“Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

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Transcript of “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

Page 1: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.
Page 2: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.
Page 3: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

““Peking Man”Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE)(750,000 – 500,000 BCE)

““Peking Man”Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE)(750,000 – 500,000 BCE)

SinanthropusSinanthropuspekinesispekinesis

Page 4: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

Yellow River (aka Huang Yellow River (aka Huang He) CivilizationHe) Civilization

Yellow River (aka Huang Yellow River (aka Huang He) CivilizationHe) Civilization

Page 5: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

Neolithic Neolithic PotteryPottery

Neolithic Neolithic PotteryPottery

3000 BCE 3000 BCE toto

2000 BCE2000 BCE

Page 6: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

The 4 Old-World The 4 Old-World River Valley River Valley

CulturesCultures

The 4 Old-World The 4 Old-World River Valley River Valley

CulturesCultures

Page 7: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

Pan-Gu: Pan-Gu: Mythical Mythical Creator of the Creator of the

UniverseUniverse

Pan-Gu: Pan-Gu: Mythical Mythical Creator of the Creator of the

UniverseUniverse

Page 8: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

Plaque, Plaque, 1700 1700 BCEBCE

Plaque, Plaque, 1700 1700 BCEBCE

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Page 10: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

Shang: Shang: c1523-1028 c1523-1028 BCEBCE

Shang: Shang: c1523-1028 c1523-1028 BCEBCE

Page 11: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

• Originated in the Huang He (Yellow) River Valley• Moved westward toward Gansu and south past

Yangtze River• Dominated by warrior aristocracy (self-indulgent)• King and court ruled central area

– Constantly on move to promote loyalty

• Aristocrats=generals, ambassadors, supervisors • Distant regions governed by local elites who

swore allegiance to king

Page 12: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

• Term barbarian emerges (people who were not Shang, nomads)

• POWs served as slaves• Capital – Anyang

– Religious and political center– Massive walls of pounded earth– Palaces, royal tombs, shrines to gods and ancestors

• Common People– Agri villages (Pounded earth, wooden posts, dried

mud)– Early feng shui placement of village/city entrances

Page 13: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

Writing

Pictograms and phonetic symbols combined to form 100s of signs

Mastered by small # of elites

Similar today (unlike Meso and Egypt’s written language that evolved into simpler alphabetic scripts

• Animal bones, turtle shells heated cracks priestly interpretation of symbols written language

Page 14: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

Oracle BonesOracle BonesOracle BonesOracle Bones

Page 15: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

The Evolution of The Evolution of ChineseChinese

Writing during the Writing during the ShangShang

The Evolution of The Evolution of ChineseChinese

Writing during the Writing during the ShangShang

PictograpPictographshs

Semantic-Semantic-PhoneticsPhonetics

Page 16: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

Oracle Bones Oracle Bones CalendarCalendar

Oracle Bones Oracle Bones CalendarCalendar

Page 17: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

Kingship and Religion• King: intermediary b/w gods and people• Shang royalty and aristocracy worshipped

spirits of male ancestors• Believed ancestors were interested in their

fortunes and had direct link to gods• Divination

– Sacrifices in order to win divine favor– Human and animal sacrifices for king’s

burial• Nobles, women, servants, soldiers, pow’s

Page 18: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

Technologies• Bronze = authority and nobility

– Not plentiful in China– Bronze weaponry and Bronze vessels

(used in rituals)– Artisan class worked the bronze

• Cast and molded items (weapons, chariot fittings, musical instruments, vessels)

• Trade developed across China– Imports (jade, ivory, mother of pearl, carved

figures

Page 19: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

Shang Shang BronzesBronzesShang Shang

BronzesBronzes

Page 20: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

Ritual Wine Vessel Ritual Wine Vessel – bronze, – bronze, 13c BCE13c BCE

Ritual Wine Vessel Ritual Wine Vessel – bronze, – bronze, 13c BCE13c BCE

Page 21: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

Axe Scepter – Axe Scepter – 1100 BCE1100 BCE - jade- jade

Axe Scepter – Axe Scepter – 1100 BCE1100 BCE - jade- jade

Ceremonial Dagger – Ceremonial Dagger – 1028 BCE1028 BCE

Ceremonial Dagger – Ceremonial Dagger – 1028 BCE1028 BCE

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ShanShangg

UrnUrn

ShanShangg

UrnUrn

Page 23: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

Bronze Age Bronze Age EmpiresEmpires

Bronze Age Bronze Age EmpiresEmpires

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Page 25: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

Western Zhou:Western Zhou: 1027-771 BCE1027-771 BCE

Western Zhou:Western Zhou: 1027-771 BCE1027-771 BCE

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Eastern Zhou:Eastern Zhou: 771-771-256 BCE256 BCE

Eastern Zhou:Eastern Zhou: 771-771-256 BCE256 BCE

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How did the Zhou come to be?

