People vs Bermas.doc

8/14/2019 People vs Bermas.doc

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FIRST DIVISION

[G.R. Nos. 76416 and 94312. July 5, 1999.

PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES, plaintiff-appellee, vs. RUSTOM

BERMAS y BETITO and GALMA ARCILLA,accused-appellants.

The Solicitor General !o" #la$n%$!!&a##'ll''.

Hermel R. Marantal !o" R. ('")as.

Reolo Gutierrez Law Office!o" Gal)a *"+$lla.

SYNOPSIS

On *#"$l 2, 19-5 a% a"ound -3 $n %/' '0'n$n, /$l' aoa"d %/'$" !$s/$n oa% %'nd$n

%o %/'$" !$s/$n n'%s, u"s%s o! un!$"' !"o) a /$/o'"'d "$!l' s/a%%'"'d %/' a$" +aus$n

%/' d'a%/ o! a%al$no ('ll'n, T'odo"o as and *"%u"o *$on and s'"$ous uns/o% ounds

%o *n%on$o *$on, R'na%o *$on, J'sus o%'"a and #'d$%o (onao"a /$+/ ould /a0'+aus'd %/' sus'8u'n% d'a%/ o! %/' a!o"')'n%$on'd !ou" 0$+%$)s /ad $% no% ''n !o" %/'

$n%'"0'n%$on o! %$)'ly )'d$+al ass$s%an+'. Fo" %/' +"$)', a##'llan%s '"' $nd$+%'d !o"

)ul%$#l' )u"d'" $%/ )ul%$#l' !"us%"a%'d )u"d'". #on a""a$n)'n%, a##'llan%s #l'ad'd

no% u$l%y and $n%'"#os'd %/' d'!'ns' o! al$$. T/' In!o")a%$on all''d %/a% %/' !'lon$'s'"' +o))$%%'d $%/ %"'a+/'"y and '0$d'n% #"')'d$%a%$on. T/'"'a!%'", %/' %"$al +ou"%

+on0$+%'d a##'llan%s o! %/' +o)#l' +"$)' o! )ul%$#l' )u"d'" and !"us%"a%'d )u"d'" and$)#os'd %/' #'nal%y o! reclusion perpetua and o"d'"'d a##'llan%s %o $nd')n$!y %/'

0$+%$)s. *##'llan%s $n%'"#os'd s'#a"a%' a##'als. #on )o%$on o! %/' Sol$+$%o" G'n'"al,

%/' ou"% "'sol0'd %o +onsol$da%' %/' a##'als.

*##'llan% Gal)a *"+$lla $ns$s%'d %/a% /' as $nno+'n% '+aus' non' o! %/' #"os'+u%$on

$%n'ss's $d'n%$!$'d /$) as %/' )as:'d )an /o !$"'d a% %/' 0$+%$)s. *##'llan% Rus%o)

('")as, on %/' o%/'" /and, +la$)'d no )o%$0' %o :$ll %/' 0$+%$)s and %/a% +ons#$"a+y as

no% #"o0'n.ST;I

T/' '0$d'n+' $s "'#l'%' $%/ 'nou/ #"o0'n d'%a$ls %o sus%a$n %/' u$l% o! a##'llan% *"+$lla

a% %/' 0'"y l'as% on %/' as$s o! +$"+u)s%an%$al '0$d'n+'. T/' %o%al$%y o! su+/ '0$d'n+'

+l'a"ly y$'lds a !a$" and "'asonal' +on+lus$on #o$n%$n %o /$) as %/' )al'!a+%o" /o!$"'d %/' /$/o'"'d au%o)a%$+ "$!l' a% %/' 0$+%$)s. On %/' o%/'" /and, a%%"$u%$n %o

a##'llan% ('")as %/' )o%$0' o! 0'n'an+' $s unn'+'ssa"y s$n+' /' as #os$%$0'ly

$d'n%$!$'d as %/' )al'!a+%o"s. T/' ou"% !ound %/a% +ons#$"a+y as su!!$+$'n%ly #"o0'n y


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%/' #"os'+u%$on. *l%/ou/ %"'a+/'"y a%%'nd'd %/' +o))$ss$on o! %/' !'lon$'s, '0$d'n%

#"')'d$%a%$on as /o'0'" no% ''n #"o0'd. No )$%$a%$n +$"+u)s%an+' as #"o0'n and

$n so !a" as a##'llan% *"+$lla $s +on+'"n'd, %/' a"a0a%$n +$"+u)s%an+' o! d$su$s' s/all

/a0' %o ' a##"'+$a%'d aa$ns% /$). T/' ou"%, /o'0'", !ound %/a% %/' +as's a% 'n+/ do

no% !all und'" any o! %/' %o $ns%an+'s o! +o)#l' +"$)'s. T/' '0$d'n+' on "'+o"d

d$s+los's %/a% %o


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)$sa##"'/'nd'd o" )$s$n%'"#"'%'d. *##'llan%s /a0' s/on no +o'n% "'ason %o d'#a"%

!"o) %/$s 'll&s'%%l'd do+%"$n' and %/$s ou"% !$nds non'.

3.ID.? ID.? EROOF OF @OTIV? SIGNIFI*NT ONB A;N T;R IS NO

S;OAING OF A;O T; ERETR*TORS OF T; RI@ AR. I% '8ually

'a"s s%"'ss$n %/a% #"oo! o! $ll&)o%$0' %o +o))$% %/' +"$)' '+o)'s $""'l'0an% $%/ %/'#os$%$0' $d'n%$!$+a%$on o! %/' a++us'd. T/'"'!o"', a%%"$u%$n %o a++us'd ('")as %/'

)o%$0' o! 0'n'an+' $s unn'+'ssa"y /'"' /' as #os$%$0'ly $d'n%$!$'d as on' o! %/')al'!a+%o"s. @o%$0' assu)'s s$n$!$+an+' only /'"' %/'"' $s no s/o$n o! /o %/'

#'"#'%"a%o"s o! %/' +"$)' '"'. 0'n, /o'0'", '"' %/$s ou"% %o d'l0' $n%o %/' )o%$0'

/$+/ )ay /a0' a+%ua%'d %/' a++us'd&a##'llan%s %o +o))$% su+/ +"$)'s, a +$"+u)s#'+%

s+"u%$ny o! %/' "'+o"d $ll "'ad$ly d$s+los' aundan% #"oo! %/a% a++us'd&a##'llan%s /ad an

a' %o "$nd aa$ns% %/' *$ons d's#$%' ('")as #"'%'ns$ons %o %/' +on%"a"y. T/' '$s%'n+'

o! su+/ a !'ud '%''n %/' a++us'd&a##'llan%s and %/' *$ons $s und'"s+o"'d y %/' !a+%%/a% ('")as %o'%/'" $%/ Ja$)' V$al and *n'l Day%o a"'d $n%o San%$ao *$ons

/ous' /'"' /' #ound'd %/' %al', /$% %/' all and #o$n%'d /$s !$n'" a% San%$ao u%%'"$n%/' %/"'a% "a!alonan co an ma !araca pa oli co."T/' %/"'a% +a)' %o !"u$%$on s'0'"al

days la%'" on %/a% !a%'!ul n$/% /'n %/' 0$+%$)s '"' )'"+$l'ssly s%"a!'d $%/ an

*")al$%' "$!l' y *"+$lla /$l' %/'y '"' on oa"d %/'$" !asnian.

4.ID.? ID.? ONSEIR*B? DIRT EROOF OF ERVIOS *GR@NT TO

O@@IT * RI@ IS NOT NSS*RB. T/' #au+$%y o! %/' a"u)'n% $s a% on+'

'0$d'n%. In +ons#$"a+y, d$"'+% #"oo! o! a #"'0$ous a"'')'n% %o +o))$% a +"$)' $s no%

n'+'ssa"y. I% )ay ' d'du+'d !"o) %/' )od' and )ann'" $n /$+/ %/' o!!'ns' as

#'"#'%"a%'d, o" $n!'""'d !"o) %/' a+%s o! %/' a++us'd %/')s'l0's /'n su+/ #o$n% %o a >o$n%

#u"#os' and d's$n, +on+'"%'d a+%$on and +o))un$%y o! $n%'"'s%. T/' "'+o"ds +l'a"ly 'a"ou% %/a% $%/ %/' a")'d and /ood'd *"+$lla on oa"d, ('")as )an'u0'"'d %/'$" si!id-

si!id u# +los' %o %/' 0$+%$)s !asnian. ;' a%+/'d $n s%ol$d s$l'n+', na"y "a$s$n a

/$)#'" o! #"o%'s% '0'n /'n *"+$lla +o))'n+'d !$"$n a% %/' 0$+%$)s. *!%'" %/'

+a"na', /' +al)ly #addl'd %/' !ancaaay !"o) %/' +"$)' s+'n'. G$0'n su+/ #'+ul$a"

!a+%s o%a$n$n $n %/$s +as', ('")as #addl$n o! %/' si!iran%o and !"o) %/' s+'n' o! %/'+"$)', on %/' +on%"a"y, und'"s+o"'s /$s +o))un$%y o! d's$n, $n%'"'s% and #u"#os' $n %/'

#'"#'%"a%$on o! %/' !'lon$'s.

5.ID.? ID.? A;N S;OAN, *; ONSEIR*TOR IS ONSIDRD * O&

ERINIE* *ND IS H*B GITB AIT; OT;R @@(RS OF T; EOT.

A/'"', as $n %/$s +as', +ons#$"a+y $s s/on, %/' #"'+$s' )odal$%y o" '%'n% o!#a"%$+$#a%$on o! 'a+/ a++us'd '+o)'s s'+onda"y and %/' a+% o! on' )ay ' $)#u%'d %o

all %/' +ons#$"a%o"s. In o%/'" o"ds, a #'"son !ound $n +ons#$"a+y $%/ %/' a+%ual

#'"#'%"a%o" o! %/' +"$)' y #'"!o")$n s#'+$!$+ a+%s $%/ su+/ +los'n'ss and +oo"d$na%$on

as %/' on' /o ''+u%'d %/' +"$)$nal a+% $s '8ually u$l%y as %/' la%%'" '+aus' $n %/' 'y's

o! %/' la, 'a+/ +ons#$"a%o" $s a +o"$n+$#al and $s '8ually u$l%y $%/ %/' o%/'" )')'"s

o! %/' #lo%.


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6.ID.? ID.? DFNS OF *I(I? ONSIDRD A*ST OF * DFNSS.

In %/'$" d'!'ns', o%/ a++us'd&a##'llan%s $n%'"#os'd al$$. No >u"$s#"ud'n+' $n +"$)$nal

la $s )o"' s'%%l'd %/an %/a% al$$ $s %/' 'a:'s% o! all d'!'ns's !o" $% $s 'asy %o +on%"$0'

and d$!!$+ul% %o d$s#"o0' and !o" /$+/ "'ason $% $s 'n'"ally "'>'+%'d. V$''d aa$ns% %/'

!a+%ual a+:d"o# o! %/' +as', a++us'd&a##'llan%s d'!'ns' o! al$$ 'as$ly +"u)l's und'"

%/' '$/% o! %/' '0$d'n+' a""ay'd aa$ns% %/').

