Penaeus monodon

Grow – out

Culture

Members: Sargadillos. Rowelyn

Cercado, Ritchel Carillo, Sherlyn Reyes, Donna

Rabadon, Axl Rose Corvera, Elvin Bert Castro, Amy rutche

Lapez, Christine

Outline• Scientific Classification

• Overview of the Grow-out Techniques• Production Cycle• Prawn Physiology

• Geographical Location• Pond Preparation for Soil and Water

• Soil and Water Management• Prawn Feed

• Prawn Harvest• Diseases and Control Measures

Scientific ClassificationKingdom Animalia

Phylum Arthropoda

Subphylum Crustacea

Class Malacostraca

Order Decapoda

Suborder Dendrobranchiata

Family Penaeidae

Genus Penaeus

Species P. monodon

Binomial Name

Penaeus monodonFabricius, 1798

Grow-out Techniques OverviewExtensive Semi- intensive Intensive

Measures < 5 ha (tidal areas) Measures 1-5 ha Measures 0.1- 1.0 ha (non- tidal areas)

Wild seed stocked at density at 2/m2 Density 5-20 PL/m2 Density at 20-60PL/m2

Natural food and enhanced with chem.fertilizers

Water exchange by tide & by pumpingFeed enhanced w/ fertilization,

artificial feeds is common

Completely drained &dried, heavy aeration, artificial feed w/ feed tray

check, reduce water exchange to lower risks of viruses

>50g, harvested w/in 6mo. or more Yields 500-4000kg/ha/yr Feed & phytoplankton bloom monitored &managed

Yield at 50-500kg/ha/yr Water parameters regularly checked, efficient feed mgt.

Yield of 4,000- 15,000 kg/ha/yr

Production CycleWild broodstock Maturation tank (1-3 mo.)

(eyestalk ablation) Re- maturation

spawning eggs (external fertilization)

Spawning

Nauplii Nauplii (2 days)

Hatchery (12-18 hrs)

Protozoea (4.5 days)

Larval Rearing tank (26-31days)

Mysis (4 days)

Postlarvae

Postlarvae (15-20 days)

Adult Intensive Semi-intensive Wild seed Extensive

Adult

Harvest Adult

Prawn Physiology

Different Phases of Life CycleA. Embryo -start from fertilization period through (2,4,8,16,32 celled) morula,blastula, and gastrula up to hatching.

Fertilized Eggs

B. Larva - planktonic in behavior occurring offshore. At this stage the 6th abdominal segment is relatively

longer than the carapace length.

Newly hatched larvae- Nauplius Second stage Larvae- Zoea

3rd Stage _ Mysis 4th Stage _ Post larvae

1 and ½ old larvae

C. Juvenile

transparent with dark brown streak;

postlarva or fry in earlier stage;

fingerling in later stage;

start crawling using pereiopods;

swimming using pleopods;

start inhabit the brackish area, nursery ground.

D. Adolescent

body proportion same as adult;

sexes can be identified;

males possessing a jointed petasma;

females possessing adult- like thelycum.

E. Sub- adult

• begin at the onset of sexual maturity,

• male possessing spermatozoa in the terminal ampules

• female possess spermatozoa in thelycum

• spermatozoa by copulation

F. Adult

• completion of sexual maturity;

• male possess spermatozoa in paired terminal ampoules;

• female start to spawn;

• second and more copulations occur.

Life cycle

1.Spawner2.Roe3.Nauplius4.Zoea5.Mysis6.Post larva7.Fry8.Adult

Biological Reproduction and Development

Sex Differentiation

Courtship and Mating Behavior

Maturation Stages of Ovarian

Embryo

Larval Stage

PRAWN INTERNAL ORGANS

Lateral view of Adult Penaeus monodon with their Technical Terminology

COMPARISON OF PRAWN BODY COLOR DURING MOLTING PROCESS STAGE

• Prawn a- newly molted; majority blue and minority black color on shell white stripes across body segment.

• Prawn b - second day after molting process stage, minority black color of the soft shell

• Prawn c- fourth day after the molting, shell is light green turn to very light blue color; light yellow color stripes on the body segment.

• Prawn d- in the matured stage after molting, shell is hard and light green yellow color across the body.

Four Pieces of Prawn with Different Body Color During Molting Process

Geographical Location

Important Terms in the CultureSoil Material things found in the area; houses, trees, and other things which cannot be moved.

Soil quality kinds of soil e.g., sandy, clay, loam etc.; directly affect prawn culture.

Soil gaseous also soil heat; hot gas that emits from earth surface; affect the water quality to change; temperature, color, growth of the microorganisms, and taste and smell in the water.

Kinds of SoilClay loam – very sticky; dike is not easily destroyed, however,

pond bottom cannot absorb contaminated water that becomes acidic causing prawn sickness.

