Peace Corps Post Profiles | Congressional Budeget Justification 2009 m-z cbj2009

8/14/2019 Peace Corps Post Profiles | Congressional Budeget Justification 2009 m-z cbj2009

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X B C ^ C J M C M F T ^ ] M F K @ T C ] ] I F K J O D S H @ C X L S ] X I G I M J X I F K:=4

^TF@TJE HJXC] :997:999:9994>>:

4>>4prcsckt

^TF@TJE ]CMXFT] Dusikcss HcvcofpecktChumjtifk

Mjpitjo ]afplc

^fpuojtifk eiooifk

Jkkujo pcr mjpitj ikmfec ,

@H^ `rfwtb .

Gfrci`k hircmt ikvcsteckt eiooifk

Jhuot iooitcrjmy rjtc Ejoc<

Gcejoc<

Ikgjkt efrtjoity rjtc pcr , oivc dirtbs

Ieeukizjtifk rjtc H^X<

Ecjsocs<

Jmmcss tf jk ieprfvch wjtcr sfurmc

BIW/JIH] prcvjockmc ?.

Tcoiìfks Cjstcrk Frtbfhfxy<

Isoje<

Tfejk Mjtbfoimise<

Ftbcrs<

Fgmijo ojkùj`c Ejmchfkijk

Ejmchfkij

MFSKXTY ^TF@TJE FWCTWICP

Xbc fdlcmtivcs fg Ejmchfkijs `fvcrkeckt jrc tf hcvcofp j

euotictbkim hcefmrjmy1 prfvihc cmfkfeim fppfrtukitics gfr

its mitizcks1 jkh efvc tfwjrh KJXF jkh Curfpcjk Skifk

(CS) iktc`rjtifk. Hcspitc sfec cmfkfeim prf`rcss, tbc

ukcepofyeckt rjtc rcejiks bi`b. Xbc Fbrih Grjecwfra

J`rcceckt, j pcjmc j`rcceckt ckhik` ctbk im gi` btik` ik

4>>:, pojmch tbjt mfkfflimt reoy ik tbc pjst. Xbc pcjmcguo

pjroijecktjry cocmtifks fg 4>>7 tffa Ejmchfkij j stcp mofscr

tf ecedcrsbip ik KJXF jkh tbc CS, wbimb cvcktujooy wioo

ieprfvc rcìfkjo jkh iktcrkjtifkjo trjhc tics jkh ikmrcjsc

pfoitimjo mffpcrjtifk.

Hcmcktrjoizjtifk rcgfres bjvc rchumch eukimipjoitics

grfe :48 tf 28, jkh efvch jutbfrity tf ofmjo `fvcrkeckt

gfr chumjtifk, bcjotbmjrc, ikgrjstrumturc, jkh ftbcr scr-

vimcs. Gikjkmik` tbcsc kfw ofmjo-ocvco rcspfksidioitics wioo

dc mritimj o tf tbc summcss fg tbcsc rcgfres. ]cmurit y w itbik

tbc mfuktry bjs ieprfvch sikmc tbc Fbrih J`rcceckt, jkh,

ik Ljkujry 4>>8, tbc CSs eioitjry gfrmc wjs rcpojmch dy

j efstoy ukjrech CS pfoimc eissifk. Ik mffpcrjtifk witb

tbc S.]. cedjssy jkh tbc Fr`jkizjtifk gfr ]cmurity jkh

Mffpcrjtifk ik Curfpc, tbc CS pfoimc eissifk trjiks jkh

jhviscs tbc euotictbkim Ejmchfkijk pfoimc gfrmc.

^TF@TJE GFMS]

Xbc ^cjmc Mfrps prf`rje wjs cstjdoisbch ik :997. ]cvck

Wfouktccrs wcrc jssi`kch tf tbc Eikistry fg Chumjtifk jkh

]mickmc jkh wfrach ik tbc scmfkhjry smbffo Ckòisb chumj-

tifk prf`rje. ]udscqucktoy, tbc prf`rje ikmouhch dusikcss

hcvcofpeckt witbik eukimipjoitics jkh kfk`fvcrkecktjo

fr`jkizjtifks (K@Fs) jkh ckvirfkecktjo chumjtifk jkh

ejkj`ceckt. Hcspitc cjroy summcsscs, tbc prf`rje hih kft

guooy hcvcofp dcmjusc fg rcìfkjo pfoitimjo ikstjdioity jkh

tbc prf`rje wjs suspckhch twimc dctwcck :999 jkh 4>>:.

]ikmc tbc ^cjmc Mfrps rcturkch ik Kfvcedcr 4>>4, tbcrc

bjs dcck si`kimjkt prf`rcss ik tbc twf murrckt prf`rje

jrcjsdusikcss hcvcofpeckt jkh chumjtifkjkh yfutb

hcvcofpeckt jkh ikgfrejtifk tcmbkfof`y jrc iktc`rjtch iktf

dftb prf`rje jrcjs.

WFOSKXCCT GFMS]

Dusikcss Hcvcofpeckt

Js `fvcrk eckt str umt urcs hcvfovc grfe tbc mcktr joizch

systce, ofmjo fmijos eust ocjrk bfw tf fpcrjtc ccmtivcoy.

Efst eukimipjoitics bjvc oieitch duh`cts jkh oittoc cxpcri-

ckmc ik jhhrcssik` tbcir ikmrcjsch rcspfksidioitics. ^cjmc

Mfrps Wfouktccrs strck`tbck tbc mjpjmity fg ofmjo/eukimipjo

GY 4>>2 GY 4>>9

Wfouktccrs

^rf`rje gukhs ($>>>) , ,

JKXIMI^JXCH KSEDCT FG WFOSKXCCT]

Mjomuojtch ]cptcedcr => cjmb ycjr


2/69

I E ^ J M X I K @ X B C P F T O H X B T F S @ B ] C T W I M C J K H G T I C K H ] B I ^

`fvcrkeckts jkh K@Fs dy mrcjtik` trjikik` prf`rjes

jkh cstjdoisbik` prflcmts tbjt ikmouhc efrc rcspfksivc

ejkj`ceckt styocs. Ofmjo fr`jkizjtifks bjvc j rcjt kcch

gfr cxpcrtisc ik strjtcìm pojkkik`, prflcmt ejkj`ceckt,

jkh sustjikjdioity pojkkik`, jkh Wfouktccrs prfvihc

bfst fr`jkizjtifks witb fr`jkizjtifkjo jkh ejkj`ceckt

jssistjkmc. Xbcy mfkhumt mfeputcr saioos trjikik`1 sbjrc

cxpcrtisc ik gukhrjisik` ectbfhs, prflcmt pojkkik`, jkh

ejkj`ceckt1 mfkhumt mfeeukity futrcjmb ik buejk

ri`bts, bcjotb, jkh ckvirfkecktjo jwjrckcss1 jkh ikitijtc

sejoo prflcmt jssistjkmc.

Fkc Wfouktccr wfrach witb jk fr`jkizjtifk fvcrsccik`

j ojr`c `fvcrkeckt ojkh hisdursceckt prf`rje tf duioh

j`rimuoturc ikhustry mjpjmity. Xbc Wfouktccr pojkkch

cmfkfeim chumjtifk sceikjrs gfmusch fk scocmtik` tbc dcst

prfhumts jkh prjmtimcs gfr gjreik` ik tbc rcìfk, dusikcss

hcvcofpeckt pojkkik`, j kh prfhumt cxpfrt gfr efrc tbjk

3>> gjrecrs.

Chumjtifk

Xbc Eikistry fg Chumjtifk jkh ]mickmc pojmcs j bi`b prifr-

ity fk Ckòisb ojkùj`c chumjtifk js j wjy gfr Ejmchfkijks

tf ieprfvc tbcir pojmc ik tbc òfdjo mfeeukity. Xbc

eikistry is rckik` its murrimuoue jkh ejaik` mfkmcrtch

cfrts tf ieprfvc tcjmbcrs saioos, pjrtimuojroy ik sejoocr

tfwks jkh rurjo viooj`cs wbcrc kcchs jrc `rcjtcst. Xbc

^cjmc Mfrps ikvfovceckt ik tbis ckhcjvfr is twfgfoh< tf

ieprfvc tbc ccmtivckcss fg Ckòisb ojk` uj`c ikstrumtifk

tbrfu`b tcjmbcr trjikik` jkh rcsfurmc mcktcr hcvcofpeckt1

jkh tf bcop stuhckts ieprfvc tbcir saioos ik Ckòisb ojk-

ùj`c mfeeukimjtifk, mritimjo tbikaik`, jkh ikhcpckhckt

oigc-ofk` ocjrkik`. Wfouktccrs scrvc js Ckòisb ojkùj`c

rcsfurmc tcjmbcrs ik priejry jkh scmfkhjry smbffos. Xbcy

josf wfra fk sueecr prflcmts, ikmouhik` dfys jkh ìros

ocjhcrsbip trjikik` mjeps, jkh tbcy fr`jkizc jgtcr-smbffo

Ckòisb mouds, fgtck ikmfrpfrjtik` ikgfrejtifk tcmbkfof`y

saioos iktf tbc mouds js wcoo js mojssrffes.

Fkc Wfouktccr wfrach witb bcr Ckòisb stuhckts tf put

fk j kikc-eikutc vcrsifk fgJ Eihsueecr Ki`bts Hrcje.

Xbc prfhumtifk prcscktch jk fppfrtukity gfr tbc stuhckts

tf prjmtimc tbcir Ckòisb spcjaik` efrc mrcjtivcoy jkh

prcpjrjtifks gfr tbc pojy prfvihch iepfrtjkt oigc ocssfks

gfr tbc stuhckts, ikmouhik` `fjo scttik`, ocjhcrsbip, jkh

rcspfksidioity.

Xbc mffrhikjtifk dctwcck j pudoim smbffo jkh j privjtc-scmtfr K@F spjrach j

pfsitivc rcspfksc muoeikjtik` rcmcktoy ik j gfrejo eikistcrijo visit grfe Afsfvf

tf stuhy tbc summcss fg fur mfeeukity ik jhhrcssik` muoturjo jkh chumjtifkjo

issucs rcojtik` tf QtbcU Tfej pfpuojtifk ik tbc Djoajk rcìfk.

Ejmchfkij WfouktccrDusikcss Hcvcofpeckt ]cmtfr


3/69


^TF@TJE HJXC] :99=prcsckt

^TF@TJE ]CMXFT] ChumjtifkCkvirfkeckt

Bcjotb jkh BIW/JIH]

Mjpitjo Jktjkjkjrivf

^fpuojtifk eiooifk

Jkkujo pcr mjpitj ikmfec

@H^ `rfwtb .



Gcejoc<



Ecjsocs<


BIW/JIH] prcvjockmc .

Tcoiìfks Ikhi`ckfus dcoicgs<

Mbristijkity<

Isoje<

Fgmijo ojkùj`cs Grckmb

Ejoj`jsy

Ejhj`jsmjr


Jk ikhcpckhckt aik`hfe uktio :297, Ejhj`jsmjr wjs mfof-

kizch dy Grjkmc uktio jhfptik` j mfkstitutifk jkh hcmojrik`

guoo ikhcpckhckmc ik :97>. Hurik` :994-9=, grcc prcsihcktijo

jkh Kjtifkjo Jsscedoy cocmtifks wcrc bcoh, ckhik` :0 ycjrs

fg sikòc-pjrty ruoc. Ik :990, Hihicr Tjtsirjaj, tbc ocjhcr hur-

ik` tbc :90>s jkh :92>s, wjs rcturkch tf tbc prcsihckmy. Xbc

4>>: prcsihcktijo cocmtifk wjs mfktcstch dctwcck tbc gfoofwcrs

fg Hihicr Tjtsirjaj jkh Ejrm Tjvjofejkjkj, kcjroy mjus-

ik` scmcssifk fg bjog fg tbc mfuktry. Ik Jprio 4>>4, tbc Bi`b

Mfkstitutifkjo Mfurt jkkfukmch Tjvjofejkjkj tbc wikkcr.

Xbc cmfkfey fg Ejhj`jsmjr is hfeikjtch dy j`rimuoturc,

wbimb cepofys 2> pcrmckt fg tbc pfpuojtifk. J`rimuoturc,

ikmouhik` gisbik` jkh gfrcstry, mfktridutc 47 pcrmckt fg

@H^1 ikhustry, :7 pcrmckt1 jkh scrvimcs, 37 pcrmckt. Ejlfr

cxpfrts ikmouhc mfcc, vjkiooj, mofvcs, sbcoosb jkh su`jr.

Ejhj`jsmjrs kjturjo rcsfurmcs jrc scvcrcoy tbrcjtckch dy

hcgfrcstjtifk jkh crfsifk, j``rjvjtch dy tbc usc fg rcwffh

js tbc priejry sfurmc fg guco. J `rcjt kcch mfktikucs gfr

tcjmbcrs, bcjotb spcmijoists, jkh ckvirfkecktjo mfukscofrs,

pjrtimuojroy ik rurjo jrcjs.

