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    EN BANC

    [G.R. No. L-35156. November 20, 1981.]

    THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES,plaintiff-appellee,vs.FLORO RODIL,defendant-appellant.

    Solicitor General Estelito P. Mendoza, Assistant Solicitor General Hector C.

    Fuleand Solicitor Francisco J. Bautistaor !"a#n$#-a!!e""ee.

    Jaime . !aferor deendan$-a!!e""an$.

    SYNOPSIS

    %C L$. &a'ana and ("oro Rod#", )ere#n a**+'ed )o #' a member o $)e An$#-m+"#n/n#$ and an o#*er o $)e An$#-Comm+n#'$ Lea+e o $)e %)#"#!!#ne' )ad an a"$er*a$#on#n a re'$a+ran$ be*a+'e o $)e ormer' *on#'*a$#on' o $)e "a$$er' +n. Anered b L$.&a'ana' re+'a" $o re$+rn )#' +n, Rod#" '+dden" dre )#' daer and a$$a*ed L$.&a'ana )o $r#ed $o !arr $)e '$ab'. L$. &a'ana a' )#$ on $)e *)e'$ and $)e '$oma*)*a+'#n )#' dea$). )e C)#e o %o"#*e )o a' $)en !re'en$ d+r#n $)e '$abb#n rabbedRod#" and arre'$ed )#m. 4)en *)ared and $r#ed or m+rder, $)e a**+'ed adm#$$ed $)e#""#n b+$ +'$##ed $)e 'ame #$) 'e"-deen'e. )e "oer *o+r$ o+nd $)e a**+'ed +#"$

    and 'en$en*ed )#m $o dea$).

    n a+$oma$#* rev#e, $)e +!reme Co+r$ )e"d $)a$7 a $)e a**+'ed' *"a#m o 'e"-deen'e#' no$ +'$##ed '#n*e #$ a!!ear' $)a$ )e #n#$#a$ed $)e are''#on )#*) re'+"$ed #n $)e dea$)o $)e v#*$#m: b $)e !ro'e*+$#on' *"a#m $)a$ $)e #""#n a' ;+a"##ed b $rea*)er #'#n*orre*$ be*a+'e $)e a$$a* a' made b $)e a**+'ed on $)e '!+r o $)e momen$ and $)ev#*$#m )ad $r#ed $o deend )#m'e" b ard#n o $)e '$ab': * $)e arava$#n*#r*+m'$an*e o d#'reard o ran ')o+"d be a!!"#ed be*a+'e $)e a**+'ed #' #ner#or bo$)#n ran and 'o*#a" '$a$+' $o $)e v#*$#m: d $)e arava$#n *#r*+m'$an*e o *on$em!$ o or#n'+"$ $o !+b"#* a+$)or#$ ')o+"d "#e#'e be a!!re*#a$ed '#n*e $)e a**+'ed a$$a*ed )#'

    v#*$#m #n $)e !re'en*e o a *)#e o !o"#*e: and e *on'e;+en$", $)ere be#n no;+a"##n *#r*+m'$an*e and !re'en$ $o arava$#n *#r*+m'$an*e' #$)o+$ anm#$#a$#n *#r*+m'$an*e, $)e *r#me *omm#$$ed #' on" )om#*#de or )#*) $)e a**+'ed')o+"d 'erve an #nde$erm#na$e !r#'on $erm o rom 12 ear' o !r#'#on maor a' m#n#m+m$o 20 ear' o re*"+'#on $em!ora" a' ma

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    SYLLABUS

    1.CR>&>NAL LA4: =/>(?>NG C>RC/&ANCE: EL(-@E(ENE: CLEARAN@ CN>NC>NG E>@ENCE RE/>RE@: ACC/E@ &/ REL? N ERENG ( > 4N E>@ENCE AN@ N N E 4EADNE ( A( E %REC/>N: RA>NALE. e"-deen'e #' an a#rma$#ve a""ea$#on$)a$ m+'$ be !roven b *"ear, '+#*#en$, 'a$#'a*$or and *onv#n*#n ev#den*e %eo!"e v'.L#bed, 1F CRA F10, F13: %eo!"e v'. &endoa, 13 CRA 11, 1H: %eo!"e v'. o"ana, 6CRA 60, 65-66: %eo!"e v'. @av#', 1 CRA FH3, FHH: %eo!"e v'. %ara', 50 %)#". 1F9,152: %eo!"e v'. Ber#o, 59 %)#". 533, 536: %eo!"e v'. G#mena, 59 %)#". 509, 51F.&oreover, $o !rove +'$##*a$#on, $)e a**+'ed m+'$ re" on $)e '$ren$) o )#' onev#den*e and no$ on $)e eane'' o $)a$ o $)e !ro'e*+$#on, or even # #$ ere ea, #*o+"d no$ be d#'be"#eved a$er $)e a**+'ed )ad adm#$$ed $)e #""#n %eo!"e v'. L"amera,51 CRA F8, 5H: %eo!"e v'. a"abo*, 30 CRA 8H: %eo!"e v'. Navarra, 25 CRA F91,F96: %eo!"e v'. o"ana, 6 CRA 60, 65-66: %eo!"e v'. E'!en#""a, 62 %)#". 26F, 2H0:

    %eo!"e v'. A!o"#nar#o, 58 %)#". 586-588: %eo!"e v'. An'oon, 65 %)#". HH2. )e ra$#ona"eor $)#' +r#'!r+den*e #' $)a$, )av#n adm#$$ed $)e o+nd#n or #""#n o $)e v#*$#m, $)ea**+'ed m+'$ be )e"d *r#m#na"" "#ab"e or $)e *r#me +n"e'' )e e'$ab"#')e' $o $)e'a$#'a*$#on o $)e *o+r$ $)e a*$ o "e#$#ma$e 'e"-deen'e.

