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![Page 1: PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA UAP - …knowledgecenter.ptpp.co.id/app/assets/upload/files/42c03c7cf4b548d... · prinsip dasar kerja & Heat Transfer Boiler Condenser Pompa Boiler Rumus](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022082203/5a6fbae47f8b9a98538b54b0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK TENAGA UAP
Prepared by: anonymous
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Siklus Rankine Ideal
Siklus Rankine Ideal pada diagram P-V & T-s
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Siklus Regeneratif
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Proses pada PLTU
Energi Primer
(Bahan Bakar)
Energi Panas
(Kalor) pada Boiler
Energi
Listrik Energi Mekanik (Turbin Uap)
Dibakar
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Prinsip PLTU
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prinsip dasar kerja & Heat Transfer
Boiler Condenser
Pompa
Boiler
Rumus dasar :
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Performance Parameter
Efisiensi thermal :
Back work ratio :
or
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Skema PLTU Batu Bara
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Contoh PLTU Batu Bara
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Gambar Coal Handling System Layout
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PERALATAN UTAMA COAL HANDDLING SYSTEM 1. Ship Unloader 2. Conveyor 3. Stock Pile Area ( Reclaim Hopper ) 4. Transfer House (TH) 5. Travelling Tripper 6. Vibrating Feeder 7. Teleschopic Chute 8. Magnetic Separator 9. Gate 10. Belt Scale 11. Dust Collector
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TRAVELLING TRIPPER FUNGSI
sebagai alat untuk mengarahkan batu bara saat masuk ke silo.
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VIBRATING FEEDER
FUNGSI : alat penggetar batu bara sehingga batu bara bisa turun ke conveyor dari stock pile.
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Pulverizer Coal
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CONVEYOR
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1. Desalination pump 2. Desalination water plant 3. Booster pump 4. Feed Water Tank 5. Demin plant 6. Condensor 7. Low Pressure Heater
8. Deaerator 9. Boiler Feed Pump 10. High Pressure Heater 11. Economizer 12. Steam drum 13. Furnace 14. superheater
15. Turbin uap 16. Heavy unloading oil 17 .Residual tank 18. Residual tank 19. Heater 20. Fuel pump 21. FDF
22. Air heater 23. Stack 24. Generator 25. Step up transformator 26. switchyard 27. Saluran transmissi
Contoh PLTU
PJB UP Gresik
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Ketel Uap (Boiler)
Bagian-bagian Boiler :
Pipa air (Tube water wall)
Ruang Bakar (Furnace)
Burner
Drum Uap (Steam Drum)
Economizer
Evaporator
Pemanas Lanjut (Superheater)
Pemanas ulang (Reheater)
Steam drum
burner
Boiler tubes
Sight glass
furnace
Pompa
bahan bakar
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Contoh ketel uap batu bara
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Sirkulasi Air pada Boiler Secara
(a) Natural (b) Paksa
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Ada 2 cara menentukan efisiensi Boiler, berdasar HHV dan LHV.
Berdasar HHV, losses dibagi menjadi:
1. Dry gas loss, L1
2. Loss due to combustion of Hydrogen and moisture in fuel, L2
3. Loss due to moisture in air, L3
4. Radiation Loss, L4. American Boiler Manufacturers Association (ABMA) chart [7]. Estimasi cepat harga L4 :
5. Unaccounted losses or a margin, L5
Maka efisiensinya :
Keterangan : wdg = dry flue gas produced, lb/lb fuel
wda = dry air requred, lb/lb fuel
H2 , W = hydrogen and moisture in fuel, fraction
M = moisture in air, lb/lb dry air
tg, ta = temperatur of flue gas and air, oF
Q = duty in MM Btu/h
Unjuk kerja Boiler
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Berdasar LHV, losses dibagi menjadi:
1. Wet flue gas loss,
Cp untuk wet flue gas memiliki nilai dari 0.26 – 0.27
2. Radiation loss,
3. Unaccounted losses, margin
Maka efisiensinya :
Jika analisa bahan bakar tidak diketahui, maka :
1. Untuk natural gas
2. Untuk oil
Unjuk kerja Boiler
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Unjuk kerja Boiler
Kapasitas Boiler
Daya kuda Boiler [standard ASTM (1889)]
Keterangan :
EA = Excess Air factor (1.15 berarti 15 % excess air)
𝛥T = mperbedaan temperatur keluar dengan temperatur ambient
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Tipe Superheater
Gambar Lokasi convective dan radiant superheater : 1. Superheater 2. Burner 3. Screen evaporator
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Economiser
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Alat Bantu Boiler
Force Draft Fan (FDF)
Gas Injection Fan (GIF)
Residu Oil Transfer Pump
Residual Oil Storage Service Tank
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Pompa
Head pompa
Water Horse Power (WHP)
Brake Horse Power (BHP)
Keterangan : P = tekanan (atm) V = Kecepatan air m2
Z = ketinggian (m)
H = head total (m) Hloss = losses total (mayor dan minor) (m) g = r.g (N/m3)
Q = Flowrate/debit (gpm)
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Turbin Uap
Alat-alat bantu Turbin :
Boiler Feed Pump (BFP)
Raw Water Tank
Water Treatment Supply Pump
Make Up Water Transfer Pump
Condensate Pump
Circulating Water Pump (CWP)
Priming Vacuum Pump
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Gangguan pada Turbin
Skema pelumasan pada Turbin
kekurangan/kebocoran lubricating oil
Oli digunakan untuk mendinginkan bearing dan melumasi bearing
pada turbin dan generator. Tidak adanya lubrikasi akan menyebabkan
keausan pada bearing.
