PENGARUH MODAL SOSIAL TERHADAP KETAHANAN USAHA …
Transcript of PENGARUH MODAL SOSIAL TERHADAP KETAHANAN USAHA …
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PENGARUH MODAL SOSIAL TERHADAP KETAHANAN
USAHA PEDAGANG DI PASAR TERAPUNG MUARA KUIN
KOTA BANJARMASIN
TESIS
Oleh :
Akhmad Priyanka Tegar Pangabdi
S251608005
PROGRAM STUDI MAGISTER SOSIOLOGI
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN POLITIK
UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET
SURAKARTA
2019
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ABSTRAK
Akhmad Priyanka Tegar Pangabdi, 2019. Pengaruh Modal Sosial Terhadap
Ketahanan Usaha Pedagang Di Pasar Terapung Muara Kuin Kota Banjarmasin.
Program Studi Magister Sosiologi Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Dan Politik Universitas
Sebelas Maret Surakarta, Pembimbing (I) Yulius Slamet, (II) Mahendra Wijaya.
Modal sosial merupakan suatu investasi yang dilakukan dengan bentuk hubungan
sosial. Ketahanan (resilience) menggambarkan suatu cara dalam bertahan dari
ancaman-ancaman perubahan yang ada. Tujuan Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui (1)
seberapa besar pengaruh modal sosial terhadap ketahanan usaha pedagang pasar
terapung (2) untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh Networking terhadap
ketahanan usaha pedagang pasar terapung (3) untuk mengetahui seberapa besar
pengaruh Trust terhadap ketahanan usaha pedagang pasar terapung (4) untuk
mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh Reciprocity terhadap ketahanan usaha pedagang
pasar terapung (5) untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh Information Sharing
terhadap ketahanan usaha pedagang pasar terapung. Teori yang di gunakan dalam
penelitian ini adalah modal sosial dan ketahanan. Penelitian ini mengunakan
penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode survey dan menggunakan regresi sederhana
untuk analisis. Penentuan informan dengan menggunakan metode sensus. Teknik
dalam pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian
menemukan bawa : (1) Terdapat pengaruh signifikan pada modal sosial terhadap
ketahanan usaha pedagang Pasar Terapung (2) Terdapat pengaruh signifikan pada
variabel indenpenden X1 modal sosial Networking terhadap variabel dependen Y
ketahanan usaha pedagang Pasar Terapung (3) Terdapat pengaruh signifikan pada
variabel independen X2 modal sosial Trust terhadap variabel dependen Y ketahanan
usaha pedagang Pasar Terapung (4) Terdapat Pengaruh signifikan pada variabel
independen X3 modal sosial Reciprocity terhadap variabel dependen Y ketahanan
usaha pedagang Pasar Terapung (5) Terdapat pengaruh signifikan pada variabel
independen X4 modal sosial Information Sharing terhadap variabel dependen Y
ketahanan usaha pedagang Pasar Terapung.
Kata Kunci : Modal Sosial, Trust, Networking, Reciprocity, Information Sharing,
Ketahanan Usaha, dan Pedagang Pasar Terapung
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ABSTRACT
Akhmad Priyanka Tegar Pangabdi, 2019. The Influence of Social Capital in business
resillience of Pasar Terapung Trader at Muara Kuin Banjarmasin City. Study
Program of Master Sosiology Faculty of Social and Politics Science University
Sebelas Maret Surakarta, Adviser (I) Yulius Slamet, Adviser (II) Mahendra Wijaya.
Social Capital is investment in form of social relationship. Resillience describe
another way to survive from a threat of development that exist. The purpose of this
study is to know (1) how much the influence of social capital to business resillince of
Pasar Terapung trader (2) to find out how much influence of networking to business
resillience of Pasar Terapung trader (3) to find out how much influence of Trust to
business resillience of Pasar Terapung trader (4) to find out how much influence of
recripocity to business resillience of Pasar Terapung trader (5) fo find out how much
influence of Information sharing to business resillience of Pasar Terpung trader.
Theory that being use in this study are social capital and resilience. This study using
quantitative research with survey method and using simple regression for analysis
data. Informant selection with census method. Technique in collecting data using
questionnare and documentaion. Result of this study found that (1) there is significant
influence social capital to the business resillience of Pasar Trapung trader (2) there
is significant influence of variabel independent X1 social capital networking to
variabel dependent business resillience of Pasar Terapung trader (3) there is
significant influnce of variabel independent X2 social capital trust to variabel
dependent business resillience of Pasar Terapung trader (4) there is significant
influence of variabel independent X3 social capital reciprocity to variabel dependent
business resillience of Pasar Terapung trader (5) there is significant influence of
variabel independent X4 social capital information sharing to variabel dependent
business resillience of Pasar Terapung trader.