7.RI@IN* *A? *GGR*V*TING IR@ST*N? TR*;RB? A;N ITCISTS. Fo" ale#osia%o 8ual$!y %/' +"$)' %o )u"d'", $% )us% ' s/on %/a% a %/'

)al'!a+%o" ')#loy'd su+/ )'ans, )'%/od o" )ann'" o! ''+u%$on as %o 'nsu"' /$s o" /'"

sa!'%y !"o) %/' d'!'ns$0' o" "'%al$a%o"y a+%s o! %/' 0$+%$)? and %/' sa$d )'ans, )'%/od

and )ann'" o! ''+u%$on as d'l$'"a%'ly ado#%'d. T"'a+/'"y '$s%s /'n any o! %/'

+"$)'s aa$ns% #'"sons $s +o))$%%'d $%/ %/' ')#loy)'n% o! )'ans, )'%/ods o" !o")s

%/a% %'nd d$"'+%ly and 's#'+$ally %o $nsu"' $%s ''+u%$on, su+/ %/a% %/' o!!'nd'" !a+'s no"$s: %/a% )ay a"$s' !"o) %/' d'!'ns' /$+/ %/' o!!'nd'd #a"%y )$/% )a:'. T/' 'ss'n+'

o! %"'a+/'"y $s %/' s$!% and un'#'+%'d a%%a+: on an unsus#'+%$n and una")'d 0$+%$)/o do's no% $0' %/' sl$/%'s% #"o0o+a%$on. In %/' +as' a% 'n+/, %/' +on+u""'n+' o! %/'

!o"'o$n +ond$%$ons a"' !$")ly an+/o"'d on %/' %'s%$)on$al d'+la"a%$ons o! #"os'+u%$on

$%n'ss's #'d$%o (onao"a and R'na%o *$on /$+/ a"' +ons$s%'n% $%/ %/' au%o#sy

!$nd$ns o! D". 0'lyn *. *)ado" on %/' od$'s o! *"%u"o *$on, a%al$no ('ll'n andT'odo"o as as 'll as %/' )'d$+al +'"%$!$+a%'s $ssu'd y D". 'sa" On /ua /o

%"'a%'d %/' $n>u"$'s sus%a$n'd y J'sus o%'"a, *n%on$o *$on, #'d$%o (onao"a and

R'na%o *$on.

-.ID.? ID.? ID.? ERSNT IN *S *T (*R. I% n''d no% ' o0'"')#/as$'d %/a% %/'sudd'n and unan%$+$#a%'d 0oll'y o! un!$"' !"o) a /$/o'"'d au%o)a%$+ "$!l' a% %/'

unsus#'+%$n and una")'d 0$+%$)s +ou#l'd $%/ o%/'" )'ans "'so"%'d %o /$+/ %'nd'd

d$"'+%ly and 's#'+$ally %o $nsu"' %/' su++'ss o! %/' assaul% und'"s+o"'s %/' '$s%'n+' o!

%"'a+/'"y. To "'$%'"a%', a d'l$'"a%', un'#'+%'d and sudd'n a%%a+: und'" +$"+u)s%an+'s

/$+/ "'nd'" %/' /a#l'ss 0$+%$) unal' and un#"'#a"'d %o d'!'nd /$)s'l! o" %o a!!o"d /$)

any +/an+' %o 's+a#' y "'ason o! %/' sudd'nn'ss and s'0'"$%y o! %/' assaul% +ons%$%u%'sale#osia.

9.ID.? ID.? NIG;TTI@? A;N *EERI*TD. A$%/ "'a"d %o n$/%%$)', $% n''ds

' s%"'ss'd %/a% %/' )'"' !a+% %/a% %/' o!!'ns' as +o))$%%'d a% n$/% $ll no% su!!$+' %o

sus%a$n a !$nd$n o! no+%u"n$%y. (y and o! $%s'l!, n$/%%$)' $s no% an a"a0a%$n

+$"+u)s%an+'? $% '+o)'s so only /'n 1. $% $s s#'+$ally sou/% y %/' o!!'nd'"? o" 2. $%

as %a:'n ad0an%a' o! y /$)? o" 3. $% !a+$l$%a%'s %/' +o))$ss$on o! %/' +"$)' y

$nsu"$n %/' o!!'nd'"s $))un$%y !"o) +a#%u"'. In %/' +as' a% 'n+/, o%/'" %/an %/' %$)' o!

%/' o++u""'n+' o! %/' !'lony, no%/$n 'ls' su's%s %/a% $% as +ons+$ously "'so"%'d %o y

a++us'd&a##'llan%s %o !a+$l$%a%' %/' +o))$ss$on o! %/' +"$)' o" %/a% $% as a0a$l'd o! !o"

%/' #u"#os' o! $)#un$%y.


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1.ID.? ID.? ID.? *(SOR(D IN TR*;RB. T/' "'+o"ds s/o %/a% %/' s+'n' o!

%/' +"$)' as 'll $llu)$na%'d y %o


6/45


7/45

!$nd %/' lo'" +ou"%s aa"d o! )o"al da)a's "'asonal' und'" %/' +$"+u)s%an+'s

'a"$n $n )$nd %/a% su+/ da)a's, /$+/ $n+lud' #/ys$+al su!!'"$n and )'n%al anu$s/,

)ay ' "'+o0'"'d $n +"$)$nal o!!'ns's "'sul%$n $n #/ys$+al $n>u"$'s o" %/' 0$+%$)s d'a%/,

as $n %/$s +as'. I+D*S

1-.ID.? ID.? OSS OF *RNING *E*ITB? O@ET*TION T;ROF. A',l$:'$s', s'' no "'ason %o d$s%u" %/' %"$al +ou"%s aa"d o! da)a's !o" %/' loss o!

'a"n$n +a#a+$%y y %/' 0$+%$)s. T/' !a+% %/a% %/' #"os'+u%$on d$d no% #"'s'n%do+u)'n%a"y '0$d'n+' %o su##o"% %/' +la$) !o" da)a's !o" loss o! 'a"n$n +a#a+$%y o!

%/' 0$+%$)s do's no% #"'+lud' "'+o0'"y o! sa$d da)a's. T/' %'s%$)on$'s o! %/' d'+'as'ds

$0's as 'll as %/' su"0$0$n 0$+%$)s %/')s'l0's su!!$+$'n%ly 's%al$s/'s %/' as's !o"

)a:$n su+/ an aa"d. T/' l$!' '#'+%an+$'s o! 'a+/ d'+'as'd 0$+%$) as, /o'0'", no%

+o""'+%ly +o)#u%'d as %/'y '"' a"$%"a"$ly as'd on s$%y


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Fo" %/' +"$)', a++us'd Rus%o) ('")as y ('%$%o and on' Jo/n Do' '"' $nd$+%'d !o"

@ul%$#l' @u"d'" $%/ @ul%$#l' F"us%"a%'d @u"d'" $n an In!o")a%$on 1all'$n

T/a% on o" aou% %/' 2%/ day o! *#"$l 19-5 a% -3 o+lo+: $n %/' '0'n$n,)o"' o" l'ss, a% %/' s'a o! (a"anay Na)anday, @un$+$#al$%y o! (a+a+ay,

E"o0$n+' o! *lay, E/$l$##$n's and $%/$n %/' >u"$sd$+%$on o! %/$s ;ono"al'ou"%, %/' ao0'&na)'d a++us'd, $%/ '0$d'n% #"')'d$%a%$on, +ons#$"$n,+on!'d'"a%$n and /'l#$n on' ano%/'", $%/ %"'a+/'"y, %a:$n ad0an%a' o!

n$/%%$)', ')#loy$n )'ans %o a!!o"d $)#un$%y, $%/ %/' us' o! /$/ #o'"'d

!$"'a")s and $%/ $n%'n% %o :$ll, d$d %/'n and %/'"' $l!ully, unla!ully,

!'lon$ously, sudd'nly and un'#'+%'dly a%%a+:, !$"' and s/oo% $%/ au%o)a%$+!$"'a")s *T*INO (N, *RTRO *(ION, TODORO *S,

*NTONIO *(ION, RN*TO *(ION, JSS OTR* and CEDITO

(ON*O(R* /$l' all %/' la%%'" '"' on oa"d %/'$" !$s/$n oa%, Sarada)amilia, and %'nd$n %/'$" !$s/$n n'%, %/'"'y +aus$n %/' $ns%an%an'ous d'a%/

o! *T*INO (N, *RTRO *(ION, and TODORO *S, and

s'"$ous ounds %o *NTONIO *(ION, RN*TO *(ION, JSS OTR*and CEDITO (ON*O(R*, /$+/ $n>u"$'s +ould /a0' +aus'd %/'

sus'8u'n% d'a%/ o! %/' a!o"'na)'d !ou" 0$+%$)s %/'"'y a++us'd #'"!o")$n all

%/' d$"'+% a+%s o! ''+u%$on /$+/ +ould /a0' #"odu+'d %/' +"$)' o!

+onsu))a%'d )u"d'" $nso!a" as %/' la%%'" na)'d #'"sons a"' +on+'"n'd, u%,n'0'"%/'l'ss, d$d no% #"odu+' $% y "'asons o! %$)'ly and al' )'d$+al ass$s%an+'

"'nd'"'d %o %/'). +dll

ONTR*RB TO *A.

#on a""a$n)'n%, a++us'd Rus%o) ('")as, ass$s%'d y +ouns'l de parte, 'n%'"'d a #l'a

o! No% u$l%y %o %/' +"$)' +/a"'d. 2Du"$n %/' #"'&%"$al s+/'dul'd on Jun' 5, 19-5, %/'#"os'+u%$on and %/' d'!'ns' s%$#ula%'d

1.T/a% %/' d'!'ns' ad)$%s %/' $d'n%$%y o! %/' a++us'd?

2.T/a% %/' d'!'ns' ad)$%s %/' d'a%/ o! a%al$no ('ll'n, *"%u"o *$on andT'odo"o as a% Na)anday, (a+a+ay, *lay? and %/a% %/' +aus' o! %/'$" d'a%/s

a"' uns/o% ounds u"$'s as a "'sul% %/'"'o!? >u"

4.T/a% %/' a++us'd /as a "o%/'" y %/' na)' o! S%. (on$!a+$o ('")as?

T/' #"os'+u%$on ad)$%%'d 1.= T/a% %/' a!!$da0$%s /$+/ a"' all +on%a$n'd $n %/'

"'+o"ds $ll ' %/' as$s o! %/' %'s%$)on$'s, '+'#% !o" so)' d'%a$ls?

2.T/a% %/' )$ddl' na)' o! Jos' *$on and %/' o%/'" *$ons $n %/' $n!o")a%$on

$s (a""a)'da?
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3.T/a% $% as a +'"%a$n E.. ons%al' 'nl$s%'d #'"sonn'l *"+$lla /o /ad an

al%'"+a%$on $%/ San%$ao *$on, J". /$+/ as $n O+%o'" 1?

