People vs Cabanlig

7/25/2019 People vs Cabanlig

1/22

FIRST DIVISION

SPO2 RUPERTO CABANLIG, G.R. No. 148431

Petitioner,

Present:

Davide, Jr., C.J.,

Chairman,

Quisumbing,

- versus-Ynares-Santiago,

Carpio, and

Azcuna,JJ.

SANDIGANBAYAN and OFFICE Promulgated:

OF THE SPECIAL PROSECUTOR,

espondents, Jul! "#, "$$%

&- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - &

DECISION

CARPIO, J.:

T! Ca"!

'(is petition )or revie*+sees to reverse t(e Decision+"o) t(e /i)t(

Division o) t(e Sandiganba!an dated 0a! 111 and esolution +2dated " 0a!

"$$ a))irming t(e conviction o) SP3" uperto Cabanlig 4Cabanlig5 in Criminal

Case 6o. 1728 )or (omicide. '(e Sandiganba!an sentenced Cabanlig to su))er t(e
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indeterminate penalt! o) )ourmont(s o) arresto mayoras minimum to t*o !ears

and )our mont(s o)prision correctionalas ma&imum and to pa! P%$,$$$ to t(e

(eirs o) Jimm! 9alino 49alino5. Cabanlig s(ot 9alino a)ter 9alino grabbed t(e 08

Armalite o) anot(er policeman and tried to escape )rom t(e custod! o) t(e police.

'(e Sandiganba!an acuitted Cabanligs co-accused, SP3 Carlos Padilla

4Padilla5, P3" 0ein(art Abesamis 4Abesamis5, SP3" ;ucio 0ercado 40ercado5

and SP3 ad!


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A##a%$n&!n' and P(!a

3n % December 112, t(e accused police o))icers Cabanlig, Padilla, Abesamis,

0ercado and o*ever, a )lo*er vase and

a small radio *ere still missing. Cabanlig ased t(e t(ree suspects *(ere t(ese t*o

items *ere. e!es replied t(at t(e items *ere at (is (ouse.

Cabanlig ased (is colleagues, Padilla, 0ercado, Abesamis and


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Around 8:2$ p.m., )ive )ull! armed policemen in uni)orm Cabanlig, Padilla,

0ercado, Abesamis and


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and *it( still one )oot on t(e running board, Cabanlig )ired one s(ot at 9alino, and

a)ter t*o to t(ree seconds, Cabanlig )ired )our more successive s(ots. 9alino did

not )ire an! s(ot.

'(e s(ooting (appened around :$$ p.m., at dus or nag-aagaw ang dilim at

liwanag. Cabanlig approac(ed 9alinos bod! to c(ec its pulse. /inding none,

Cabanlig declared 9alino dead. 9alino sustained t(ree mortal *ounds one at t(e

bac o) t(e (ead, one at t(e le)t side o) t(e c(est, and one at t(e le)t lo*er bac.

Padilla and


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T! Sand%$ana-an" R+(%n$

'(e Sandiganba!an acuitted Padilla, Abesamis, 0ercado and S o) prision correccional,


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as ma&imum. >e is )urt(er ordered to pa! t(e (eirs o) Jimm! 9alino t(e amount

o) /@/'Y '>3SA6D 4P%$,$$$.$$5 P


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?>< SA6D@FA6AYA6 < >


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b5 easonable necessit! o) t(e means emplo!ed to prevent or repel itI

c5 ;ac o) su))icient provocation on t(e part o) t(e person de)ending (imsel). +

3n t(e ot(er (and, t(e reuisites o) )ul)illment o) dut! are:

. '(e accused acted in t(e per)ormance o) a dut! or in t(e la*)ul e&ercise o) arig(t or o))iceI

". '(e in=ur! caused or t(e o))ense committed be t(e necessar! conseuence o)t(e due per)ormance o) dut! or t(e la*)ul e&ercise o) suc( rig(t or o))ice.+"

A policeman in t(e per)ormance o) dut! is =usti)ied in using suc( )orce as is

reasonabl! necessar! to secure and detain t(e o))ender, overcome (is resistance,

prevent (is escape, recapture (im i) (e escapes, and protect (imsel) )rom bodil!