Keyword : Social Capital, Trust, Networking, Reciprocity, Information Sharing
Business Resillience, and Pasar Terapung Trader
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DAFTAR ISI
Halaman
BAB I PENDAHULUAN .................................................................................................... 1
A. Latar Belakang .......................................................................................................... 1
B. Rumusan Masalah ..................................................................................................... 10
C. Tujuan Penelitian ...................................................................................................... 11
D. Manfaat Penelitian .................................................................................................... 12
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ......................................................................................... 13
A. Batasan Konsep ......................................................................................................... 13
1. Modal Sosial ....................................................................................................... 13
2. Jenis Modal Sosial .............................................................................................. 24
3. Ketahanan ............................................................................................................ 27
4. Pasar .................................................................................................................... 28
B. Landasan Teori .......................................................................................................... 30
C. Penelitian Terdahulu ................................................................................................. 32
D. Kerangka Berpikir ..................................................................................................... 41
E. Hipotesis .................................................................................................................... 43
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN .................................................................................... 45
A. Lokasi Penelitian dan Waktu Penelitian ................................................................... 45
1. Tempat Penelitian................................................................................................ 45
2. Waktu Penelitian ................................................................................................. 46
B. Jenis Penelitian .......................................................................................................... 46
C. Populasi dan Sensus .................................................................................................. 47
1. Populasi ............................................................................................................... 47
2. Sensus .................................................................................................................. 47
D. Variabel Penelitian dan Definisi Operasional ........................................................... 48
1. Variabel Penelitian .............................................................................................. 48
2. Definisi Operasional............................................................................................ 50
E. Teknik Pengumpulan Data ........................................................................................ 54
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1. Kuesioner ............................................................................................................ 54
2. Dokumentasi ....................................................................................................... 55
F. Uji Validitas dan Reliabilitas .................................................................................... 55
1. Validitas Instrument ............................................................................................ 55
2. Reliabilitas Instrument ........................................................................................ 67
G. Analisis Data ............................................................................................................. 70
BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN ............................................................................ 73
A. Hasil Penelitian ......................................................................................................... 73
1. Deskripsi Tempat Penelitian ............................................................................... 73
2. Deskripsi Variabel Penelitian .............................................................................. 77
a. Networking (Jaringan) ................................................................................... 78
a.1. Frekuensi Bertemu dan Berinteraksi (keluarga) ....................................... 78
a.2. Berkomunikasi dan Beraktivitas Sesama Pedagang Pasar Terapung ....... 80
a.3. Hubungan dan Kegiatan Dagang Dengan Pedagang Diluar Pasar
Terapung ................................................................................................... 81
a.4. Jaringan Pemerintah Dengan Pedagang Dalam Melestarikan Pasar
Terapung ................................................................................................... 83
b. Trust (Kepercayaan) ...................................................................................... 85
b.1. Tingkat Kepercayaan Pada Keluarga ........................................................ 85
b.2. Tingkat Kepercayaan Pada Sesama Pedagang .......................................... 87
b.3. Tingkat Kepercayaan Terhadap Pemerintah ............................................. 88
c. Recirpocity (Hubungan Timbal-balik) .......................................................... 89
c.1. Pinjaman Dana .......................................................................................... 90
c.2. Bantuan Dana ............................................................................................ 92
d. Information Sharing (pembagian informasi) ................................................ 94
d.1. Keluarga .................................................................................................... 94
d.2. Sesama Pedagang Pasar Terapung ............................................................ 96