• Last Shang emperor defeated in 11c BCE by Wu, the ruler of the Zhou– Dependent state in Wei river valley

• Preserved Shang culture and developed new elements

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Mandate of Heaven• Used in order to justify new rule• Chief deity = ‘Heaven’• According to theory, the ruler is chosen by

‘Heaven’ and would retain his backing as long as he was a just and wise guardian of his people– Proof = prosperity and stability of kingdom

• Right could be withdrawn in ruler ‘misbehaved’– Proof = corruption, violence, insurrection,

arrogance (displeasure and validated a replacement)

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Zhou Dominance• Maintained Shang rituals

– Decrease in human sacrifices and divination

• Priestly class lost power ( separation of church & state development of philosophical and mystical systems)

• Early Zhou = Western Period– b/c of location of capitals– All major buildings faced south (harmony)

• Decentralized gov’t (like Shang) – Members and allies of royal family governed 100s of

states

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Eastern Zhou• Relocated capital to Loyang in 771

BCE

• Much political fragmentation

• Fierce competition and warfare

• Warring States Period (771-481BCE)– Began using soldiers on horseback

• 600 BCE ironworking appeared 1st to forge steel

• Many bureaucrats (many law codes, direct

taxation of peasants, lg scale public works) Legalism ..Daoism..Confucianism

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Ritual Food Vessel, Ritual Food Vessel, bronze bronze

11c BCE (Western Zhou)11c BCE (Western Zhou)

Ritual Food Vessel, Ritual Food Vessel, bronze bronze

11c BCE (Western Zhou)11c BCE (Western Zhou)

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Pendant of a Dancer - Pendant of a Dancer - jade jade

3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)

Pendant of a Dancer - Pendant of a Dancer - jade jade

3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)3c BCE (Eastern Zhou)

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Ritual Wine Vessel – 4cRitual Wine Vessel – 4cbronze, silver, gold, bronze, silver, gold,

coppercopper

Ritual Wine Vessel – 4cRitual Wine Vessel – 4cbronze, silver, gold, bronze, silver, gold,

coppercopper

Page 34: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

Zhou Coins - Zhou Coins - bronzebronze

Zhou Coins - Zhou Coins - bronzebronze

Page 35: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

““T’ien Ming”T’ien Ming”““T’ien Ming”T’ien Ming”The Mandate of The Mandate of

HeavenHeavenThe Mandate of The Mandate of

HeavenHeaven

1.1.The leader must lead by ability The leader must lead by ability and and virtue. virtue.

2.2.The dynasty's leadership must The dynasty's leadership must be be justified by succeeding justified by succeeding generations.generations.

3.3.The mandate could be revoked The mandate could be revoked by by negligence and abuse; the will negligence and abuse; the will of of the people was important. the people was important.

Page 36: “Peking Man” (750,000 – 500,000 BCE) Sinanthropus pekinesis.

TheDynastic

Cycle

TheDynastic

Cycle

A new dynasty

comes to power.

A new dynasty

comes to power.

Lives of common people improved;

taxes reduced;farming encouraged.

Lives of common people improved;

taxes reduced;farming encouraged.

Problems begin(extensive wars,invasions, etc.)

Problems begin(extensive wars,invasions, etc.)

Taxes increase;men forced towork for army.

Farming neglected.

Taxes increase;men forced towork for army.

Farming neglected.

Govt. increasesspending; corruption.

Govt. increasesspending; corruption.

Droughts,floods,

famines occur.

Droughts,floods,

famines occur.

Poor loserespect for govt.They join rebels

& attack landlords.

Poor loserespect for govt.They join rebels

& attack landlords.

Rebel bands findstrong leader who

unites them.Attack the emperor.

Rebel bands findstrong leader who

unites them.Attack the emperor.

Emperor isdefeated !!

Emperor isdefeated !!

The emperorreforms the govt.& makes it more

efficient.

The emperorreforms the govt.& makes it more

efficient.

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