(arm.+2@n case in=ur! or deat( results )rom t(e policemans e&ercise o) suc( )orce,

t(e policeman could be =usti)ied in in)licting t(e in=ur! or causing t(e deat( o) t(e

o))ender i) t(e policeman (ad used necessar! )orce. Since a policemans dut!

reuires (im to overcome t(e o))ender, t(e )orce e&erted b! t(e policeman ma!

t(ere)ore di))er )rom t(at *(ic( ordinaril! ma! be o))ered in sel)-de)ense.

+7>o*ever, a policeman is never =usti)ied in using unnecessar! )orce or in treating

t(e o))ender *it( *anton violence, or in resorting to dangerous means *(en t(e

arrest could be a))ected ot(er*ise.+%

nlie in sel)-de)ense *(ere unla*)ul aggression is an element, in

per)ormance o) dut!, unla*)ul aggression )rom t(e victim is not a reuisite.

@nPeople v. Delima,+8a policeman *as looing )or a )ugitive *(o (ad several
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da!s earlier escaped )rom prison. ?(en t(e policeman )ound t(e )ugitive, t(e

)ugitive *as armed *it( a pointed piece o) bamboo in t(e s(ape o) a lance. '(e

policeman demanded t(e surrender o) t(e )ugitive. '(e )ugitive lunged at t(e

policeman *it( (is bamboo lance. '(e policeman dodged t(e lance and )ired (is

revolver at t(e )ugitive. '(e policeman missed. '(e )ugitive ran a*a! still (olding

t(e bamboo lance. '(e policeman pursued t(e )ugitive and again )ired (is revolver,

(itting and illing t(e )ugitive. '(e Court acuitted t(e policeman on t(e ground

t(at t(e illing *as done in t(e )ul)illment o) dut!.

'(e )ugitives unla*)ul aggression inPeople v. Delima(ad alread! ceased

*(en t(e policeman illed (im. '(e )ugitive *as running a*a! )rom t(e policeman

*(en (e *as s(ot. @) t(e policeman *ere a private person, not in t(e per)ormance

o) dut!, t(ere *ould be no sel)-de)ense because t(ere *ould be no unla*)ul

aggression on t(e part o) t(e deceased.+@t ma! even appear t(at t(e public o))icer

acting in t(e )ul)illment o) dut! is t(e aggressor, but (is aggression is not unla*)ul,

it being necessar! to )ul)ill (is dut!.+#

?(ile sel)-de)ense and per)ormance o) dut! are t*o distinct =usti)!ing

circumstances, sel)-de)ense or de)ense o) a stranger ma! still be relevant even i)

t(e proper =usti)!ing circumstance in a given case is )ul)illment o) dut!. /or

e&ample, a policemans use o) *(at appears to be e&cessive )orce could be =usti)ied

i) t(ere *as imminent danger to t(e policemans li)e or to t(at o) a stranger. @) t(e

policeman used )orce to protect (is li)e or t(at o) a stranger, t(en t(e de)ense o)

)ul)illment o) dut! *ould be complete, t(e second reuisite being present.
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@nPeople v. Lagata,+1a =ail guard s(ot to deat( a prisoner *(om (e t(oug(t

*as attempting to escape. '(e Court convicted t(e =ail guard o) (omicide because

t(e )acts s(o*ed t(at t(e prisoner *as not at all tr!ing to escape. '(e Court

declared t(at t(e =ail guard could onl! )ire at t(e prisoner in self!efenseor

i) absolutely necessa"y to avoi! t#e p"isone"s escape.

@n t(is case, Cabanlig, Padilla, Abesamis, 0ercado and ad t(e

policemen staged t(e escape to =usti)! t(e illing o) 9alino, t(e 08 Armalite

taen b! 9alino *ould not (ave been loaded *it( bullets.+"$0oreover, t(e alleged

summar! e&ecution o) 9alino must be based on evidence and not on (earsa!.

ndoubtedl!, t(e policemen *ere in t(e legitimate per)ormance o) t(eir dut!

*(en Cabanlig s(ot 9alino. '(us, )ul)illment o) dut! is t(e =usti)!ing circumstance

t(at is applicable to t(is case. 'o determine i) t(is de)ense is complete, *e (ave to

e&amine i) Cabanlig used necessar! )orce to prevent 9alino )rom escaping and in

protecting (imsel) and (is co-accused policemen )rom imminent danger.