4.T/a% %/' a++us'd $s a (a"anay oun+$l)an o! (a"anay $an, Ra#u&Ra#u,E"o0$n+' o! *lay? and !$nally? ll+d

5.T/' #"os'+u%$on ad)$%s %/a% %/' a++us'd $s an ')#loy'' o! %/' *s$an !o"

G'n'"a%$on R'sou"+'s.3

Du"$n %/' +ou"s' o! %/' #"o+''d$ns, %/' *ss$s%an% E"o0$n+$al F$s+al )o0'd %o a)'nd %/'

In!o")a%$on +la$)$n %/a% %/' Jo/n Do' d's+"$'d %/'"'$n s%"only s/os %/a% sa$d #'"son

as I Gal)a *"+$lla o! %/' 255%/ E o)#any s%a%$on'd a% al', T$$, *lay. 4T/'

)o%$on as "an%'d y %/' %"$al +ou"% 5/$+/, /o'0'", s%"'ss'd %/a% $% ould ' $%/ou%

>u"$sd$+%$on %o %"y *"+$lla unl'ss %/' 8uonda) @$n$s%'" o! Na%$onal D'!'ns' o" %/'

E"'s$d'n% o! %/' E/$l$##$n's a$0's >u"$sd$+%$on %o /a0' %/' a++us'd %"$'d y a @$l$%a"y

T"$unal and %/a% %/'y a"'' %o l'% %/' +$0$l +ou"%s %"y /$). 6* +o#y o! %/' o"d'" %o'%/'"

$%/ %/' "'+o"ds as s'n% %o %/' Jud' *d0o+a%' G'n'"als O!!$+' o$n%ly and s'0'"ally $%/ /o'0'" $s

!ound u$l%y as /$s +o"$n+$#al $n %/' +o))$ss$on o! %/' +"$)', %/' !ollo$n

To %/' /'$"s o! %/' la%' *T*INO (N, na)'ly yd$a ('ll'n, $do,

and +/$ld"'n @a"y Ros', R'y, M'na$da and Hu''n$'

1.T/' su) o! T;IRTB T;OS*ND


10/45

3.T/' su) o! SVN T;OS*ND


11/45


12/45

Du"$n %/' #"'&%"$al on O+%o'" 3, 19-6, %/' a++us'd and %/' #"os'+u%$on s%$#ula%'d

1.T/a% Gal)a *"+$lla as on+' a )')'" o! %/' 255%/ E/$l$##$n' ons%aula"y

o)#any o! %/' *")'d Fo"+'s o! %/' E/$l$##$n's s%a%$on'd a% al', T$$,*lay?

2.T/a% on *#"$l 2, 19-5 /' as s%$ll a )')'" o! %/' 255%/ E o)#any?

3.T/a% /' :nos S%. Rody @ad"$l'>os, %/' Su##ly O!!$+'" o! 255%/ E

o)#any s%a%$on'd a% al', T$$, *lay? and

4.T/a% /' :nos /$s +o&a++us'd Rus%o) ('")as and a +'"%a$n #'d$%o(onao"a, (a"anay a#%a$n o! aayan, (a+a+ay, *lay.14+dll

T/' +as' %/'"'a!%'" #"o+''d'd %o %"$al. On No0')'" 2, 19-9, %/' +ou"% a *uo"'nd'"'d

>ud)'n% 15aa$ns% a++us'd *"+$lla, %/' d$s#os$%$0' #o"%$on o! /$+/ "'ads

A;RFOR, and !$nd$n %/' a++us'd G*@* *RI* GITB 'yond"'asonal' dou% o! %/' +"$)' o! @TIE @RDR AIT; @TIE

FRSTR*TD @RDR, as +/a"'d and as !ound du"$n %/' %"$al, a!%'" a

#a$ns%a:$n s+"u%$ny o! all '0$d'n+'s #"'s'n%'d, and +ons$d'"$n all %/' a%%'ndan%+$"+u)s%an+'s, %/$s ou"% /'"'y s'n%'n+'s sa$d a++us'd %o su!!'" %/' #'nal%y o!

RSION ERET*, $%/ all %/' a++'sso"$'s o! %/' la.

Sa$d a++us'd as !u"%/'" o"d'"'d %o #ay >o$n%ly and s'0'"ally $%/ Rus%o) ('")as, /o

as 'a"l$'" !ound u$l%y o! %/' +/a"'s and s'n%'n+'d a++o"d$nly, %/' )on'%a"y aa"ds

s'% !o"%/ $n %/' 'a"l$'" D'+$s$on da%'d S'#%')'" 25, 19-6. 16

('")as and *"+$lla %/'"'a!%'" $n%'"#os'd s'#a"a%' a##'als s'':$n %/' "'0'"sal o! %/' %"$al+ou"%s >ud)'n%. ('")as a##'al as do+:'%'d as G.R. No. 76414 /$l' *"+$llas as

do+:'%'d as G.R. No. 94312. #on )o%$on o! %/' Sol$+$%o" G'n'"al 17%/' ou"% "'sol0'd

%o +onsol$da%' %/' a##'als #'" $%s R'solu%$on da%'d Janua"y 2-, 1991. 1#

Ins$s%$n on /$s $nno+'n+', a++us'd&a##'llan% Gal)a *"+$lla all''s %/a%

I

T; TRI* ORT GR*VB RRD IN D*RING T;*T T;@*SD O@E*NION OF RSTO@ (R@*S A;O FIRD T;

*R@*IT RIF TO T; VITI@S


13/45

OF T; EROSTION AITNSSS TO IDNTIFB T;*T G*@*

*RI* IS T; S*@ @*N.

II

T; TRI* ORT GR*VB RRD IN D*RING T;*T T;*R@*IT RIF @&16 *. 5.56 OF T; *SD A*S SD IN

T; O@@ISSION OF T; RI@ ON *ERI 2, 19-5.

III

T; TRI* ORT GR*VB RRD IN DISRG*RDING T; D*T;T;R*T @*D (B RSTO@ (R@*S, J*I@ VI(* *ND *NG

D*BTO ON *ERI 4, 19-5 TO T; *(ION F*@IB . . .

IV

T; TRI* ORT GR*VB RRD IN GIVING AIG;T TO T;

(*ISTI REORT (&146&-5, C;I(IT , [A;I; IS F*VOR*(TO T; EROSTION, *ND AIT; DISF*VOR TO T; *SD

A;I; IS @*RD *S C;I(IT 2 *ND 2&*. +d%a$

V

T; TRI* ORT GR*VB RRD IN NOT GIVING AIG;T TOT; OEN ORT TSTI@ONB OF EROSTION AITNSS SGT.

RDB @*DRIJOS T;*T ; SIMD *ND GOT T; *R@*IT

RIF @&16 *. 5.56 OF T; *SD FRO@ T; EOSSSSION OFSGT. NONITO ODOR.

VI

T; TRI* ORT GR*VB RRD IN NOT ONSIDRING T;

TSTI@ONB OF [T; EROSTION R(TT* AITNSS T;*T

RSTO@ (R@*S ;*S * (ROT;R A;O IS * @IIT*RB @*N AIT;*N *R@*IT *ND R(N RS*(I* A;O IS *SO * @IIT*RB

@*N, [*ND IS * ONST*NT O@E*NION OF RSTO@ (R@*S.

VII

T; TRI* ORT GR*VB RRD IN ST*TING T;*T IT IS ONRORD T;*T RT*IN INIDNTS ;*EEND *DING TO T;

F*@IB OF T; *(IONS T; S(JT OF *N CISTING (*D

(OOD AIT; T; *SD, G*@* *RI* . . .

VIII


14/45

T; TRI* ORT GR*VB RRD IN ST*TING T;*T IT A*S

*RB S;OAN DRING *ND I@@DI*TB (FOR T;

O@@ISSION OF T; RI@ A;N T; *SD ;I@SF *SDT; IN@*TS OF T; (O*T, (*SNIG*N, T;*T T;B AR

OOING FOR SO@(ODB S *ND INHIRING *S TO A;O OANS

T; (*SNIG*N IN HSTION T;*T A;N ; A*S INFOR@DT;*T IT A*S OAND (B JOS *(ION, T; OT(RST OF (TS

FRO@ T; *R@*IT OF T; *SD O@@ND INFITING

D*T;S


15/45

o%'"a and T'odo"o as '"' on oa"d a !$s/$n oa%

n$/% and "ou/% $%/ %/') %o a+:'% and maon#an%s."1

(onao"a as:'d a##'llan% $! /' and /$s +o)#an$on '"' o$n %o +a%+/ !$s/


16/45

San%$ao *$on "ou/% %/' !$s/$n oa% %o S$%$o aula+ao /'"' S%a%$on

o))and'" Sal$ao %oo: %/' od$'s o! *"%u"o and ('ll'n !o" au%o#sy. A/'n

S%a%$on o))and'" Sal$ao l'!%, San%$ao ')#%$'d %/' !$s/$n oa% o! s'a a%'".In %/' #"o+'ss, /' !ound %o


17/45

In%'"nal2.Aound, uns/o% )$d !o"'/'ad 1 1

+)., $%/ +on%us$on +olla" and "a$n

%$ssu's #"o%"ud$n, %/$s ound also#$'"+'[d %/' !"on%al on' und'"n'a%/

%/' ound and on', la+'"a%'d.

3.Aound, s%a'd, a##"o$)a%'ly 6 +).

l'!% lo'" a+:, $%/ $n%'s%$n's #"o%"ud$n

aus' o! d'a%/

("a$n $n>u"y;')o""/a' s'+onda"y %o

s%a ound

u"$'s.


18/45

O#'"a%$ons

D'"$d')'n% and l$a%$on o! l''d'"

u"

(esus Lotera

Guns/o% ound

#o$n% o! 'n%"y 1+). D3"d, la%'"al as#'+%, l'!% %/$/.

#o$n% o! '$% 7 4 +)., D3"d, #os%'"$o" as#'+%, l'!% %/$/


19/45

la+'"a%'d ound - 4 +)., E3d, l'!% %/$/, #os%'"$o" as#'+%.

O#'"a%$ons

D'"$d')'n% and l$a%$on o! l''d'"s.

u"$'s $n!l$+%'d on (onao"a, *n%on$o and J'susould /a0' +aus'd %/'$" d'a%/ $%/ou% %$)'ly )'d$+al a%%'n%$on, /$l' %/os'

$n!l$+%'d on R'na%o ould no% /a0' :$ll'd /$) '0'n $%/ou% %$)'ly )'d$+al

$n%'"0'n%$on. 40$'

V$+'n%' R. D' V'"a, a all$s%$+$an o! %/' E/$l$##$n' ons%aula"y "$)'ao"a%o"y S'"0$+', a)# "a)', Hu'on $%y, d'+la"'d %/a% an 'a)$na%$on o!

