Accident Factors

Generally, there are three factors contributed to road accident. The factors are

road users, road defect and vehicle defect. Table 2.1 shows the percentage of each

factor.

Table 2.1: The percentage of total road accident in Malaysia (source: TRL 2005)

Road Accident Factor Percentage

Road users 80%-90%

Vehicle defect 10%-30%

9

[ Road defect 5%- 15%

The main factors that make the road user are caused of accidents:

• Excessive speed

• Failure to signal

• Tailgating

• Frequent or unsafe lane change

• Impaired driving

• Disregarding traffic control

A study by the Automobile Association in Great Britain (1995) found that the

behaviours listed below directed to road accident:

• Aggressive or rude gestures

• Verbal abuse

• Physical assault

• Aggressive tailgating

• Flashed lighting over them because the other motorist was annoyed

• Deliberate obstruction

Drivers who tent to use emergency lane, unsafe lane change and not pay

attention while driving make the matters become worse. As described, modem cars

are manufactured to very safe standards, and the environment they're driven in is

designed to reduce the injuries suffered during an accident. The most difficult part to

change is pugnacious driver attitudes and selfish behaviour.

Manufacturers are required to design and produce vehicles that meet a

minimum safety standard. The most type of vehicles failure is loss brake, blowout

tire, and suspension component failure. Normally, modern dual-circuit brake systems

have made total brake failure an unlikely event which if one side of the damages

circuit, the other side is usually sufficient to stop a vehicle. Blowout and worn tires

are the next most sedate problem and can also head to tire failure. According to

Zakwan (2011), uneven wear is caused by not properly balanced tires, or improperly

aligned or broken suspensions. The vehicular faults have the tendency in resulting

10

higher severe crashes in urban roadways and include faults in tires, wheels, brakes,

and windshield. He also mentions that vehicle maintenance is very consequence to

ensure the vehicle is in safe condition. Many of drivers give reason that they did not

have time to look upon their vehicle's condition before driving which can put their

life in danger.

One factor of traffic accident has been caused by road infrastructure, which is

not really in the meet the standard of safety. Road defect contributed to some

vehicles accident. Local authority and civil engineer all contribute to design of safe

road layouts and traffic management. In United Kingdom, road factors contributed

28% of road accidents (TRL, 1995). Poor road maintenance lead to potholes in road

surface then resulted to an inequality road design. Irrespective of the crash

occurrence area, the variables related with the roadway geometry results in a positive

parameter. This implies the fact that when the roadway is not levelled and straight it

is more likely to be resulting in a high severity crash. When a crash occurs on an

urban or rural interstate or local road the probability of having a more severe injury is

less, compared to arterials and collectors (Esnizah, 2008).

Sometimes, accidents can occur due to one factor or combination of the

factors. Road users factor is a major contributor to road accidents. These factors

include negligence, carelessness and impatience in handling vehicles. According to

Sabey and Staughton (1975), road users factors contributed to 95% of road accident

and the combination of road users factor and environment factor contributed to 25%

of road accidents.

2.4 Classification of Road Accident

Classification of the road accident is recorded by the Royal Malaysian Police

(PDRM). This is determine by the severity of the most seriously injured casualty

involved either slight, serious or fatal, using the following criteria :

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• Fatal - death from injuries sustained, resulting than 30 days after the

accident.

• Serious injury - an injury person which is checked in hospital as an "in

patient", or any of the following injuries whether or not detention result,

fractures, internally injuries, crushing, severe cuts and lacerations, and

general shock including medical treatment, injury causing death within 30

days or more days after the accident.

• Slight injury - an injury person of minor character such as a sprain, bruise,

cut or laceration not considered to be strict or slight shock requiring roadside

attention.

• Damage only - damage on vehicle. It is not include fatal and injured.

