Peace of Westphalia 1

Peace of Westphalia

Peace of Westphalia

Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster

Ratification of the Peace of Münster (Gerard ter Borch, Münster, 1648)Type Peace treaty

Drafted 1646-1648

Signed 15 May - 24 October 1648

Location Osnabrück and Münster, Westphalia, modern-day Germany

Parties 109

The Peace of Westphalia was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in Osnabrück andMünster. These treaties ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years'War (1568–1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognizing the independence of theDutch Republic.The Peace of Westphalia treaties involved the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III, of the House of Habsburg, theKingdom of Spain, the Kingdom of France, the Swedish Empire, the Dutch Republic, the Princes of the Holy RomanEmpire, and sovereigns of the free imperial cities and can be denoted by two major events.• The signing of the Peace of Münster[1] between the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of Spain on 30 January

1648, officially ratified in Münster on 15 May 1648.•• The signing of two complementary treaties on 24 October 1648, namely:

• The Treaty of Münster (Instrumentum Pacis Monasteriensis, IPM),[2] concerning the Holy Roman Emperorand France and their respective allies.

• The Treaty of Osnabrück (Instrumentum Pacis Osnabrugensis, IPO),[3] concerning the Holy Roman Emperor,the Empire and Sweden and their respective allies.

The treaties resulted from the big diplomatic congress,[4][5] thereby initiating a new system of political order incentral Europe, later called Westphalian sovereignty, based upon the concept of a sovereign state governed by asovereign and establishing a prejudice in international affairs against interference in another nation's domesticbusiness. The treaty not only signalled the end of the perennial, destructive wars that had ravaged Europe, it alsorepresented the triumph of sovereignty over empire, of national rule over the personal writ of the Habsburgs. Thetreaties’ regulations became integral to the constitutional law of the Holy Roman Empire.The treaties did not restore the peace throughout Europe, however. France and Spain remained at war for the nexteleven years. But the peace of Westphalia at least created a basis for national self-determination.

Peace of Westphalia 2

LocationsPeace negotiations between France and the Habsburgs, provided by the Holy Roman Emperor and the Spanish King,were to be started in Cologne in 1636. These negotiations were blocked by France.Cardinal Richelieu of France desired the inclusion of all its allies, whether sovereign or a state within the HolyRoman Empire. In Hamburg and Lübeck, Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire negotiated the Treaty of Hamburg.This was done with the intervention of Richelieu.The Holy Roman Empire and Sweden declared the preparations of Cologne and the Treaty of Hamburg to bepreliminaries of an overall peace agreement. This larger agreement was to be negotiated in Westphalia, in theneighbouring cities of Münster and Osnabrück. Both cities were to be maintained as neutral and demilitarized zonesfor the negotiations. Münster was, since its re-Catholization in 1535, a strictly mono-denominational community. Ithoused the Chapter of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster. Only Roman Catholic worship was permitted. No places ofworship were provided for Calvinists and Lutherans.Osnabrück was a bidenominational Lutheran and Catholic city, with two Lutheran and two Catholic churches for itsmostly Lutheran burghers and exclusively Lutheran city council and the Catholic Chapter of the Prince-Bishopric ofOsnabrück with pertaining other clergy and also other Catholic inhabitants. In the years of 1628-1633 Osnabrück hadbeen subjugated by troops of the Catholic League. The Catholic Prince-Bishop Franz Wilhelm, Count of Wartenbergthen imposed the Counter-Reformation onto the city with many Lutheran burgher families being exiled. While underfollowing Swedish occupation Osnabrücks's Catholics were not expelled, but the city severely suffered fromSwedish war contributions. Therefore Osnabrück hoped for a great relief becoming neutralised and demilitarised.Both cities strove for more autonomy, aspiring to become Free Imperial Cities, so they welcomed the neutralityimposed by the peace negotiations, and the prohibition of all political influence by the warring parties including theiroverlords, the prince-bishops.Since Lutheran Sweden preferred Osnabrück as a conference venue, its peace negotiations with the Empire,including the allies of both sides, took place in Osnabrück. The Empire and its opponent France, including the alliesof each, as well as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands and its opponent Spain (and their respective allies)negotiated in Münster.[6]

DelegationsThe peace negotiations had no exact beginning and ending, because the participating total of 109 delegations nevermet in a plenary session, but dropped in between 1643 and 1646 and left between 1647 and 1649. Between January1646 and July 1647 probably the largest number of diplomats were present. Delegations had been sent by 16European states, sixty-six Imperial States, representing the interests of a total of 140 involved Imperial States, and 27interest groups, representing the interests of a variety of a total of 38 groups.[7]

• The French delegation was headed by Henri II d'Orléans, duc de Longueville and further comprised the diplomatsClaude d'Avaux and Abel Servien.