[%/' *")al$%' "$!l' @16 $%/ s'"$al nu)'" 3265-59 41 and %o


20/45

T/' E'o#l's a++oun% $%/ "'a"d %o a++us'd Gal)a *"+$llas #a"%$+$#a%$on $n %/' $n+$d'n%,

/$+/ as du'd as %/' Na)anday @assa+"', 5 $s $d'n%$+al $%/ %/' ao0'&8uo%'d

!a+%ual na""a%$0'.

*dd$%$onally, $n %/' a##'ll''s "$'! da%'d S'#%')'" 3, 1993, 51%/' #"os'+u%$on na""a%'d

. . . %/a% so)'%$)' $n O+%o'" 19-4, /$l' a##'llan% as d"$n:$n $%/ Rus%o)('")as, Ru'n "sa$a and *n'l Day%o $ns$d' %/' dan+' /all o! Na)anday,

(a+a+ay, *lay, a##'llan% as $n0ol0'd $n a !$s%!$/%, /'"' /' o'd 'o#oldo

*$on on %/' +/'s%. 5!A/'n 'o#oldo *$ons "o%/'" Dan$'l *$on, a""$0'd,

a##'llan% 'n% ou% o! %/' dan+' /all. 5"Dan$'l *$on, /o'0'", as al' %o /$%a##'llan% on %/' !a+' $%/ a #$'+' o! ood. 54ll+d

San%$ao *$on +o""oo"a%'d %/' %'s%$)ony o! R'na%o *$on %/a% on O+%o'" 13,

19-4, a% aou% -3 #.)., a##'llan%, Rus%o) ('")as and Ru'n "sa$a '"'

d"$n:$n $ns$d' %/' dan+' /all o! Na)anday, (a+a+ay, *lay. 55San%$ao *$on!u"%/'" %'s%$!$'d %/a% a= on O+%o'" 14, 19-4, a% aou% 2 #.)., Ru'n "sa$a

and !$0' o%/'" a")'d #'"sons /o '"' loo:$n !o" /$)


21/45

G"a+$a Da+'l %'s%$!$'d %/a% so)'%$)' $n *#"$l 19-9, on' a#%. @a#alo and

o%/'" #'"sons 'n% %o /'" /ous' a% $uan, Ra#u&Ra#u, *lay %o a##"'/'nd /'"

!o" $ll'al #oss'ss$on o! !$"'a")s? on %/a% o++as$on a##'llan%, %/'n a +ons%al' $n%/' E/$l$##$n' ons%aula"y, o"' a )as:.6"

T/' a++us'd&a##'llan%s, on %/' o%/'" /and, #"'s'n%'d a +on%"as%$n #$+%u"'.

*++us'd&a##'llan% Gal)a *"+$lla $ns$s%s, $n su), %/a% /' as so)' #la+' 'ls' a% %/' %$)'

o! %/' +o))$ss$on o! %/' +"$)'.

;' %'s%$!$'d %/a% /' $s a "'s$d'n% o! @al$l$#o%, *lay and as a )')'" o! %/' 255%/ E

o)#any s%a%$on'd a% al', T$$, *lay /'"' /' /'ld %/' #os$%$on o! *ss$s%an%

D'%a+/)'n% o))and'" o! %/' Ea)al /'+:#o$n% a% T$$. 64*s a )')'" o! %/' *")'d

Fo"+'s o! %/' E/$l$##$n's os. 66*% %/' %$)'

o! %/' $n+$d'n%, /$s "$!l' as $n %/' #oss'ss$on o! S%. Non$%o odo", o))and'" o! %/'

In%'ll$'n+' O#'"a%$ons Eos%


22/45

d$s#'"s'd. 79Ou%s$d' %/' o":#la+', /' )'% $%/ @anu'l (alas%"o, V$+'n%' (onao"a,

N's%o" S')'n$ano and Jos' ('l$". 80

#on )''%$n, %/' "ou# d'+$d'd %o d"$n: #1$%/ 'a+/ o! %/') $n$%$ally #$%+/$n $n %o uy

l$8uo". #!T/'y s%a"%'d d"$n:$n a% #as% 5 #.). #"a% ('")as /ous'. #4T/'y l'!% ('")as

/ous' a% #as% 7 #.). a!%'" +onsu)$n %o ud)'n% o! +on0$+%$on as'd on +$"+u)s%an%$al '0$d'n+' +an '

sus%a$n'd /'n %/' +$"+u)s%an+'s #"o0'n !o") an un"o:'n +/a$n /$+/ l'ads %o a !a$"

and "'asonal' +on+lus$on #o$n%$n %o %/' a++us'd, %o %/' '+lus$on o! all o%/'"s, as %/'

)al'!a+%o". T/'s' +$"+u)s%an+'s #"o0'n )us% ' +ons$s%'n% $%/ 'a+/ o%/'", +ons$s%'n%

$%/ %/' /y#o%/'s$s %/a% %/' a++us'd $s u$l%y, and a% %/' sa)' %$)' $n+ons$s%'n% $%/ any

o%/'" /y#o%/'s$s '+'#% %/a% o! u$l%. $4
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23/45

*ssay$n %/' !a+%s aa$ns% %/' !o"'o$n l'al ya"ds%$+:s, A' d'!'" %o '/aus%$0' !$nd$ns

o! %/' %"$al +ou"% /$+/ #o$n%'dly os'"0'd %/a%

I% $s on "'+o"d %/a% +'"%a$n $n+$d'n%s /a##'n'd l'ad$n %o %/' !a)$ly o! %/'*$ons %/' su>'+% o! an '$s%$n ad lood $%/ %/' a++us'd, Gal)a *"+$lla,

0$

a=* !$s% !$/% du"$n a dan+' a% Na)anday on O+%o'" 13, 19-5 /'"'

a++us'd Gal)a *"+$lla as %/' a"'sso" and 'o#oldo *$onas su>'+%'d %o !$s% los y /$) /$%%$n %/' la%%'" on /$s +/'s%,

%/$s "$%/$n $n #a$n and s$%%$n on a +o"n'" o! %/' dan+' /all a%

Na)anday /'n )o)'n%s la%'", %/' "o%/'" o! 'o#oldo, Dan$'l*$on, a""$0'd and /$% Gal)a *"+$lla $%/ a #$'+' o! ood? %/us,

an '0'n s$%ua%$on %"ans#$"'d %/a% a++us'd Gal)a *"+$lla :'#% on

loo:$n !o" an o##o"%un$%y o! "'0'n' aa$ns% %/' *$ons. *!%'"

Dan$'l l'!%, Rus%o) ('")as, %/' usual +on!'d'"a%' and

+o)#an$on o! %/' a++us'd, a""$0'd !o" %/' #u"#os' o! '%%$n'0'n $%/ %/' *$ons, u% lu+:$ly no%/$n /a##'n'd '+aus'

Dan$'l /ad l'!% al"'ady? #"

=T/' a##a"'n% s/o o! ad lood $%/ %/' *$ons /'n on O+%o'" 14,

19-5, Gal)a *"+$lla as $%/ a "ou# o! )'n !o"+'d o#'n %/'

$ndo o! %/' /ous' o! San%$ao *$on $%/ %/' us' o! %/' %$# o!

a un, loo:$n !o" %/' la%%'", %/us /$s $!' o% s+a"'d and as/os#$%al$'d. T/$s $n+$d'n% as "'#o"%'d %o %/' E&INE o!

(a+a+ay, *lay, s/o$n %/' aus's o! %/'s' )'n $n un$!o")

$n+lud$n %/' a++us'd $n %/$s +as'?

+=T/' a++us'd, '$n a E 'nl$s%'d )an and $%/ au%/o"$%y %o #oss'ss!$"'a"), a /'al%/y and 'll&u$l% !'llo $n %/' #"$)' o! /$s l$!',

$ll n'0'" allo /$)s'l! %o ' ou%don' and +on%"oll'd y

anyody, su+/ as %/$s s$)#l' !a)$ly o! !$s/'")'n o! %/' sa)'a"anay as %/' a++us'd?

d=*% %/' #"'+$s' )o)'n% o! %/' )ul%$#l' :$ll$n and !"us%"a%'d )u"d'"

$%/ %/' us' o! an *")al$%' "$!l', %/' a++us'd a0a$l$n o! %/'

)an%l' o! da":n'ss, )as:$n /$)s'l! 'yond "'+on$%$on andloo:$n !o" /$s #"'y, %/' !a)$ly $%/ /o) /' 'n%'"%a$n'd "an+o"

and "ud' !o" %/' #u"#os' o! "'0'n', %/us a++us'd /$)s'l!,'!o"' !$"$n, ass'"%'d !o" /$)s'l! %/a% $nd''d %/' su>'+% o! /$s#"'y %/' *$ons '"' %/'"', %/us %/' )o)'n% o! %"u%/ /a##'n'd.

T/' a++us'd )ad' )an$!'s% %/a% %/'y '"' loo:$n !o" so)'on' 'ls' and as:'d

!o" %/' on'" o! %/' asn$an? %/a% /'n $n!o")'d %/a% %/' sa)' $s on'd y

Jos' *$on, %/' !a)$ly %/'y '"' loo:$n !o", $%/ou% d'lay, %/' u"s% o! !$"'as )ad' u#on %/' /'l#l'ss !$s/'")'n +ons$s%$n )os%ly o! %/' #'"sons +o)$n


24/45

!"o) %/' sa$d *$on +lan, l'ad$n %o %/' )ul%$#l' :$ll$n o! %/"'' )'n, na)'ly

a%al$no ('ll'n, *"%u"o *$on and T'odo"o as as s/on y %/'$" "'s#'+%$0'

au%o#sy "'#o"%s, /$$%s F, G, and ;, and $n>u"$'s %o !ou" #'"sons, na)'ly*n%on$o *$on, J'sus o%'"a, R'na%o *$on and #'d$%o (onao"a /'"' all

'"' )'d$+ally a%%'nd'd %o as s/on y %/'$" "'s#'+%$0' )'d$+al +'"%$!$+a%'s,

/$$%s H, R, E and O.+dll

T/' %"'a+/'"ous :$ll$n o! %/' %/"'' 0$+%$)s and !ou" /o '"' s'"$ously $n>u"'da"' $nd''d %/' #/ys$+al '0$d'n+' +ons%$%u%$n %/$s +as'.

E/ys$+al '0$d'n+' $s %/' /$/'s% o"d'" /$+/ s#'a:s )o"' 'lo8u'n%ly

%/an all $%n'ss's #u% %o'%/'",$p. #. arda1e, 99 SR* 3--1?$p. #.

audillo, GR 45266, No0. 24, 19--.

In all %/'s' $n+$d'n%s, %/' %o a++us'd '"' alays s''n %o'%/'". No $o%a o!

dou% #"'0a$ls %/a% %/' sa)' )as:'d )an du"$n %/' n$/% o! *#"$l 2, 19-4, %/'

#'"son /o !$"'d %/' a")al$%' "$!l' as no o%/'" %/an Gal)a *"+$lla, %/' on'"o! %/' a")al$%' all$s%$+ally 'a)$n'd, a trained sharpshooter'$n a )')'"

o! %/' E o))and, "'s#ons$l' !o" %/' +o))$ss$on o! %/' +"$)' o! )u"d'"

+/a"'d.