Xbc `fvcrkeckt fg ^rcsihckt Ejrm Tjvjofejkjkj bjs

mrcjtch tbc Ejhj`jsmjr Jmtifk ôjk (EJ^) wbimb scrvcs

js j rfjhejp gfr joo j`ckmics jkh pjrtkcrs tf jssist ik cmf-

kfeim `rfwtb jkh pfvcrty rchumtifk jkh is mfeeittch tf

`btik` ckvirfkecktjo hc`rjhjtifk, pffr bcjotb jkh tbc

BIW/JIH] pjkhceim. Kuecrfus iktcrkjtifkjo hcvcofpeckt

j`ckmics jkh vfouktccr fr`jkizjtifks bjvc dcck wcomfech tf

Ejhj`jsmjr, lfikik` tbc `rfwik` kuedcr fg Ejoj`jsy kfk-

`fvcrkecktjo fr`jkizjtifks (K@Fs) wfraik` witb tbc pcfpoc

fg Ejhj`jsmjr witb tbcir hcvcofpeckt cfrts. Ejhj`jsmjr

is rjkach :8= fg :00 mfuktrics fk tbc 4>>7 Skitch Kjtifks

Buejk Hcvcofpeckt Ikhcx.

^TF@TJE GFMS]

Xbc rst chumjtifk Wfouktccrs jrrivch ik :99=. Ik sudsc-

quckt ycjrs, tbc cjmc Mfrps ik itijtch prf`rjes ik cmfofì-

mjo mfkscrvjtifk jkh mfeeukity bcjotb chumjtifk. Xfhjy,

Wfouktccrs wfra ik tbc chumjtifk, ckvirfkeckt, jkh bcjotb

jkh BIW/JIH] scmtfrs. ]fec Wfouktccrs mfkmcktrjtc fk tbcprcvcktifk fg BIW/JIH] jkh ftbcr scxujooy trjkseittch his-

cjscs1 ftbcrs tcjmb Ckòisb jkh trj ik tcjmbcrs. Wfouktccrs

josf wfra witb mfeeukitics jkh kjtifkjo pjras tf kh wjys

tf djojkmc buejk kcchs w itb ckvirfkecktjo mfkscrvjtifk.

]bfrtoy, tbc ^cjmc Mfrps/Ejhj`jsmjr wioo cxpjkh its prf-

`rjeeik` iktf tbc dusikcss hcvcofpeckt scmtfr tf dffst

kjsmckt cktrcprckcurijoise. Joo Wfouktccrs, rc`jrhocss fg

scmtfr, jrc trjikch tf prfeftc BIW/JIH] jwjrckcss jkh

prcvcktifk.

GY 4>>2 GY 4>>9

Wfouktccrs





4/69


WFOSKXCCT GFMS]

Chumjtifk

Wfouktccrs jrc pfstch ik rurjo mfeeukitics jkh wfra

witb stuhck ts, tcjmbcrs, jkh tbc ojr` cr mfeeukity tf

rjisc tcjmbik` stjkhjrhs, hcvcofp tcjmbik` rcsfurmcs,

jkh strck`tbck oikas dctwcck smbffos jkh mfeeukitics.

Eihhoc- jkh bi`b smbffo stuhckts jrc tju`bt Ckòisb

tbrfu`b dftb trjhitifkjo mojssrffe ocssfks jkh dy kfk-

trjhitifkjo ectbfhs sumb js sfk`s, hrjwik`, pfctry, jkh

hrjej. Wfouktccrs trjksgcr tcjmbik` saioos tf Ejoj`jsy

Ckòisb tcjmbcrs tf ikmrcjsc tbcir mjpjmity tf pojk ocs-

sfks jkh mrcjtc mojssrffe rcsfurmcs. Wfouktccrs jkh

tbcir mfuktcrpjrts usc Ckòisb js j vcbimoc tf prfeftc

mfeeukity prf`rjes sumb js ìros mjeps, BIW/JIH]

prcvcktifk, jkh trcc pojktik`s.

Fkc Wfouktccr ojukmbch j kjtifkjo BIW/JIH] jwjrc-

kcss mjepji`k. Xbc mjepji`k bjh fvcr 4,>>> stuhckts

sudeit hcsi`ks tf mrcjtc j wfecks wrjp gcjturik` BIW/

JIH] jwjrckcss ecssj`cs. Xbis jmtivit y bjh tbc jhhch

dckct fg mbjoockìk` stuhckts tf gur tbcr hcvcofp tbcir

Ckòisb vfmjduojry jkh ecssjìk` saioos. Xbrfu`b pud-

oim/privjtc mffpcrjtifk, fvcr 3,>>> fg tbcsc wrjps wcrc

ejkugjmturch jkh jrc dcik` wfrk hjioy tbrfu`bfut tbc

mfuktry.

Ckvirfkeckt

Pfraik` wit b tbc `fvcrk eckt, K@Fs jkh ofmj o mfe-

eukitics, Wfouktccrs trjik ejkj`crs fg prftcmtch jrcjs,

mfeeukity ecedcrs, jkh `rfups tf ieprfvc tbcir saioos

ik ckvirfkecktjo mfkscrvjtifk, kjturjo rcsfurmc ejk-

j`ceckt jkh sustjikjdoc j`rfgfrcstry jkh j`rimuoturc.

Efrc tbjk 8>> mfeeukitics bjvc ocjrkch jdfut ckvi-

rfkecktjo mfkscrvjtifk tbrfu`b tbcjtcr prflcmts, vihcfs

jkh wfrasbfps.

Fkc Wfouktccr jkh bis mfuktcrpjrts fr`jkizch j scj

turtoc prftcmtifk jkh c`` efkitfrik` sceikjr. Fvcr :,>>>

pcfpoc ik tbc surrfukhik` mfeeukitics ocjrkch bfw tf

ejkj`c tbc prftcmtifk fg tbis ckhjk`crch rcptioc.

Bcjotb jkh BIW/JIH]

Xbc ^cjmc Mfrps bcops mfeeukitics jhhrcss bcjotb

issucs tbrfu`b dcbjvifrjo mbjk`c ectbfhfofìcs jkh dy

cggcmtivcoy hissceikjtik` bcjotb ecssj`cs. Wfouktccrs

mfkmcktrjtc fk prcvcktik` tbc ejik oigc-tbrcjtckik` mbioh-

bffh iookcsscs1 bcopik` eftbcrs ukhcrstjkh djsim ejtcrkjo

bcjotb issucs sumb js bfw tf cksurc sjgc prc`kjkmics1 jkh

prfvihik` tbc `ckcrjo pfpuojtifk witb ik gfrejtifk jdfut

prcvcktik` BIW/JIH] jkh ftbcr scxujooy trjkseittch

hiscjscs. Xbrfu`b tbcir futrcjmb prf`rjes, Wfouktccrs

prfvihc vitjo bcjotb ikgfrejtifk tf efrc tbjk 8>> mfe-

eukitics cjmb ycjr.

Fkc Wfouktccr wjs jdoc tf ocvcrj`c tbc gukhs `ckcr-

jtch dy tbc sjoc fg ejojrij-prcvcktifk efsquitf kcttik`

iktf tbc cstjdoisbeckt fg j rurjo rjhif stjtifk tbjt usch

tf trjkseit ecssj`cs fg ieprfvch bcjotb jkh BI W/JIH]

jwjrckcss tf rceftc jrcjs fg tbc isojkh.

Xbc cjmc Mfrps Wfouktccrs jrc kft bcrc tf rcpojmc jky cxistik` cggfrts,

rjtbcr tbcy jrc bcrc tf wfra witb fur mfeeukitics js efhcos jkh cxjepocs

tf ckmfurj`c joo. Xbcy mjk bcop us scc pfssidioitics, kft lust prfdoces.

Hr. Lcjk Ofuis TfdiksfkEikistcr fg udoim Bcjotb jkh Gjeioy ojkkik`

Ejhj`jsmjr


5/69


^TF@TJE HJXC] :97=:979:90=:907

:902prcsckt

^TF@TJE ]CMXFT] ChumjtifkCkvirfkeckt

Bcjotb jkh BIW/JIH]

Mjpitjo Oiofk`wc

^fpuojtifk eiooifk


@H^ `rfwtb .



Gcejoc<



Ecjsocs<



Tcoiìfks ^rftcstjktise<

Tfejk Mjtbfoimise< 1 Isoje<

Ikhi`ckfus dcoicgs< 1 Ftbcr<

Fgmijo ojkùj`c Ckòisb

Mbimbcwj

Ejojwi


Ik :998, jgtcr => ycjrs fg fkc-pjrty ruoc hjtik` djma tf

ikhcpckhckmc grfe Dritjik, Ejojwi pcjmcguooy cocmtch j kcw

`fvcrkeckt1 j pjroijecktjry `fvcrkeckt witb j prcsihckt js

tbc bcjh fg stjtc, jkh mfeeittch tf euotipjrty hcefmrjmy.

Ejojwi bcoh sudscquckt pcjmcguo prcsihcktijo cocmtifks ik

:999 jkh ik 4>>8. Xbc `fvcrkeckt mfktikucs tf gfmus fk

its pfoimy fg hcmcktrjoizjtifk, iepocecktch jgtcr tbc cocm-

tifk ik :998 jkh strck`tbckch dy tbc Mjdikct ik :992. Xbis

prf`rje wjs iktckhch tf joocvijtc pfvcrty jkh prfeftc ffh

`fvcrkjkmc dy sbigtik` `fvcrkecktjo rcspfksidioitics jkh

rcsfurmcs grfe tbc kjtifkjo tf tbc histrimt ocvco. It is rc`jrhch

js dcik` ik tbc cjroy stj`cs fg iepocecktjtifk. Ejojwi is fk j

pjtb fg sfmijo, pfoitimjo, jkh cmfkfeim rcgfre, dut Ejojwijks

mfktikuc tf gjmc tbc mbjoock`cs fg ckvirfkecktjo hc`rjhjtifk,

buk`cr, hiscjsc, iooitcrjmy, jkh pfvcrty.

J`rimuoturc is tbc ejikstjy fg tbc cmfkfey, jmmfuktik`

gfr kcjroy bjog fg tbc @H^. Xfdjmmf `ckcrjtcs efrc tbjk 7>

pcrmckt fg cxpfrt cjrkik`s. Xbc j`rimuoturjo scmtfr cepofys

kcjroy bjog fg tbfsc gfrejooy cepofych jkh hircmtoy fr ikhi-

rcmtoy suppfrts jdfut 23 pcrmckt fg tbc pfpuojtifk. Ejojwi

bjs j kjrrfw cmfkfeim djsc witb oittoc ikhustry jkh kf

akfwk cmfkfeimjooy vijdoc hcpfsits fg rjw ejtcrijos. Js j

ojkhofmach mfuktry, its trjkspfrt mfsts ejac iepfrtch ffhs

cxpcksivc.

^TF@TJE GFMS]

Xbc mbjk`c fg `fvcrkeckt ik :998 joofwch Wfouktccrs tf dc

pojmch jt tbc mfeeukity ocvco gfr tbc rst tiec, jkh tbc cjmc

Mfrps dc`jk wfraik` witb mfuktcrpjrt eikistrics tf ihcktigy

jpprfprijtc jrcjs gfr prf`rje ikvfovceckt jt tbc mfeeukity

ocvco. Murrcktoy, Wfouktccrs wfra ik chumjtifk, tbc ckvirfk-

eckt, jkh bcjotb jkh BIW/JIH]. Joo Wfouktccrs, rc`jrhocss

fg scmtfr, jrc trjikch tf prfeftc BIW/JIH] jwjrckcss jkh

prcvcktifk.

WFOSKXCCT GFMS]

Chumjtifk

Ik :998, tbc fvcrkeckt iepocecktch grcc priejry chumjtifktbjt swcooch tbc rjkas fg smbffos jkh scrifusoy strjikch tbc

mfuktrys rcsfurmcs. Xf suppfrt tbc `fvcrkeckts ikitijtivc,

tbc cjmc Mfrps gfmusch its cfrts fk mfeeukity hjy scmfkh-

jry smbffos ik rurjo jrcjs, wbcrc saioos trjksgcr jkh mjpjmity

duiohik` bjvc tbc rcjtcst iepjmt. Murrcktoy, Wfouktccrs bcop

chumjtc stuhckts, prfeftc tcjmbcr-tf-tcjmbcr mfoojdfrjtifk,

jkh ckmfurj`c tbc cxmbjk`c fg cxpcrickmc jkh akfwoch`c

tf ieprfvc tcjmbik` ectbfhs. Wfouktccrs wfra witb tbcir

mfuktcrpjrts dy sbjrik` ocssfk pojks, hismussik` strjtcìcs

GY 4>>2 GY 4>>9

Wfouktccrs





6/69


gfr tcjmbik`, cvjoujtik` stuhckts, jkh prcpjrik` cxjes.

Xbcy josf usc ofmjooy jvjiojdoc rcsfurmcs tf prfhumc ikkf-

vjtivc, pjrtimipjtfry tcjmbik` ejtcrijos. Wfouktccrs bcop

tbcir smbffos jmquirc kcw tcxtdffas jkh cquipeckt, jkh

wfra tf cstjdoisb rcgcrckmc oidrjrics, smickmc- jkh mfe-

putcr ojds, sf tbjt stuhckts mjk efrc jmtivcoy pjrtimipjtc

ik ocjrkik`.

Xbc chumjtifk prf`rje iktrfhumch j tcjmbcr-hcvco-

fpeckt mfepfkckt tbjt gfmuscs fk scmfkhjry smbffos

`rfupch iktf moustcrs. Xbis prflcmt bcops tcjmbcrs ieprfvc

tbcir tcjmbik` saioos jkh prfhumc tcjmbik` ejtcrijos usik`

ofmjo rcsfurmcs.