Fulfillment of Duty $as Complete, %illing $as Justifie!
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'(e Sandiganba!an convicted Cabanlig because (is de)ense o) )ul)illment o)

dut! *as )ound to be incomplete. '(e Sandiganba!an believed t(at Cabanlig

e&ceeded t(e )ul)illment o) (is dut! *(en (e immediatel! s(ot 9alino *it(out

issuing a *arning so t(at t(e latter *ould stop.+"

?e disagree *it( t(e Sandiganba!an.

Certainl!, an 08 Armalite is a )ar more po*er)ul and deadl! *eapon t(an

t(e bamboo lance t(at t(e )ugitive (ad run a*a! *it( in People v. Delima. '(e

policeman inPeople v. Delima*as (eld to (ave been =usti)ied in s(ooting to deat(

t(e escaping )ugitive because t(e policeman *as merel! per)orming (is dut!.

@n t(is case, 9alino *as committing an o))ense in t(e presence o) t(e

policemen *(en 9alino grabbed t(e 08 Armalite )rom 0ercado and =umped )rom

t(e =eep to escape. '(e policemen *ould (ave been =usti)ied in s(ooting 9alino i)

t(e use o) )orce *as absolutel! necessar! to prevent (is escape. +""ut 9alino *as

not onl! an escaping detainee. 9alino (ad also stolen t(e 08 Armalite o) a

policeman. '(e policemen (ad t(e dut! not onl! to recapture 9alino but also to

recover t(e loose )irearm. ! grabbing 0ercados 08 Armalite, *(ic( is a

)ormidable )irearm, 9alino (ad placed t(e lives o) t(e policemen in grave danger.

>ad Cabanlig )ailed to s(oot 9alino immediatel!, t(e policemen *ould (ave

been sitting ducs. All o) t(e policemen *ere still inside t(e =eep *(en 9alino

suddenl! grabbed t(e 08 Armalite. Cabanlig, 0ercado and


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(emmed in inside t(e main bod! o) t(e =eep, in t(e direct line o) )ire (ad 9alino

used t(e 08 Armalite. '(ere *ould (ave been no *a! )or Cabanlig, 0ercado and


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Again, it *as in t(e la*)ul per)ormance o) (is dut! as a la* en)orcer t(at

petitioner tried to de)end (is possession o) t(e *eapon *(en t(e victim suddenl!

tried to remove it )rom (is (olster. As an en)orcer o) t(e la*, petitioner *as dut!-bound to prevent t(e snatc(ing o) (is service *eapon b! an!one, especiall! b! a

detained person in (is custod!. Suc( *eapon *as liel! to be used to )acilitate

escape and to ill or maim persons in t(e vicinit!, including petitioner (imsel).

'(e Sandiganba!an, (o*ever, ruled t(at despite 9alinos possession o) a

deadl! )irearm, Cabanlig (ad no rig(t to s(oot 9alino *it(out giving 9alino t(e

opportunit! to surrender. '(e Sandiganba!an pointed out t(at under t(e Feneral

ules o)


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>o*ever, t(e dut! to issue a *arning is not absolutel! mandated at all times

and at all cost, to t(e detriment o) t(e li)e o) la* en)orcers. '(e directive to issue a

*arning contemplates a situation *(ere several options are still available to t(e

la* en)orcers. @n e&ceptional circumstances suc( as t(is case, *(ere t(e t(reat to

t(e li)e o) a la* en)orcer is alread! imminent, and t(ere is no ot(er option but to

use )orce to subdue t(e o))ender, t(e la* en)orcers )ailure to issue a *arning is

e&cusable.

@n t(is case, t(e embattled policemen did not (ave t(e lu&ur! o) time.

6eit(er did t(e! (ave muc( c(oice. Cabanligs s(ooting o) 9alino *as an

immediate and spontaneous reaction to imminent danger. '(e *eapon grabbed b!

9alino *as not =ust an! )irearm. @t *as an 08 Armalite.