The ourt noted that the ma&imum efficienc% of the result when the #olle% offire comin from accused2s armalite rifle when fired was no dou!t due to his

efficienc% in handlin uns, !ein properl% oriented in the use of his rifle as a

$ enlisted man, which accused himself admitted in his testimonies. T/$s $s#"o0'n y %/' !a+% %/a% !o" /$s 0oll'y o! !$"' )ad' du"$n %/' +o))$ss$on o! %/'

+"$)', $% "'sul%'d %o %/"'' d'a%/s and !ou" s'"$ously $n>u"'d. #"+d

T/' all$s%$+$an, V$+'n%' d' V'"a, /$'! (all$s%$+$an o! %/' E&INE, +l'a"ly

%'s%$!$'d %/a% the two !ullet slus su!1ected for !allistic e&amination wereindeed fired from no other armalite rifle, e&cept the M-34 rifle, ali!er .556

with serial num!er 6547879, the #er% weapon issued to Galma +rcilla, as

shown !% the records of the $ and specificall% testified to !% St. Rodolfo

Madrile1os.

T/' un as $ssu'd %o Gal)a *"+$lla as %'s%$!$'d %o y S%. D's#a$lad'"as and

S%. @ad"$l'>os as su##o"%'d y %/' "'+o"ds o! %/' o!!$+'.)rom the time the un

in *uestion was placed in his custod% for purposes of the !allistic e&amination,

the same was well handled, /ept and ta/en care of until the result was released.He too/ the un and /ept it without an%!od% ha#in access to it until it was

deli#ered to ol.+#erilla.

@o"'o0'", St.:espa!iladeras, custodian of the rifle, testified that replacementof the parts of the un could not ha#e !een made while the same was in his

custod%. Fu"%/'")o"', /' %'s%$!$'d +l'a"ly %/a% the specimens in *uestion were


25/45

ta/en care of carefull% until it was deli#ered to ol. +#erilla for !allistic

e&amination.

I% s/ould ' no%'d %/a% %/'"' as no o%/'" sus#'+% %o %/' su##os'd :$ll$n, %/us%/'"' as no e#idence shown !% the accused that other persons were interested

in the suppression of e#idence or passin the !uc/ to him as a scapeoat%o %/'#'"#'%"a%$on o! %/' /'$nous o!!'ns' +/a"'d. +das$a

S%. Rodol!o @ad"$l'>os ')#/a%$+ally d'+la"'d %/a%+rmalite rifle M-34, Serialo.6547879 is the #er% rifle as a whole issued to the accused and the same

parts are all intact?that the un was ne#er fired after retrie#ed and ta/en from

St. Lodor. *nd !u"%/'")o"', %/' a))un$%$ons /$+/ %/' a++us'd all''d %o/a0' ''n :'#% $n a lo+:'" '"' n'0'" #"odu+'d /'n d')and'd? the prete&t ofan alleed encounter that happened in anta%an, Ta!aco, where these

ammunitions were used appears a hoa& for said encounter ne#er e&isted as a

fact for there were no dissident harassments in the area in the %ear 398;. *ll

%/'s' !a+%s 'a:'n'd %/' d'!'ns' o! %/' a++us'd )o"' s#'+$!$+ally as %o $%s+"'d$$l$%y.

On %/' da%' $n 8u's%$on, *#"$l 2, 19-4, %/' a++us'd Gal)a *"+$lla, %/'n a E

'nl$s%'d )an, as on l'a0' as ad)$%%'d y /$). *n al$$ as #"'s'n%'d %/a% /'as $n /$s a"anay, San *n%on$o, San%$+on, @al$l$#o%, *lay, $ns%'ad o!

Na)anday, (a+a+ay, *lay /'"' %/' +"$)' as +o))$%%'d. No $)#oss$$l$%y

!o" /$) %o o %o Na)anday as s/on on %/' "'+o"ds and )o"' so '+aus' al$$$s a 'a: o!!'ns'.

)#/a%$+ d'n$al o! a++us'd Gal)a *"+$lla on /$s '$n a% %/' #la+' o! %/'

+o))$ss$on o! %/' o!!'ns' a% Na)anday as )ad' and #u%%$n as al$$ %/a% /'as a% San *n%on$o, San%$+on, @al$l$#o%, *lay, a%%'nd$n %o /$s s$+: $!'. T/$s!a+% as 0ou+/'d and %'s%$!$'d %o y /$s n'$/o" !"$'nds, ('n$%o (o$l's and

Flo"'n%$no ('"+/', l$:'$s' "'s$d'n%s o! San *n%on$o, San%$+on, @al$l$#o%,

*lay. T/' a++us'd d'n$'d %/' +/a"', +la$)$n %/a% on %/' 2%/ day o! *#"$l19-5, /' as a% /$s /'ad8ua"%'"s and %/a% s#'+$!$+ally !"o) 6 o+lo+: %o 11

o+lo+: $n %/' '0'n$n o! sa$d da%', /' as /os%$n a d"$n:$n #a"%y a% /$s /ous'

$%/ s'0'"al !"$'nds, su+/ %/a% $% ould ' $)#oss$l' !o" /$) %o ' a%Na)anday, (a+a+ay, *lay. In !$n', %/' d'!'ns' $s al$$, no% '$n a% %/' #la+'

o! %/' +o))$ss$on o! %/' o!!'ns' u% a% su+/ o%/'" #la+'. He has not shown

proofs that it would !e ph%sicall% impossi!le for him to !e at the place of

amanda% where the offense was committed.amanda%, acaca%, +l!a% andSan +ntonio, Santicon, Malilipot, +l!a% could !e tra#eled !% a motor!oat easil%

within a few hours, if need !e . ;$s +la$) %o ' a% %/' /'ad8ua"%'"s on %/a% da%' $s

'l$'d y %/' "'+o"d !o" /' l'!% %/' +a)# on *#"$l 17, 19-5 and only %o "'%u"n %o/$s #la+' o! o": a% al', T$$, *lay, so %/a% on *#"$l 2, 19-5, /' as %/'n

s'% !"'' %o o %o any #la+' o! /$s on a++o"d. '$


26/45

;' all''d %/a% /' +ould no% /a0' $n!l$+%'d su+/ /'$nous +"$)' as +/a"'d

'+aus' %/'"' as no )o%$0' no" '$s%$n )$sund'"s%and$n '%''n /$) and

%/' 0$+%$)s. T/' "'+o"ds as s/on ao0' aound on %/' !a+% %/a% an '$s%$n adlood /a"o"'d y %/' a++us'd Gal)a *"+$lla aa$ns% %/' !a)$ly o! %/' *$ons

'"' +l'a"ly s/on and #"o0'n y %/' '0$d'n+'. I% as +l'a"ly s/on du"$n

and $))'d$a%'ly '!o"' %/' +o))$ss$on o! %/' +"$)' /'n %/' a++us'd /$)s'l!as:'d %/' $n)a%'s on %/' oa%, a asn$an, %/a% %/'y '"' loo:$n !o" so)'ody

'ls' and $n8u$"$n !u"%/'" as %o /o ons %/' asn$an $n 8u's%$on? %/a% /'n

/' as $n!o")'d %/a% $% as on'd y Jos' *$on, %/' ou%u"s% o! ull'%s !"o)%/' a")al$%' o! %/' a++us'd +o))'n+'d $n!l$+%$n d'a%/s u"$'s u#on

%/' $n)a%'s /os' na)'s '"' )'n%$on'd 'a"l$'" $n %/$s d'+$s$on.

*s %o %/' !$"'a") $n 8u's%$on, /' d'n$'d %/a% *")al$%' "$!l' @&16, al$'" .223 $s

no% %/' un $ssu'd %o /$). ;' all''d %/a% *")al$%' al$'" 5.56 $%/ a d$!!'"'n%

s'"$al nu)'" as %/' 0'"y "$!l' und'" /$s +us%ody. T/$s !a+% as 'l$'d y %/'%'s%$)ony o! %/' $ssu$n o!!$+'" and y %/' "'+o"ds %/a% /a% as $nd''d $ssu'd

%o %/' a++us'd Gal)a *"+$lla, $n %/$s "'s#'+%, $s %/' !o")'" d's+"$'d un, "a%/'"%/an al$'" 5.56. +d"'#

I% $s a)a$n %o no%' %/a% %/' a++us'd, '!o"' l'a0$n %/' +a)# on *#"$l 17,

19-5, 'n%"us%'d %/' un $n 8u's%$on %o S%. Non$%o odo", a% %/' la%%'"s /ous' a%

a#an%aan, al', T$$, *lay, "a%/'" %/an a% %/' /'ad8ua"%'"s /$+/ $s u% ad$s%an+' o! aou% a !' )'%'"s, )o"' o" l'ss, %o /$s #la+' o! o":. T/'

/'ad8ua"%'"s o! %/' 255%/ E o)#any /'"' sa$d "$!l' +ould /a0' ''n :'#%

ando" 'n%"us%'d ould ' a sa!'" #la+' as$d' !"o) $% '$n s'+u"'d and $n

+onsonan+' $%/ )$l$%a"y "'8u$"')'n%. T/$s as no% 'll '#la$n'd y %/'a++us'd /y $ns%'ad o! l'a0$n sa$d "$!l' a% %/' #"o#'" o!!$+', %/' /'ad8ua"%'"s

o! %/' 255%/ E o)#any, %/' sa)' as 'n%"us%'d %o S%. Non$%o odo", $n %/'la%%'"s /ous'.

*a$n, /$s l'a0$n /$s a")al$%' "$!l' %o S%. Non$%o odo" $n %/' la%%'"s /ous'

$%/ a d$s%an+' o! o0'" !$0'


27/45

s/oo%$n. I! $% $s %"u', as all''d y Gal)a *"+$lla, %/a% sa)' un as d'#os$%'d

and as $n %/' +us%ody o! S%. odo", %/' la%%'" ould no% +on!"on% /$) as no

%'s%$!$'d %o y a++us'd. #"+d

On %/' 375 a))un$%$ons o"n' ou% y %/' "'+o"ds %o /a0' ''n $ssu'd %o %/'

a++us'd, %/' la%%'" as only al' %o "'%u"n 191 o! sa$d a))un$%$ons? %/us, 1-4'"' )$ss$n. He attri!uted the missin 38; ammunitions to an alleed

encounter with dissidents at anta%an, Ta!aco, +l!a%, which was not !orne out!% the records of his command, nor supported !% witnesses comin from the

577th $ ompan% as to the e&istence of said encounter with the dissidents .

T/' a++us'd a% !$"s%, +la$)'d %/a% %/' 1-4 )$ss$n a))un$%$ons '"' sa$d %o 'l'!% $n a /ous' and #"o)$s'd %o "'%u"n %/' sa)', u% /' !a$l'd %o do so.