Ckvirfkeckt

Xbc ckvirfkeckt prflcmt wfras witb mfeeukitics sur-

rfukhik` prftcmtch jrcjs tf bcop tbce usc ofmjo kjturjo

rcsfurmcs efrc sustjikjdoy. Wfouktccrs pjrtkcr witb

Ejojwis Hcpjrteckt fg Kjtifkjo jras jkh Piohoigc, tbc

Hcpjrteckt fg Gfrcstry, jkh scocmtch kfk-`fvcrkecktjo

fr`jkizjtifks. Wfouktccrs wfra ik mfeeukitics fk mfk-

scrvjtifk jkh rcsfurmc usc, ikmouhik` j`rfgfrcstry, ikmfec

`ckcrjtifk, sejoo-smjoc irri`jtifk, jkh cxtcksifk trjikik`.

Wfouktccrs bcop ikmrcjsc tbc prfhumtivity fg sb gjreik`

jkh dccaccpik`, jkh bjvc tju`bt sustjikjdoc gjreik`

jpprfjmbcs, ikmouhik` prfpj`jtik` trccs jkh ftbcr pojkts

mritimjo tf tbc rurjo gjreik` systce. Wfouktccrs bjvc

suppfrtch fmijo viooj`c kjturjo rcsfurmc ejkj`ceckt

mfeeittccs jkh viooj`c gfrcst jrcjs, jkh bjvc gfstcrch

mfkscrvjtifk chumjtifk witb ofmjo smbffos.

Wfouktccrs bjvc jssist ch mfeeuk itics ik `ji kik`

ofk`-tcre cmfkfeim vijdioity dy strck`tbckik` murrckt

prjmtimcs jkh suppfrtik` sustjikjdoc j`rfgfrcstry. Xwf

Wfouktccrs mfoojdfrjtch tf ikmrcj sc gffh scmur ity jkh

ikmfec-`ckcrjtifk jmtivitics tbrfu`b mrfp hivcrsimjtifk

jkh cxpjksifk. Jkftbcr Wfouktccr bcopch ecedcrs fg bis

mfeeukity stjrt j dusikcss tbjt scoos ieprfvch vjrictics fg

gruit trccs dcttcr suitch tf rfw ik Ejojwis ckvirfkeckt.

Xbc Wfouktccr josf prfvihch trjikik`s fk tfpims sumb js

fr`jkizjtifkjo hcvcofpeckt, `rfwtb jkh ejractik`.

Bcjotb jkh BIW/JIH]

Ejojwi is scvcrcoy jcmtch dy tbc BIW/JIH] pjkhceim

jkh ejky ftbcr scrifus bcjotb mfkhitifks. Xbc mfeeu-

kity bcjotb prflcmt wfras witb tbc Eikistry fg Bcjotb jkh

mfeeukity djsch fr`jkizjtifks tf jhhrcss bcjotb issucs

ik rurjo pjrts fg Ejojwi. Wfouktccrs wfra ik BIW/JIH]

chumjtifk, frpbjk mjrc, bfec-djsch mjrc, mbioh survivjo,

kutritifk, hiscjsc prcvcktifk, ckvirfkecktjo bcjotb, jkh

wfecks bcjotb. Ejky wfra witb yfutb jkh ftbcr jt-risa

`rfups. Xbc prflcmts gfmus fk dcbjvifr mbjk`c jkh iktc-

`rjtc chumjtifk fk ftbcr bcjotb mfkmcrks oikach witb

tbc BIW/JIH] cpihceim, sumb js scxujooy trjkseittch

hiscjscs. J bcjotb pcrsfkkco hcvcofpeckt prflcmt bcops

mfeeukity kursik` mfooc`cs oo tbc jmutc mfuktrywihc

sbfrtj`c fg bcjotbmjrc wfracrs dy prfvihik` hircmt tcjmb-

ik` jkh tcjmbcr trjikik`.

Fkc Wfouktccr wfrach witb j suppfrt rfup gfr wfeck

oivik` witb JIH] tf ikmrcjsc tbcir jdioity tf `ckcrjtc

ikmfec. Ecedcrs ect wccaoy tf hismuss ihcjs, jkh mbfsc

j mbimack-rcjrik` prflcmt tf prfvihc c``s gfr kutritifk.

Xbc wfeck scoo cxmcss c``s tf ftbcrs ik tbc mfeeukity

tf ckcrjtc ikmfec gfr rfup ecedcrs.

Pc jpprcmijtc tbc cggfrts fg tbc Wfouktccrs ik rurjo bcjotb mcktcrs jkh bfspitjos wbf

prfvihc Ejojwi witb qujoich jkh saiooch jssistjkmc jt j tiec wbck hcejkh gfr bi`bqujoity bcjotb mjrc bjs `rfwk jkh fur mfuktry is gjmik` jk jmutc sbfrtj`c.

Ofuis Kljyj^rikmipjo Fgmcr, Eikistry fg Bcjotb

Ejojwi


7/69


^TF@TJE HJXC] :90:prcsckt

^TF@TJE ]CMXFT] J`rimuoturcDusikcss Hcvcofpeckt

CkvirfkecktBcjotb jkh BIW/JIH]

Mjpitjo Djejaf

^fpuojtifk eiooifk


@H^ `rfwtb .



Gcejoc<



Ecjsocs<



Tcoiìfks Isoje<

Ikhi`ckfus dcoicgs<

Mbristijkity<

Fgmijo ojkùj`c Grckmb

Ejoi


Ejoi jmbicvch ikhcpckhckmc grfe Grjkmc ik :97>. Dctwcck

:972 jkh :909, j eioitjry `fvcrkeckt ruoch tbc mfuktry ik j

pcrifh akfwk js tbc scmfkh rcpudoim. Ik :99:, jgtcr j pcrifh

fg mivio ukrcst, j trjksitifkjo `fvcrkeckt ruoch uktio cocmtifks

wcrc bcoh ik :994. Ejoi is j yfuk`, rfwik` hcefmrjmy, wbimb

bjs bcoh twf kjtifkjo cocmtifks sikmc :994. Xbc fvcrkeckt

mfktikucs tf prfeftc hcefmrjtizjtifk jkh jheikistrjtivc

hcmcktrjoizjtifk jkh bjs dcmfec j efhco ik tbc rcìfk.

Ejoi is jefk` tbc pffrcst mfuktrics ik tbc wfroh,

jkh rjkas :03 fg :00 fk tbc 4>>7 Skitch Kjtifks Buejk

Hcvcofpeckt Ikhcx. Js j ojkhofmach mfuktry witb 73 pcr-

mckt fg its ojkh hcscrt fr scei-hcscrt, Ejoi is hcpckhckt fk

its kci`bdfrs gfr pfrt gjmioitics. Cmfkfeim jmtivity is ojr`coy

mfkkch tf tbc jrcj irri`jtch dy tbc Ki`cr Tivcr. Ci`bty pcr-

mckt fg tbc ojdfr gfrmc is ck`j`ch ik gjreik` jkh sbik`, wbioc

ikhustrijo jmtivity gfmuscs fk prfmcssik` gjre mfeefhitics.

Ejoi is bcjvioy hcpckhckt fk gfrci`k jih jkh vuokcrjdoc tf

fflumtujtifks ik wfroh primcs gfr mfttfk, its ejik cxpfrt. Xbc

mfuktry is kft scog-sumickt ik gffh prfhumtifk, j prfdoce

cxjmcrdjtch dy grcquckt hrfu`bts jkh j rjpihoy ikmrcjsik`

pfpuojtifk tbjt strjiks tbc kjturjo rcsfurmc djsc.

^TF@TJE GFMS]

Xbc rst Wfouktccrs jrrivch ik Ejoi ik Jprio :90:. ^cjmc

Mfrps/Ejoi jssists tbc `fvcrkeckt fg Ejoi ik jhhrcssik`

euotipoc hcvcofpeckt mbjoock`cs. Murrcktoy, Wfouktccrs

cepbjsizc prflcmts ik tbc jrcjs fg j`rimuoturc, dusikcss

hcvcofpeckt, tbc ckvirfkeckt, jkh bcjotb jkh BIW/JIH]. J

kcw `fvcrkeckt ikitijtivc prfeftcs hcmcktrjoizjtifk sf tbjt

ofmjo mfeeukitics jssuec rcspfksidioity gfr hcvcofpeckt

prflcmts. Ejky mfeeukitics, bfwcvcr, ojma tbc saiooch pcr-

sfkkco kcchch tf ihcktigy, pojk, jkh iepoceckt sumb prflcmts.

Wfouktccrs wioo wfra witb mfuktcrpjrts tf tcjmb mfeeukity

ecedcrs tbc saioos kcmcssjry tf ocjh hcvcofpeckt prflcmts jt

tbc ofmjo ocvco. Jk cxpjkhch BIW/JIH] jwjrckcss prf`rje

dc`jk ik 4>>:, jkh joo Wfouktccrs, rc`jrhocss fg scmtfr, jrc

trjikch tf prfeftc BIW/JIH] jwjrckcss.

WFOSKXCCT GFMS]

J`rimuoturc

Ejky Ejoijk gjrecrs, cspcmijooy wfeck, ck`j`c ik vc`ctjdoc

`jrhckik` jkh sejoo jkiejo busdjkhry js jk jotcrkjtivc

ecjks gfr ieprfvik` bfuscbfoh kutritifkjo stjtus, js wcoo js

prfvihik` jk jhhitifkjo sfurmc fg ikmfec. Xf suppfrt tbcsc

cfrts, Wfouktccrs mfoojdfrjtc witb Ejoijk gjrecrs tf duioh

tbc ofmjo mjpjmity fg ikhivihujos jkh fr`jkizjtifks ik tbc

jrcjs fg gffh prfhumtifk gfr ofmjo mfksueptifk jkh ikmfec

GY 4>>2 GY 4>>9

Wfouktccrs





8/69


`ckcrjtifk. Wfouktccrs scrvc js tcmbkimjo rcsfurmcs gfr

mfeeukity ecedcrs, jssfmijtifks, jkh yfutb `rfups fk

j vjricty fg prflcmts. Xbcsc ikmouhc jkiejo busdjkhry,

vc`ctjdoc jrhckik`, irri`jtifk systces, jkh cxpcriecktjo

gjreik` witb sfr`bue, eiooct, jkh pcjkuts. Xbc fjos fg joo

j`rimuoturc Wfouktccrs ik Ejoi jrc tf ieprfvc j`rimuoturjo

prjmtimcs tbjt wioo bcop ikmrcjsc gffh prfhumtifk, jkh tf

ikmrcjsc jmmcss tf rcsfurmcs tbjt mjk bcop ofmjo mfeeuki-

tics ckcrjtc ikmfec jkh ieprfvc tbcir hicts.

Fkc Wfouktccr bcopch bcr viooj`c cstjdoisb j wfecks

mfeeukity `jrhck. Xbc Wfouktccr bcopch fr`jkizc tbc

wfeck jkh scocmtch jk jpprfprijtc poft fg ojkh gfr tbc

prflcmt. ]bc josf prfvihch trjikik` ik `jrhckik` tcmb-

kiqucs jkh sbfwch tbc wfeck bfw tf ikmfrpfrjtc vc`-

ctjdocs grfe tbcir `jrhcks ik tbcir hjioy hict.


Wfouktccr s wfra mof scoy wi tb `fvcrk eckt j`c kmics,

kfk`fvcrkecktjo fr`jkizjtifks, jkh eimrf-gikjkmc

ikstitutifks. Xbcy bcop sejoo dusikcsscs ieprfvc tbc

ejkj`ceckt mjpjdioitics fg cktrcprckcurs jkh ikmrcjsc

kjkmijo jkh tcmbkimjo rcsfurmcs. Wfouktccrs josf bcop

eimrf-kjkmc ikstitutifks cstjdoisb ejkj`ceckt systces,

ofjk-trjmaik` systces, dusikcss chumjtifk prf`rjes, jkh

jwjrckcss mjepji`ks jdfut tbc iepfrtjkmc fg sjvik`s

jkh jvjiojdoc mrchit. Ftbcr Wfouktccrs wfra tf strck`tbck

cxistik` mfeputcr mcktcrs jkh tf sct up Iktcrkct mjgs.

Ckvirfkeckt

Xbc kcch tf dcttcr ejkj`c kjturjo rcsfurmcs jkh mfkscr-

vjtifk bjs ` rfwk witb Ejois ikmrcjsik` ckvirfkecktjo

prfdoces. Wfouktccrs jssist Ejoijks ik tbcir cfrts tf usc

kjturjo rcsfurmcs ik efrc sustjikjdoc ejkkcrs, ieprfvc

j`rimuoturjo prfhumtifk, jkh ikmrcjsc jwjrckcss jdfut

ckvirfkecktjo issucs jefk` tbc `ckcrjo pfpuojtifk.

Wfouktccrs trjik pcfpoc tf ukhcrstjkh tbcir ckvirfkeckt

jkh bfw tf mfkscrvc kjturjo rcsfurmcs.