• The Swedes plenipotentiaries sent Johan Oxenstierna, the son of chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, and Johan AdlerSalvius.

• The head of the delegation of the Holy Roman Empire for both cities was Count Maximilian von Trautmansdorff;in Münster, his aides were Johann Ludwig von Nassau-Hadamar and Isaak Volmar (a lawyer); in Osnabrück, histeam comprised Johann Maximilian von Lamberg and Reichshofrat Johann Krane, a lawyer.

• The Spanish delegation was headed by Gaspar de Bracamonte y Guzmán, and besides included the diplomats andwriters Diego de Saavedra Fajardo, and Bernardino de Rebolledo.

• The papal nuntius in Cologne, Fabio Chigi, and the Venetian envoy Alvise Contarini acted as mediators.• Various Imperial States of the Holy Roman Empire also sent delegations.• Brandenburg sent several representatives, including Vollmar and Joachim Friedrich von Blumenthal.

Peace of Westphalia 3

• The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands sent a delegation of six (including two delegates from the provinceof Holland (Adriaan Pauw) and Willem Ripperda from one of the other provinces;[8] two provinces were notpresent).

• Johann Rudolf Wettstein, the mayor of Basel, represented the Old Swiss Confederacy.

Results

Internal political boundaries

A simplified map of Europe after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

Historical map

The power taken by Ferdinand III incontravention of the Holy Roman Empire'sconstitution was stripped and returned to therulers of the Imperial States. Thisrectification allowed the rulers of theImperial States to independently decide theirreligious worship. Protestants and Catholicswere redefined as equal before the law, andCalvinism was given legal recognition.[9][10]

The Holy See was very displeased at thesettlement, with Pope Innocent X in ZeloDomus Dei reportedly calling it "null, void,invalid, iniquitous, unjust, damnable,reprobate, inane, empty of meaning andeffect for all time".[11]

Tenets

The main tenets of the Peace of Westphaliawere:• All parties would recognize the Peace of

Augsburg of 1555, in which each princewould have the right to determine thereligion of his own state, the optionsbeing Catholicism, Lutheranism, andnow Calvinism (the principle of cuiusregio, eius religio).[9][10]

• Christians living in principalities wheretheir denomination was not theestablished church were guaranteed theright to practice their faith in public during allotted hours and in private at their will.[9]

• General recognition of the exclusive sovereignty of each party over its lands, people, and agents abroad, and eachand

Peace of Westphalia 4

Holy Roman Empire in 1648.

several responsibility for the warlike actsof any of its citizens or agents. Issuanceof unrestricted letters of marque andreprisal to privateers was forbidden.

There were also territorial adjustments:• The independence of the Netherlands and

Switzerland from the Empire wasformally recognized; these territories hadenjoyed de facto independence fordecades.

• The majority of the Peace's terms can beattributed to the work of CardinalMazarin, the de facto leader of France atthe time (the king, Louis XIV, being achild). Not surprisingly, France came outof the war in a far better position thanany of the other participants. France won control of the Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun near Lorraine, andthe cities of the Décapole in Alsace (but not Strasbourg, the Bishopric of Strasbourg, or Mülhausen).

• Sweden received an indemnity of five million talers, used primarily to pay her troops.[12] Sweden further receivedWestern Pomerania (henceforth Swedish Pomerania), Wismar, and the Prince-Bishoprics of Bremen and Verdenas hereditary fiefs, thus gaining a seat and vote in the imperial diet (Reichstag) as well as in the respective circlediets (Kreistag) of the Upper Saxon, Lower Saxon and Westphalian circles.[13] However, the wording of thetreaties was ambiguous:• Whether or not the city of Bremen was included in Swedish Bremen-Verden remained disputed. Facing the

Swedish take-over, Bremen had claimed Imperial immediacy, which was granted by the emperor and thusseparated the city from the surrounding bishopric with the same name. Sweden understood that Bremen wasnevertheless to be ceded to her, and started the Swedish-Bremen wars in 1653/54.[14]