Mangrove type – worst kind of soil, has no advantages at all.

Sandy clay and sandy loan – most suitable for prawn culture as it has faster growth, most ideal pH and decreases the onset of prawn diseases.

Rocky type – has high pH, very difficult to control pond bottom as it easily causes algae and microorganism growth in pond bottom.

Criteria for site selectionCost cheap in terms of land, equipment, labor, management, construction materials. Fry Availabilitynearby areasEnvironmental FactorsWater; salinity (25-30ppt), temperature (25-30°C), pH (7-9), D.O. (5ppm);Soil pH (6.5 and above).Geographical Location free from flood and typhoon for continuous operation whole year round.

Transportation convenient and accessible to pond site.

Electrical power must be adequately available.

Feeds, chemicals and medicines, and fertilizer can be supplied easily.

Peace and order good.

Pond site free from water polluted sources such as industrial, agricultural and domestic wastes, etc.

Ideal Location for Grow – out PondPond site

situated above the highest tide of the river to avoid flood problems, near the sea coast and river banks, accessible to vehicle to facilitate transportation of fry, feeds, and other

materials from the pond to buyer’s station vice versa

Water source from a river or sea from the deep wells, free from all types of pollution.

Water quality filtered through filtration system to get rid of all types of small aquatic life

(small eggs, fishes, and shrimps).

Pond Preparation for Soil and Water

Informations needed before stocking:

• Necessary specification of fry and water condition upon stocking.

• Acclimation of the fry.

• Water salinity, maximum difference in salinity is 2 ppt.

• Water temperature, the maximum difference is 2°C.

• Time of stocking; morning (6-9 am)[preferable], afternoon (5-9 pm).

• Paddle wheel must be activated; at least 3 – 4 hours a day for 2-3 days before stocking date, and 3-4 hours before the stocking of fry,to ensure adequate D.O.

• Fry counting;select any one bag and count the fry head. The total number of fry counted from this bag represent the quantity of the other uncounted bags.

Fry acclimation

important step before stocking fry to pond;

purpose is to make the both transport and pond water condition (temperature and salinity) to be same (or almost same) to minimize stress on the fry.

Stocking Procedure1. Stocking time between 6-9 AM when the water temperature is

low (around 26°C), avoid stocking during cloudy and rainy days to prevent D.O. problems.

2. Float the plastic bags containing the fry in the pond water for at least 15 – 20 minutes to equalize the water temperature in the bag and in the pond.

3. Open the bags carefully once the temperature difference is 1 – 2°C, ready to check the salinity.

4. If the salinity difference is within the range of 3- 5 ppt, then the fry are ready to be released into the pond.

5. If the salinity and temperature difference between bag and pond

are great, add pond water gradually into the plastic bags to about 1/3 of the total original volume, then let it stand for 10 – 15 minutes. Observe the behavior of the fry before releasing them into the pond.

6. In releasing, the fry should be distributed evenly throughout the pond to avoid overcrowding and cannibalism. A healthy fry will swim in different direction upon release into the pond.

Medicines for the Prevention and Control of Prawn Diseases

DAIMETIN• volcanic mineral design formulated for aquaculture • spread on ponds to purify and sanitize water• improves water quality by absorbing ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and other toxic pollutants.

TAN- PAX- SO• is a complete fertilizer (contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) and other trace elements

• improves growth of plankton and lablab.• applied on the pond bottom before water is allowed to enter

• controls water pH.

HAI- CHON- POR• organic chemical kills unwanted algae in water

• fosters growth of harmful fungi, protozoa, and bacteria.

F.G.C. MYCIN• prawn medicine appears to be expensive • application rate is only 1 kilogram per hectare.

Soil and Water Management (Intensive Method)

DISSOLVED OXYGEN feeding rate, D.O.

3-7 ppm- ideal D.O. concentrations lower than 2 ppm D.O.- prawns are stressedAt 1 ppm D.O.- prawns died

Before Stocking:aeration- begins several weeks before stocking to condition pond D.O.

Whole season:D.O.- recorded in the morning and afternoon; (low D.O.- before sunrise, high D.O.- late afternoon)

6 AM and 4 PM- ideal D.O. checking times

D.O. decrease by 1ppm in 3 AM- aeration is needed shortly after midnight

pH (potential hydrogen)

9.0 pH- prawns are stressed

above 9.5 pH- prawns died

increasing pH- caused by metabolism of microscopic plants (phytoplanktons), or “ALGAL BLOOM”

pH Cycle (Narrative)

•Bloom consumes CO2 through photosynthesis, since CO2 in water forms weak acid (low pH), as it is removed by photosynthesis, pond pH tends to rise at daytime. As sun goes down, photosynthesis ceases, pH falls as plants doesn’t utilized CO2.