The records also show that the said ammunitions were left in a loc/er, supposed

to !e returned to the issuin officer when re*uired, !ut said accused failed to

account for the same. *a$n, %/' 0'"s$on o! %/' us' o! %/' a))un$%$ons $%/ an

'n+oun%'" $%/ %/' d$ss$d'n%s $s )ys%'"$ously #u% u#. T/'"' $s %/us, %/'"'!o"', asus#$+$on lo$+al 'nou/ %/a% %/' )$ss$n a))un$%$ons '"' $nd''d us'd $n %/'

+o))$ss$on o! %/' +"$)' ad0'"%'d %o.

The accused further maintained that some parts of the armalite rifle issued tohim, such as the stoc/ roup and the handuard were replaced !% other parts

comin from a different armalite for the purpose of tamperin the e#idence

leadin to his in#ol#ement in the crime at issue .ut he failed to show or presentan% person interested for that matter.Moreo#er, the same had !een dispro#ed

!% the officer entrusted with the custod% of the armalite rifle, as well as its

ammunitions when the same were recalled for !allistic e&amination. +da

T/' +la$) %/a% %/' a""'l "'+'$0'" "ou# o! %/' un $n 8u's%$on $s "'#la+'d on %/'#"'%'% o! an all''d /ol' on /$s un $ssu'd %o /$) and a d'%a+/al' "'d +lo%/

a%%a+/'d %o %/' %$# o! sa$d !$"'a") a"' )a%%'"s /a"d %o 'l$'0'. +ccused Galma

could not pinpoint to an%one else responsi!le for the insertions and


28/45

;' as '0as$0' %o )'n%$on %/' !a+% /a0$n on' %o %/' #la+' /'"' %/' $n+$d'n%

$n 8u's%$on /a##'n'd, su+/ as $n Na)anday, (a+a+ay, *lay o" $uan, Ra#u&

Ra#u, *lay, %/us, %'s%$!y$n $n /$s d'!'ns' %/a% /$s "'s$d'n+' $s $n Saan,'a#$ $%y, /$+/, u#on /$s )a""$a', /' %"ans!'""'d %o San *n%on$o San%$+on,

@al$l$#o%, *lay? %/a% /' /ad n'0'" on' %o $uan, Ra#u&Ra#u, *lay, '+'#%

on+' $n 19-2. T/$s #"'%'ns$on as d$s#"o0'd y aundan% '0$d'n+' on %/' #a"%o! %/' #"os'+u%$on %/a% %/' a++us'd /ad ''n s''n '!o"', du"$n and a!%'" %/'

$n+$d'n% $n 8u's%$on a% $uan, Ra#u&Ra#u, *lay $%/ /$s +o&a++us'd and o%/'"

+o)#an$ons d"$n:$n l$8uo" a% %/' sa)' #la+'. ;' '0'n l'd a "a$d$n #a"%y !o"%/' #u"#os' o! s'"0$n a s'a"+/ a""an% %o %/' !a)$ly o! G"a+$a s%'0' Da+'l.

In all %/'s' #"'%'ns$ons, %/' ou"% ul%$)a%'ly !ound %/a% %/' a++us'd /ad

+o))$%%'d aundan% !als$%$'s $n /$s +la$) %o '+ul#a%' /$)s'l! as s/on y /$s

#'">u"'d %'s%$)on$'s $n ou"% und'" oa%/. t should !e rele#ant to note that theperson who actuall% was responsi!le in the firin was one of the same !uild,

heiht and ph%sic as Rustom ermas, a man who was in =maon> pants !ut with

a #est and a mas/ purposel% made so as not to ha#e himself identified. The

same incident was repeated when the accused uided a raidin part% for thepurpose of ser#in a search warrant when he was aain usin the same mas/

and #est for himself, !ut later on un#eiled himself to !e identified as the presentGalma +rcilla in this case. T/' say$n o's %/a% +"$)' do's no% #ay /$+/, $n

%/$s $ns%an+', )ay ' "'l'0an% and o"%//$l' "'#'a%$n $%/ "'s#'+% %o %/'

a+%ua%$ons o! %/' a++us'd /'"'o!.

;' all''d %/a% d's#$%' %/' #a"%y /'ld $n San *n%on$o San%$+on, @al$l$#o%, *lay$n %/' a!%'"noon o! *#"$l 2, 19-5 $n )')o"y o! %/' d'a%/ ann$0'"sa"y o! ('n$%o

(o$l's !a%/'" /o d$'d )any y'a"s ao and /$+/ as '$n /'ld a% %/' la%%'"s

/ous', a++us'd %"ans!'""'d %/' 0'nu' o! sa$d #a"%y !"o) ('n$%os "'s$d'n+' %o /$s

/ous', $! only %o a++o))oda%' /$). T/$s $s !a" !"o) %/' a++'#%'d no")#"'0a$l$n $n %/$s lo+al$%y as %/' ou"% )ay >ud$+$ally no%$+'. +dll

;$s #"'%'ns$ons no% /a0$n on' %o $uan, Ra#u&Ra#u !o" a lon, lon %$)',

'+'#% on+' $n 19-2 and no lon'" %/'"'a!%'", /$s d'n$al o! /a0$n any "'la%$0' $nsa$d #la+', /$s /a0$n no% :non %/' !a)$ly o! Rus%o) ('")as, /$s +o&a++us'd,

'"' all 'l$'d y $%n'ss's /o %'s%$!$'d %o /a0' s''n /$) $n $uan )any

%$)'s, as 'll as Solo)on *"+$lla '$n a +los' "'la%$0' o! /$s $n $uan and %/a%)os% o! %/' %$)', /' as $%/ Rus%o) ('")as, /$s +o&a++us'd, '!o"', du"$n

and a!%'" %/' +o))$ss$on o! %/' +"$)' $n 8u's%$on.

G"a+$a s%'0' Da+'l 'l$'d )os% o! %/' all'a%$ons o! %/' a++us'd as !ollos

On %/' d'n$al o! Gal)a *"+$lla /a0$n no% on' %o $uan, Ra#u&Ra#u, *lay,%/$s $%n'ss +a%'o"$+ally d'+la"'d %/a% a++us'd as s''n )any %$)'s $n 19-9 $n

$uan and %/a% /' '0'n 'n% %o /'" /ous' /'"' /' as s'"0'd and 'n%'"%a$n'd

y %/$s $%n'ss %o d"$n: l$8uo" %o'%/'" $%/ /$s !"$'nds and +o)#an$ons.

T/' a++us'd d'n$'d /a0$n on' %o $uan du"$n %/' s'"0$+' o! %/' s'a"+/a""an%. ;o'0'", %/$s $%n'ss, G"a+$a Da+'l %'s%$!$'d %/a% a++us'd $nd''d as


29/45

%/'"' %/a% %/' s'a"+/ a""an% as s'"0'd y /$) on a F"$day and aa$n %/'

!ollo$n day, a Sa%u"day, a +on!"on%a%$on $%/ a++us'd as )ad' /'n s/'

la)'d /$) !o" %/' s'a"+/ $n %/$s $ns%an+'. ll+d

T/' a++us'd as s''n $n $uan on s'0'"al o++as$ons $%/ Ru'n "sa$a

+ondu+%$n %/' s'a"+/ o! a un all''dly on'd y %/' /usand o! G"a+$a. T/a%on su+/ o++as$on, %/' a++us'd as $%/ o%/'" )$l$%a"y )'n, $n+lud$n a#%.

Ro)'o @a#alo, +ondu+%$n %/' s'a"+/, and Galma +rcilla was aain wearinhis mas/ with a hood for purposes of a#oidin reconition for himself, !ut he

was reconized on that occasion.

*++us'd d$s+la$)$n any #a"%$+$#a%$on $n %/' s'a"+/ a##l$+a%$on and $%s $ssuan+'a"' 'l$'d y aundan% '0$d'n+', su+/ as '/$$%s C and B&1, /$s a##l$+a%$on

!o" %/' s'a"+/ a""an%, /$$% M, /$s a!!$da0$% su##o"%$n %/' a##l$+a%$on,

/$$%s (( and ((&1, %/' s'a"+/ a""an% $%s'l! /'"' %/' a++us'd as a

$%n'ss, /$$%s and &1 %o &19, "'!l'+%$n %/' a++us'd %'ll$n l$'s %o

%/' ou"% o! /$s all''d nona"%$+$#a%$on %o %/' #"o+''d$ns, and /$$%s DD,DD&1 %o DD&3, a "ou# #$+%u"' d'#$+%$n a++us'd, Gal)a *"+$lla, $%/ o%/'"

)'n $n $uan, Ra#u&Ra#u, *lay.

*++us'ds #"'%'ns$ons $n %/' su"&"'u%%al y #"'s'n%$n /$s $%n'ss $n %/' #'"sono! %/' E"o0$n+$al Aa"d'n $%/ /o) /' as su##os'd %o ' $n +us%ody as a

d'%'n%$on #"$son'" '"' s/on %/a% Gal)a as $nd''d allo'd %o l'a0' /$s

d'%'n%$on u#on %/' "'8u's% o! a#%. @a#alo !o" %/$s #a"%$+ula" $n+$d'n%. Ins%an+'s/'n d'%'n%$on #"$son'"s, as %/' a++us'd /'"'$n, '"' allo'd %o l'a0'

d'%'n%$on, as$d' !"o) %/' o"d'"s o! %/' ou"%, '"' on "'8u's%s o! lay'"s o"

)$l$%a"y #'"sonn'l !o" %/a% )a%%'".

@o"'o0'", a++us'ds d'n$al %o ' #"'s'n% $n %/a% dan+' a% Na)anday, (a+a+ay,*lay on O+%o'" 13, 19-5, as 'l$'d y %/' !a+% /'n /' $n!l$+%'d !$s%$+ los

u#on 'o#oldo *$on, and +ons'8u'n%ly %/a% $n+$d'n% l'd %o /$s '$n /$% also

y a #$'+' o! ood y Dan$'l *$on, "o%/'" o! 'o#oldo. #"+d

In !$n', all $! no% )os% o! a++us'ds #"'%'ns$ons $n /$s d'!'ns' '"' s/a%%'"'d y%/' !o"'o$n 'lu+$da%'d !a+%s as o"n' ou% y %/' "'+o"ds '$%/'" d$"'+%ly o"

+$"+u)s%an%$ally %/' '0$d'n+' aounds $n su##o"% o! a #"oo! 'yond "'asonal'

dou% %/a% %/' +"$)' +/a"'d aa$ns% Gal)a *"+$lla, /as +'"%a$nly ''n #"o0'n

as ao0' d$s+uss'd and s/on.


30/45

"'!'" %o %/' sa)' "$!l' d's#$%' "'#'a%'d a%%')#%s o! d'!'ns' +ouns'l %o %/"o /$) o!!