Bcjotb jkh BIW/JIH]

Bcjotb Wfouktccrs pojy jk jmtivc rfoc ik tbc fk`fik`

rcstrumturik` fg tbc pudoim bcjotb scmtfr tbrfu`b tbcir

wfra witb bcjotb mjrc prfvihcrs, ofmjo jssfmijtifks, jkh

ikhivihujo mfeeukity ecedcrs. Wfouktccrs wfra tf rjisc

jwjrckcss jefk` Ejoijks fg bcjotb issucs jkh prfeftc

prcvcktivc mjrc ecjsurcs, sumb js djojkmch kutritifkjo

prjmtimcs, wcjkik`, drcjst-gcchik`, jkh prfeftik` prc-

vcktifk ecjsurcs, sumb js hijrrbcj jkh hiscjsc mfktrfo,

pfoif crjhimjtifk, vjmmikjtifks, jkh BIW/JIH] prcvcktifk.

Bcjotb Wfouktccrs josf scrvc js cxtcksifk j`ckts witb

ofmjo mfeeukitics jkh ikhivihujos ik wcoo mfkstrumtifk

jkh rcpjir, ieprfvch ojtrikc jkh sfja pit mfkstrumtifk,

sejoo-smjoc irri`jtifk, byìckc chumjtifk, jkh ckvirfk-

ecktjo sjkitjtifk cfrts. Wfouktccrs scca tf ikmrcjsc sjgc

hrikaik` wjtcr sfurmcs jkh ckmfurj`c tbc prfpcr hispfsjo

fg wjstcwjtcr jkh sfoihs.

Fkc bcjotb Wfouktccr wfrach witb tbc mfeeukity

bcjotb mcktcr ik bcr jrcj tf mrcjtc jk ikgjkt rfw tb efki-

tfrik` prf`rje. Xbc Wfouktccr trjvcoch rcùojroy tf cjmb

fg tbc :: viooj`cs tbjt tbc bcjotb mcktcr mfvcrch tf iktrfhumc

tbc djdy wci`bik` scssifks jkh prcsckt ikgfrejtifk fk

ftbcr bcjotb tfpims ikmouhik` prfpcr kutritifk gfr ikgjkts.

Xbrfu`b djdy wci`bik` scssifks tbc Wfouktccr wjs jdoc

tf ihcktigy ukhcr jkh ejokfurisbch mbiohrck jkh ikmouhc

tbce ik j twf-wcca ofk` iktcksivc kutritifk iktcrvcktifk

prf`rje wbimb sbc hcvcofpch witb tbc bcop fg tbc bcjotb

mcktcr stj.

Xbc vfouktccr cxpcrickmc witb tbc ^cjmc Mfrps is joo-ckmfepjssik` - ìvik` fkc j ukiquc

fppfrtukity tf mrcjtc j bfec jkh gfre ojstik` grickhsbips jefk`st wcomfeik` jkh fpck

pcfpoc, jkh fdtjik j `ckuikc ukhcrstjkhik` fg j higgcrckt muoturc jkh wjy fg oigc.

Ejoi WfouktccrJ`rimuoturc ]cmtfr


9/69

X B C ^ C J M C M F T ^ ] M F K @ T C ] ] I F K J O D S H @ C X L S ] X I G I M J X I F K:8>

^TF@TJE HJXC] :970:90::99:

:99:prcsckt


Ckvirfkeckt

Bcjotb jkh BIW/JIH]

Mjpitjo Kfujambftt

^fpuojtifk eiooifk


@H^ `rfwtb .



Gcejoc<



Ecjsocs<



Tcoiìfk Isoje

Fgmijo ojkùj`c Jrjdim

Ejuritjkij


Grfe its ikhcpckhckmc ik :97> uktio :902, tbc Isojeim

Tcpudoim fg Ejuritjkij wjs `fvcrkch dy j mivioijk rcìec.

J kued cr fg eioit jr y `fvcrkeckt s gfoofwch ukt io :99:,

wbck pfoitimj o pjr tics wcrc oc`joizch jkh j mfkst itut ifk

wjs jpprfvch. Ik Juùst 4>>3, j doffhocss eioit jry mfup

htjt drfu`bt tf pfwcr tbc Eioitjry Mfukmio gfr Lustimc jkh

Hcefmrjmy. Xbc eioitjry luktj fvcrsjw tbc cstjdoisbeckt

fg j kcw mfkstitutifk jkh ocìsojtivc cocmtifks dcgfrc turkik`

pfwcr fvcr tf j hcefmrjtimjooy-cocmtch prcsihckt ik Jprio

4>>0. Mfkfflimt dctwcck Effr jkh kfk-Effr ctbkim `rfups

mcktcrik` fk ojkùj`c, ojkh tckurc, jkh ftbcr issucs bjs dcck

j prfdoce ik tbc mfuktry sikmc its ikhcpckhckmc. ]pjrscoy

pfpuojtch, witb efst fg its ojkh mfvcrch dy tbc ]jbjrj Hcscrt,

Ejuritjkij is fkc fg tbc ocjst-hcvcofpch mfuktrics ik tbc

wfroh. It rjkas :3= fg :00 fk tbc 4>>7 Skitch Kjtifks Buejk

Hcvcofpeckt Ikhcx. Dcsihcs eikik`, tbc fkoy mfeecrmijooy

vijdoc ikhustry is sbik`1 Ejuritjkij josf bjs oieitch fsbfrc

fio rcscrvcs.

^TF@TJE GFMS]

]ikmc tbc :92>s, Wfouktccrs bjvc wfrach ik j`rimuoturc,

ckvirfkecktjo mfkscrvjtifk, mffpcrjtivcs, bcjotb chumjtifk,

jkh @uikcj wfre crjhimjtifk. Ik tbc :99>s, tbc cjmc Mfrps

ecr`ch its j`rimuoturc jkh ckvirfkecktjo mfkscrvjtifk prfl-

cmts iktf jk j`rfgfrcstry prflcmt1 mffpcrjtivcs dcmjec sejoo

dusikcss hcvcofpeckt1 jkh tbc @uikcj wfre crjhimjtifk

prflcmt hcvcofpch iktf mfeeukity bcjotb, wjtcr/sjkitj-

tifk, jkh hiscjsc mfktrfo. Ik 4>>>, cjmc Mfrps/Ejuritjkij

rcikstjtch Ckòisb js j scmfkh ojkùj`c jkh mrcjtch j kcw

ckvirfkecktjo chumjtifk prflcmt. @iros chumjtifk jkh ikgfr-

ejtifk jkh mfeeukimjtifk tcmbkfof`y (IMX) prflcmts wcrc

mrcjtch ik 4>>:. Wfouktccrs, rc`jrhocss fg scmtfr, jrc trjikch

ik bfw tf prfeftc BIW/JIH] jwjrckcss jkh prcvcktifk. Js

fg ]cptcedcr 4>>0, Wfouktccrs jrc scrvik` ik :4 fg tbc :=

rcìfkjo prfvikmcs.

WFOSKXCCT GFMS]

Dusikcss HcvcofpecktIk Ejuritjkijs ikgfrejo cmfkfeim scmtfr, Wfouktccrs

trjksgcr djsim dusikcss saioos tf mffpcrjtivc ecedcrs jkh

eimrf-cktrcprckcurs fg joo j`cs jkh ckhcrs. Djsim saioo hcvco-

fpeckt gfr bfst mfuktry trjikcrs jkh pjrtimipjkts ikmouhcs

pojkkik`, kjkmijo ejkj`ceckt, ejractik`, mfeputik`, jkh

jrtisjk trjikik`. Wfouktccrs josf chumjtc dusikcss fwkcrs

jkh mffpcrjtivc ecedcrs fk issucs fg mrchit jkh sjvik`s tf

bcop mrcjtc kcw dusikcss fppfrtukitics jkh cxpjkh cxistik`

fkcs. ]cvcrjo Wfouktccrs wfra hircmtoy witb ejyfrs fmcs ik

GY 4>>2 GY 4>>9

Wfouktccrs





10/69


sejoocr tfwks fk tfurise jkh mfeeukity cmfkfeim hcvco-

fpeckt issucs. Ftbcr Wfouktccrs wfra ik rcìfkjo mjpitjos

witb vfmjtifkjo fr bi`b smbffo stuhckts fk djsim dusikcss

fr mfeputik` saioo scts. IMX is jk ikmrcjsikòy iepfrtjkt

pjrt fg tbc dusikcss hcvcofpeckt scmtfr ikmfrpfrjtik`

jrcjs sumb js euotiechij jkh Iktcrkct usc.

Fkc Wfouktccr jppoich bcr mfedikch iktcrcst ik hcsi`k,

tcxtiocs, gjir trjhc, jkh dusikcss tf bcop j ofmjo wfecks

tic-hyc mffpcrjtivc ejract tbcir prfhumt tf j Ofs Jk`cocs-

djsch hcsi`kcr. Xbc hcsi`kcr ikmfrpfrjtch tbc ofmjooy-

prfhumch gjdrim iktf moftbcs sfoh tf hcpjrteckt stfrcs ik

tbc Skitch ]tjtcs.

Chumjtifk

Wfouktccrs tcjmb Ckòisb tbrfu`bfut Ejuritjkij jt tbc

eihhoc- jkh bi`b-smbffo ocvco tf stuhckts j`cs :=4>.

Xbcy wfra witb tbcir bfst mfoocjùcs tf ieprfvc Ckòisb

tcjmbik` saioos, bcopik` tcjmbcrs dcmfec efrc qujoich,

mrcjtivc, jkh ccmtivc ik j wfra ckvirfkeckt witb oieitch

rcsfurmcs. Wfouktccrs josf wfra witb hcsi`kjtch tcmbkimjo

ikstitutifks ik tbc mjpitjo mity fg Kfujambftt jkh ik sejoo

rcìfkjo tfwks tf prfvihc ikput fk tcjmbcr trjikik` jkh

tbc hcvcofpeckt fg Ckòisb tcjmbik` ejtcrijos.

Wfouktccrs josf fr`jkizc chumjtifk-rcojtch prflcmts

gfmusik` fk ìros chumjtifk jkh cepfwcreckt. Pfraik`

witb tbc Eikistry fg Pfecks Jjirs, Wfouktccrs jkh tbcir

mfeeukity pjrtkcrs ikmrcjsch tbc kuedcr fg ìros eck-

tfrik` mcktcrs ik tbc mfuktry tf :9. Xbis sjec pjrtkcrsbip

drfu`bt tf`ctbcr ìros grfe jmrfss tbc mfuktry tf pjrtimi-

pjtc ik j wcca-ofk` chumjtifk mfkgcrckmc ik tbc mjpitjo.

Xbc iros wcrc pjirch witb gcejoc ukivcrsity stuhckts wbf

ckmfurj`ch tbce tf mfktikuc tbcir chumjtifk sf tbjt tbcy

ei`bt jttckh ukivcrsity tbcescovcs.

Ckvirfkeckt

Wfouktccrs jrc pjrt fg jk iktc`rjtch hcvcofpeckt cfrt

tf ieprfvc j`rimuoturjo jkh gfrcstry prjmtimcs tbrfu`b-

fut rurjo Ejuritjkij. Xbcy wfra tf ieprfvc tbc mjpjmity

fg ofmjo gjrecrs tf prfhumc efrc kutritifus gffh, wbioc

prftcmtik` jkh prcscrvik` tbc ckvirfkeckt. Xbcy josf

tcjmb ieprfvch `jrhckik` saioos, gruit trcc muotivjtifk,

jkh trcc pojktik`.

Fkc Wfouktccr wfrach witb bcr ofmjo ejyfrs fmc

tf cstjdoisb jk jkkujo wjstc-ejkj`ceckt chumjtifk

prf`rje gfr tbcir sejoo tfwk. Xbc efktb-ofk` mjepji`k

sfu`bt tf chumjtc tbc ofmjo mfeeukity fk tbc iepfrtjkmc

fgjkh bcjotb dckcts rcsuotik` grfeprfpcr sjkitjtifk.

Xbc prflcmt rcsuotch ik tbc cstjdoisbeckt fg j ofmjo ojkhoo1

och tf j rchumtifk ik tbc usc fg pojstim sjmas dy ofmjo ecr-

mbjkts1 jkh bcopch ik tbc hcvcofpeckt fg fr`jkizjtifkjo

ocjhcrsbip mjpjmity witbik tbc mfeeukity.

Bcjotb jkh BIW/JIH]

Wfoukt ccrs strivc tf ieprfvc tbc bcj otb fg tbc ru rjo

pfpuojtifk dy prfvihik` mfeeukitics witb tbc kcmcssjry

jkjoytimjo jkh tcmbkimjo saioos tf rchumc tbc ikmihckmc fg

wjtcr-dfrkc jkh byìckc-rcojtch hiscjscs sumb js ejojrij

jkh hijrrbcj. Jmtivitics ikmouhc tcjmbik` mfeeukity-

djsch bcjotb wfracrs jkh cquippik` tbce witb tffos tf dct-

tcr gjmc tbc mbjoock`cs fg wfraik` witb oieitch rcsfurmcs1

trjikik` yfutb jssfmijtifks tf dc BIW/JIH] pccr chu-

mjtfrs1 jkh mfedikik` rcìfkjo ejojrij mjepji`ks tf

gjeioijrizc mfeeukitics witb prftcmtifk tcmbkiqucs,

efsquitf rcpcoockt mrcjes, jkh spcmim tcmbkiqucs gfr

tbc trcjteckt fg efsquitf kcttik` witb ikscmtimihc. Xbcy

josf prfeftc jmmcss tf pftjdoc wjtcr, ikmouhik` duiohik`

jkh ejiktjikik` wcoos.

