Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
-
Upload
anggit-permata -
Category
Documents
-
view
245 -
download
0
Transcript of Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
1/37
Selfi Handayani
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
2/37
AnatomyDefnition - anatome = up (ana) + cutting
(tome)
Disciplines o anatomy
Macroscopic
MicroscopicDevelopmental
Neuroanatomy
Approach to study o gross anatomy (regional)
Upper etremity !ac"#ead and nec" $hora
A%domen &elvis and perineum
'oer etremity
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
3/37
'evels o tructural*rganiation!iochemical (atoms, molecules)
ellular
$issue
*rgan
*rgan system
*rganism
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
4/37
Medical .maging
$echni/ues0-rays$ can
&1$
Ultrasound imagingM2.
Anatomy is important3
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
5/37
Anatomical &lanesMedian = vertical,
ront to %ac" inmidline
4rontal (coronal) =vertical, perpendicularto median
#oriontal (transverse)= parallel to 5oor,
perpendicular tomedian, coronalagittal = vertical,
parallel to medianMidsagittal (2-')
&arasagittal (une/ual2-')
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
6/37
2eerence positions
Anatomical positionmost idely used 6 accurate or all
aspects o the %ody
standing in an upright posture,acing straight ahead, eet paralleland close, 6 palms acing orard
Fundamental position
is essentially same as anatomicalposition ecept arms are at thesides 6 palms acing the %ody
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
7/37
Anatomical &osition!ody erect
#ead, eyes, toes
directed orard'im%s at sides o
%ody
&alms directedorard
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
8/37
Anatomical directional
terminologyAnterior in ront or in the ront part
Anteroinerior in ront 6 %elo
Anterosuperior in ront 6 a%ove&osterior
%ehind, in %ac", or in therear
&osteroinerior%ehind 6 %elo7 in %ac" 6%elo
&osterolateral%ehind 6 to one side,
specifcally to the outside
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
9/37
Anatomical directional
terminologyontralateral
pertaining or relating to the opposite side
.psilateralon the same side
!ilateral
relating to the right and let sides o the%ody or o a %ody structure such as the right6 let etremities
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
10/37
Anatomical directional
terminology .nerior (inra)
%elo in relation to another structure7 caudal
uperior (supra) a%ove in relation to another structure7 higher, cephalic
Distal situated aay rom the center or midline o the %ody,
or aay rom the point o origin &roimal
nearest the trun" or the point o origin
'ateral on or to the side7 outside, arther rom the median or
midsagittal plane
Medial relating to the middle or center7 nearer to the medialor midsagittal plane
Median 2elating to the middle or center7 nearer to the median
or midsagittal plane From Van De Graaff KM: Human anatomy, ed6, New York, 2002, McGraw-Hill
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
11/37
Anatomical directional
terminologyaudal
%elo in relation to another structure7 inerior
ephalica%ove in relation to another structure7 higher,superior
Deep (proundal)%eneath or %elo the surace7 used to descri%e
relative depth or location o muscles or tissueuperfcial
near the surace7 used to descri%e relativedepth or location o muscles or tissue
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
12/37
Anatomical directional
terminology&rone (pronasi)
the %ody lying ace donard7 stomach lyingupine (supinasi)
lying on the %ac"7 ace upard position o the %odyDorsal
relating to the %ac"7 %eing or located near, on, or toardthe %ac", posterior part, or upper surace o
8entralrelating to the %elly or a%domen, on or toard the ront,
anterior part o
8olarrelating to palm o the hand or sole o the oot
&lantarrelating to the sole or undersurace o the oot
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
13/37
Directional $erms Front Down Front Down
Prone Prone
Toward MidlineToward Midline Medial Medial
Away from Midline Away from Midline Lateral Lateral
Same-Ipsilateral Same-Ipsilateral Opposite-Contralateral Opposite-Contralateral
Between Between Intermediate Intermediate
ear ear Pro!imal Pro!imal
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
14/37
Directional $erms Far Far
Distal Distal
On t"e Surfa#eOn t"e Surfa#eSuperfi#ial Superfi#ial
On t"e InsideOn t"e Inside Deep Deep
On t"e $all of t"e Body Ca%ityOn t"e $all of t"e Body Ca%ity Parietal Parietal
On an Or&anOn an Or&an'is#eral 'is#eral
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
15/37
&lanes and ections
A plane is animaginary 5atsurace that passes
through the %ody9A section is one o
the : suraces(pieces) that
results hen the%ody is cut %y aplane passingthrough it9
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
16/37
!ran"#er"e
$lane %oronal
$lane
%oronal $lane
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
17/37
Median $lane
&f 'ody
&f (and
&f foo)
Sa*i))al $lane
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
18/37
agittal
&laneagittal plane
divides the bodyor an organ intoleft and rightsides
Midsagittal planeproduces equal
halves&arasagittal plane
produces unequalhalves
&)(er +lane" and
Sec)ion" Fron)al or coronal $lane divides the body or an organ into
front (anterior) and back
(posterior) portions
!ran"#er"ecro""-"ec)ional. or
(ori/on)al $lane
divides the body or an organ into
upper (superior) or lower
(inferior) portions
&'li1e $lane
some combination of 2 otherplanes
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
19/37
&lanes and ections o the
!rain(;-D anatomical relationships revealed)#oriontal
&lane
4rontal &lane
Midsagittal&lane
S1$erior
towards the head
The eyes are superior to
the mouth. nferior
away from the head
The stomach is inferior to
the heart.