%"a+:

*TTB. ROO

H*++o"d$n %o %/' '0$d'n+' o! %/' #"os'+u%$on /$+/ $s a )')o"andu) "'+'$#%)a":'d $n '0$d'n+' as /$$% * %/' !$"'a") $ssu'd %o a++us'd $s 5.56

@&16 *")al$%' "$!l' $%/ s'"$al no. 3265-59. @y 8u's%$on $s you /a0'

no% #'"!o")'d )$+"os+o#$+ 'a)$na%$on and +o)#a"$son on %/' 5.56+al$'" @&16 *")al$%' $%/ s'"$al no. 3265-59 '+aus' /a% you /a0'

'a)$n'd %/"u '+%$n %o as %/' +o)$n


31/45

HA' /a0' %/' +al$'" .45, .3-, .22 so %/a% on %/' sa$d !$"'a") %/'"' $s a

d$!!'"'n+' $n %/' +al$'"P

*Inso!a" as %/' +al$'" $n %/' !$"'a") $s +on+'"n'd. M-34 has onl% one cali!ereither desinated 7.74 cali!er MM is the 0uropean #ersion. In other

words,.223 caliber and 5.56 MM are one and the same.95'$

*ll %/'s' +$"+u)s%an+'s, '0$d'n% !"o) %/' "'+$%al o! !a+%s /'"'%o!o"' $0'n, +l'a"ly y$'ld a

!a$" and "'asonal' +on+lus$on #o$n%$n %o /'"'$n a++us'd&a##'llan% Gal)a *"+$lla as %/'

)al'!a+%o" /o !$"'d %/' /$/o'"'d au%o)a%$+ "$!l' a% %/' 0$+%$)s. 96

Rus%o) ('")as, $n #"o!'ss$n /$s $nno+'n+', +la$)s %/a% 1. ;' /as no )o%$0' %o :$ll %/'

0$+%$)s '+aus' /' /as no 8ua""'l $%/ %/' *$on Fa)$ly? and 2. ons#$"a+y as no%

#"o0'n.

T/'s' +la$)s a"', l$:'$s', '"'!% o! )'"$%.

Rus%o) ('")as #"'%'% %/a% /' /as no $ll )o%$0' %o :$ll %/' 0$+%$)s #al's $n%o

$ns$n$!$+an+' #is-?-#is /$s #os$%$0' $d'n%$!$+a%$on y #"os'+u%$on $%n'ss's #'d$%o

(onao"a and R'na%o *$on. T/' %"$al +ou"% /$+/ /ad %/' o##o"%un$%y %o d$"'+%ly /'a"

%/' %'s%$)ony o! %/'s' %o


32/45

0'n, /o'0'", '"' %/$s ou"% %o d'l0' $n%o %/' )o%$0' /$+/ )ay /a0' a+%ua%'d %/'

a++us'd&a##'llan%s %o +o))$% su+/ +"$)'s, a +$"+u)s#'+% s+"u%$ny o! %/' "'+o"d $ll

"'ad$ly d$s+los' aundan% #"oo! %/a% a++us'd&a##'llan%s /ad an a' %o "$nd aa$ns% %/'

*$ons d's#$%' ('")as #"'%'ns$ons %o %/' +on%"a"y. T/' '$s%'n+' o! su+/ a !'ud '%''n

%/' a++us'd&a##'llan%s and %/' *$ons $s und'"s+o"'d y %/' !a+% %/a% ('")as %o'%/'"

$%/ Ja$)' V$al and *n'l Day%o a"'d $n%o San%$ao *$ons /ous' /'"' /' #ound'd%/' %al', /$% %/' all and #o$n%'d /$s !$n'" a% San%$ao u%%'"$n %/' %/"'a% a!alonan coan ma !araca pa oli co. 1! T/' %/"'a% +a)' %o !"u$%$on s'0'"al days la%'" on %/a%

!a%'!ul n$/% /'n %/' 0$+%$)s '"' )'"+$l'ssly s%"a!'d $%/ an *")al$%' "$!l' y *"+$lla

/$l' %/'y '"' on oa"d %/'$" !asnian.

In an a%%')#% %o und'")$n' %/' +aus' o! %/' #"os'+u%$on and %o '+ul#a%' /$)s'l!, a++us'd

('")as !u"%/'" $ns$s%s %/a% /$s #addl$n o! %/' !anca %o and !"o) %/' s+'n' o! %/'

$n+$d'n% $s $nsu!!$+$'n% #"oo! o! +ons#$"a+y. 1"

T/' #au+$%y o! %/' a"u)'n% $s a% on+' '0$d'n%. In +ons#$"a+y, d$"'+% #"oo! o! a #"'0$ousa"'')'n% %o +o))$% a +"$)' $s no% n'+'ssa"y. 14I% )ay ' d'du+'d !"o) %/' )od' and

)ann'" $n /$+/ %/' o!!'ns' as #'"#'%"a%'d, o" $n!'""'d !"o) %/' a+%s o! %/' a++us'd

%/')s'l0's /'n su+/ #o$n% %o a >o$n% #u"#os' and d's$n, +on+'"%'d a+%$on and+o))un$%y o! $n%'"'s%. 15T/' "'+o"ds +l'a"ly 'a" ou% %/a% $%/ %/' a")'d and /ood'd

*"+$lla on oa"d, ('")as )an'u0'"'d %/'$"si!id-si!idu# +los' %o %/' 0$+%$)s !asnian.

;' a%+/'d $n s%ol$d s$l'n+', na"y "a$s$n a /$)#'" o! #"o%'s% '0'n /'n *"+$lla

+o))'n+'d !$"$n a% %/' 0$+%$)s. *!%'" %/' +a"na', /' +al)ly #addl'd %/' !ancaaay

!"o) %/' +"$)' s+'n'. G$0'n su+/ #'+ul$a" !a+%s o%a$n$n $n %/$s +as', ('")as #addl$n

o! %/' si!iran %o and !"o) %/' s+'n' o! %/' +"$)', on %/' +on%"a"y, und'"s+o"'s /$s

+o))un$%y o! d's$n, $n%'"'s% and #u"#os' $n %/' #'"#'%"a%$on o! %/' !'lon$'s.+d"'#

*##a"'n% %/'n !"o) %/' !o"'o$n !a+%s $s %/' un$%y o! #u"#os' and d's$n $n %/'

''+u%$on o! %/' unla!ul a+%. 16A/'"', as $n %/$s +as', +ons#$"a+y $s s/on, %/' #"'+$s'

)odal$%y o" '%'n% o! #a"%$+$#a%$on o! 'a+/ a++us'd '+o)'s s'+onda"y and %/' a+% o! on'

)ay ' $)#u%'d %o all %/' +ons#$"a%o"s. 17In o%/'" o"ds, a #'"son !ound $n +ons#$"a+y

$%/ %/' a+%ual #'"#'%"a%o" o! %/' +"$)' y #'"!o")$n s#'+$!$+ a+%s $%/ su+/ +los'n'ss

and +oo"d$na%$on as %/' on' /o ''+u%'d %/' +"$)$nal a+% $s '8ually u$l%y as %/' la%%'"

1#'+aus' $n %/' 'y's o! %/' la, 'a+/ +ons#$"a%o" $s a +o"$n+$#al and $s '8ually u$l%y

$%/ %/' o%/'" )')'"s o! %/' #lo%. 1$

In %/'$" d'!'ns', o%/ a++us'd&a##'llan%s $n%'"#os'd al$$. No >u"$s#"ud'n+' $n +"$)$nalla $s )o"' s'%%l'd %/an %/a% al$$ $s %/' 'a:'s% o! all d'!'ns's !o" $% $s 'asy %o +on%"$0'

and d$!!$+ul% %o d$s#"o0' and !o" /$+/ "'ason $% $s 'n'"ally "'>'+%'d. 11V$''d aa$ns%

%/' !a+%ual a+:d"o# o! %/' +as', a++us'd&a##'llan%s d'!'ns' o! al$$ 'as$ly +"u)l's

und'" %/' '$/% o! %/' '0$d'n+' a""ay'd aa$ns% %/').
http://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/11925?search=(nighttime)+AND+title%3A+(people)+AND+title%3A+(bermas)#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/11925?search=(nighttime)+AND+title%3A+(people)+AND+title%3A+(bermas)#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/11925?search=(nighttime)+AND+title%3A+(people)+AND+title%3A+(bermas)#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/11925?search=(nighttime)+AND+title%3A+(people)+AND+title%3A+(bermas)#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/11925?search=(nighttime)+AND+title%3A+(people)+AND+title%3A+(bermas)#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/11925?search=(nighttime)+AND+title%3A+(people)+AND+title%3A+(bermas)#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/11925?search=(nighttime)+AND+title%3A+(people)+AND+title%3A+(bermas)#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/11925?search=(nighttime)+AND+title%3A+(people)+AND+title%3A+(bermas)#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/11925?search=(nighttime)+AND+title%3A+(people)+AND+title%3A+(bermas)#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/11925?search=(nighttime)+AND+title%3A+(people)+AND+title%3A+(bermas)#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/11925?search=(nighttime)+AND+title%3A+(people)+AND+title%3A+(bermas)#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/11925?search=(nighttime)+AND+title%3A+(people)+AND+title%3A+(bermas)#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/11925?search=(nighttime)+AND+title%3A+(people)+AND+title%3A+(bermas)#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/11925?search=(nighttime)+AND+title%3A+(people)+AND+title%3A+(bermas)#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/11925?search=(nighttime)+AND+title%3A+(people)+AND+title%3A+(bermas)#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/11925?search=(nighttime)+AND+title%3A+(people)+AND+title%3A+(bermas)#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/11925?search=(nighttime)+AND+title%3A+(people)+AND+title%3A+(bermas)#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/11925?search=(nighttime)+AND+title%3A+(people)+AND+title%3A+(bermas)#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/11925?search=(nighttime)+AND+title%3A+(people)+AND+title%3A+(bermas)#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/11925?search=(nighttime)+AND+title%3A+(people)+AND+title%3A+(bermas)#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/11925?search=(nighttime)+AND+title%3A+(people)+AND+title%3A+(bermas)#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/11925?search=(nighttime)+AND+title%3A+(people)+AND+title%3A+(bermas)#footnoteshttp://www.cdasiaonline.com/search/show_article/11925?search=(nighttime)+AND+title%3A+(people)+AND+title%3A+(bermas)#footnotes


33/45

A$%/ "'a"d %o %/' o!!'ns's +o))$%%'d, a++us'd&a##'llan%s /a0' ''n +on0$+%'d o!