Wfouktccrs bjvc hcsi`kch jkh iepocecktch BIW/JIH]

trjikik`s fg trjikcrs1 jkh, ojukmbch ejlfr BIW/JIH]

jwjrckcss mjepji`ks ik hicrckt rcìfks fg Ejuritjkij

tbrfu`b spfrts, muoturjo cvckts, jkh gfrejo trjikik` scs-

sifks. J Wfouktccr wfrach witb j `rfup fg ofmjo rcoiìfus

ocjhcrs tf hcvcofp j muoturjooy-jpprfprijtc BIW/JIH]

wfrasbfp tjr`ctch tf yfuk` jhuots. Xbc ofmjo rcoi ifus ocjh-

crs jofk` witb tbc Wfouktccr jkh bis mfuktcrpjrt gjmioitjtch

tbc wfrasbfp hismussik` djsim gjmts jdfut BIW/JIH].

Xbc pjst twf ycjrs bjvc truoy tcstch ey mfeeiteckt jkh gfrtituhc. I ocjvc

akfwik` tbjt ey viooj`c is j oittoc dcttcr fgg js j rcsuot fg ey tiec tbcrc. I josf

akfw tbjt I mjk kcvcr rcpjy ey Ejuritjkijk grickhs gfr tbc ckfrefus ìgt fg

ukhcrstjkhik` tbjt tbcy `jvc ec dy joofwik` ec iktf tbcir oivcs.

Ejuritjkij WfouktccrBcjotb jkh BIW/JIH] ]cmtfr


11/69

X B C ^ C J M C M F T ^ ] M F K @ T C ] ] I F K J O D S H @ C X L S ] X I G I M J X I F K:84

^TF@TJE HJXC] 4>>8prcsckt

^TF@TJE ]CMXFT] Dusikcss HcvcofpecktCkvirfkeckt

Mjpitjo Ecximf Mity

^fpuojtifk eiooifk


@H^ `rfwtb .

Gfrci`k hircmt ikvcsteckt . eiooifk


Gcejoc<



Ecjsocs<



Tcoiìfks Tfejk Mjtbfoimise<

^rftcstjktise<

Ftbcr<

Fgmijo ojkùj`c ]pjkisb

Ecximf


Js j kjtifk fg :>0 eiooifk pcfpoc, Ecximf is tbc efst pfpuofus

]pjkisb-spcjaik` mfuktry ik tbc wfroh. J ojr`c pcrmcktj c fg

tbc pfpuojtifk oivcs ik pffr rurjo jrcjs, dut rurjo-tf-urdjk

ei`rjtifk, js wcoo js ei`rjtifk tf tbc Skitch ]tjtcs, mfktik-

ucs tf `rfw rjpihoy dcmjusc fg rurjo pfvcrty.

Fvcr tbc pjst hcmjhc, hcspitc tbc scrifus hivihc dctwcck

rimb jkh pffr, sudstjktijo prf`rcss bjs dcck ejhc ik duiohik`

j efhcrk jkh hivcrsich cmfkfey, ieprfvik` ikgrjstrum-

turc, jkh tjmaoik` tbc mjuscs fg pfvcrty. Chumjtifkjo ocvcos

ik Ecximf bjvc ieprfvch ik rcmckt hcmjhcs, jkh chumjtifk

rcejiks fkc fg tbc `fvcrkeckts bi`bcst prifritics.

Ik Luoy 4>>>, Wimcktc Gfx fg tbc Kjtifkjo Jmtifk ^jrty

(^JK) wjs cocmtch prcsihckt. Xbis ejrach tbc girst tiec

sikmc tbc Ecximjk Tcvfoutifk tbjt tbc fppfsitifk hcgcjtch

tbc pjrty ik pfwcr, tbc Ikstitutifkjo Tcvfoutifkjry ^jrty

(^TI). Ik Luoy 4>>7, Gcoipc Mjohcrk, josf fg tbc ^JK, wjs

cocmtch jgtcr j bftoy hisputch cocmtifk. ]ikmc bis ikjuùrjtifk

ik Hcmcedcr 4>>7, tbc Mjohcrk fvcrkeckt jppcjrs tf bjvc

stjdioizch tbc pfoitimjo situjtifk jkh bjs iktrfhumch scvcrjo

rcgfre cfrts witb drfjh suppfrt grfe tbc pudoim.

^TF@TJE GFMS]

Xbc cjmc Mfrps prf`rje ik Ecximf is j ukiquc pjrt kcrsbip

tbjt prfvihcs jk fppfrtukity gfr tbc cjmc Mfrps tf rcmruit

bi`boy spcmijoizch, tcmbkimjooy trjikch, jkh cxpcrickmch

Wfouktccrs tf wfra jofk`sihc Ecximjk mfuktcrpjrts. Xbc

^cjmc Mfrps rst dc`jk cxpofrik` tbc pfssidioity fg cktcrik`

Ecximf jgtcr rcsihckts @cfr`c P. Dusb jkh Gfx jkkfukmch

tbc ^jrtkcrsbip gfr ^rfspcrity ikitijtivc hurik` tbcir sue-

eit ik ]cptcedcr 4>>:. Xbc guoo pjrtkcrsbip jmmfrh wjs

si`kch ik Kfvcedcr 4>>=, jkh tbc rst Wfouktccrs jrrivch

ik Ecximf ik Fmtfdcr 4>>8.

^cjmc Mfrps/Ecximf sccas tf prfvihc tfp-qujoit y tcmb-

kimjo jssistjkmc dy jssi`kik` bi`boy cxpcrickmch Wfouktccrs

tf bcop strck`tbck Ecximfs jdioity tf prfvihc lfds tf

Ecximjks jkh gfstcr cmfkfeim rfwtb.

Murrcktoy, Wfouktccrs wfra js tcmbkimjo jhvisfrs jt

smicktigim jkh rcscjrmb mcktcrs fg Ecximfs Mfukmio gfr

]mickmc jkh Xcmbkfof`y (MFKJMYX). Xbc mcktcrs jrcofmjtch ejikoy ik mcktrjo Ecximf, dut josf ik tbc sfutbcrk-

efst stjtc fg Mbijpjs. Wfouktccrs wfra witb MFKJMYX

bjs ckmfepjssch wjtcr jkh ckvirfkecktjo ckìkccrik`,

akfwoch`c ejkj`ceckt, ikgfrejtifk jkh mfeeukimjtifks

tcmbkfof`y (IMX), dusikcss hcvcofpeckt, jkh jhvjkmch

Ckòisb tcjmbik`.

Jg tcr j summcssguo stj rt-up pbj sc, tbc ^cjmc Mfrps wjs

jpprfjmbch dy Ecximfs Eikistry gfr tbc Ckvirfkeckt jkh

Kjturjo Tcsfurmcs (]CEJT KJX) ik ojtc 4>>3 tf mfksihcr j

GY 4>>2 GY 4>>9

Wfouktccrs





12/69


sieiojr tcmbkimj o mffpcrjtifk j`rcceckt. Jg tcr kc`ftij-

tifks, jk ihcktimjo j`rcceckt wjs si`kch ik Ecximf Mity

fk Lukc :=, 4>>7, dctwcck tbc ]cmrctjry fg ]CEJTKJX

jkh tbc Hircmtfr fg tbc ^cjmc Mfrps. Ik tbc cjroy stj`cs

fg tbc prf`rje, ]CEJTKJX rcqucstch tbjt tbc ^cjmc

Mfrps gfmus its prf`rj e fk tbc kjtifkjo gfrcst mfeeis-

sifk jkh tbc kjtifkjo mfeeissifk gfr kjturjo prftcmtch

jrcjs. Wfouktccrs ik tbc ckvirfkeckt scmtfr jrc jssi`kch

tf tbcsc mfeeissifks jkh wfra priejrioy ik tbc mcktrjo

rcìfk fg Ecximf.

WFOSKXCCT GFMS]


Wfouktccrs jrc jssi`kch tf fkc fg scvcrjo MFKJMYX jkh

]CEJTKJX cktitics, wbcrc tbcy prfvihc jhvimc jkh

trjikik` tf bcop MFKJMYX dcmfec ocss hcpckhckt fk

gchcrjo `fvcrkeckt gukhik` wbioc dcttcr jhhrcssik` tbc

kcchs fg tbc privjtc scmtfr. Wfouktccrs wfra mofscoy witb

Ecximjk res tf ieprfvc tbcir mfepctitivckcss, pjrtimu-

ojroy fg sejoo- jkh echiue-sizch dusikcsscs. Wfouktccrs

mfoojdfrjtc ik ieprfvik` dusikcss prfmcsscs, jmmfukt-

ik` jkh kjkmc, ejractik`, jkh prfhumtifk/fpcrjtifks

ejkj`ceckt.

Wfouktccrs tcjmb Ckòisb tf stj jt MFKJMYX mcktcrs

tf ieprfvc tbcir mfkvcrsjtifkjo, writik`, jkh tcmbkimjo

ojkùj`c saioos. Ik sfec mjscs, Wfouktccrs bcop prcpjrc

tcmbkimjo prcscktjtifks jkh rcscjrmb khik`s. Xbc Ckòisb

stuhckts ikmouhc ckìkccrs, iktcrks, jkh MFKJMYX stu-

hckts ikvfovch ik rcscjrmb prflcmts.

Wfouktccrs josf wfra ik akfwoch`c ejkj`ceckt tf usc

tbc efst jpprfprijtc systces, sfgtwjrc, jkh mfeputcr

tcmbkfof`y tf ecct hjtj ejkj`ceckt jkh ikgfrejtifk

kcchs. Fkc Wfouktccr is wfraik` witb bis mfuktcrpjrt

tf up`rjhc j hjtj ejkj`ceckt systce sf it mjk dc usch

tf prfhumc uphjtch kjtifkjo vc`ctjtifk ejps jkh gfrcst

ikvcktfrics.

Ckvirfkeckt

Wfouktc crs wfra witb MFKJMY X mck tcr s jk h tbcir

moickts ik jmtivitics rcojtch tf wjtcr suppoy, wjstcwjtcr

trcjteckt, jkh rchumik` ikhustrijo pfooutifk. Wfouktccrs

jsscss ikhustrijo pfooutifk jkh rcmfeeckh eiti`jtifk

strjtcìcs jkh tcmbkfofìcs1 prfeftc ieprfvch bjzjrhfus

wjstc-ejkj`ceckt strjtcìcs1 jssist mitics witb tbc pojk-

kik`, hcsi`k, jkh iepocecktjtifk fg wjtcr jkh sjkitjtifk

prflcmts1 jsscss jkh rcmfeeckh jotcrkjtivc mfst-ccmtivc

wjtcr suppoy jkh trcjteckt systces1 prfeftc wjtcrsbch

prftcmtifk jkh ejkj`ceckt1 jkh scca kjkmijo suppfrt

gfr pioft prflcmts.

Wfouktccrs wfraik` witb ]CEJTKJX gfmus fk joocvi-

jtik` hcgfrcstjtifk, gfrcst rcs, jkh sfio crfsifk. Xbcy josf

wfra fk prcscrvjtifk fg kjturjo bjditjts, kjtifkjo pjras

ejkj`ceckt, jkh difspbcrcs. Huc tf Ecximfs mritimjo

ckvirfkecktjo kcchs, ejky stjtc fvcrkeckt joijtcs fg

]CEJTKJX bjvc josf rcqucstch tf bjvc j ^cjmc Mfrps

Wfouktccr pojmch ik tbcir j`ckmy.

Fkc Wfouktccr mfupoc is prfeftik` ckvirfkecktjo

jwjrckcss jefk` eukimipjo wfracrs jkh ckbjkmik` tbc

mjpjmity fg eukimipjoitics tf usc `cf`rjpbim ikgfrejtifk

systces tcmbkfof`y, j mfeputcr-djsch prf`rje tbjt

jssists ik rcsfurmc ejkj`ceckt, ojkh-usc pojkkik`, jkh

ckvirfkecktjo iepjmt jsscsseckts.

I je usik` joo tbc cxpcrickmc jkh akfwoch`c grfe ey prcvifus wfra ik tbc Skitch ]tjtcs

ik ey Wfouktccr jssi`keckt witb ey Ecximjk mfoocjùcs. Ie ocjrkik` js eumb grfe tbce

js tbcy jrc grfe ec. Xf`ctbcr, wc jrc prfhumik` efrc ckcr`y-cgmickt ikhustrics witb ocss

mfktjeikjtifk, ocss hismbjr`cs, jkh sjgcr mfkhitifks gfr tbc pcfpoc wbf oivc bcrc.

Ecximf WfouktccrCkvirfkeckt ]cmtfr


13/69


^TF@TJE HJXC] :977prcsckt

^TF@TJE ]CMXFT] Chumjtifk

G]E ^jojuMjpitjos ^joiair< Ecocacfa

^fpuojtifk , ,

Jkkujo pcr mjpitj ikmfec , ,

@H^ `rfwtb . .