d.3. Kelompok .................................................................................................. 97
e. Ketahanan Usaha ........................................................................................... 98
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e.1. Persistance ................................................................................................ 99
e.2. Adaptability ............................................................................................... 100
e.3. Transformability ........................................................................................ 102
3. Hasil Analisis Regresi Sederhana ....................................................................... 103
a. Pengaruh Modal Sosial Terhadap Ketahanan Usaha .................................... 104
b. Pengaruh Modal Sosial Networking Terhadap Ketahanan Usaha................. 106
c. Pengaruh Modal Sosial Trust Terhadap Ketahanan Usaha ........................... 108
d. Pengaruh Modal Sosial Reciprocity Terhadap Ketahanan Usaha ................. 110
e. Pengaruh Modal Sosial Informaton Sharing Terhadap Ketahanan
Usaha ............................................................................................................. 112
f. Perbandingan Pengaruh Setiap Variabel ....................................................... 114
B. Pembahasan ............................................................................................................... 115
1. Pengaruh Modal Sosial Terhadap Ketahanan Usaha Pedagang Pasar
Terapung............................................................................................................. 115
2. Pengaruh Modal Sosial Networking Terhadap Ketahanan Usaha Pedagang
Pasar Terapung ................................................................................................... 121
3. Pengaruh Modal Sosial Trust Terhadap Ketahanan Usaha Pedagang Pasar
Terapung............................................................................................................. 125
4. Pengaruh Modal Sosial Reciprocity Terhadap Ketahanan Usaha Pedagang
Pasar Terapung ................................................................................................... 128
5. Pengaruh Modal Sosial Information Sharing Terhadap Ketahanan Usaha
Pedagang Pasar Terapung .................................................................................. 130
6. Keterbatasan Dalam Penelitian .......................................................................... 132
BAB V KESIMPULAN, IMPLIKASI, DAN SARAN ..................................................... 134
A. Kesimpulan ............................................................................................................... 134
B. Implikasi .................................................................................................................... 135
C. Saran .......................................................................................................................... 138
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .......................................................................................................... 140
LAMPIRAN ......................................................................................................................... 143
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DAFTAR TABEL
Halaman
Tabel 1.1 Jumlah Pasar tradisional dan Pusat perbelanjaan Modern Kota Banjarmasin ...... 3
Tebel 1.2 Jumlah Penduduk dan Kepadatan Kota Banjarmasin ........................................... 4
Tabel 2.1 Tipe-Tipe Modal Sosial ........................................................................................ 18
Tabel 2.2 Perbedaan Dengan Penelitian Terdahulu .............................................................. 39
Tabel 3.1 Teori, Konsep, Variabel, dan Indikator Dalam Penelitian .................................... 48
Tabel 3.2 Uji Validitas Hubungan Pedagang Dengan Keluarga ........................................... 57
Tabel 3.3 Uji Validitas Hubungan Pedagang Dengan Pedagang Pasar Terapung ................ 58
Tabel 3.4 Uji Validitas Hubungan Pedagang Dengan Pedagang Diluar Pasar
Terapung ................................................................................................................. 58
Tabel 3.5 Uji Validitas Hubungan Pedagang Dengan Pemerintah ....................................... 59
Tabel 3.6 Tingkat Kepercayaan Pada Keluarga .................................................................... 60
Tabel 3.7 Tingkat Kepercayaan Sesama Pedagang............................................................... 60
Tabel 3.8 Tingkat Kepercayaan Pada Pemerintah ................................................................ 61
Tabel 3.9 Pinjaman Dana ...................................................................................................... 62
Tabel 3.10 Bantuan Tenaga................................................................................................... 62
Tabel 3.11 Keluarga .............................................................................................................. 63
Tabel 3.12 Sesama Pedagang Pasar Terapung ...................................................................... 64
Tabel 3.13 Kelompok ............................................................................................................ 64
Tabel 3.14 Persistence .......................................................................................................... 65
Tabel 3.15 Adaptability ......................................................................................................... 66
Tabel 3.16 Transformability ................................................................................................. 67
Tabel 3.17 Networking (Jaringan) ......................................................................................... 68
Tabel 3.18 Trust (Kepercayaan) ............................................................................................ 69
Tabel 3.19 Reciprocity (Timbal Balik)` ................................................................................ 69
Tabel 3.20 Information Sharing ............................................................................................ 70
Tabel 3.21 Ketahanan Usaha................................................................................................. 70
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Tabel 3.22 Ketahanan Usaha- Networking ........................................................................... 71