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Tekanan yang tinggi pada exhaust Turbin (Low condenser vacuum) akan menyebabkan terjadinya overheating dan dapat terjadi kerusakan. Temperatur steam exhaust LP tinggi
Jika vacuum rendah dan spray water system akan digunakan untuk menjaga blade turbin agar tetap dingin. Temperatur exhaust steam menjadi indikasi spray water system. Spray water bertindak sebagai sarana proteksi. kehilangan listrik pada Governor Overspeed trip
Skema low condenser vacuum & temperatur steam LP exhaust tinggi
Gangguan pada Turbin
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Condensor
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Condensor
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Condensor
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Feed water heater
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Feed water heater
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Deaerator
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Cooling tower
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Tujuan :
1. Mempertahankan efisiensi
2. Mempertahankan keandalan
3. Mempertahankan umur ekonomis
Pemeliharaan (Maintenance)
Contoh kerusakan
1. Kerusakan sudu-sudu turbin
2. kebocoran pada kondensor
3. Vibrasi yang berlebihan pada fwp
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Pemeliharaan (Maintenance)
Pemeliharaan Jangka Pendek
1. First Line Maintenance (FLM)
2. Preventive Maintenance (PM)
3. Predictive Maintenance (PD)
4. Corrective Maintenance (CM)
5. Emergency Maintenance (EM)
Pemeliharaan Jangka Panjang
1. Overhaul / Inspection (OH)
2. Repair/Rehabilitasi (RP)
3. Engineering/Project/Modification (EJ)
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Masalah pada maintenance kondensor dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 3 item sbb :
1. Fall of vacuum
Fall in vacuum, akan meningkatkan head loss pada tube dan meningkatkan
perbedaan temperatur antara uap air dan outlet dari air pendingin yang diakibatkan
oleh kontaminasi.
2. Kontaminasi dengan air pendinginan (air laut)
Kontaminasi dengan air akan menimbulkan korosi, masuknya benda asing (misal
kulit kerang, lumpur, dll) yang bisa menyebabkan penyumbatan tube.
3. Penurunan kemurnian air kondensat
Bisa disebabkan oleh kebocoran pada tube, pada sambungan (joint).
Maintenance pada Condenser
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Maintenance pada Condenser
Untuk memperpanjang umur dari tube kondensor,ada beberapa metode sbb :
Tapproge ball cleaning (seminggu sekali)
Menggunakan bola bola tapproge berdiameter suaian sesak dengan tube
Backwashing of cooling water (setiap hari)
Dilakukan dengan cara mengatur valve pada inlet dan outlet
Chlorination treatment of cooling water (kontinyu)
Untuk mencegah masuknya benda hidup/organisme
Prevention of flowing in of foreign matter
Dilakukan dengan memasang filter Debris pada sisi inlet
Cathodic protection (kontinyu)
Untuk mencegah korosi
Ferrous sulfate injection (setiap hari)
Untuk melapisi sisi dalam tube dengan Ferrous
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Tapproge ball cleaning
1. Strainer
2. Pressure Differential
3. Ball Collector
4. Ball reciculating pump
5. Ball reciculating monitor (ball sorter)
6. Ball injector
7.Inlet water
8.Valve
9. Connector pipe
10.Pipe
Tapproge ball
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Air Heater
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Water Treatment Plant
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Kelebihan & Kekurangan PLTU
Kelebihan :
1. Efisiensi tinggi dengan memggunakan waste heat utilization
2. Hasil pembangkitan steam dapat digunakan untuk proses produksi
3. Biaya bahan bakar lebih murah
4. Biaya pemeliharaan lebih murah
Kekurangan :
1. Membutuhkan penanganan air umpan yang akan masuk ke dalam boiler
2. Menghasilkan limbah batu bara yang memerlukan penanganan khusus
3. Menghasilkan polutan-polutan yang lebih tinggi
4. Membutuhkan area yang lebih luas
5. Kurang terhadap fluktuasi beban
6. Start up membutuhkan waktu yang relatif lama