'(e 08 Armalite is an assault ri)le adopted b! t(e nited Sates 4S5 Arm!

as a standard *eapon in 18 during t(e 9ietnam ?ar.+"%'(e 08 Armalite is still

a general-issue ri)le *it( t(e S Armed /orces and S la* en)orcement agencies.

+"8'(e 08 Armalite(as bot( semiautomatic and automatic capabilities.+"@t is 21

inc(es long, (as a 2$-round magazine and )ires (ig(-velocit! .""2-inc( 4%.%8-mm5

bullets.+"#'(e 08 Armalite is most e))ective at a range o) "$$ meters +"1but its

ma&imum e))ective range could e&tend as )ar as 7$$ meters. +2$As a (ig( velocit!

)irearm, t(e 08 Armalite could be )ired at close range rapidl! or *it( muc(

volume o) )ire.+2'(ese )eatures mae t(e 08 Armalite and its variants *ell

suited )or urban and =ungle *ar)are.+2"
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'(e 08 Armalite *(et(er on automatic or semiautomatic setting is a let(al

*eapon. '(is (ig(-po*ered )irearm *as in t(e (ands o) an escaping detainee, *(o

(ad sprung a surprise on (is police escorts bottled inside t(e =eep. A *arning )rom

t(e policemen *ould (ave been pointless and *ould (ave cost t(em t(eir lives.

/or *(at is t(e purpose o) a *arning A *arning is issued *(en policemen

(ave to identi)! t(emselves as suc( and to give opportunit! to an o))ender to

surrender. A *arning in t(is case *as dispensable. 9alino ne* t(at (e *as in t(e

custod! o) policemen. 9alino *as also ver! *ell a*are t(at even t(e mere act o)

escaping could in=ure or ill (im. '(e policemen *ere )ull! armed and t(e! could

use )orce to recapture (im. ! grabbing t(e 08 Armalite o) (is police escort,

9alino assumed t(e conseuences o) (is brazen and determined act. Surrendering

*as clearl! )ar )rom 9alinos mind.

At an! rate, 9alino *as ampl! *arned. 0ercado s(outed hoy*(en 9alino

grabbed t(e 08 Armalite. Alt(oug( Cabanlig admitted t(at (e did not (ear

0ercado s(out hoy, 0ercados s(out s(ould (ave served as a *arning to 9alino.

'(e verbal *arning need not come )rom Cabanlig (imsel).

'(e records also s(o* t(at Cabanlig )irst )ired one s(ot. A)ter a )e* seconds,

Cabanlig )ired )our more s(ots. Cabanlig (ad to s(oot 9alino because 9alino at one

point *as )acing t(e police o))icers. '(e e&igenc! o) t(e situation *arranted a

uic response )rom t(e policemen.


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According to t(e Sandiganba!an, 9alino *as not turning around to s(oot

because t*o o) t(e t(ree guns(ot *ounds *ere on 9alinos bac. @ndeed, t*o o) t(e

t(ree guns(ot *ounds *ere on 9alinos bac: one at t(e bac o) t(e (ead and t(e

ot(er at t(e le)t lo*er bac. '(e Sandiganba!an, (o*ever, overlooed t(e location

o) t(e t(ird guns(ot *ound. @t *as t(ree inc(es belo* t(e le)t clavicle or on t(e le)t

top most part o) t(e c(est area based on t(e 0edico ;egal Setc( s(o*ing t(e

entrances and e&its o) t(e t(ree guns(ot *ounds.+22

'(e Autops! eport+27con)irms t(e location o) t(e guns(ot *ounds, as

)ollo*s:

F6S>3' ?36DS modi)ied b! embalming.

.


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'(e 6ecrops! eport+2%also reveals t(e )ollo*ing:

. Funs(ot ?ound, entrance, $.% cm K .% cms in size, located at t(e le)t side o)t(e bac o) t(e (ead. '(e le)t parietal bone is )ractured. '(e le)t temporal

bone is also )ractured. A *ound o) e&it measuring " cms K 2 cms in size is

located at t(e le)t temporal aspect o) t(e (ead.

". Funs(ot +?ound, entrance, $.% cm in diameter, locate! at t#e left si!e of t#e

c#est about t(ree inc(es belo* t(e le)t clavicle. '(e *ound is directedmediall! and made an e&it *ound at t(e rig(t a&illa measuring " K " cms in

size.