    2.>@.: >@.: >@.: ACC/E@ N EN>LE@ ERE 4ERE E >N>>AE@ EAGGRE>N 4>C RE/LE@ >N E @EA ( E >C>&. >n $)e*a'e a$ bar, $)e a**+'ed *"a#m' $)a$ a$er )e re+'ed $o #ve )#' >@ $o $)e de*ea'ed be*a+'e$)e 'ame a' )#' and )e a"'o '!en$ mone or #$, $)e "a$$er )#$ )#m #$) $)e )and"e o )#'de*ea'ed' +n. 4e *anno$ !er*e#ve )o $)#' re+'a" o $)e a**+'ed *o+"d )ave

    !rovoed or enraed $)e de*ea'ed $o $)e e

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    !er'on. >$ a"'o ')o' $)a$ beore $)e '$abb#n #n*#den$ $oo !"a*e, $)e de*ea'ed and $)ea**+'ed ere a*#n ea*) o$)er. > #$ a' $)e *a'e, and *on'#der#n $)a$ $)e de*ea'ed a',a**ord#n $o $)e a**+'ed, )o"d#n $)e +n #$) )#' r#)$ )and, ) a' $)e a**+'ed )#$ on$)e r#)$ ear"obeI 4e #nd $)a$ $)#' !ar$#*+"ar *"a#m o $)e a**+'ed $)a$ #$ a' $)ede*ea'ed )o #r'$ )#$ )#m $#*e #$) $)e )and"e o )#' +n beore !arr#n $)e $)#rd b"o

    and $)en '$abb#n $)e "a$$er #' de#n#$e" be"#ed no$ on" b $)e "o*a$#on o $)e '*ar b+$a"'o b $)e med#*a" #nd#n o @r. *)oa. >ndeed, # $)e !ro$aon#'$' ere a*#n ea*)o$)er, and #$ a!!ear#n $)a$ $)e ere bo$) r#)$ )anded, $)e b"o #ven b one, # no$!arr#ed b $)e o$)er, o+"d !eror*e "and on $)e "e$, and no$ on $)e r#)$ '#de o $)e bodo $)e re*#!#en$ o $)e b"o. 4e, $)ereore, ree*$ '+*) *"a#m or be#n #m!robab"e, $)e'ame be#n *on$rar $o $)e na$+ra" *o+r'e o na$+ra" be)av#or.

    F.>@.: >@.: >@.: @ELA? >N >ND>NG A&E @ER? CRE@>B>L>? ( ECLA>&. >$ a' on" on =+" 8, 19H1, a$er $)e "a!'e o more $)an $o and one-)a"2J mon$)' $)a$ $)e a**+'ed *"a#med 'e"-deen'e d+r#n $)e !re"#m#nar #nve'$#a$#on o

    $)e *a'e beore $)e m+n#*#!a" +de o >ndan, Cav#$e. > $)e a**+'ed )ad rea"" a*$ed #n'e"-deen'e, )e o+"d '+re" )ave 'o #normed $)e C)#e o %o"#*e a$ $)e #r'$o!!or$+n#$. e on" a""eed" $o"d $)e C)#e o %o"#*e, )o a""eed" a'ed )#m ) )#')ead and a*e ere b"ood, $)a$ L$. &a'ana )#$ )#m #$) a +n. e d#d no$ $e"" $)e %o"#*eC)#e $)a$ )e a' '+rrender#n or '$abb#n $)e de*ea'ed #n 'e"-deen'e. )#' *"a#m o$)e a**+'ed made beore $)e m+n#*#!a" +de o >ndan, Cav#$e, on =+" 8, 19H1 aore'a#d*on'$#$+$e' an e@.: /AL>(?>NG C>RC/&ANCE: REACER? ALE>A: N%REEN 4ERE AACD N E >C>& 4A &A@E N E %/R (E &&EN. A$er a $)oro+) ana"'#' o $)e !er$#nen$ !or$#on' o $)e $e'$#mono #r#"#o (#de", one o $)e !ro'e*+$#on #$ne''e'. 4e *an on" *on*"+de $)a$ $)ea''a#"an$ and $)e v#*$#m ere #ndeed a*e $o a*e )en $)e '$abb#n $oo !"a*e. A' '+*)$)e a$$a* a' no$ $rea*)ero+' be*a+'e $)e v#*$#m a' ab"e $o ard o $)e 'ame #$) )#')and. A' a ma$$er o a*$, $)e or*e )e +'ed #n ard#n o $)e a$$a* a' 'o '$ron $)a$$)e a**+'ed b+m!ed )#' )ead on a $ab"e nearb, *a+'#n #n+r#e' $o )#m )#*)ne*e''#$a$ed med#*a" $rea$men$. >n ')or$, $)e a$$a* on $)e v#*$#m a' made on $)e '!+r o$)e momen$. )e '+ddenne'' o $)e a$$a* doe' no$ b #$'e" '+#*e $o '+!!or$ a #nd#no $rea*)er %eo!"e v'. orea', e$ a"., F3 CRA 158, 16H. Be'#de', $)e re*ord a#"ed $o')o $)a$ $)e a**+'ed made an !re!ara$#on $o #"" )#' v#*$#m 'o a' $o #n'+re $)e*omm#''#on o $)e *r#me, ma#n #$ a$ $)e 'ame $#me #m!o''#b"e or )ard or $)e v#*$#m $odeend )#m'e" or re$a"#a$e %eo!"e v'. ae, 111 %)#". H38. Ne#$)er doe' #$ ')o $)a$ $)e

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    a**+'ed em!"oed mean' d#re*$" and '!e*#a"" $end#n $o #n'+re $)e #""#n #$)o+$ r#'$o )#m'e". n $)e *on$rar, #$ ')o' $)a$ $)e a**+'ed a' ea'#" #$)#n '$r##n d#'$an*eo )#' $)ree *om!an#on', $o o )om ere !o"#*e o#*er'. (+r$)ermore, $)ere a' ana"$er*a$#on be$een $)e a**+'ed and $)e v#*$#m abo+$ $)e *on#'*a$#on b $)e "a$$er o $)e+n be"on#n $o $)e ormer, and a$ $)e momen$ )en $)e v#*$#m a' abo+$ $o '$and +!,

    $)e a**+'ed dre a n#e rom )#' !o*e$ and #$) #$ '$abbed $)e v#*$#m #n $)e *)e'$.C"ear", $)ereore, $)e #m!e""#n mo$#ve or $)e a$$a* b a!!e""an$ on )#' v#*$#m a' $)e"a$$er' !erorman*e o o#*#a" d+$, )#*) $)e ormer re'en$ed. )#' #nd o ev#den*edoe' no$ *"ear" ')o $)e !re'en*e o $rea*)er #n $)e *omm#''#on o $)e *r#me.