)ul%$#l' )u"d'" $%/ )ul%$#l' !"us%"a%'d )u"d'". *s all''d $n %/' In!o")a%$on, %/'

#'"#'%"a%$on o! %/' !'lon$'s as 8ual$!$'d y %"'a+/'"y and '0$d'n% #"')'d$%a%$on. +d%a$

Fo" ale#osia %o 8ual$!y %/' +"$)' %o )u"d'", $% )us% ' s/on %/a% a %/' )al'!a+%o"

')#loy'd su+/ )'ans, )'%/od o" )ann'" o! ''+u%$on as %o 'nsu"' /$s o" /'" sa!'%y !"o)%/' d'!'ns$0' o" "'%al$a%o"y a+%s o! %/' 0$+%$)? and %/' sa$d )'ans, )'%/od and )ann'"

o! ''+u%$on as d'l$'"a%'ly ado#%'d. 111 T"'a+/'"y '$s%s /'n any o! %/' +"$)'saa$ns% #'"sons $s +o))$%%'d $%/ %/' ')#loy)'n% o! )'ans, )'%/ods o" !o")s %/a% %'nd

d$"'+%ly and 's#'+$ally %o $nsu"' $%s ''+u%$on, su+/ %/a% %/' o!!'nd'" !a+'s no "$s: %/a%

)ay a"$s' !"o) %/' d'!'ns' /$+/ %/' o!!'nd'd #a"%y )$/% )a:'. 11! T/' 'ss'n+' o!

%"'a+/'"y $s %/' s$!% and un'#'+%'d a%%a+: on an unsus#'+%$n and una")'d 0$+%$) /o

do's no% $0' %/' sl$/%'s% #"o0o+a%$on. 11"

In %/' +as' a% 'n+/, %/' +on+u""'n+' o! %/' !o"'o$n +ond$%$ons a"' !$")ly an+/o"'d on

%/' %'s%$)on$al d'+la"a%$ons o! #"os'+u%$on $%n'ss's #'d$%o (onao"a and R'na%o*$on /$+/ a"' +ons$s%'n% $%/ %/' au%o#sy !$nd$ns o! D". 0'lyn *. *)ado" on %/'

od$'s o! %/' *"%u"o *$on, a%al$no ('ll'n and T'odo"o as as 'll as %/' )'d$+al

+'"%$!$+a%'s $ssu'd y D". 'sa" On /ua /o %"'a%'d %/' $n>u"$'s sus%a$n'd y J'suso%'"a, *n%on$o *$on, #'d$%o (onao"a and R'na%o *$on.

I% n''d no% ' o0'"')#/as$'d %/a% %/' sudd'n and unan%$+$#a%'d 0oll'y o! un!$"' !"o) a

/$/o'"'d au%o)a%$+ "$!l' a% %/' unsus#'+%$n and una")'d 0$+%$)s +ou#l'd $%/ o%/'")'ans "'so"%'d %o /$+/ %'nd'd d$"'+%ly and 's#'+$ally %o $nsu"' %/' su++'ss o! %/' assaul%

114 und'"s+o"'s %/' '$s%'n+' o! %"'a+/'"y. To "'$%'"a%', a d'l$'"a%', un'#'+%'d and

sudd'n a%%a+: und'" +$"+u)s%an+'s /$+/ "'nd'" %/' /a#l'ss 0$+%$) unal' and

un#"'#a"'d %o d'!'nd /$)s'l! o" %o a!!o"d /$) any +/an+' %o 's+a#' y "'ason o! %/'

sudd'nn'ss and s'0'"$%y o! %/' assaul% +ons%$%u%'s ale#osia. 115d#"

A$%/ "'a"d %o n$/%%$)', $% n''ds ' s%"'ss'd %/a% %/' )'"' !a+% %/a% %/' o!!'ns' as

+o))$%%'d a% n$/% $ll no% su!!$+' %o sus%a$n a !$nd$n o! no+%u"n$%y. 116(y and o! $%s'l!,

n$/%%$)' $s no% an a"a0a%$n +$"+u)s%an+'? $% '+o)'s so only /'n 1. $% $s s#'+$ally

sou/% y %/' o!!'nd'"? o" 2. $% as %a:'n ad0an%a' o! y /$)? o" 3. $% !a+$l$%a%'s %/'

+o))$ss$on o! %/' +"$)' y $nsu"$n %/' o!!'nd'"s $))un$%y !"o) +a#%u"'. 117In %/' +as'

a% 'n+/, o%/'" %/an %/' %$)' o! %/' o++u""'n+' o! %/' !'lony, no%/$n 'ls' su's%s %/a% $%as +ons+$ously "'so"%'d %o y a++us'd&a##'llan%s %o !a+$l$%a%' %/' +o))$ss$on o! %/'

+"$)' o" %/a% $% as a0a$l'd o! !o" %/' #u"#os' o! $)#un$%y. 11#

Ind''d, %/' "'+o"ds s/o %/a% %/' s+'n' o! %/' +"$)' as 'll $llu)$na%'d y %o


34/45

%/'y +ould "'+on$' a++us'd ('")as +o)#an$on. 1! (' %/a% as $% )ay, no+%u"n$%y $s

aso"'d $n %"'a+/'"y and +an no% ' a##"'+$a%'d as a 'n'"$+ a"a0a%$n +$"+u)s%an+'.

1!1 $:'$s', aus' o! su#'"$o" s%"'n%/ $s aso"'d $n %"'a+/'"y, /'n+', $% +an no% '

a##"'+$a%'d as an $nd'#'nd'n% a"a0a%$n +$"+u)s%an+' /'n %"'a+/'"y $s al"'ady

#"'s'n%. 1!!

T/' 'n'"$+ a"a0a%$n +$"+u)s%an+' o! d$su$s'


35/45

*RTI 4-.$enalt% for comple& crimes. A/'n a s$nl' a+% +ons%$%u%'s %o

o" )o"' "a0' o" l'ss "a0' !'lon$'s o" /'n an o!!'ns' $s a n'+'ssa"y )'ans !o"

+o))$%%$n %/' o%/'", %/' #'nal%y !o" %/' )os% s'"$ous +"$)' s/all ' $)#os'd,%/' sa)' %o ' a##l$'d $n $%s )a$)u) #'"$od.


36/45

T/' #'nal%y !o" !"us%"a%'d )u"d'" asprision ma%or )a$)u) %o reclusion temporal

)'d$u) #u"suan% %o *"%$+l' 5 o! %/' R'0$s'd E'nal od', /$l' %/' #'nal%y !o"

a%%')#%'d )u"d'" as prision correccional )a$)u) %o prision ma%or )'d$u) #'"

*"%$+l' 51. T/' Ind'%'")$na%' S'n%'n+' a a##l$'s %o o%/ %/' !"us%"a%'d and a%%')#%'d

)u"d'" +as's. oun%$n on' d'"'' lo'" !"o) %/' #'nal%$'s #"'s+"$'d y %/' R'0$s'd

E'nal od' !o" !"us%"a%'d )u"d'", %/' )$n$)u) %'") !o" %/' $nd'%'")$na%' s'n%'n+' s/all' $%/$n %/' "an' o!prision correccional$n $%s )a$)u) #'"$od %oprision ma%or$n $%s

)'d$u) #'"$od /$+/ /as a #'"$od "an$n !"o) !ou"


37/45

$n+o)'


38/45

o! Reclusion Temporal, as )a$)u), !o" 'a+/ o! %/' %/"''


39/45

14.d., #. 213.

15.d., ##. 731&7-6.

16.R'+o"d, G.R. No. 94312, ##. 7-3&7-6.

17.!id., ##. 795&797.

1-.d., #. 799.

19.Rollo, G.R. No. 76416, #. 132, ##. 5, 7, 9&14, *##'llan%s "$'!.

2.R'+o"d, G.R. No. 76416, #. 361.

21.R'+o"d, G.R. No. 76416, #. 419? G.R. No. 94312, ##. -76&-77.

22.Rollo, G.R. No. 76416, ##. 393&46.

23.TSN, 15 Jun' 19-5, #. 35.

24.!id., ##. -&9.

25.TSN, 1 July 19-5, #. -.

26.TSN, 15 Jun' 19-5, #. 34.

27.!id., #. 34.

2-.TSN, 1 July 19-5, #. 69.

29.!id.

3.TSN, 15 Jun' 19-5, #. 13.

31.TSN, 1 July 19-5, ##. 7&71.

32.TSN, 15 Jun' 19-5, ##. 14&17? 1 July 19-5, ##. 13&14.

33.TSN, 15 Jun' 19-5, #. 19.

34.TSN, 1 July 19-5, #. 1.

35.TSN, 15 Jun' 19-5, #. 23.

36.!id., #. 1-.


40/45

37.TSN, 15 Jun' 19-5, ##. 25&26? 11 No0')'" 19-5, #. 1-.

3-.TSN, 15 Jun' 19-5, #. 27.

39.TSN, 11 No0')'" 19-5, ##. 2&23.

4.TSN, - O+%o'" 19-6, ##. 41, 4-, 53, 57.

41./$$% A.

42.TSN, 1 F'"ua"y 19-6, ##. 5, -, 14.

43.TSN, 1 Janua"y 19-6, ##. 5&9.

44.TSN, 4 No0')'" 19-5, ##. 7, 2-.

45.!id., ##. -, 33.

46.d., #. 9.

47.d., #. 1.

4-.d., #. 11.

49.d., ##. 15&16.

5.TSN, 13 D'+')'" 19-5, #. 23.

51.Rollo, G.R. No. 94312, ##. -32&-77.

52.TSN, 16 Janua"y 19-7, ##. 19&23.

53.!id., #. 23.

54.d.

55.TSN, 7 O+%o'" 19-7, ##. 2&3.

56.RT D'+$s$on da%'d 2 No0')'" 19-9, #. 7.

57.TSN, 7 O+%o'" 19-7, ##. 5&1.

5-.TSN, 1 Janua"y 19-6, #. -.

59.!id., ##. 13&14.


41/45

6.TSN, 13 D'+')'" 19-5, #. 23.

61.!id., #. 12.

62.d., ##. 24&25.

63.TSN, 5 S'#%')'" 19-9, #. 3.

64.TSN, 21 July 19-9, ##. 4&5, 19.

65.!id., #. 5.

66.d., #. 9.

67.d., ##. 9&1.

6-.d., ##. 3&31, 34, 3-.

69.d., ##. 1, 42.

7.d., ##. 1, 3-.

71.d., ##. 1-&19, 4, 43.

72.d., ##. 41&46.

73.d., ##. 19, 39, 45, 47&4-.

74.d., #. 47.

75.d., #. 4-.

76.d., ##. 4-&5.

77.TSN, 11 July 19-5, ##. 3&5, 37? 31 @a"+/ 19-6, ##. 1, 46? 1- July 19-6, #. 7? 19 *uus%

19-6, #. 3.

7-.TSN, 11 July 19-5, ##. 36&37.

79.!id., ##. 3-&39.

-.d., #. 39? 19 *uus% 19-6, ##. 11&13.

-1.TSN, 1- July 19-6, ##. 25&26? 19 *uus% 19-6, ##. 11&13.

-2.TSN, 11 July 19-6, ##. 16&1-, 2&21, 2-? 1- July 19-6, #. 1-.


42/45

-3.TSN, 19 *uus% 19-6, #. 3? 31 @a"+/ 19-6, #. 19.

-4.TSN, 31 @a"+/ 19-6, #. 1-.

-5.TSN, 1- July 19-6, #. 2? 31 @a"+/ 19-6, #. 1.

-6.TSN, 31 @a"+/ 19-6, #. 21? 1- July 19-6, ##. 5&6.

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