Factors affecting pH concentrations

•How dense a phytoplankton bloom;•How well the water is buffered.

pH Management continued…Before stocking:•Add 1-2 tons of agricultural lime- after the pond is built

Whole season:•˂ 50 ppm pH- add agricultural lime at a rate of 1-2 tons/acre

Remember when you get a pH at 9.5, it is too late to look for things you needed.

Practices in Lowering pHMaterial Amount Mechanism and/or

Remarks

Corn (cracked) 30 lbs/ acre/2 weeks Starch in corn produce CO2 as it

breaks down in water producing a

weak acid and lowering pH.

Sugar 10-20 lbs/ acre/day Used as a purer and quicker dissolving

source of carbohydrate.

Gypsum 400 lbs/ acre Added to water when pH reaches 9.0 .

Ammonia • Ammonia is produced from excreted wastes and feed

decomposition. ammonia toxicity, pH and temperature.

Restrictions on Total Ammonia• pH 9.0- total ammonia should not exceed at 1ppm• pH 8.0- total ammonia should not exceed at 2 ppm• 0.3 ppm- toxic ammonia (un-ionized) should not exceed

at this level

Ammonia

feeding rates, flushing amount of water

How does fertilizer helps lower the ammonia?Fertilizer is added to water to enhance phytoplankton which can indirectly lower the ammonia by consuming it as a nutrient, however pH increases. Thus, it is important to control amount of fertilizers to be added.

Nitrite•50 lbs of NaCl / acre-foot of pond volume- added at the start of growing season and maintained the whole season.

•1 acre, 4 ft. depth pond- 4 sacks or packs × 50 lbs of NaCl= 11 ppm chloride

•Above 3 ppm Nitrite- more salt is needed.

Alkalinity and Hardness• Total alkalinity – indicates quantity of base present in the water-bicarbonates, carbonates, phosphates, and hydroxides.

• Hardness- overall concentration of divalent salts present (calcium, magnesium, and iron) but doesn’t identify which of these elements are source of hardness

• pH- determination of whether water is acid, neutral, or base.

• alkalinity- ability to resist large changes in pH (or buffering)

• Ca and Mg- most common sources of water hardness

Alkalinity20 mg/ L of total alkalinity- lower than this, pH swings from 6-10.

50-150 mg/L- suggested range of total alkalinity concentrations.

Hardness50-150 mg/L- suggested range of calcium hardness concentrations

Why Calcium?

• Calcium hardness- is critical component of water hardness.

• Calcium (Ca) – essential in biological processes of aquatic animals; molting process, affects the hardening of newly formed shell.

If all is well, prawns will stay on the bottom of the pond.

Increasing Alkalinity and Hardness in Ponds

Condition Action Effect

Below 50 mg/L concentrations of

alkalinity

Apply agricultural limestone

Both alkalinity and hardness increase

Above 50 mg/L concentrations of

alkalinity

Apply agricultural gypsum

Both alkalinity and hardness increase

Water Salinity• the normal condition of salinity is between 15 ppt to 25 ppt.

DAYS

Temperature • 25°C- 32°C – optimum temperature range for prawns• ˂ 19°C and above 34°C – survival is shortened • 13°C – death occurs quickly

DAYS

Prawn Feed

Nutrient Requirement•Formulated diet

•Nutrient requirement of the formulated diet

Characteristics of a Good Prawn DietProvides essential nutrients in amounts specified in formulated

diet.Supplied in suitable combinations of ingredients. Adequate in feed attractant.Contains essential palatability.Could digest and absorb the feed nutrients.Has rich sources of amino acids, vitamins and minerals, sufficient

calcium.Doesn’t easily dissolve in water, could last for 12 hours without

changing its shape. Does not contaminate the water quality.

Feed Quality Control

Nutritional quality and the cost for different feed ingredients vary with wide ranges.

That is why it is necessary to analyze continuously the quality of the feed produced and feed ingredient level to

be used to assure that they correspond to the specification necessary in the feed formulations.

Protein and Vitamin Supplements

• Protein – main essential nutrient for promoting health and maintain life. In general, the protein requirement for prawn feed is about 35 – 50%.

• Lipid – functions; supply of energy, supply of essential fatty acid, economize in protein, digestive enzymes.

• Carbohydrate – needed for producing energy. The amount of carbohydrate in the diet is about 20 – 30%.

• Energy – protein, lipid, and carbohydrate are decomposed, digested, and absorbed then produce energy for growth and metabolism. The energy rate is about 3 – 3.85 Kcal/g for prawn.

• Vitamins – essential vitamins for P. monodon are Vitamin A, D, E, K, B1, B2, B6, B1, C, Niacin, folic acid, panthothenic acid, choline, inositol, biotin, etc.

• Vitamin D – promote absorption of calcium and phosphorus and also involves in the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus to form the outer shell of the prawn.