    6.>@.: >@.: >@.: CANN BE %RE/&E@: CNCL/>E %R( ERE(RE/>RE@. A"evo'#a #' no$ $o be !re'+med, b+$ m+'$ be !roved a *on*"+'#ve" a' $)ea*$ )#*) #$ ;+a"##e' %eo!"e v'. Abr#", 51 %)#". 6H0, 6H5. )#' #' 'o be*a+'e #n $)ee o $)e Rev#'ed

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    %ena" Code, or a' an #n'+"$ or #n d#'reard o $)e re'!e*$ d+e $)e oended !ar$ ona**o+n$ o )#' ran, . . . %ar. 3, Ar$. K>, Rev#'ed %ena" Code.

    8.>@.: AGGRAA>NG C>RC/&ANCE: @>REGAR@ ( RAND:A%%REC>AE@ >N CAE A BAR. )e arava$#n *#r*+m'$an*e o d#'reard o

    ran ')o+"d be a!!re*#a$ed be*a+'e #$ #' obv#o+' $)a$ $)e v#*$#m, %C L$. &a'ana,#den$##ed )#m'e" a' a %C o#*er $o $)e a**+'ed )o #' mere" a member o $)e An$#-m+"#n /n#$ and $)ereore #ner#or bo$) #n ran and 'o*#a" '$a$+' $o $)e v#*$#m.

    9.4R@ AN@ %RAE: RAND: %LA>N AN@ R@>NAR? &EAN>NG. )e$erm ran ')o+"d be #ven #$' !"a#n, ord#nar mean#n, and a' '+*), reer' $o a )#)'o*#a" !o'#$#on or '$and#n a' a rade #n $)e armed or*e' 4eb'$er' )#rd Ne>n$erna$#ona" @#*$#onar o $)e Br#$#') Lan+ae /nabr#ded, !. 1881: or $o a radedo#*#a" '$and#n or 'o*#a" !o'#$#on or '$a$#on H5 C= F58: or $o $)e order or !"a*e #n)#*) 'a#d o#*er' are !"a*ed #n $)e arm and nav #n re"a$#on $o o$)er' En**"o!ed#*

    La @#*$#onar, )#rd Ed#$#on, 4a"$er A. )oemaer and Geore (o'$er Lon'dor, !.90: or $o $)e de'#na$#on or $#$"e o d#'$#n*$#on *onerred +!on an o#*er #n order $o #@.: >@.: CNE&% ( R >N/L , %/BL>C A/R>?:A%%REC>AE@ 4ERE E ((EN@ER AACDE@ > >C>& >N E%REENCE ( A C>E( ( %L>CE: CAE A BAR. )e arava$#n*#r*+m'$an*e o *on$em!$ o, or #n'+"$ $o !+b"#* a+$)or#$ +nder !arara!) 2 o Ar$#*"e 1Fo $)e Rev#'ed %ena" Code *an "#e#'e be a!!re*#a$ed #n $)e *a'e a$ bar. )e ev#den*e o$)e !ro'e*+$#on *"ear" e'$ab"#')ed $)a$ C)#e o %o"#*e %r#mo %ana"#an o >ndan a'!re'en$ a' )e a' $a#n )#' "+n*) #n $)e 'ame re'$a+ran$ )en $)e #n*#den$ o**+rred. A'a ma$$er o a*$, $)e 'a#d *)#e o !o"#*e a' $)e one )o embra*ed or rabbed $)e

    a**+'ed rom be)#nd, re'$ed $)e daer rom )#m and $)erea$er bro+)$ )#m $o $)em+n#*#!a" b+#"d#n o >ndan. And a!!e""an$ adm#$$ed" ne )#m even $)en a $)e $on*)#e o !o"#*e, a"$)o+) )e no *"a#m' $)a$ )e en$ $o $)e m+n#*#!a" b+#"d#n $o'+rrender $o $)e *)#e o !o"#*e )o a' no$ a""eed" #n $)e re'$a+ran$ d+r#n $)e#n*#den$.

    1F.>@.: RE>E@ %ENAL C@E: %/BL>C A/R>? CNR/E@: >NCL/@E,B/ > N L>&>E@ %ERN >N A/R>?. 4)#"e #$ ma be $r+e #n $)e*a'e' o /.. v'. Rodr#+e, e$ a". 19 %)#". 150, 15H-158, %eo!"e v'. #oo 61 %)#". 30H,31H: and %eo!"e v'. ero 21 CRA 1F03, $)#' Co+r$ r+"ed $)a$ $)e $erm !+b"#*a+$)or#$ reer' $o a !er'on #n a+$)or#$ and $)a$ a %C "#e+$enan$ or $on *)#e o !o"#*e #'

    no$ a !+b"#* a+$)or#$ b+$ mere" an aen$ o a !er'on #n a+$)or#$: $)ere #' need o re-e

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    Ar$#*"e' 1F8 and 152. )e "amaer m+'$ )ave #n$ended a d#eren$ mean#n or $)e $erm!+b"#* a+$)or#$, )#*) ma )oever #n*"+de, b+$ no$ "#m#$ed $o !er'on' #n a+$)or#$.

    15.>@.: >@.: &>C>@E: %ENAL? ERE(R 4ERE 4 AGGRAA>NGAN@ N &>>GA>NG C>RC/&ANCE EK>. 4#$) $o arava$#n

    *#r*+m'$an*e' and no m#$#a$#n *#r*+m'$an*e, $)e a!!e""an$ ')o+"d $)ereore be*ondemned $o '+er $)e ma&>NAL LA4: AGGRAA>NG C>RC/&ANCE: CNE&% ( R>N/L %/BL>C A/R>>E: N CN>@ERE@ >N CAE A BAR:REAN. >n $)#' *a'e, $)e oended !ar$, L$. &a'ana o $)e %)#"#!!#neCon'$ab+"ar #' no$ a !+b"#* a+$)or#$ nor a !er'on #n a+$)or#$ a' $)e'e $erm' are de#ned

    b Ar$#*"e 152, !ar. 1 o $)e Rev#'ed %ena" Code or )e #' no$ d#re*$" ve'$ed #$)+r#'d#*$#on, $)a$ #' !oer or a+$)or#$ $o overn and en a*$, $)e @e*#'#on #$'e" *a""' )#m an aen$ o a !er'on #na+$)or#$. And even # L$. &a'ana ere a !er'on #n a+$)or#$, $)#' arava$#n*#r*+m'$an*e *anno$ be $aen #n$o a**o+n$ be*a+'e #$ #' )e )#m'e" )o #' $)e oended!ar$.