Dor"al or +o")erior
at the back of the
body
The brain is
posterior to theforehead.
Ven)ral or 3n)erior
at the front of the
body
The sternum is
anterior to the
heart.
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
20/37
ardinal planes omotion; %asic or traditional
in relation to the %ody, not in relation to the earthAnteroposterior or agittal &lane'ateral or 4rontal &lane $ransverse or #oriontal &lane
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
21/37
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
22/37
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
23/37
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
24/37
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
25/37
A%dominopelvic 2egions
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
26/37
!ody avitiesDorsal %ody cavity
ranial 6 verte%ral
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
27/37
T"e S(eletal SystemT"e S(eletal System
T"e )asi# framewor( of t"e )ody is a system of o%er *++T"e )asi# framewor( of t"e )ody is a system of o%er *++
)ones)ones
wit" t"eir ,oints #olle#ti%ely (nown as t"e s(eleton.wit" t"eir ,oints #olle#ti%ely (nown as t"e s(eleton.
Prote#ts and supports )ody or&ans. Prote#ts and supports )ody or&ans.
Pro%ides a framewor( t"e mus#les use to #ause mo%ement. Pro%ides a framewor( t"e mus#les use to #ause mo%ement.
Blood #ells are formed wit"in )ones. Blood #ells are formed wit"in )ones.
Stores mineralsStores minerals..
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
28/37
T"e Mus#ular SystemT"e Mus#ular System
Body mo%ements are due to t"e a#tion of t"e mus#les w"i#" Body mo%ements are due to t"e a#tion of t"e mus#les w"i#"
areare
atta#"ed to t"e )ones. Ot"er types of mus#les are present inatta#"ed to t"e )ones. Ot"er types of mus#les are present in
t"et"e
walls of su#" or&ans as t"e intestine and t"e "eart.walls of su#" or&ans as t"e intestine and t"e "eart.
Allows manipulation of t"e en%ironment lo#omotion and Allows manipulation of t"e en%ironment lo#omotion and
fa#ial fa#ial
e!pression.e!pression.
Maintains posture. Maintains posture.
Produ#es "eat. Produ#es "eat.
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
29/37
T"e Cir#ulatory SystemT"e Cir#ulatory SystemT"e "eart )lood %essels lymp" %essels and lymp" nodes allT"e "eart )lood %essels lymp" %essels and lymp" nodes all
ma(e up t"e system w"ere)y )lood is pumped to all t"e )odyma(e up t"e system w"ere)y )lood is pumped to all t"e )ody
tissues )rin&in& wit" it food o!y&en and ot"er su)stan#es and tissues )rin&in& wit" it food o!y&en and ot"er su)stan#es and
#arryin& away waste materials.#arryin& away waste materials.
Blood %essels transport )lood w"i#" #arries o!y&en #ar)on dio!ide Blood %essels transport )lood w"i#" #arries o!y&en #ar)on dio!ide
nutrients wastes et#.nutrients wastes et#.
T"e "eart pumps )lood.T"e "eart pumps )lood.
