Pengendalian OPT Terpadu (Integrated Pest Management)

Pesticide Use Problems

• IPM concept has evolved in response to problems caused by an over-reliance on chemical pesticides

• These problems are development of pesticide resistance, elimination of natural enemies of pests, outbreaks of formerly suppressed pests, hazards to non-target species, and environmental contamination

IPM

• IPM is an environmentally sensitive approach of pest management that relay on a combination of common practises

• Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a systematic decision-making process that supports a balanced approach to managing crop and livestock production systems for the effective, economical and environmentally-sound suppression of pests

• IPM programs use current, comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment to manage pest damage by the most economical means, and with the least possible hazard to people, property, and the environment

IPM

• IPM takes advantage of all appropriate pest management options including the judicious use of pesticides

• Organic food production applies many of the same concepts as IPM, minimum in the use of pesticides, food produced from natural sources and avoid to use synthetic chemicals

• A series of pest management evaluations, decisions and controls, not a single pest control method

The Elements of IPM

• Planning and managing agricultural production systems to prevent insects, plant diseases and weeds from becoming pests;

• Identifying pests, their natural enemies and damage; • Monitoring populations of pests and beneficial organisms,

pest damage, and environmental conditions; • Making control decisions based on potential damage, cost of

control methods, value of production, impact on other pests, beneficial organisms and the environment;

• Using strategies that may include a combination of behavioural, biological, chemical, cultural and mechanical methods to reduce pest populations to acceptable levels;

• Evaluating the effects and efficacy of management decisions.

IPM requires knowledge ofHow to identify pests and evaluate their damage, How to identify natural control agents, and How to select effective control methods that minimize undesirable side effects. Selection of controls for individual pests must be made with the entire crop management system in mind. Many cultural control methods are carried out as part of normal crop production operations.

Steps of IPM

• Action threshold, a point at which pest populations or environmental conditions indicate that pest control action must be taken. The level at which pests will either become an economic threat is critical to guide future pest control decisions.

• Monitoring for pests and identify them accurately, so that appropriate control decisions can be made in conjunction with action thresholds. This monitoring and identification removes the possibility that pesticides will be used when they are not really needed or that the wrong kind of pesticide will be used

Steps of IPM

• Prevent pests from becoming a threat by using cultural methods, such as rotating between different crops, selecting pest-resistant varieties, and planting pest-free rootstock that can be very effective and cost-efficient and present little to no risk to people or the environment

• When preventive methods are no longer effective or available, through the monitoring, identification, and action thresholds indicate that pest control is required

• If further monitoring, identifications and action thresholds indicate that less risky controls are not working, then additional pest control methods would be employed, such as targeted spraying of pesticides. Broadcast spraying of non-specific pesticides is a last resort.

IPM

Conceptual diagram of IPM showing the main interacting management tactics arranged in an inherently stable pyramid where elements build

upon one another resulting in a sustainable management strategy. Adapted with permission from Elsevier68.IPM

SLPHT ( Sekolah Lapang Pengendalian Hama Terpadu)

SLPHT

The principles are:

- grow a healthy soil and crop;- conserve natural enemies;- observe the field regularly (e.g. soil, water, plant, pests and natural enemies);- farmers should strive to become experts.

Rice pest predators

Predator in action

Insect Pest Parasitoids

Pathogen antagonistic microbes