• The treaty also delegated the determination of the Swedish-Brandenburgian border in the Duchy of Pomeraniato the parties. At Osnabrück, both Sweden and Brandenburg had claimed the whole duchy, which had beenunder Swedish control since 1630 despite legal claims of Brandenburgian succession. While the parties settledfor a border in 1653, the underlying conflict continued.[15]

• The treaty ruled that the Dukes of Mecklenburg, owing their re-investiture to the Swedes, cede Wismar and theMecklenburgian port tolls. While Sweden understood this to include the tolls of all Mecklenburgian ports, theMecklenburgian dukes as well as the emperor understood this to refer to Wismar only.[15]

• Wildeshausen, a petty exclave of Bremen-Verden and fragile basis for Sweden's seat in the Westphalian circlediet, was also claimed by the Bishopric of Münster.[15]

• Bavaria retained the Palatinate's vote in the Imperial Council of Electors (which elected the Holy RomanEmperor), which it had been granted by the ban on the Elector Palatine Frederick V in 1623. The Prince Palatine,Frederick's son, was given a new, eighth electoral vote.

• The Palatinate was divided between the re-established Elector Palatine Charles Louis (son and heir of FrederickV) and Elector-Duke Maximilian of Bavaria, and thus between the Protestants and Catholics. Charles Louisobtained the Lower Palatinate, along the Rhine, while Maximilian kept the Upper Palatinate, to the north ofBavaria.

• Brandenburg-Prussia (later Prussia) received Farther Pomerania, and the Bishoprics of Magdeburg, Halberstadt,Kammin, and Minden.

Peace of Westphalia 5

• The succession to the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, who had died out in 1609, was clarified. Jülich,Berg, and Ravenstein were given to the Count Palatine of Neuburg, while Cleves, Mark, and Ravensberg went toBrandenburg.

• It was agreed that the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück would alternate between Protestant and Catholic holders,with the Protestant bishops chosen from cadets of the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

• The independence of the city of Bremen was clarified.• Barriers to trade and commerce erected during the war were abolished, and "a degree" of free navigation was

guaranteed on the Rhine.[16]

References[1] "Original text in Dutch National Archives" (http:/ / beeldbank. nationaalarchief. nl/ na:col1:dat515773). beeldbank.nationaalarchief.nl. .[2] "Digital German text Treaty of Münster" (http:/ / www. lwl. org/ westfaelische-geschichte/ portal/ Internet/ finde/ langDatensatz.

php?urlID=741& url_tabelle=tab_quelle). lwl.org. .[3] "Digital German text Treaty of Osnabrück" (http:/ / www. lwl. org/ westfaelische-geschichte/ portal/ Internet/ finde/ langDatensatz.

php?urlID=740& url_tabelle=tab_quelle). lwl.org. .[4] "Principles of the State System" (http:/ / faculty. unlv. edu/ gbrown/ westernciv/ wc201/ wciv2c10/ wciv2c10lsec2. html). Faculty.unlv.edu. .

Retrieved 2012-09-11.[5] "Information from city of Münster" (http:/ / www. muenster. de/ en/ peace_of_westphalia. php). Muenster.de. . Retrieved 2012-09-11.[6] Konrad Repgen, 'Negotiating the Peace of Westphalia: A Survey with an Examination of the Major Problems', In: 1648: War and Peace in

Europe: 3 vols. (Catalogue of the 26th exhibition of the Council of Europe, on the Peace of Westphalia), Klaus Bußmann and Heinz Schilling(eds.) on behalf of the Veranstaltungsgesellschaft 350 Jahre Westfälischer Friede, Münster and Osnabrück: no publ., 1998, 'Essay Volume 1:Politics, Religion, Law and Society', pp. 355-372, here pp. 355seq.

[7] Konrad Repgen, 'Negotiating the Peace of Westphalia: A Survey with an Examination of the Major Problems', In: 1648: War and Peace inEurope: 3 vols. (Catalogue of the 26th exhibition of the Council of Europe, on the Peace of Westphalia), Klaus Bußmann and Heinz Schilling(eds.) on behalf of the Veranstaltungsgesellschaft 350 Jahre Westfälischer Friede, Münster and Osnabrück: no publ., 1998, 'Essay Volume 1:Politics, Religion, Law and Society', pp. 355-372, here p. 356.