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
30/37
T"e Di&esti%e SystemT"e Di&esti%e SystemT"is system #omprises all or&ans w"i#" "a%e to do wit" ta(in& T"is system #omprises all or&ans w"i#" "a%e to do wit" ta(in&
in food and #on%ertin& t"e useful parts of it into su)stan#es t"at in food and #on%ertin& t"e useful parts of it into su)stan#es t"at
t"e )ody #ells #an use. /!amples of t"ese or&ans are t"e mout"t"e )ody #ells #an use. /!amples of t"ese or&ans are t"e mout"
t"e teet" and t"e alimentary tra#t 0esop"a&us stoma#" intestinet"e teet" and t"e alimentary tra#t 0esop"a&us stoma#" intestine
and a##essory or&ans su#" as t"e li%er and t"e pan#reas1.and a##essory or&ans su#" as t"e li%er and t"e pan#reas1.
Brea(s down food into a)sor)a)le units t"at enter t"e )lood for Brea(s down food into a)sor)a)le units t"at enter t"e )lood for
distri)ution to )ody #ells.distri)ution to )ody #ells.
Indi&esti)le foodstuffs are eliminated as fe#es. Indi&esti)le foodstuffs are eliminated as fe#es.
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
31/37
T"e 2espiratory SystemT"e 2espiratory SystemT"is in#ludes t"e lun&s and t"e passa&es leadin& to and from t"em.T"is in#ludes t"e lun&s and t"e passa&es leadin& to and from t"em.
T"e purpose of t"is system is to ta(e in air and from it e!tra#t o!y&enT"e purpose of t"is system is to ta(e in air and from it e!tra#t o!y&en
w"i#" is t"en dissol%ed in t"e )lood and #on%eyed to all t"e tissues.w"i#" is t"en dissol%ed in t"e )lood and #on%eyed to all t"e tissues.
A waste produ#t of t"e #ells #ar)on dio!ide is ta(en )y t"e )lood to A waste produ#t of t"e #ells #ar)on dio!ide is ta(en )y t"e )lood to
t"e lun&s w"en#e it is e!pelled to t"e outside air.t"e lun&s w"en#e it is e!pelled to t"e outside air.
3eeps )lood #onstantly supplied wit" o!y&en and remo%es #ar)on 3eeps )lood #onstantly supplied wit" o!y&en and remo%es #ar)on
dio!ide.dio!ide.
T"e &aseous #"an&es o##ur t"rou&" t"e walls of t"e air sa#s of t"eT"e &aseous #"an&es o##ur t"rou&" t"e walls of t"e air sa#s of t"e
lun&s.lun&s.
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
32/37
T"e Inte&umentary SystemT"e Inte&umentary SystemT"e word 4inte&ument5 0in-te&6u-ment1 means 4s(in.5 T"e s(inT"e word 4inte&ument5 0in-te&6u-ment1 means 4s(in.5 T"e s(in
is #onsidered )y some aut"orities to )e a separate )ody system. It is #onsidered )y some aut"orities to )e a separate )ody system. It
in#ludes t"e "air nails sweat and oil &lands and ot"er relatedin#ludes t"e "air nails sweat and oil &lands and ot"er related
stru#tures. stru#tures.
Forms t"e e!ternal )ody #o%erin&. Forms t"e e!ternal )ody #o%erin&.
Prote#ts deeper tissues from in,ury. Prote#ts deeper tissues from in,ury.
Synt"esis %itamin D.Synt"esis %itamin D.
Site of #utaneous 0pain pressure et#.1 re#eptors and sweat and oil Site of #utaneous 0pain pressure et#.1 re#eptors and sweat and oil
&lands. &lands.
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
33/37
T"e 7rinary SystemT"e 7rinary System
T"is is also #alled t"e e!#retory system. Its main #omponentsT"is is also #alled t"e e!#retory system. Its main #omponents
areare
t"e (idneys t"e ureters t"e )ladder and t"e uret"ra. Itst"e (idneys t"e ureters t"e )ladder and t"e uret"ra. Its purpose is purpose is
to filter out and rid t"e )ody of #ertain waste produ#ts ta(en )yto filter out and rid t"e )ody of #ertain waste produ#ts ta(en )y
t"et"e
)lood from t"e #ells. 0ote t"at ot"er waste produ#ts are)lood from t"e #ells. 0ote t"at ot"er waste produ#ts are
remo%ed remo%ed
%ia t"e di&esti%e and respiratory systems1.%ia t"e di&esti%e and respiratory systems1.