2.5 Blackspot

Table 2.2: Overview of definition of road accident blackspot in selected European

countries

Country Reference Sliding Reference Recorded Accident Length of to window to normal or severity identification population applied level of expected considered period of sites safety number

of accidents

Austria No Yes, Yes, by Recorded, No 3 years 250m means of minimum

critical critical values for value 3 -accident function rate of traffic

volume Norway Not when Yes, Yes, by Recorded Yes, by 5 years

identifying IOOm means of higher estimating black spots (spot) or normal than accident

l OOOm accident normal by costs and (section) rates for statistical ootential

-

I

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roadway test, savings elements minimum

values 4 (spots) or 10 (sections)

Hungary No Yes, No Recorded, No 3 years lOOm or minimum lOOOm 4

Flanders No Yes, No Recorded, Yes, by 3 years lOOm weighted means of

by weights severity

In Austria, black spots are defined in the Austrian Guideline Code for the

Construction, Planning and Maintenance of Roads (RVS 1.21) published in

November 2002. According to this guideline, scenes of accidents are distinguished in

black spots and hazardous locations, depending on their recorded crash history.

Based on the Table 3, for calculation, a sliding window with a length of 250 m is

being used. The window follows the course of the road (network) under surveillance

and flags each location where one of the two criteria for a black spot is met. The

identification of road accident black spot is determined by using sliding window

approach shows in Figure 2.2 (Rune Alvik, 2008).

In Norway, a distinction is made between black spots and black sections. A

black spot is any location with a length of not more than 100 metres where at least 4

injury accidents have been recorded in the last 5 years. (Statens vegvesen, handbok

115, 2006, draft version).

According to the definition by DGV, an accident black spot is a road section

with a maximum length of 200 m, with 5 or more accidents and a severity indicator

greater than 20, in the year of analysis. (Rune Alvik, 2008)

In Hungary, two definitions of road accident black spo6ts are used. Outside

built-up areas, a black spot is defined as a location where at least 4 accidents have

been recorded during 3 years on a road section no longer than 1000 metres. Inside

built-up areas, a black spot is defined as a location where at least 4 accidents have

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been recorded in 3 years on a road section no longer than 100 metres (Rune Alvik,

2008).

According to Rune Alvik, search for black spots with scaled accident sites

map or data lists is made by using the so called "sliding window" approach. The

'window' is either 1000 metres or 100 metres wide. Once black spots have been

identified, they are ranked for further study. The aim is to perform detailed

engineering studies for about I 0-15 % of the black spots that have been identified

statistically. When ranking black spots, traffic volume is taken into account, so as to

identify those black spots that have a higher than normal accident rate. Thus, the

Hungarian approach to the definition of black spots in practice comes close to a rate

and number method.

Sliding window (250 m) ........ Q. JC/.- Accident

--· ----·- - - -- - - -· ___ _._ .. ... i:i.

~ p. ' .... -+

Black Spot

Figure 2.1: Sliding Window Method

In Flanders, this 'black spots' are selected by means of their notable accident

data for the period within 3 or more years. Based on the data, each location where in

the last three years 3 or more accidents have occurred is selected. Then, a location is

deliberated to be dangerous when its highest important value (P), calculated using the

following formula, equals 15 or more (Ministry of Flemish Community, 2001)

P =X + 3*Y + 5*Z

Where,

X = total number of light injuries

Y =total number of serious injuries

14

z =total number of deadly injuries

To better an attempt of the traffic safety on these locations, the government of

Flemish, starting in 2003 for a term of 5 years, invest almost 100 million EURO to

reconstruct the infrastructure of the almost 800 blackspot with the highest ranking

priority value. However, the selection for the diverse parameters used in the priority

utility formula will greatly induce the dignity and the choice of the most dangerous

accident locations and will perform a sensitivity analysis to study the strengths and

fragilities of the currently used the procedure to determine and rank black spots.

(Geurts & Wets, 2003)

2.6 GIS Application in Road Accident

Geographical Information System (GIS) as a medium that can be used to

represent the analysis road accident data in order to accurately identify the

contributory of road accident factor through analysis of the road alignment in three

dimensions, information data on causes of road accident (Mwatelah, 2001 ).

Geographical Information System (G.I.S) is new powerful computing tool for

managing large amounts of heterogeneous data and would be invaluable in

addressing sections of roads with prevalent road traffic accidents occurrences.

According to Mwatelah, once the data terrain model have been created, at each of the

spot, the attributes which are assessed as having caused the accidents are stored as

accurately as possible. This information will then consist of the data that can be

easily accessed and or referred to when crucial decisions have to be made in relation

to the type of improvement to be done at that particular section of the road

(Mwatelah, 2001 ).

By using this system, the location of blackspot can be determine based on

road accident data and analysis can be provided to overcome the problem. Several