Gfrci`k hircmt ikvcsteckt Kft jvjiojdoc

Jhuot iooitcrjmy rjtc

Ikgjkt efrtjoity rjtcpcr , oivc dirtbs

Ieeukizjtifk rjtcH^X< Ecjsocs<

Jmmcss tf jk ieprfvchwjtcr sfurmc

BIW/JIH] prcvjockmc Kft jvjiojdoc

Tcoiìfks ^rftcstjktise, Tfejk MjtbfoimiseEfhcak`ci (^joju fkoy)

Fgmijo ojkùj`cs Ckòisb

Eimrfkcsij, Gchcrjtch ]tjtcs fg jkh^joju


Dftb tbc Gchcrjtch ]tjtcs fg Eimrfkcsij (G]E) jkh ^joju

jrc hcefmrjtim rcpudoims, efhcoch fk tbc S.]. gchcrjo sys-

tce, jkh cjmb mfuktry bjs j stjtc `fvcrkeckt. Xbc stjtcs

fg G]E jkh ^joju jrc bi`boy jutfkfefus, cxcrmisik` `rcjt

ikhcpckhckmc grfe tbc gchcrjo `fvcrkeckt. Dftb mfuktrics

bjvc cmfkfeics jkh `fvcrkeckts tbjt jrc hcpckhckt fk

S.]. Mfepjmt fg Grcc Jssfmijtifk gukhs jkh S.]. gfrci`k

jih, wbimb jrc smbchuoch tf dc rchumch fvcr tiec. Dftb

mfuktrics ojma scog-sustjikik` prf`rjes tf prfvihc gfr tbc

kcchs fg tbcir pcfpoc.

Efst pcfpoc fg G]E jkh ^joju bjvc sudsistckmc oigc-

styocs, gcw privjtc-scmtfr lfds cxist, jkh djsim ikgrjstrumturc,

chumjtifk, jkh bcjotb scrvimcs jrc ukhcrhcvcofpch. Xbc kcw

mfepjmt j`rcceckts rcquirc `rcjtcr jmmfuktjdioity gfr gukhs

jkh gfmus fk bcopik` G]E jkh ^joju dcmfec scog-rcoijkt.

Hcvcofpik` vijdoc ikhustrics jkh cxpfrtik` jrc mbjoockìk`

dcmjusc fg tbc cf`rjpbim isfojtifk jkh sejoo sizc fg G]E jkh

^joju. Jhhitifkjooy, tbc kjtifks grjìoc kjturjo rcsfurmcs jrc

ik hjk`cr fg cxpofitjtifk.

^TF@TJE GFMS]

Xbc gfmus fg tbc prf`rje is tf duioh tbc mjpjmity fg tbc pcfpoc

sf tbcy mjk prfvihc gfr tbcir fwk kcchs, jpprcmijtc jkh

prcscrvc tbcir ckvirfkeckt, jkh prfvihc fppfrtukitics jkh

bcjotby surrfukhik`s gfr yfutb. Wfouktccrs tcjmb Ckòisb

ik smbffos jkh wfra witb mfeeukitics tf jhhrcss ofmjooy

ihcktich kcchs. Ik jk cfrt tf ` ivc tbc efst hisjhvjktj`ch

stuhckts tbc `rcjtcst fppfrtukitics gfr summcss, Wfouktccrs

jrc pojmch ik smbffos fk rceftc isojkhs tbjt bjvc tbc ocjst

jmmcss tf stuhckt jkh tcjmbcr rcsfurmcs.

WFOSKXCCT GFMS]

Chumjtifk

Wfouktccrs wfra ik tbc mojssrffe jt tbc priejry jkh scmfkh-

jry smbffo ocvcos. Xbcy tcjmb Ckòisb js j scmfkh ojkùj`c tf

stuhckts jkh bcop tcje tcjmb witb ofmjo tcjmbcrs. Wfouktccrs

prfeftc j mfktckt-djsch Ckòisb tcjmbik` murrimuoue tbjt

cepbjsizcs murrckt iktcrkjtifkjo, kjtifkjo, jkh isojkh-spcmim sfmijo issucs tbjt gfmus fk yfutb, bcjotb, jkh tbc ckvi-

rfkeckt. Futsihc tbc mojssrffe, Wfouktccrs wfra witb bfst

mfuktry mfuktcrpjrts tf hcvcofp tcjmbcr-trjikik` rcsfurmcs

jkh tf mfkhumt wfrasbfps tf ieprfvc tcjmbcrs saioos jkh

jdioitics ik tbc mojssrffe.

Jhhitifkjooy, Wfouktccrs wfra witb ofmjo yfutb jkh mfe-

eukity `rfups fk jgtcr-smbffo prflcmts ikvfovik` spfrts,

ckvirfkecktjo chumjtifk, oigc saioos, pccr chumjtifk, jkh

bcjotb chumjtifk witb j gfmus fk kutritifk-rcojtch issucs.

GY 4>>2 GY 4>>9

Wfouktccrs





14/69


Wfouktccrs bcop hcvcofp yfutb mouds jkh pccr chumjtifk

`rfups, ikmouhik` sueecr mjeps gfr isojkh yfutb.

Ik jhhitifk tf tcjmbik` jt j scmfkhjry smbffo, fkc

Wfouktccr stjrtch j summcssguo jgtcr-smbffo spfrts prf-

`rje ik bis mfeeukity. Dcìkkik` witb lust j bjkhguo fg

mbiohrck, tbc sfmmcr prf`rje bjs `rfwk tf ikmouhc efrc

tbjk :>> mbiohrck. Js pfpuojrity fg tbc prf`rje `rcw,

jhuots ik tbc mfeeukity dcmjec iktcrcstch jkh vfouk-

tccrch js mfjmbcs. Xbc viooj`c kfw bjs j wcoo-cstjdoisbch

jgtcr-smbffo prf`rje witb ofmjo ocjhcrsbip mjpjdoc fg

ejkjìk` jkh sustjikik` tbc prf`rje.

Jkftbcr Wfouktccr, wfraik` ik j vcry rceftc isojkh

witbik tbc ]tjtc fg Yjp, tcjmbcs jt j smbffo tbjt bjh kft

bjh j stuhckt pjss tbc kjtifkjo bi`b smbffo cktrjkmc cxjes

gfr efrc tbjk :> ycjrs. ]ikmc tbc Wfouktccr dc`jk wfraik`

witb stuhckts, tbc smbffo bjs jmbicvch tbc kuedcr-fkc

rjkaik` ik Yjp. Xbc smbffo hircmtfr jkh mfeeukity ece-

dcrs mitc tbc wfra fg tbc Wfouktccr jkh bcr ikspirjtifk tf

gcoofw tcjmbcrs tf cxmco ik tbcir cfrts, js tbc rcjsfks tbc

mbiohrck pcrgfrech sf wcoo.

^joju bjs cklfych j wfkhcrguo rcojtifksbip

witb tbc cjmc Mfrps fvcr tbc ycjrs. jojujk

stuhckts bjvc dckctch `rcjtoy grfe tbc

wfra fg ^cjmc Mfrps Wfouktccrs tcjmbik`

Ckòisb, ejtb, jkh smickmc tf stuhckts ik rurjo

cocecktjry smbffos. Its dcck wfraik`, itsdcck witb us gfr 8> ycjrs, jkh I bfpc tbjt it wioo

mfktikuc tf dc jrfukh gfr j ofk` tiec tf mfec.

^rcsihckt Xfeey C. Tceck`csju Lr.^joju

Eimrfkcsijk mbioh jt pojy


15/69


^TF@TJE HJXC] :99=prcsckt


Bcjotb jkh BIW/JIH]Yfutb

Mjpitjo Mbisikju

^fpuojtifk eiooifk


@H^ `rfwtb .



Gcejoc<



Ecjsocs<



Tcoiìfks Cjstcrk Frtbfhfxy<

Luhjise< .

Ftbcr< .

Fgmijo ojkùj`c Efohfvjk

Efohfvj


Efohfvj is fkc fg tbc pffrcst kjtifks ik Curfpc, tbfu`b upfk

ikhcpckhckmc it wjs j eihhoc-ikmfec mfuktry. Tjpih riscs

ik ckcr`y mfsts jkh j djk dy Tussij fk iepfrtik` Efohfvjk

wikc bjvc si`k imjktoy iepjmtch tbc ofmj o cmfkfey jkh

it is fkc fg tbc rcìfks efst bcjvioy ikhcdtch mfuktrics.

]cpjrjtist gfrmcs ik tbc Xrjkskistrijk rcìfk jofk` tbc

Sarjikc dfrhcr bjvc prcvcktch tbc `fvcrkeckt grfe cxcr-

misik` guoo mfktrfo fvcr its tcrritfry, cxjmcrdjtik` cmfkfeim

himuotics. Xbc Fr`jkizjtifk gfr ]cmurity jkh Mffpcrjtifk

ik Curfpc, witb tbc suppfrt fg tbc S.]. cedjssy ik Efohfvj,

is sccaik` j sfoutifk tf tbc Xrjkskistrijk mfkfflimt. Xbfu`b

^rcsihckt Wojhieir Wfrfkik bjs pudoimoy cxprcssch tbc

hcsirc tf efvc tfwjrh Curfpcjk Skifk (CS) ecedcrsbip,

tbc Xrjkskistrijk issuc eust girst dc rcsfovch. Ik 4>>3,

Efohfvj bcoh pcjmcguo pjroijecktjry cocmtifks, jkh tbc kcw

pjroijeckt rccocmtch ^rcsihckt Wfrfkik.

^TF@TJE GFMS]

Xbc Efohfvjk `fvcrkeckt is mfkmcrkch tbjt j ojma fg

Ckòisb prfmickmy jefk` its pcfpoc wioo ikbidit cmfkfeim

mfktjmt witb tbc Pcst, jkh its chumjtifkjo systce kcchs

qujoich Ckòisb tcjmbcrs. Xbc fvcrkeckt josf rcmf`kizcs

j kcch tf gfmus fk prcvcktivc bcjotb, tbfu`b tbcrc jrc kf

ikstitutifks tf trjik bcjotb chumjtfrs jkh djsim bcjotbmjrc

scrvimcs bjvc hctcrifrjtch mfksihcrjdoy ik rcmckt ycjrs.

^rivjtizjtifk fg tbc ojr`c j`rimuoturjo ikhustry jkh his-

sfoutifk fg tbc mcktrjoizch mfktrfo fvcr ejky jspcmts fg

mfeeukity oigc bjvc ocgt Efohfvjks witb ejky kcchs dut

ojmaik` sfec fg tbc saioos jkh jpprfjmbcs kcchch tf ejac

usc fg jvjiojdoc rcsfurmcs jkh fppfrtukitics. Wfouktccrs

jhhrcss tbcsc issucs witb tbcir priejry prflcmts1 tbcy josf

wfra ik scmfkhjr y prflcmts, sumb js mrcjtik` ikgfrejtifk

tcmbkfof`y mcktcrs1 ocjhik` spfrts jmtivitics, sueecr mjeps,

jkh efhco Skitch Kjtifks prf`rjes1 jkh mfedjtik` buejk

trjmaik`.

WFOSKXCCT GFMS]

Dusikcss HcvcofpecktWfouktccrs wfra witb rurjo dusikcss suppfrt fr`jkizjtifks,

gjrecrs, jkh cktrcprckcurs tf ikmrcjsc ikmfec dy ieprfvik`

ikgfrejtifk hissceikjtifk mbjkkcos, ckbjkmik` mfksuotik`

jkh trjikik` mcktcrs, jkh iktrfhumik` kctwfraik` jkh ejr-

actik` fppfrtukitics. Wfouktccrs jssist kfk`fvcrkecktjo

fr`jkizjtifks (K@Fs) witb strjtcìm pojkkik` jkh fr`jki-

zjtifkjo ejkj`ceckt. Xbcy prfvihc trjikik` ik djsim gjre

ejkj`ceckt, dusikcss pojkkik` jkh kjkmijo jkjoysis, jkh

tbcy wfra tf ckbjkmc mfeputcr oitcrjmy.

GY 4>>2 GY 4>>9

Wfouktccrs





16/69


Xwf Wfouktccrs bcopch j ofmjo eimrfmrchit j`ckmy

cstjdoisb j pjrtkcrsbip witb j ojr`c iktcrkjtifkjo eimrf-

mrchit ikstitutifk, rcsuotik` ik jhhitifkjo gukhs gfr prflcmts

ik tbc mfeeukity. ]ikmc tbc pjrtkcrsbip dc`jk, 2= gjrecrs

jkh rurjo cktrcprckcurs bjvc summcssguooy rcmcivch jkh

rcpjih tbcir ofjks.

Chumjtifk

Wfouktccrs jssi`kch tf tbc tcjmbik` Ckòisb js j gfrci`k

ojkùj`c (XCGO) prf`rje wfra witb stuhckts, tcjmbcrs,

jkh ikstitutifks. Wfouktccrs bcop stuhckts ieprfvc tbcir

saioos ik tbc Ckòisb ojkùj`c, mritimjo tbikaik`, prfdoce

sfovik`, jkh hcmisifk ejaik`, jkh tbcy bcop gfstcr rcjtcr

ckvirfkecktjo jwjrckcss. Pfraik` witb tbcir tcjmbik`

mfoocjùcs, Wfouktccrs ocjh wfrasbfps tf trjik tcjmbcrs

ik usik` mfktckt-djsch ikstrumtifk ik tbc mojssrffes. Jt

tbc ikstit utifkjo ocvco, Wfouktccrs wfra witb smbffos jkh

mfeeukitics tf ieprfvc tbc qujoity jkh tbc qujktity fg

rcsfurmc ejtcrijos jvjiojdoc gfr tcjmbik` jkh ocjrkik`

Ckòisb. Wfouktccrs josf prfeftc tbc usc fg ikgfrejtifk

jkh mfeeukimjtifks tcmbkfof`y iksihc jkh futsihc tbc

mojssrffe.