/liminates nitro&enous waste from t"e )ody. /liminates nitro&enous waste from t"e )ody.
2e&ulates water ele#trolyte and a#id-)ase )alan#e of t"e 2e&ulates water ele#trolyte and a#id-)ase )alan#e of t"e)lood.)lood.
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
34/37
T"e er%ous SystemT"e er%ous SystemT"e )rain t"e spinal #ord and t"e ner%es all ma(e up t"is %ery #omple!T"e )rain t"e spinal #ord and t"e ner%es all ma(e up t"is %ery #omple!
system )y w"i#" all parts of t"e )ody are #ontrolled and #oordinated. system )y w"i#" all parts of t"e )ody are #ontrolled and #oordinated.
T"e or&ans of spe#ial sense 0su#" as t"e eyes ears taste )uds and or&ansT"e or&ans of spe#ial sense 0su#" as t"e eyes ears taste )uds and or&ansof smell1 sometimes #lassed as a separateof smell1 sometimes #lassed as a separate sensory systemsensory system to&et"er wit" to&et"er wit"
t"e sense of tou&" re#ei%e stimuli from t"e outside world w"i#" are t"ent"e sense of tou&" re#ei%e stimuli from t"e outside world w"i#" are t"en
#on%erted into impulses t"at are transmitted to t"e )rain. T"e )rain#on%erted into impulses t"at are transmitted to t"e )rain. T"e )rain
determines to a &reat e!tent t"e )ody6s responses to messa&es from wit"outdetermines to a &reat e!tent t"e )ody6s responses to messa&es from wit"out
and wit"in and in it o##ur su#" "i&"er fun#tions as memory and reasonin&.and wit"in and in it o##ur su#" "i&"er fun#tions as memory and reasonin&.
Fast-acting control system of the body.Fast-acting control system of the body. Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate
muscles and glands.muscles and glands.
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
35/37
T"e /ndo#rine SystemT"e /ndo#rine System A few s#attered or&ans (nown as endo#rine A few s#attered or&ans (nown as endo#rine
&lands produ#e spe#ial su)stan#es #alled &lands produ#e spe#ial su)stan#es #alled
"ormones w"i#" re&ulate su#" )ody fun#tions"ormones w"i#" re&ulate su#" )ody fun#tions
as &rowt" food utili8ation wit"in t"e #ells and as &rowt" food utili8ation wit"in t"e #ells and reprodu#tion. /!amples of endo#rine &landsreprodu#tion. /!amples of endo#rine &lands
are t"e t"yroid and pituitary &lands.are t"e t"yroid and pituitary &lands.9lands se#rete "ormones t"at re&ulate9lands se#rete "ormones t"at re&ulate
pro#esses su#" as &rowt" reprodu#tion and pro#esses su#" as &rowt" reprodu#tion and
nutrient use 0meta)olism1 )y )ody #ells.nutrient use 0meta)olism1 )y )ody #ells.
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
36/37
T"e 2eprodu#ti%e SystemT"e 2eprodu#ti%e System
T"is system in#ludes t"e e!ternal se! or&ans and all related inner T"is system in#ludes t"e e!ternal se! or&ans and all related inner
stru#tures w"i#" are #on#erned wit" t"e produ#tion of new stru#tures w"i#" are #on#erned wit" t"e produ#tion of new
indi%iduals.indi%iduals.
O%erall fun#tion is produ#tion of offsprin&.O%erall fun#tion is produ#tion of offsprin&.
Testes produ#e sperm and male se! "ormone: du#ts and &landsTestes produ#e sperm and male se! "ormone: du#ts and &lands
aid in deli%ery of sperm to t"e female reprodu#ti%e tra#t.aid in deli%ery of sperm to t"e female reprodu#ti%e tra#t.
O%aries produ#e e&&s and female se! "ormone: remainin&O%aries produ#e e&&s and female se! "ormone: remainin&
stru#tures stru#tures
ser%e as sites for fertili8ation and de%elopment of fetus. ser%e as sites for fertili8ation and de%elopment of fetus.
Mammary &lands of female )reasts produ#e mil( to nouris" t"e Mammary &lands of female )reasts produ#e mil( to nouris" t"e
new)ornnew)orn..
-
8/17/2019 Pengenalan Anatomi Tubuh Manusia
37/37
t"an( you