    2.>@.: >@.: >N/L R @>REGAR@ ( E RE%EC @/E E ((EN@E@%AR? N ACC/N ( > RAND: RE/>RE&EN N C&%L>E@ 4>,>N CAE A BAR. >$ #' no$ $)e e

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    !r#'#on maor, a' m#n#m+m, $o 'even$een 10 ear' o !r#'#on maor, a' m#n#m+m, $o'even$een 1H ear' o re*"+'#on $em!ora", a' mandan, Cav#$e, a' )av#n "+n*) #n'#de are'$a+ran$ #n ron$ o $)e >ndan mare$ !!. 2, 3, $.'.n., *$. 30, 19H1: !!. 10, 19, $.'.n.,Nov. 22, 19H1: !. 21, $.'.n., =an. 20, 19H2. 4)#"e $)e ere ea$#n, $)e 'a, $)ro+) $)e"a'' !ane" o $)e re'$a+ran$, a!!e""an$ o+$'#de $)e re'$a+ran$ b"o#n )#' )#'$"e. )e#ra$$en$#on )av#n been dran $o )a$ a!!e""an$ a' do#n, L$. &a'ana, $)en #n *#v#"#an

    *"o$)#n, a**om!an#ed b %C 'o"d#er #r#"#o (#de", en$ o+$ o $)e re'$a+ran$,a!!roa*)ed a!!e""an$ and a'ed $)e "a$$er, a$er #den$##n )#m'e" a' a %C o#*er,)e$)er $)e +n $)a$ a' $+*ed #n )#' a#'$ )ad a "#*en'e. >n'$ead o an'er#n $)e;+e'$#on o L$. &a'ana, a!!e""an$ moved one '$e! ba*ard and a$$em!$ed $o dra )#'+n. %C 'o"d#er #r#"#o (#de" #mmed#a$e" rabbed a!!e""an$' +n rom a!!e""an$' a#'$and ave #$ $o L$. &a'ana. A$er $)a$, L$. &a'ana $o"d $)e a!!e""an$ $o o #n'#de $)ere'$a+ran$. %C 'o"d#er #r#"#o (#de" o""oed. L$. &a'ana and $)e a!!e""an$ o**+!#ed a'e!ara$e $ab"e abo+$ one and one-)a" 1 12 me$er' rom $)e $ab"e o L$. &a'ana' $)ree

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    *om!an#on' (#de", L#'a and &o#*a !. 10, $.'.n., Nov. 22, 19H1. A$er $)e $o erea"read 'ea$ed, L$. &a'ana !"a*ed a!!e""an$' +n on $)e $ab"e. A$er $)a$ L$. &a'ana!+""ed o+$ a !#e*e o *o+!on bond !a!er rom )#' !o*e$ and ro$e $)ereon $)e re*e#!$ or$)e +n, and a$er '#n#n #$, )e a'ed a!!e""an$ $o *o+n$er'#n $)e 'ame, b+$ a!!e""an$re+'ed $o do 'o. >n'$ead, )e a'ed L$. &a'ana $o re$+rn $)e +n $o )#m. L$. &a'ana

    ree*$ed a!!e""an$' !"ea, $e""#n $)e "a$$er $)a$ $)e o+"d $a" $)e ma$$er over #n $)em+n#*#!a" b+#"d#n o >ndan, Cav#$e. 4)en L$. &a'ana a' abo+$ $o '$and +!, a!!e""an$'+dden" !+""ed o+$ a do+b"e-b"aded daer and #$) #$ )e '$abbed L$. &a'ana 'evera"$#me', on $)e *)e'$ and '$oma*) *a+'#n )#' dea$) 'evera" )o+r' $)erea$er !!. F, 5, 6, H,8, $.'.n., *$. 30, 19H1: !!. 10, 11, 12, $.'.n., Nov. 22, 19H1 Cd!r

    4)#"e $)e '$abb#n #n*#den$ a' $a#n !"a*e, $)e $)ree *om!an#on' o L$. &a'ana %C'o"d#er #r#"#o (#de", Coa'$ G+ard R#*ardo L#'a and !o"#*eman (e"#< &o#*a )oere a"" 'ea$ed a$ a 'e!ara$e $ab"e abo+$ one and one-)a" 1 12 me$er' aa rom $)a$o**+!#ed b $)e a**+'ed and L$. &a'ana, '$ood +! $o a''#'$ L$. &a'ana: b+$ C)#e o

    %o"#*e %r#mo %ana"#an o >ndan, Cav#$e, )o )a!!ened $o be $a#n )#' "+n*) #n $)e'ame re'$a+ran$, a' ;+#*er $)an an o $)em #n o#n near $)e *omba$an$' andembra*ed andor rabbed $)e a**+'ed rom be)#nd, and $)erea$er re'$ed $)e daerrom $)e a**+'ed-a!!e""an$. >mmed#a$e" $)erea$er, $)e C)#e o %o"#*e bro+)$ $)ea**+'ed $o $)e m+n#*#!a" b+#"d#n o >ndan, Cav#$e !. 8, $.'.n., *$. 30, 19H1: !!. 19-20,$.'.n., Nov. 22, 19H1: !!. 26, 28, $.'.n., =an. 20,19H2, )#"e $)e *om!an#on' o L$.&a'ana bro+)$ $)e "a$$er $o $)e . L+na o'!#$a" #n +eon C#$ )ere )e e

    R/ND7

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    1$ab o+nd, "e$ *)e'$, mea'+r#n 0.9 b 0.F *m., 5 *m. rom $)e an$er#orm#d"#ne, 128 *m. above $)e )ee", 1 *m. dee!, d#re*$ed !o'$er#orard' and'"#)$" +!ard', !a''#n '+!er#*#a"" be$een m+'*"e' and $#''+e'.