[8] Sonnino, Paul. "Mazarin's quest: the Congress of Westphalia and the coming of the Fronde" (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=eu8Lb7ZuayEC& pg=PA119& lpg=PA119& dq=Clant+ Ripperda+ Pauw& source=bl& ots=_uVycVA9uW&sig=LQ8AaZ0mXqxQL0UKHxv-oK0gKz8& hl=en& ei=OnWdTujsL8PpOfilxIMJ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1&sqi=2& ved=0CBsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q=Clant Ripperda Pauw& f=false). .

[9][9] Treaty of Münster 1648[10] Barro, R. J. and McCleary, R. M.. "Which Countries have State Religions?" (http:/ / economics. uchicago. edu/ download/

state_religion_03-03. pdf). University of Chicago. p. 5. . Retrieved 7 November 2006.[11] Larry Jay Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Philip J. Costopoulo (2005). World religions and democracy.[12] Böhme, Klaus-R (2001). "Die sicherheitspolitische Lage Schwedens nach dem Westfälischen Frieden". In Hacker, Hans-Joachim (in

German). Der Westfälische Frieden von 1648: Wende in der Geschichte des Ostseeraums. Kovač. p. 35. ISBN 3-8300-0500-8.[13] Böhme, Klaus-R (2001). "Die sicherheitspolitische Lage Schwedens nach dem Westfälischen Frieden". In Hacker, Hans-Joachim (in

German). Der Westfälische Frieden von 1648: Wende in der Geschichte des Ostseeraums. Kovač. p. 36. ISBN 3-8300-0500-8.[14] Böhme, Klaus-R (2001). "Die sicherheitspolitische Lage Schwedens nach dem Westfälischen Frieden". In Hacker, Hans-Joachim (in

German). Der Westfälische Frieden von 1648: Wende in der Geschichte des Ostseeraums. Kovač. p. 37. ISBN 3-8300-0500-8.[15] Böhme, Klaus-R (2001). "Die sicherheitspolitische Lage Schwedens nach dem Westfälischen Frieden". In Hacker, Hans-Joachim (in

German). Der Westfälische Frieden von 1648: Wende in der Geschichte des Ostseeraums. Kovač. p. 38. ISBN 3-8300-0500-8.[16] Gross, Leo (1948). "The Peace of Westphalia, 1648-1948". American Journal of International Law 42 (1): 20–41 [p. 25].

doi:10.2307/2193560.

Peace of Westphalia 6

External links• Treaty of Münster Text (http:/ / avalon. law. yale. edu/ 17th_century/ westphal. asp) (Yale University)• Texts of the Westphalian Treaties (http:/ / www. pax-westphalica. de) (German)• Peace Of Westphalia - Firmly Plants Protestantism in Europe (http:/ / www. famoushistoricalevents. net/

peace-westphalia/ )• High Resolution Map of Germany after the Treaty of Westphalia (http:/ / bss. sfsu. edu/ jacksonc/ germany_1648.

htm)• Peace Treaty of Osnabrück (Full Text) (http:/ / www. lwl. org/ westfaelische-geschichte/ portal/ Internet/ ku.

php?tab=que& ID=740)• Peace Treaty of Münster (Full Text) (http:/ / www. lwl. org/ westfaelische-geschichte/ portal/ Internet/ ku.

php?tab=que& ID=741)