Xwf XCGO Wfouktccrs fr`jkizch j scrics fg sceikjrs

tf trjik tcjmbcrs tf usc wfrh prfmcssik` sfgtwjrc tf mrcjtc

tcsts jkh ftbcr jmtivitics. Xbc sceikjrs josf iktrfhumch

pjrtimipjkts tf j Wfouktccr-hcvcofpch wcdsitc ik wbimb

tbc tcjmbcrs mfuoh kh jkh sbjrc ocssfk pojks jkh ftbcr

mojssrffe rcsfurmcs.

Bcjotb jkh BIW/JIH]

Wfouktccrs wfras wit b pjr tkcr j`ckmic s, smbffos, jkh

bcjotbmjrc prfvihcrs tf prfeftc bcjotb chumjtifk ik

Efohfvj. Ik smbffos, Wfouktccrs mf-tcjmb bcjotb chumjtifk

mojsscs tf efrc tbjk =>,>>> stuhckts gfr j eikieue fg

ci`bt bfurs pcr wcca. Xbcy josf wfra iktcksivcoy witb stu-

hckts tf hcvcofp pccr-chumjtifk jmtivitics gfmusch fk oigc

saioos jkh BIW/JIH] jkh sudstjkmc jdusc prcvcktifk.

Fkc Wfouktccr mfoojdfrjtch witb mfeeukity pjrtkcrs

tf mfkhumt ocssfks jkh sceikjrs fk BI W/JIH] jkh fr`j-

kizch j dckct mfkmcrt tf mfoocmt hfkjtifks gfr mbiohrckwitb BIW.

Yfutb

Wfouktccrs ik tbc yfutb scmtfr wfra witb K@Fs, ofmjo

`fvcrkeckts, jkh sfmijo scrvimc j`ckmics. Xbcy gfmus

fk fr`jkizjtifks tbjt prfeftc sustjikjdoc mfeeukity

hcvcofpeckt, cspcmijooy ik tbc sfmijo wcogjrc coh, witb

jmtivitics gfmusch fk yfutb jkh ejrìkjoizch rfups, sumb

js eikfritics jkh tbc hisjdoch. Wfouktccr jmtivitics rjk`c

grfe mfkhumtik` kcchs jsscsseckts witb tbcir fr`jkizj-

tifks tf duiohik` ofmjo djscs fg rcsfurmcs tf iepocecktik`

mfeeukity prflcmts.

]cvcrjo Wfouktccrs hcsi`kch jkh iepocecktch j

trjikik` prf`rje gfr yfutb mjep mfukscofrs. Xbc prf-

`rje prfvihch kcjroy =>> mfukscofrs witb kcw tffos jkh

tcmbkiqucs tf fr`jkizc yfutb jkh ocjhcrsbip hcvcofpeckt

prf`rjes.

Xbc Eikistry fg Chumjtifk

bi`boy jpprcmijtcs tbc jmtivity fg

^cjmc Mfrps Wfouktccrs ik jmbicvik`

fur `fjos gfr duiohik` j hcefmrjtim

sfmicty, djsch fk buejk ri`bts,

rcspcmt jkh prikmipocs fg grcchfe.

Ouheioj jvofvMbicg, Hcpjrteckt fg Iktcrkjtifkjo Tcojtifks

jkh Curfpcjk Iktc`rjtifkEikistry fg Chumjtifk jkh Yfutb

Efohfvj

Efohfvjk smbffo mbiohrck ik tbc mojssrffe


17/69


^TF@TJE HJXC] :99:prcsckt


Bcjotb jkh BIW/JIH]Yfutb

Mjpitjo Sojjkdjjtjr

^fpuojtifk eiooifk


@H^ `rfwtb .



Gcejoc<



Ecjsocs<


BIW/JIH] prcvjockmc ?.

Tcoiìfks Xidctjk Duhhbist Ojejise<

Isoje<

]bjejkise

Fgmijo ojkùj`cs Abjoabj Efk`fo

Ckòisb

Efk`foij


Ik tbc ojtc :92>s, Efk`foij mfeeittch tf hcefmrjtizjtifk

jkh j grcc-ejract cmfkfey. Pbioc tbis mfeeiteckt bjs

rcejikch re, mbjk`cs bjvc strjikch tbc cmfkfeim, sfmijo

wcogjrc, jkh chumjtifk systces. Jotbfu`b Ckòisb ojkùj`c

jmquisitifk is iepfrtjkt tf mitizcks jkh tbc fvcrkeckt, efst

smbffos hf kft bjvc ckfu`b qujoich tcjmbcrs jkh rcsfurmcs.

Xbc bcjotb systce gjmcs mbjoock`cs js it efvcs grfe jk

cepbjsis fk ]fvict-styoc murjtivc trcjteckt tf j prcvcktivc

jpprfjmb. Pitb 77 pcrmckt fg tbc pfpuojtifk ukhcr => ycjrs fg

j`c, Efk`foij is rimb witb buejk rcsfurmcs cj`cr tf ieprfvc

qujoity fg oigc jkh tbc guturc fg tbc mfuktry.

^TF@TJE GFMS]

Xbc ^cjmc Mfrps/Efk`foij prf`rje dc`jk witb jk Ckòisb

chumjtifk prflcmt ik :99: jkh bjs sikmc cxpjkhch tf ikmouhc

prf`rjes ik ftbcr scmtfrs hircmtoy rcocvjkt tf kjtifkjo hcvco-

fpeckt prifritics. Wfouktccrs gfmus fk sbjrik` saioos jkh

akfwoch`c tf duioh ofmjo mjpjmity jkh tf jssist Efk`foijks

ik jmbicvik` tbcir hcvcofpeckt fjos.

WFOSKXCCT GFMS]


Wfouktccrs jssist Efk`foijs t rjksitifk tf j grcc -ejract

cmfkfey dy duiohik` mjpjmity fg kfk-`fvcrkecktjo fr`jkizj-

tifks (K@Fs) jkh Efk`foijk mitizcks ik dusikcss saioos jkh

akfwoch`c. Wfouktccrs ikmrcjsc ejkj`ceckt jkh strjtcìm

pojkkik` saioos fg dusikcss fwkcrs jkh trjksgcr akfwoch c fg

jmmfuktik`, dffaaccpik`, mustfecr scrvimc, jkh ikgfrejtifk

jkh mfeeukimjtifk tcmbkfof`y. Wfouktccrs bjvc fr`jkizch

sceikjrs fk kctwfraik`, jkh mfst-dckcgit jkjoysis, jkh

bcopch rurjo dusikcss fwkcrs ihcktigy kcw ejracts.

Fkc Wfouktccr mfksuotch witb j ejkj`cr fg j rurjo j`ri-

dusikcss suppfr t prflcmt fk usik` cggcmtivc ejkj`ceckt

prjmtimcs jkh ieprfvik` drjkmb fpcrjtifks. Xbcir ecctik`s

ikmrcjsch tbc ejkj`crs mjpjmity tf ccmtivcoy scrvc bis moi-

ckts jkh prfvihch bie witb kcw ihcjs tf hcvcofp dusikcss jkh

ejractik` pojks js wcoo js kc`ftijtc sejoo dusikcss ofjks

Chumjtifk

Ik sprik` 4>>3, tbc `fvcrkeckt kjech Ckòisb tbc fmijo

scmfkh ojkùj`c fg Efk`foij. Wfouktccrs duioh mjpjmity dy

tcjmbik` Ckòisb tf stuhckts fg scmfkhjry smbffos, mfooc`cs,

ukivcrsitics, js wcoo js mfeeukity ecedcrs. Xbcy strck`tbck

chumjtifkjo ikstitutifks dy trjikik` Efk`foijk Ckòisb

tcjmbcrs jkh dy hcvcofpik` Ckòisb chumjtifk rcsfurmcs.

Wfouktccrs cstjdoisb oidrjrics jkh hcvcofp juhifvisujo

jihs, murrimuoj, jkh Ckòisb ojkùj`c kcwsocttcrs jofk`sihc

GY 4>>2 GY 4>>9

Wfouktccrs





18/69


tbcir Efk`foijk mfuktcrpjrts. Xbcy josf wfra fk ftbcr

jmtivitics djsch fk j mfeeukitys cxprcssch kcchs, sumb

js oigc-saioos trjikik`, oitcrjmy, mfeputcrs, bcjotb, cmfof`y,

jkh trjmaik` ik pcrsfks.

Xwcovc Wfouktccrs wfraik` witb tbc Eikistry fg

Chumjtifk, ]mickmc, jkh Muoturc fr`jkizch j sueecr

mjep prf`rje gfr Efk`foijk Ckòisb tcjmbcrs. Xbc

mjeps prfvihch jk fppfrtukity gfr tbc tcjmbcrs tf ocjrk

kcw tcjmbik` tcmbkiqucs jkh tf ieprfvc tbcir Ckòisb

ojkùj`c saioos. Fkc bukhrch jkh gty Efk foijk Ckòisb

tcjmbcrs, rcprcscktik` six rcìfks fg Efk`foij, pjrtimi-

pjtch ik tbc prf`rje.

Bcjotb jkh BIW/JIH]

Xbc mfeeukity bcjotb prflcmt chumjtcs jkh trjiks stu-

hckts, mfeeukity ecedcrs, jkh bcjotb scrvimc prfvihcrs

fk hiscjsc prcvcktifk jkh pudoim bcjotb issucs. Wfouktccrs

pjrtkcr witb prfvikmijo bcjotb hcpjrteckts, K@Fs, jkh

iktcrkjtifkjo j`ckmics tf prfeftc pudoim jwjrckcss fg

issucs sumb js scxujooy trjkseittch iookcsscs, ikmouhik`

BIW/JIH], jkh oigc saioos gfr Efk`foijk yfutb. Wfouktccrs

hcsi`k jkh iepoceckt bcjotb chumjtifk futrcjmb jmtivi-

tics jkh ckmfurj`c bcjotby oigcstyocs.

Wfouktccrs jrc josf hcvcofpik` mfuk scofr trj ikik`

murrimuoue gfr bcjotb scrvimc prfvihcrs, jkh tbcy bcop

witb rst jih jkh M^T trji kik`. Wfouktccrs wfra witb

tbc echij tf hissceikjtc bcjotb ecssj`cs tf yfutb jkh

jhuots, hcsi`k trjikik` prf`rjes ik dftb Efk`foijk jkh

Ajzjab, prfvihc chumjtifk fk kutritifk jkh `jrhckik`,

jkh hcvcofp bcjotb gjirs.

J Wfouktccr wfraik` witb tbc Djyjkabfk`fr Bcjotb

Hcpjrteckt hcvcofpch j prflcmt tf prfeftc djsim byìckc

jkh ikitijtch j bjkh wjsbik` prf`rje ik ofmjo aikhcr`jr-

tcks. Xf tcjmb tbc mbiohrck jdfut byìckc, sbc wrftc j sbfrt

stfry ik Efk`foijk jdfut j oittoc dfy wbf hih kft wjkt tf

wjsb bis bjkhs uktio bis fohcr drftbcr mfkvikmch bie.

Wfouktccrs jkh mfuktcrpjrts josf efhcoch bjkh wjsbik`

tf mbiohrck jkh tbcir tcjmbcrs jkh pjrckts. Jgtcr trjikik`,

gfoofw-up survcys sbfwch tbjt tbc mbiohrck, tcjmbcrs, jkh

pjrckts bjh ocjrkch tbc ocssfk wcoo. Xbc prflcmt wjs sum-

mcssguooy iepocecktch tbrfu`bfut joo ofmjo aikhcr`jrtcks

ik tbc prfvikmc.

Yfutb

Ojukmbch ik 4>>3, tbc yfutb hcvcofpeckt prflcmt duiohs

tbc mjpjmity fg yfutb-scrvik` j`ckmics jkh suppfrts

iepocecktik` yfutb hcvcofpeckt pfoimics ik Efk`foij.

Wfou ktccrs wfr a jt ofmj o drjk mbcs fg tb c Kjt ifk jo

Jutbfrity gfr Mbiohrck, tbc `fvcrkeckt dfhy rcspfksidoc

gfr yfutb issucs ik Efk`foij. Wfouktccrs jrc josf jssi`kch

tf kfkgfrejo chumjtifk mcktcrs, wbcrc smbffo hrfpfuts

mjk rcmcivc jotcrkjtivc chumjtifk.

Wfouktccrs tcje up witb jrcj yfutb mfukmios, smbffo

sfmijo wfracrs, K@Fs, jkh ftbcr fr`jkizjtifks tf mfk-

strumtivcoy ck`j`c Efk`foijk yfutb. Ik tbc pjst gcw ycjrs,

Wfouktccrs bjvc ikitijtch kuecrfus prflcmts, ikmouhik` oigc

saioos mouds, ecktfrik` jkh spfrts prf`rjes, jkh iktcrkj-

tifkjo ikgfrejtifk cxmbjk`cs.

I bjvc jowjys dcck quitc ieprcssch wbck I mjec dy ^cjmc Mfrps

Wfouktccrs ik ey trjvcos ik tbc mfuktrysihc. ^cjmc Mfrps Wfouktccrs

oivc ukhcr higmuot mirmuestjkmcs, lust oiac Efk`foijks.