    2$ab o+nd, "e$ *)e'$, mea'+r#n 1.2 b 0.F *m., 9 *m. rom $)e an$er#or

    m#d"#ne, 121 *m. above $)e )ee", 5.5 *m. dee!, d#re*$ed !o'$er#orard',donard' and $o $)e "e$, "a*era$#n $)e m+'*"e' a$ $)e F$) #n$er*o'$a" '!a*e.

    3$ab o+nd, abdomen, mea'+r#n 0.9 b 0.2 *m., +'$ "e$ o $)e an$er#orm#d"#ne, 96 *m. above $)e )ee", 11 *m. dee!, d#re*$ed !o'$er#orard', +!ard'and $o $)e "e$, !erora$#n $)e rea$er *+rva$+re o $)e '$oma*) and $)e a'$r#*ve''e"', ra#n $)e "#ver, !erora$#n $)e d#a!)ram and #nero-med#a" border o$)e "oer "obe o $)e r#)$ "+n.

    F>m!a*$ abra'#on, r#)$ '*a!+"ar re#on, mea'+r#n 2 b 0.2 *m., 12 *m. rom$)e !o'$er#or m#d"#ne, 12H *m. above $)e )ee".

    /%%ER EKRE&>>E7

    5>n*#'ed o+nd, an$er#or a'!e*$ o $)e d#'$a" $)#rd o $)e "e$ arm, mea'+r#n3 b 0.5 *m., +'$ med#a" $o #$' an$er#or m#d"#ne.

    6>n*#'ed o+nd, !o'$er#or a'!e*$ o $)e !rondan, Cav#$e, #n order $o $ae $)e#r "+n*). )e)ad +'$ *ome rom &anda"+on, R#a" )ere $)e re'#de !!. 21, 22, $.'.n., @e*. 10,

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    19H1. >n'#de $)e re'$a+ran$, $)e a**+'ed 'a $)ree !er'on' $o )#' r#)$, ea$#n, )#"e $o)#' "e$ )e 'a a !er'on )om )e "a$er "earned $o be L$. G+#""ermo &a'ana dr#n#n beera"one. 4)#"e $)e a**+'ed and )#' #e ere a#$#n or $)e ood $o be 'erved, L$. &a'anaa!!roa*)ed )#m and a'ed )#m )e$)er )e a' ("oro Rod#" and )e$)er )e a' amember o $)e An$#-m+"#n /n#$. A$er re*e#v#n an a#rma$#ve an'er, L$. &a'ana

    #nv#$ed $)e a**+'ed $o o#n )#m #n )#' $ab"e. )e a**+'ed a**e!$ed $)e #nv#$a$#on, 'o $)e$o moved over $o $)e o#*er' $ab"e )ere $)e de*ea'ed oered beer $o $)e a**+'ed )o,)oever, re+'ed 'a#n )e a' '$#"" )+nr. >n $)e *o+r'e o $)e#r *onver'a$#on, L$.&a'ana $o"d $)e a**+'ed no$ $o re!or$ an ma$$er abo+$ 'm+"#n $o $)e %C. )e a**+'ed#normed $)e o#*er $)a$ )e )ad no$ re!or$ed an 'm+"#n a*$#v#$ $o $)e a+$)or#$#e'. L$.&a'ana $)en a'ed $)e a**+'ed or )#' #den$##*a$#on *ard a' a member o $)e An$#-m+"#n /n#$, )#*) $)e "a$$er d#d b ')o#n )#' >@ *ard, Endan, Cav#$e, )ere )e#n$ended $o '+rrender $o $)e a+$)or#$#e'. B+$ on )#' a, )e me$ %r#mo %ana"#an, $)eC)#e o %o"#*e o >ndan, Cav#$e. )e C)#e o %o"#*e a'ed )#m ) )#' )ead and a*eere b"ood and )e an'ered $)a$ )e a' )#$ b L$. &a'ana on $)e )ead #$) a +n !!.86, 89, $.'.n., >b#d. )ere+!on, $)e C)#e o %o"#*e a'ed 'omebod $o a**om!an $)ea**+'ed $o $)e m+n#*#!a" b+#"d#n. Arr#v#n $)ere, one #*$or, a !o"#*eman o >ndan,Cav#$e, a**om!an#ed )#m $o @r. R+ben *)oa, )o'e *"#n#* a' +'$ a*ro'' $)e '$ree$)ere $)e m+n#*#!a" b+#"d#n #' "o*a$ed !. 9, $.'.n., >b#d: !. F, $.'.n., @e*. 15, 19H1. A$er)e a' #ven #r'$ a#d $rea$men$, )e a' bro+)$ ba* b $)e >ndan !o"#*eman $o $)em+n#*#!a" b+#"d#n, )ere )e a' de$a#ned or $o da' beore )e a' !#*ed +! b $)e%)#"#!!#ne Con'$ab+"ar o!era$#ve' and $ran'erred $o $)e 121'$ %C ead;+ar$er' #naa$a C#$ !!. 90-91, $.'.n., >b#d: !!. F, 39, F0, $.'.n., @e*. 10, 19H1: !. 6, $.'.n., @e*.15, 19H1: !. 5, $.'.n., =an. 20, 19H2

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    A$er d+e $r#a", $)e *o+r$ a #uorendered a de*#'#on 'en$en*#n $)e a**+'ed a' )ere$oore'$a$ed.

    >

    e"-deen'e #' an a#rma$#ve a""ea$#on $)a$ m+'$ be !roven b *"ear, '+#*#en$,'a$#'a*$or and *onv#n*#n ev#den*e %eo!"e $s.L#bed, 1F CRA F10, F13: %eo!"e $s.&endoa, 13 CRA 11, 1H: %eo!"e $s.o"aOa, 6 CRA 60, 65-66: %eo!"e $s.@av#', 1CRA FH3, FHH: %eo!"e $s.%ara', 80 %)#". 1F9, 152: %eo!"e $s.Ber#o, 59 %)#". 533, 536:%eo!"e $s.G#mena, 59 %)#". 509, 51F. &oreover, $o !rove +'$##*a$#on, $)e a**+'ed m+'$re" on $)e '$ren$) o )#' on ev#den*e and no$ on $)e eane'' o $)a$ o $)e!ro'e*+$#on, or even # #$ ere ea, #$ *o+"d no$ be d#'be"#eved a$er $)e a**+'ed )adadm#$$ed $)e #""#n %eo!"e $s.L"amera, 51 CRA F8, 5H: %eo!"e $s.a"abo*, 30 CRA8H: %eo!"e $s.Navarra, 25 CRA F91, F96: %eo!"e $s.o"aOa, 6 CRA 60, 65-66: %eo!"e$s.E'!en#""a, 62 %)#". 26F, 2H0: %eo!"e $s.A!o"#nar#o, 58 %)#". 586-588: %eo!"e $s.