2. Funs(ot ?ound, entrance, $.% cm in diameter located at t(e le)t lo*er bac

above t(e le)t lumbar. '(e le)t lung is collapsed and t(e liver is lacerated.Particles o) lead +*ere recovered in t(e liver tissues. 6o *ound o) e&it.

Cause o) Deat(:

Cerebral >emorr(age Secondar! 'o Funs(ot ?ound @n '(e >ead

'(e doctors *(o testi)ied on t(e Autops!+28and 6ecrops!+2eports

admitted t(at t(e! could not determine *(ic( o) t(e t(ree guns(ot *ounds *as )irst

in)licted. >o*ever, *e cannot disregard t(e signi)icance o) t(e guns(ot *ound on

9alinos c(est. 9alino could not (ave been (it on t(e c(est i) (e *ere not at one

point )acing t(e policemen.

@) t(e )irst s(ot *ere on t(e bac o) 9alinos (ead, 9alino *ould (ave

immediatel! )allen to t(e ground as t(e bullet )rom Cabanligs 08 Armalite

almost s(attered 9alinos sull. @t *ould (ave been impossible )or 9alino to still

turn and )ace t(e policemen in suc( a *a! t(at Cabanlig could still s(oot 9alino on

t(e c(est i) t(e )irst s(ot *as on t(e bac o) 9alinos (ead.
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'(e most probable and logical scenario: 9alino *as some*(at )acing t(e

policemen *(en (e *as s(ot, (ence, t(e entr! *ound on 9alinos c(est. 3n being

(it, 9alino could (ave turned to (is le)t almost )alling, *(en t*o more bullets

)elled 9alino. '(e t*o bullets t(en (it 9alino on (is lo*er le)t bac and on t(e le)t

side o) t(e bac o) (is (ead, in *(at seuence, *e could not speculate on. At t(e

ver! least, t(e guns(ot *ound on 9alinos c(est s(ould (ave raised doubt in

Cabanligs )avor.

Cabanlig is t(us not guilt! o) (omicide. At most, Cabanlig, Padilla,

Abesamis, 0ercado and


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release )rom prison, unless t(ere are ot(er la*)ul grounds to (old (im.

?e DIRECTt(e Director o) Prisons to report to t(is Court compliance *it(in )ive

4%5 da!s )rom receipt o) t(is Decision. 6o costs.

SO ORDERED.

ANTONIO T. CARPIO

Associate Justice

E CONCUR:

HILARIO G. DAVIDE, 0R.

C(ie) Justice

C(airman

LEONARDO A. /UISUBING CONSUELO YNARESSANTIAGO

Associate Justice Associate Justice

ADOLFO S. ACUNA

Associate Justice


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CERTIFICATION

Pursuant to Section 2, Article 9@@@ o) t(e Constitution, it is (ereb! certi)ied t(at

t(e conclusions in t(e above Decision *ere reac(ed in consultation be)ore t(e case

*as assigned to t(e *riter o) t(e opinion o) t(e Courts Division.

HILARIO G. DAVIDE, 0R.

C(ie)Justice

+nder ule 7% o) t(e ules o) Court.+"Penned b! Associate Justice 0inita 9. C(ico-6azario *it( Associate Justices Anacleto D. ado!, Jr. and 0a.

Cristina Cortez-<


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+"7Calderon v. People and Court o) Appeals, 18 P(il. "8 41%75.+"%(ttp:HHconcise.britannica.comHebcHarticletoc@dL12$#$#, 1 0a! "$$%.+"8(ttp:HH*orld.guns.ruHassaultHas#-e.(tm, 1 0a! "$$%.+"(ttp:HHconcise.britannica.comHebcHarticletocd@L12$#$#,1 0a! "$$%.+"#Ibid.+"1

(ttp:HH***.olive-drab.comHodMot(erM)irearmsMri)leMm8.p(p2, 1 0a! "$$%.+2$(ttp:HH*orld.guns.ruHassaultHas#-e.(tm, 1 0a! "$$%.+2(ttp:HH***.ans*er.com , 1 0a! "$$%.+2"Ibid.

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People vs Cabanlig

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