Article Sources and Contributors 7

Article Sources and ContributorsPeace of Westphalia  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=511795570  Contributors: -- April, 205.180.71.xxx, 2deseptiembre, 6SJ7, A E Francis, A. Parrot, ADM, AMuseo,Aacool, Adam Bishop, Adam sk, AdultSwim, Ahkond, AjaxSmack, Alansohn, Aliter, AllyD, Alsandro, Andre Engels, Andres, Andrewman327, Andycjp, Angusmclellan, Ardfern, Aris Katsaris,AsticeSRL, Athaenara, Attilios, B****n, Baa, Badanedwa, Baldhur, Barticus88, Bender235, Benny45boy, Billyboy12345678910, Blue-Haired Lawyer, Bonhumm, Bracton, Brian0918,Britannicus, Bryan Derksen, BryanG, Camw, Cantus, Carole Jean, Charlesdrakew, Che829, Ched, Chl, Chrisfow, Christian List, Chrisweuve, CleggCanada, Coffeinfreak, Colonel Mustard,Conversion script, Corsairstw, Corvus cornix, Courcelles, DMacks, Dabomb87, Dachshund, Dakotakisselbach, DanielVonEhren, Davewild, DavidA, Den fjättrade ankan, Deucalionite, Djmutex,Doctor Boogaloo, Dougweller, Dspradau, Dtremenak, Ec-, Eclecticology, Edwinstearns, Elchimba, Elsanaturk, Esrever, Estudiarme, Everyking, Exitandlight, FactStraight, Fbarton, Fc12, Filiep,Finn Froding, Fitzwilliam, Francis Davey, Francvs, Freakofnurture, Frieda, Friviere, Funnyhat, Fvdham, Gabbe, Garion96, Gdarin, Git2010, Good Olfactory, Gotipe, Graham87, Grubber,Gugilymugily, Guy Peters, Hemlock Martinis, Heron, Hugo999, Ilse@, Infrogmation, Isolani, Isthatyou, J.delanoy, JW1805, JYOuyang, JaGa, Jared Preston, Jason Potter, Jasperdoomen, Jebba,Jeronimo, Jimtaip, Jmp98251, JoDonHo, Joaquin008, John K, John Quiggin, JonathanFreed, Jonathanwebster, Joost 99, Joseaperez, Josh Cherry, JoshNarins, Jtrusso, KGV, Kaligon, Keeg bob,Kingturtle, Klemen Kocjancic, Ksenon, Ktsquare, Kusma, Lacrimosus, Lambiam, Leandrod, Lelisamantha, Lightmouse, Ligulem, Liist, Lockesdonkey, Lord Eru, Lotje, Lupo, M-le-mot-dit, ML,Malickfan86, Manuel Trujillo Berges, Marco polo, Marek69, MarkS, MarkSweep, Markcob, Markussep, Martynas Patasius, Matt Deres, Mattis, Mav, Mboverload, Mcmillin24, Mdotley,Meagannnn, Mgee4424, Mhazard9, Mic, Mihai Andrei, Mike Rosoft, Mr Rookles, Mtd2006, Mystborne, N2e, Narayansg, Nbatra, Neilc, NickdelaG, Nuno Tavares, Ojigiri, Olessi, Olorin28,Omnipaedista, Oneilius, Optigan13, OwenBlacker, P. S. Burton, ParlorGames, Paul Drye, Pavel Vozenilek, Peruvianllama, Petri Krohn, Philip Trueman, Philosopher, Piledhigheranddeeper,Piotrus, Pizza Puzzle, Postlebury, Proofreader77, Provocateur, Puckly, Quidam65, R'n'B, R9tgokunks, RandomCritic, Rangek, RashersTierney, Ravenswing, Red Rover112, RedWolf, Reddi, RexGermanus, RexNL, RexxS, Rich Farmbrough, Rjd0060, Roke, Room244, Ruhrjung, RussBlau, Ryomaandres, SDC, SE7, SalJyDieBoereKomLei, Salvadors, Scientizzle, SebastianHelm, Selphiet,Seth Ilys, Silverpsycho13, Simba B, SimonP, Skäpperöd, Sleigh, Sligocki, Sm8900, Spangineer, Stijn Calle, Supaflymeat, Surachit, Surtsicna, Tainter, Taksen, Targaryen, Tarquin, Tetraedycal,Tfjt, The Red, The Thing That Should Not Be, The.helping.people.tick, Thundertje, Tide rolls, Tim!, TimBentley, Tom Morris, Tom harrison, TomTheHand, Tonywiki, Tregoweth, TwinsFan48,Ulf Heinsohn, Ulritz, UsagiYojimbo, VEB Text, Vrenator, Vzbs34, Wanderingstan, Wetman, WhisperToMe, Wiki alf, Wittylama, Wmgries, Woohookitty, WpZurp, XBananiax, YellowMonkey,Yvwv, Zbyszek, Zhinz, Zvar, Zzuuzz, 376 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:The Ratification of the Treaty of Munster, Gerard Ter Borch (1648).jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Ratification_of_the_Treaty_of_Munster,_Gerard_Ter_Borch_(1648).jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnRo0002, Kameraad Pjotr,Kweniston, Shakko, Vincent SteenbergFile:Europe map 1648.PNG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Europe_map_1648.PNG  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: AnRo0002, Badseed,Beliar, Conscious, Cwbm (commons), Decora, Fakirbakir, Herbythyme, Ludde23, Man vyi, Mathiasrex, Nekto, Osado, OwenBlacker, Roke, Shadowxfox, 9 anonymous editsFile:Europe 1648 westphal 1884.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Europe_1648_westphal_1884.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Robert H. LabbertonFile:Holy Roman Empire 1648.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:Astrokey44

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