    An'oon, 65 %)#". HH2. )e ra$#ona"e or $)#' +r#'!r+den*e #' $)a$, )av#n adm#$$ed $)eo+nd#n or #""#n o $)e v#*$#m, $)e a**+'ed m+'$ be )e"d *r#m#na"" "#ab"e or $)e*r#me +n"e'' )e e'$ab"#')e' $o $)e 'a$#'a*$#on o $)e *o+r$ $)e a*$ o "e#$#ma$e 'e"-deen'e.*d!)#"

    >n $)e *a'e a$ bar, $)e a**+'ed *on$end' $)a$ #$ a' $)e de*ea'ed, L$. G+#""ermo &a'ana,)o *omm#$$ed +n"a+" are''#on )en $)e "a$$er )#$ )#m on )#' )ead #$) $)e )and"eo )#' +n a$er )e re+'ed $o '+rrender )#' a**+'ed' >@ $o )#m.

    )#' *"a#m doe' no$ mer#$ be"#e.

    )e a**+'ed *"a#m' $)a$ a$er )e re+'ed $o #ve )#' >@ $o $)e de*ea'ed be*a+'e $)e 'amea' )#' and )e a"'o '!en$ mone or #$, $)e "a$$er )#$ )#m #$) $)e )and"e o )#'de*ea'ed' +n. 4E *anno$ !er*e#ve )o $)#' re+'a" o $)e a**+'ed *o+"d )ave!rovoed or enraed $)e de*ea'ed $o $)e e

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    )e a**+'ed +r$)er *"a#m' $)a$ )e a' )#$ $#*e b $)e de*ea'ed beore )e !arr#ed $)e$)#rd b"o. )#' *"a#m #' be"#ed b $)e re*ord. @+r#n $)e $r#a", $)e *o+r$ a #uoa'ed $)ea**+'ed $o ')o $)e '*ar !rod+*ed b $)e #n+r#e' #n"#*$ed b $)e de*ea'ed )en )ere+'ed $o #ve )#' >@, $)+'

    Co+r$

    .4)ere #' $)a$ '*arI

    4#$ne'' ')o#n )#' r#)$ '#de o $)e )ead $o $)e Co+r$

    [!!. 86, 88, $.'.n., @e*. H, 19H1]

    @r. R+ben *)oa )o $rea$ed $)e #n+r#e' o $)e a**+'ed *orrobora$ed $)e oreo#n$e'$#mon #n )#' med#*a" #nd#n', E

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    #$) $)e )and"e o )#' &a'ana' +n. n )#' re$+rn rom $)e *"#n#* o @r. *)oa )ere)#' #n+r#e' ere $rea$ed, )e a' de$a#ned #n $)e m+n#*#!a" b+#"d#n o >ndan, Cav#$e or$o da' beore )e a' $ran'erred $o $)e aa$a %C ead;+ar$er'. @+r#n a"" $)#'$#me, )e d#d no$ #ve an r#$$en '$a$emen$, m+*) "e'' #norm an %C or o$)er !o"#*eaen* $)a$ )e '$abbed L$. &a'ana #n 'e"-deen'e. >$ a' on" on =+" 8, 19H1, a$er $)e

    "a!'e o more $)an $o and one-)a" 2 12 mon$)' $)a$ )e *"a#med 'e"-deen'e d+r#n$)e !re"#m#nar #nve'$#a$#on o $)e *a'e beore $)e m+n#*#!a" +de o >ndan, Cav#$e !.FF, $.'.n., @e*. 10, 19H1. > $)e a**+'ed )ad rea"" a*$ed #n 'e"-deen'e, )e o+"d '+re")ave 'o #normed $)e C)#e o %o"#*e a$ $)e #r'$ o!!or$+n#$. e on" a""eed" $o"d $)eC)#e o %o"#*e, )o a""eed" a'ed )#m ) )#' )ead and a*e ere b"ood, $)a$ L$.&a'ana )#$ )#m #$) a +n. e d#d no$ $e"" $)e %o"#*e C)#e $)a$ )e a' '+rrender#n or'$abb#n $)e de*ea'ed #n 'e"-deen'e. )#' *"a#m o $)e a**+'ed made beore $)em+n#*#!a" +de o >ndan, Cav#$e, on =+" 8, 19H1 aore'a#d *on'$#$+$e' an e

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    4E do no$ aree #$) $)e o"#*#$or Genera".Ale$osiaor $rea*)er #' be"#ed b $)eo""o#n $e'$#mon o #r#"#o (#de", '$ar #$ne'' or $)e !ro'e*+$#on7

    C/R.

    4)a$ #' $)e $r+$)I

    A)e $r+$) #' $)a$ )en > 'a $)a$ ("oro Rod#" '$abbed L$. G+#""ermo &a'ana,Masana parried %imand )#' )ead Rod#"' )ead b+m!ed on $)e ede o a $ab"e:$)a$ #' ) )e '+'$a#ned an #n+r and b"ood ooed rom )#' )ead !!. 8-9,$.'.n., =an. 20, 19H2: #$a"#*' '+!!"#ed.

    )en, on *ro''-e' #$ no$ a a*$ $)a$ ("oro Rod#" #' m+*) b#er $)an L$. &a'anaI

    A?e', '#r.