• Vitamin E – maintains muscular and peripheral vascular system in normal state. Will prevent Vitamin A or lipid being oxidized and destroyed. Recommended ratio in the diet is about 280 – 500ppm.

• Vitamin K – some function is related to co- enzyme Q for its structure is similar to the latter, acceptor on oxidative phosphorylation reaction for promoting metabolism. Recommended rate of vit. K is 10 – 20 ppm.

• Inositol- functions is still not clear but if its lacking in the feed the prawn will lose its appetite or stop growing and cause some physiological diseases. Ratio for prawn feed is about 200 – 500 ppm.

• Copper – has a positive influence on the activity of he enzymes in the formulated diet, also an essential element for synthesis of blood – corpuscle protein in the prawn body. Content in the prawn diet is about 170-320 ppm.

• Zinc – has important physiological function for some enzyme such as carbonic anhydrase, alkaline phosphatase.

Types of Prawn Feed

• Natural food- Lab- lab, and other planktonic organisms.

• Wet food such as trash fish, mussel meal etc., traditionally fed to growing prawns.

• Artificial feeds are available for growth, and tested under laboratory and pond conditions.

Why does Wet Foods are not used as full diet?

Water quality is affected and cause unhealthy environment.

Survival rate is unpredictable.

Feed’s quality is inconsistent and is often nutritionally limited.

Their price fluctuates because their supply is highly variable.

Advantages of Feed PelletsSufficient and well- balanced additives vitamins, amino acids, minerals, and trace elements for the nutritional requirements.

Water quality is easily maintained.

Ability to hold its shape in water for at least 12 hours.

Can be made into different sizes, as small pellets for smaller prawns and big pellets for bigger prawns.

Pelletized feed are extremely stable and can be stored for a long period of time.

Prawn Harvest

Methods of Harvesting Prawn

Traditional method- commonly applied by extensive, semi- extensive, and intensive system of culture in the Philippines

• partial harvest- it is not necessary to drain the pond water if the quantity is small; the harvest procedure is simply throw over the cast net on the pond surface

• total harvest- following steps are followed by semi- intensive and intensive culture:

1. Reduce the water depth to 80 cm one day before the harvest date.

2. Harvest net is properly attached and installed into the water gate of the drain canal.

3. Remaining prawns left at the pond bottom can be harvested manually by hand picking them up.

4. Prepare two tanks half- filled with water, one tank is for washing and the other is for chilling the prawns.

5. After washing the prawns it must be transferred immediately to the chilling tank.

6. From the chilling tank, prawns are transferred to the sorting table to classify them according to size.

7. Classified prawns are packed in styropor boxes with alternate layers of ice and prawns to preserve temporarily for transportation.

Note: To avoid soft shell, the harvest time must be within 4 hours only. One day before harvest, check the prawn by using cast net if soft- shell is plenty, delay the harvest date 3-5 days to assure better quality.

Electric shocker method- is commonly used in Taiwan and Japan especially for prawn harvest. It is composed of metal wire frame and drag- net battery and transformer. Installed in the frame are brass wires or rods composed of positive and negative electrodes installed alternately, the wiring is insulated against water.

Diseases and Control MeasuresDisease Preventive Measures

White Spot (WSD), WSSV, WSBV Screening of broodstock, nauplii, and grow-out stages; avoid rapid water exchange, shrimp

stress, use of fresh feeds; treating with 30 ppm chlorine; disinfect equipment.

Yellowhead (YHD), YHV, YBV, YHDBV Broodstock, postlarvae screening; avoid changes in water pH, alkalinity, dissolved O2 , fresh aquatic

feeds, proper cleaning before stocking; hatcheries would be disinfected with 30 ppm

chlorine.

Baculoviral Midgut Gland Necrosis (BMN) Wash fertile eggs by running clean seawater through soft gauze

Nuclear Polyhedrosis Baculoviroses (MBV) Reduce density and use of chemical and environmentally- induced stress; prevent

fertilized egg contamination from spawners faeces by washing in formalin or iodophore

treated seawater; culture facility disinfection; stock removal and sterilization.

REFERENCESᴥ Prawn Culture Scientific and Practical Approach,

Dr. Chen Kong Jung and Engr. William G. Co, Westpoint Aquaculture Corporation,1988.

ᴥKentucky State University Prawn Production Manual, Robert M. Durborow, Ph.D., Sid Dasgupta, Ph.D., William A. Wurts Ph.D., Forest Wynne, Leigh anne Bright, and Aaron VanArnum., Kentucky State University Aquaculture Program, 2002.

ᴥFisheries and Agriculture Organization Manual, 2006.

Domo

Arigato

Gozaimasu

Mina

san..!!!!

Nomu Kamsahamnida…!!!