Tabel 3.23 Ketahanan Usaha - Trust ..................................................................................... 72
Tabel 3.24 Ketahanan Usaha - Reciprocity........................................................................... 72
Tabel 3.25 Ketahanan Usaha – Information Sharing ............................................................ 73
Tabel 4.1 Persentase Frekuensi Bertemu dan Berinteraksi (keluarga) ............................... 78
Tabel 4.2 Berkomunikasi dan Berinteraksi Dengan Sesama Pedagang Pasar
Terapung ............................................................................................................... 80
Tabel 4.3 Hubungan dan Kegiatan Dagang Dengan pedagang Diluar Pasar Terapung ..... 81
Tabel 4.4 Jaringan Pemerintah Dengan Pedagang Dalam Melestarikan Pasar
Terapung ............................................................................................................... 83
Tabel 4.5 Persentase Besar Kepercayaan Dimiliki Pedagang Dengan Keluarganya .......... 85
Tabel 4.6 Persentase Tingkat Keterbukaan Pedagang Dengan Pedagang Lain .................. 87
Tabel 4.7 Persentase Keterbukaan Pedagang Terhadap Pemerintah .................................. 88
Tabel 4.8 Hubungan Timbal-Balik Dalam Bentuk Bantuan Tenaga Pada Lingkungan
Sekitarnya .............................................................................................................. 90
Tabel 4.9 Frekuensi Hubungan Timbal-Balik Dalam Bentuk Pinjam-Meminjam
Dana Pada Lingkungan Sekitar ............................................................................. 92
Tabel 4.10 Frekuensi Menurunkan Pengetahuan Dalam Berdagang Oleh Keluarga............ 94
Tabel 4.11 Frekuensi Bertukar Informasi Mengenai berdagang ........................................... 96
Tabel 4.12 Frekuensi Informasi Yang Didapat Pada Saat Berkumpul-kumpul .................... 97
Tabel 4.13 Frekuensi Pedagang Mengatasi Permasalahan Yang Diahadapi ........................ 99
Tabel 4.14 Frekuensi Pedagang Dalam Menyesuaikan Perubahan Oleh Pembangunan ...... 100
Tabel 4.15 Frekuensi Perubahan Yang Dibuat Agar Dapat Bertahan .................................. 102
Tabel 4.16 Tabel Summary Modal Sosial ............................................................................ 104
Tabel 4.17 Tabel Anova Modal Sosial ................................................................................ 105
Tabel 4.18 Tabel Coeficients Modal Sosial ......................................................................... 105
Tabel 4.19 Tabel Summary Networking ............................................................................... 106
Tabel 4.20 Tabel Anova Networking .................................................................................... 107
Tabel 4.21 Tabel Coefficients Networking ........................................................................... 107
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Tabel 4.22 Tabel Summary Trust ......................................................................................... 108
Tabel 4.23 Tabel Annova Trust ............................................................................................ 109
Tabel 4.24 Tabel Coefficients Trust ..................................................................................... 109
Tabel 4.25 Tabel Summary Reciprocity ............................................................................... 110
Tabel 4.26 Tabel anova Reciprocity .................................................................................... 111
Tabel 4.27 Tabel Coefficient Reciprocity............................................................................. 111
Tabel 4.28 Tabel Summary Information Sharing ................................................................. 112
Tabel 4.29 Tabel Anova Information Sharing ..................................................................... 113
Tabel 4.30 Tabel Coefficient Information Sharing .............................................................. 113
Tabel 4.31 Tabel Tabulasi Silang Modal Sosial & Ketahanan Usaha ................................. 116
Tabel 4.32 Tabel Tabulasi Silang Networking & Ketahanan Usaha .................................... 123
Tabel 4.33 Tabel Tabulasi Silang Trust & Ketahanan Usaha .............................................. 126
Tabel 4.34 Tabel Tabulasi Silang Reciprocity & Ketahanan Usaha .................................... 128
Tabel 4.35 Tabel Tabulasi Silang Information Sharing & Ketahana Usaha....................... 130
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Halaman
Gambar 4.1 Gerbang Tempat Penelitian ............................................................................... 73
Gambar 4.2 Peta Lokasi Pasar Terapung Muara Kuin .......................................................... 74
Gambar 4.3 Pengaruh Setiap Variabel .................................................................................. 114
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Glossarium
Absorptive Capacity : Kemampuan dalam menyerap
Adaptability : Kemampuan dalam beradaptasi
Balance Reciprocity : Resiprositas sebanding (hubungan timbal balik yang
dilakukan dengan sesuai perjanjian yang pasti)
Batang : Dermaga kecil pada rumah-rumah warga
Bonding : Merupakan bagian modal sosial yang mengikat
Bridging : Merupakan bagian modal sosial yang menjebatani
Capital : Modal
Coping Capacity : Kemampuan dalam mengatasi
Contributor : Pemberi kontribusi
Embededness : Keterlekatan
Faith : Iman
Feedback : Umpan- balik
Freedom Of Choice : Kebebasan memilih
Generelized Reciprocity : Resiprositas umum
Human Error : Kesalahan manusia
Information Sharing : Berbagi informasi
Jukung : Sebutan perahu tradisional oleh masyarakat Banjar
Klotok : Sebutan perahu bermesin oleh masyarakat Banjar
Linking : Merupakan bagian modal sosial yang menghubungkan
Networking : Jaringan
Persistence : Kegigihan
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Profit : Keuntungan
Resillience : Ketahanan (kemampuan menghadapi perubahan)
Social Capital : Modal sosial (bentuk investasi hubungan sosial)
Social Network : Jaringan sosial
Survival : Bertahan hidup
Survivalbility : Kemampuan bertahan
Survival Rate : tingkat bertaha hidup
Thin Trust : Kepercayaan pada jaringan yang lebih luas
Thick Trust : Kepercayaan yang baru terbentuk
Transformability : Kemampuan tranformasi
Transformative Capacity : Kapasitas dalam bertranformasi
Trust : Kepercayaan