    ?o+ mean, b '#m!"e !arr#n, ("oro Rod#" a' !+')ed $o $)e e

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    ere #ndeed a*e $o a*e )en $)e '$abb#n $oo !"a*e. A' '+*) $)e a$$a* a' no$$rea*)ero+' be*a+'e $)e v#*$#m a' ab"e $o ard o $)e 'ame #$) )#' )and. A' a ma$$ero a*$, $)e or*e )e +'ed #n ard#n o $)e a$$a* a' 'o '$ron $)a$ $)e a**+'ed b+m!ed)#' )ead on a $ab"e nearb, *a+'#n #n+r#e' $o )#m )#*) ne*e''#$a$ed med#*a" $rea$men$.>n ')or$, $)e a$$a* on $)e v#*$#m a' made on $)e '!+r o $)e momen$. )e '+ddenne'' o

    $)e a$$a* doe' no$ b #$'e" '+#*e $o '+!!or$ a #nd#n o $rea*)er %eo!"e $s. orea',e$ a"., F3 CRA 158, 16H. Be'#de', $)e re*ord a#"ed $o ')o $)a$ $)e a**+'ed made an!re!ara$#on $o #"" )#' v#*$#m 'o a' $o #n'+re $)e *omm#''#on o $)e *r#me, ma#n #$ a$ $)e'ame $#me #m!o''#b"e or )ard or $)e v#*$#m $o deend )#m'e" or re$a"#a$e %eo!"e $s.ae, 111 %)#". 5F6, 553, *#$#n $)e *a'e o %eo!"e $s. +maob, 83 %)#". H38. Ne#$)erdoe' #$ ')o $)a$ $)e a**+'ed em!"oed mean' d#re*$" and '!e*#a"" $end#n $o #n'+re $)e#""#n #$)o+$ r#' $o )#m'e". n $)e *on$rar, #$ ')o' $)a$ $)e a**+'ed a' ea'#"#$)#n '$r##n d#'$an*e o )#' $)ree *om!an#on', $o o )om ere !o"#*e o#*er'.(+r$)ermore, $)ere a' an a"$er*a$#on be$een $)e a**+'ed and $)e v#*$#m abo+$ $)e*on#'*a$#on b $)e "a$$er o $)e +n be"on#n $o $)e ormer, and a$ $)e momen$ )en $)e

    v#*$#m a' abo+$ $o '$and +!, $)e a**+'ed dre a n#e rom )#' !o*e$ and #$) #$'$abbed $)e v#*$#m #n $)e *)e'$. C"ear", $)ereore, $)e #m!e""#n mo$#ve or $)e a$$a* ba!!e""an$ on )#' v#*$#m a' $)e "a$$er' !erorman*e o o#*#a" d+$, )#*) $)e ormerre'en$ed. )#' #nd o ev#den*e doe' no$ *"ear" ')o $)e !re'en*e o $rea*)er #n $)e*omm#''#on o $)e *r#me.Ale$osia#' no$ $o be !re'+med, b+$ m+'$ be !roved a'*on*"+'#ve" a' $)e a*$ )#*) #$ ;+a"##e' %eo!"e $s. Abr#", 51 %)#". 6H0, 6H5. )#' #' 'obe*a+'e #n $)e e

    m#)$ mae Ar$. 1F, !ar. 16, Rev#'ed %ena" Code!r*d

    4)#"e $)e ev#den*e de#n#$e" demon'$ra$ed $)a$ a!!e""an$ ne be*a+'e $)e v#*$#m, )oa' #n *#v#"#an *"o$)#n, $o"d )#m $)a$ )e a' an aen$ o a !er'on #n a+$)or#$, )e *anno$be *onv#*$ed o $)e *om!"e< *r#me o )om#*#de #$) a''a+"$ +!on an aen$ o a !er'on #na+$)or#$, or $)e '#m!"e rea'on $)a$ $)e #norma$#on doe' no$ a""ee $)e a*$ $)a$ $)ea**+'ed $)en ne $)a$, beore or a$ $)e $#me o $)e a''a+"$, $)e v#*$#m a' an aen$ o a!er'on #n a+$)or#$. )e #norma$#on '#m!" a""ee' $)a$ a!!e""an$ d#d a$$a* and '$ab %CL$. G+#""ermo &a'ana )#"e $)e "a$$er a' #n $)e !erorman*e o )#' o#*#a" d+$#e', . . .

    +*) an a""ea$#on *anno$ be an ade;+a$e '+b'$#$+$e or $)e e''en$#a" avermen$ $o +'$# a*onv#*$#on o $)e *om!"e< *r#me, )#*) ne*e''ar#" re;+#re' $)e #m!o'#$#on o $)ema

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    #n *on$em!$ oor #$) #n'+"$ $o $)e !+b"#* a+$)or#$#e' %ar. [2], Ar$. K> o $)e Rev#'ed%ena" Code, or a' an #n'+"$ or #n d#'reard o $)e re'!e*$ d+e $)e oended !ar$ ona**o+n$ o )#' ran, . . . %ar. 3, Ar$. K>, Rev#'ed %ena" Code

    >$ #' e''en$#a" $)a$ $)e a**+'ed m+'$ )ave no"ede $)a$ $)e !er'on a$$a*ed a' a !er'on

    #n a+$)or#$ or )#' aen$ #n $)e e

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    #' obv#o+'" #n$ended $o #ve $ea*)er' !ro$e*$#on, d#n#$, and re'!e*$ )#"e #n$)e !erorman*e o $)e#r o#*#a" d+$#e'. )e "oer *o+r$, )oever, d#'m#''ed $)e#norma$#on on $)e ro+nd $)a$ $)ere #' no e$ ma$$er' no$ $)a$ '+*) no"edeon )#' !ar$ #' no$ e

    B+$, #n $)e *a'e o %eo!"e $s. C(> o +eon, Bran*) 68 CRA 305, Nov. 28, 19H5,$)e #norma$#on or @#re*$ A''a+"$ read'7

    )a$ on or abo+$ $)e 1H$) da o =an+ar, 19HF, a$ Barr#o Lan+#n,&+n#*#!a"#$ o %o"#""o, %rov#n*e o +eon, %)#"#!!#ne', and #$)#n $)e+r#'d#*$#on o $)#' onorab"e Co+r$, $)e above named a**+'ed, Erne'$o B+'$o,%a+"o Cora"de, @on Grande and =o'e A'$eada, ea*) o )om a' armed #$)a !#e*e o ood, e$ #' !a$en$ $)a$ $)e a*;+#$$a" o $)e a**+'ed )ere#n #' no$ on $)e mer#$'. )ere

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    #' an$ o a*$+a" #nd#n +!on )#*) $)e#r *onv#*$#on or a*;+#$$a" *o+"d )avebeen ba'ed.

    >$ need on" be ob'erved $)a$ *on$rar $o $)e #'*a"' *on$en$#on, $)e #norma$#ona' de#*#en$ #n $)a$ #$ d#d no$ a""ee an e''en$#a" e"emen$ o $)e *r#me o d#re*$

    a''a+"$ $)a$ $)e a**+'ed )ad no"ede o or ne $)e !o'#$#on o a+$)or#$ )e"db $)e !er'on a$$a*ed v#. $)a$ o a barr#o *o+n*#"man and )en*e $)e aen$ o a!er'on #n a+$)or#$ +nder Ar$#*"e 152 o $)e Rev#'ed %ena" Code a' amended bRe!+b"#* A*$ No. 19H8 [ee /.. v'. A"vear, 35 %)#". 626: %eo!"e v'. Re""#n, HH%)#". 1038: o". >>, %ad#""a' Rev#'ed %ena" Code, 10$) Ed., !. 225]

    4)a$ a' )e"d #nPeople $s. Bal'ar, 21 CRA, 119, 1123, *#$ed b $)e #'*a" #'$)a$ #$ #' '+#*#en$ $)a$ $)e #norma$#on a""eed $)a$ $)e a**+'ed ne($)epositiono a+$)or#$, )e"d b $)e oended !ar$, #n $)a$ *a'e a !+b"#* '*)oo"$ea*)er, $)en enaed #n $)e !erorman*e o )er o#*#a" d+$#e', and $)a$ #$ #' no$ne*e''ar $o a""ee +r$)er $)a$ $)e a**+'ed a"'o ne $)a$ '+*) !o'#$#on a'

    $)a$ o a !er'on #n a+$)or#$, '#n*e $)#' #' a ma$$er o "a $)+'7

    Com!"a#nan$ a' a $ea*)er. )e #norma$#on '+#*#en$" a""ee' $)a$ t%eaccused ne( t%at fact, '#n*e ')e a' #n )er *"a''room and enaed #n $)e!erorman*e o )er d+$#e'. e $)ereore ne $)a$ ')e a' a !er'on #n a+$)or#$,a' ')e a' 'o bspecific pro$ision of la(. /t matters not t%at suc% no(led"eon %is part is not epressl+ alle"ed, *om!"a#nan$' '$a$+' a' a !er'on #n a+$)or#$be#n a matter of la(and not of fact, #noran*e )ereo *o+"d no$ e

    )e r+"#n #n $)e aoremen$#oned *a'e o %eo!"e $s. C(> o +eon, e$*.,supra, a!!"#e' $o$)e #n'$an$ *a'e: be*a+'e $)e #norma$#on #n $)e ormer #' '$r##n" '#m#"ar $o $)e#norma$#on #n $)e "a$$er and doe' no$ a""ee a*$' rom )#*) #neren*e *an be ded+*ed$)a$ $)e a**+'ed ne $)a$ $)e !er'on a''a+"$ed #' a !er'on, or an aen$ o a !er'on, #na+$)or#$.

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    20/25

    )e arava$#n *#r*+m'$an*e o d#'reard o ran ')o+"d be a!!re*#a$ed be*a+'e #$ #'obv#o+' $)a$ $)e v#*$#m, %C. L$. &a'ana, #den$##ed )#m'e" a' a %C o#*er $o $)e a**+'ed)o #' mere" a member o $)e An$#-m+"#n /n#$ and $)ereore #ner#or bo$) #n ranand 'o*#a" '$a$+' $o $)e v#*$#m.

    )e $erm ran ')o+"d be #ven #$' !"a#n, ord#nar mean#n, and a' '+*), reer' $o a )#)'o*#a" !o'#$#on or '$and#n a' a rade #n $)e armed or*e' 4eb'$er' )#rd Ne>n$erna$#ona" @#*$#onar o $)e En"#') Lan+ae /nabr#ded, !. 1881: or $o a radedo#*#a" '$and#n or 'o*#a" !o'#$#on or '$a$#on H5 C= F58: or $o $)e order or !"a*e #n)#*) 'a#d o#*er' are !"a*ed #n $)e arm and nav #n re"a$#on $o o$)er' En**"o!ed#*La @#*$#onar, )#rd Ed#$#on, 4a"$er A. )+maer and Geore (o'$er Lon'dor, !.90: or $o $)e de'#na$#on or $#$"e o d#'$#n*$#on *onerred +!on an o#*er #n order $o #n a*$, $)e @e*#'#on #$'e" *a""' )#m an aen$ o a !er'on #n a+$)or#$ !. 13.

    And even # L$. &a'ana ere a !er'on #n a+$)or#$, $)#' arava$#n *#r*+m'$an*e *anno$be $aen #n$o a**o+n$ be*a+'e #$ #' )e )#m'e" )o #' $)e oended !ar$ %eo!"e $s. #oo,

    supraCd!r

    2.Ne#$)er *an $)e 'e*ond *#r*+m'$an*e, $)a$ o d#'reard o $)e re'!e*$ d+e $o ran, bemade $o a!!". >$ #' no$ $)e e

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    >n $)e *a'e a$ bar, $)e d#eren*e #n $)e 'o*#a" *ond#$#on and ran o $)e v#*$#m, aL#e+$enan$ #n $)e %)#"#!!#ne Con'$ab+"ar, and $)a$ o $)e a**+'ed, )o #' a member oan an$#-'m+"#n +n#$ and an o#*er o $)e An$#-Comm+n#'$ Lea+e o $)e %)#"#!!#ne',#' no$ o '+*) a deree a' $o +'$# *on'#dera$#on o d#'re'!e*$ o ran d+e $o $)e oended!ar$ a' an arava$#n *#r*+m'$an*e.

    >n $)e ab'en*e o $)e $o arava$#n *#r*+m'$an*e' d#'*+''ed above or o an m#$#a$#n*#r*+m'$an*e, $)e !ena"$ #m!o'ab"e #' reclusion temporal#n #$' med#+m !er#od, and $)ea**+'ed ')o+"d be 'en$en*ed $o an #nde$erm#na$e $erm o #m!r#'onmen$ ran#n rom $en10 ear' oprision ma+or, a' m#n#m+m, $o 'even$een 1H ear' o reclusion temporal,a' ma