^rcsihckt B.C. Kjedjryk Ckabdjyjr

Efk`foij


19/69

X B C ^ C J M C M F T ^ ] M F K @ T C ] ] I F K J O D S H @ C X L S ] X I G I M J X I F K:3>

^TF@TJE HJXC] :974:99::99:4>>=

4>>=prcsckt

^TF@TJE ]CMXFT] Dusikcss HcvcofpecktCkvirfkeckt

Bcjotb jkh BIW/JIH]

Yfutb

Mjpitjo Tjdjt

^fpuojtifk eiooifk


@H^ `rfwtb .

Gfrci`k hircmt ikvcsteckt . eiooifk


Gcejoc<



Ecjsocs<



Tcoiìfks Isoje<

Mbristijkity, Luhjise

Fgmijo ojkùj`c Jrjdim

Efrfmmf


Efrfmmf gjmcs issucs typimjo fg efst hcvcofpik` mfuktrics,

ikmouhik` rcstrjikik` `fvcrkeckt spckhik`, rchumik` mfk-

strjikts fk privjtc jmtivity jkh gfrci`k trjhc, jkh jmbicvik`

sustjikjdoc cmfkfeim `rfwtb. Efrfmmf rcejiks vuokcr-

jdoc tf hrfu`bt, js rjikgjoo is acy tf tbc pcrgfrejkmc fg tbc

j`rimuoturc-hfeikjkt cmfkfey. Gikjkmijo rcgfres bjvc dcck

iepocecktch, dut ofk`-tcre mbjoock`cs rcejik, sumb js scr-

vimik` tbc hcdt, ieprfvik` trjhc rcojtifks witb tbc Curfpcjk

Skifk, ikmrcjsik` chumjtifk jkh lfd prfspcmts gfr yfutb, jkh

jttrjmtik` gfrci`k ikvcsteckt.

Efrfmmf bfpcs tf jttrjmt :> eiooifk tfurists dy 4>:> tf

suppfrt sejoo dusikcsscs jkh rchumc ukcepofyeckt. Sktio

tbck, tbc `fvcrkeckt jies tf prfhumc qujoity mrjgts jkh tf

ejract jkh cxpfrt prfhumts ejhc dy jrtisjks. Xbc aik`hfe

bjs efvch reoy iktf tbc rcgfreist, oidcrjoizik` mjep ik tbc

Isojeim-Jrjd wfroh, jkh bjs jhfptch j kcw gjeioy ojw. Xbc

ojw, mfksihcrch rcvfoutifkjry ik tbc J rjd jkh Eusoie wfroh,

prfeftcs wfecks ri`bts jkh pojmcs wivcs fk j efrc cqujo

gfftik` witb tbcir busdjkhs.

^TF@TJE GFMS]

Kcjroy j qujrtcr fg Efrfmmjks oivik` ik rurj o jrcjs jrc pffr,

jkh oitcrjmy rjtcs jrc ofw, pjrtimuojroy jefk` iros. Ejtcrkjo

jkh mbioh bcjotb rcejiks j ejlfr mfkmcrk js ejtcrkjo jkh

ikgjkt efrtjoity rjtcs jrc bi`b. Pbioc scxujooy trjkseittch

hiscjscs jrc wihcsprcjh, rcpfrts fg BIW mjscs rcejik ofw.

Moiejtim swik`s bjepcr bjrvcsts, wbioc hrjikj`c fg wct-

ojkhs, hcgfrcstjtifk fg pudoim jrcjs, jkh crfsifk ik kjtifkjo

pjras prcsckt mfktikuik` mbjoock`cs. Bi`b ukcepofyeckt

jkh ofw wj`cs bjvc oieitch fppfrt ukitics gfr cktrcprckcurs

tf jmmcss mjpitjo, hisjhvjktjìk` tbce ik j rjpihoy cvfovik`

òfdjo cmfkfey. Jmmfrhikòy, Wfouktccrs jrc jssi`kch tf

prflcmts ik dusikcss hcvcofpeckt, ckvirfkeckt, bcjotb jkh

BIW/JIH], jkh yfutb.

WFOSKXCCT GFMS]


^cjmc Mfrps Wfouktccrs jssist tbc fvcrkeckt ik iepoceckt-ik` its kcw sejoo dusikcss hcvcofpeckt strjtc`y jt tbc ofmjo

ocvco, cspcmijooy ik rurjo jrcjs. Xbc pftcktijo gfr summcss fg

tbis ikitijtivc is djsch fk hcvcofpik` buejk mjpitjo, jkh

Wfouktccrs bcop witb tbis tbrfu`b pjr timipjtfr y trjikik`

jkh hircmt saioos trjksgcr. Xbcy jssist ofmjo jrtisjks jkh

duioh tbcir mjpjmity tf dc summcssgu o ik dusikcss ejkj`c-

eckt, cktrcprckcursbip, fr`jkizjtifkjo hcvcofpeckt, jkh

mfeputcr oitcrjmy.

GY 4>>2 GY 4>>9

Wfouktccrs





20/69


Fkc Wfouktccr fr`jkizch j givc-hjy wfrasbfp gfr

kcjroy => jrtisjks fk usik` kjturjo hyc. Xrjikik` wjs prf-

vihch dy j kfk`fvcrkecktjo fr jkizjtifk tbjt spcmijoizcs

ik tbis tcmbkiquc. Xbc wfrasbfp iktrfhumch jrtisjks tf

ofmjooy jvjiojdoc pojkts tbjt tbcy mjk kfw mfoocmt gfr grcc

grfe tbc jrcjs surrfukhik` tbcir mfeeukitics.

Ckvirfkeckt

Xbis prflcmt rcikgfrmcs tbc `fvcrkeckts mfkscrvjtifk

ikitijtivcs jkh bcops rurjo pfpuojtifks jmbicvc j bi`bcr

stjkhjrh fg oivik`. Wfouktccrs wfra witb `fvcrkeckt

rcprcscktjtivcs, yfutb `rfups, jkh ckvirfkecktjo iktcr-

cst rfups. Xbcy jssist ofmjo fr`jkizjtifks, ofmjtch witbik

kjtifkjo pjras jkh jrcjs fg difofìmjo jkh cmfofìmjo

iepfrtjkmc, tf prfeftc cmftfurise jkh ftbcr ikmfec-

`ckcrjtik` jmtivitics.

Fkc Wfouktccr bcopch :> wfeck ik bcr mfeeukity

gfre jk j`rimuoturjo mffpcrjtivc tbjt prfhumcs wjokut fio

jkh hrich jppocs, wbimb jrc sfoh tf tfurists. Dy mfkkcmtik`

tbcir j`rimuoturjo prfhumtifk witb ofmjo cmftfurise, tbc

wfeck jrc `ckcrjtik` ikmfec tf chumjtc tbcir mbiohrck

jkh tf purmbjsc moftbik` jkh echimikc gfr tbcir cxtckhch

gjeioics.

Bcjotb jkh BIW/JIH]

Efrfmmfs bi`b ikgjkt efrtjoity rjtc rcfflcmts oivik` mfkhi-

tifks jssfmijtch witb pffr wjtcr qujoity jkh ikjhcqujtc

sjkitjtifk. Wfouktccrs gfmus fk chumjtifk gfr ejtcrkjo

jkh mbioh bcjotb jkh jdfut sjgc wjtcr. Xbcy mfoojdfrjtc tf

ikmrcjsc mfeeukity jmmcss tf bcjotb scrvimcs jkh jssist

ik chumjtifkjo jmtivitics mfkhumtch dy bcjotb fmijos.

Pitb tbcir mfuktcrpjr ts, Wfouktccrs bjvc hcvcofpch jkh

hcoivcrch ikgfrejo jgtcr-smbffo bcjotb jkh byìckc ocs-

sfks jkh jmtivitics gfr smbffombiohrck. Wfouktccrs bjvc

josf fr`jkizch BIW/JIH] jwjrckcss jmtivitics ik yfutb

mcktcrs, bi`b smbffos, jkh bcjotb moikims.

]cvck Wfouktccrs fr`jkizch j wcca-ofk` bcjotb biac tf

rceftc viooj`cs tf hissceikjtc bcjotb ik gfrejtifk tf ofmjo

wfeck fk tfpims sumb js wjtcr trcjteckt, djsim byìckc,

BIW/JIH], kutritifk, jkh vjmmikjtifks. ]fec Wfouktccrs

fk tbc biac wfrach witb viooj`c ocjhcrs tf trjik mfeeukity

ecedcrs ik wjtcr trcjteckt prfmchurcs tbjt usc mbofrikc

prfvihch dy ofmjo moikims.

Y>utb

Wfouktccrs ckmfurj`c yfutb tf jttckh mitizcksbip jkh

ocjhcrsbip-duiohik` jmtivitics. Xbcy tcjmb mfktckt-djsch

Ckòisb jt ofmjo yfutb jkh wfecks mcktcrs jkh iepoc-

eckt cxtrjmurrimuojr jmtivitics, sumb js fr`jkizik` spfrts

tcjes, ecktfrik` yfutb, jkh tcjmbik` mfeputcr saioos.

Xbc Eikistry fg Yfutb bjs ejhc chumjtik` ìros j prifr-

ity, sf Wfouktccrs jkh tbcir pjrtkcrs jhhrcss tbc kcchs fg

ofmjo ìros, wfraik` witb tcjmbcrs, wfecks mcktcrs, jkh

hcvcofpeckt jssfmijtifks.

Gfrty Wfouktccrs mfoojdfrjtch tf hcvcofp jkh iepoc-

eckt j murrimuoue gfr Ckòisb ojkùj`c ieecrsifk mjeps,

wbimb wcrc jtt ckhch dy efrc tbjk 4, 3>> Efrfmmj k

yfutb. Ik jhhitifk tf ojk` uj`c ikstrumtifk, tbc mjeps

prfvihch pjrtimipjkts witb vjoujdoc ocssfks fk bcjotb

jkh ocjhcrsbip.

Ckòisb ojkùj`c sueecr mjeps bjvc dcmfec efrc si`kimjkt jkh vjoujdoc ik tcres fg

tbc vjricty fg jmtivitics jkh tbcir mfktckt jkh strumturc. Fur Efrfmmjk yfutb jrc cxpfsch

tf hivcrsc saioos ik ocjhcrsbip, mitizcksbip, tcje duiohik` jkh ftbcr oigc saioos .

Efbjech Co @jbs]cmrctjry @ckcrjo ik Mbjr`c fg Yfutb

Efrfmmf


21/69


22/69


cxpjkhik` tcjmbik` ectbfhfofìcs, ieprfvik` Ckòisb

mfeeukimjtifk saioos, jkh hcvcofpik` chumjtifkjo ejtcri-

jos. Wfouktccrs wfra ik trjikik` ikstitutcs tf bcop guturc

tcjmbcrs hcvcofp rcsfurmcs tf mrcjtc ccmtivc visujo jihs

gfr tbcir mojsscs.

Fkc Wfouktccr mfepioch jk cjsioy rcprfhumidoc

^frtuùcsc-Ckòisb himtifkjry witb tbc efst mfeefkoy

spfack wfrhs ik Efzjediquc. Xbis himtifkjry is kfw usch

dy Wfouktccrs, tcjmbcrs, jkh stuhckts ik ejky smbffos

jmrfss tbc mfuktry. Ik jhhitifk tf tbcir priejry jssi`k-

eckts, Wfouktccrs prfeftc chumjtifk futsihc tbc mojss-

rffe witb jmtivitics sumb js tutfrik`, mfjmbik`, fr`jkizik`

smbffo oidrjrics, ùihik` dfys jkh ìros mouds, fr`jkizik`

iktcr-smbffo smickmc gjirs, prfeftik` mfeeukity prflcmts,

jkh fr`jkizik` kjtifkjo dfys jkh ìros ocjhcrsbip mfk-

gcrckmcs. Wfouktccrs jrc josf trjikch tf dc jhvfmjtcs jkh

chumjtfrs gfr BIW/JIH] prcvcktifk.

Ojst ycjr, Wfouktccrs bfstch j ojr`c smickmc gjir, drik`-

ik` tf`ctbcr mfuktcrpjrts jkh stuhckts grfe smbffos jmrfss

vc prfvikmcs. Xbc Tcìfkjo ]mickmc jkh JIH] Jwjrckcss

Gjir, jttckhch dy kcjroy :,>>> pcfpoc, sbfwmjsch stuhckt

smickmc prflcmts jkh ikmfrpfrjtch chumjtifkjo ecssj`cs

jdfut BIW/JIH].

Bcjotb jkh BIW/JIH]

Wfouktccrs scrvc jmrfss tbc mfukt ry tf bcop duioh tbc

mjpjmity fg sejoo fr`jkizjtifks jkh mfeeukity `rfups

tf mfedjt BIW/JIH]. Wfouktccrs bcop tbcir mfuktcrpjrts

ieprfvc pojkkik` jkh ejkj`ceckt1 trjik yfutb `rfups

fk oigc saioos sf yfuk` pcfpoc ocjrk tf ejac dcttcr bcjotb

mbfimcs1 suppfrt `rfups gfr pcrsfks oivik` witb BIW/

JIH]1 prfvihc tcmbkimj o trjikik` tf stj jkh mfeeukity

vfouktccrs1 jkh bcop hcvcofp kcw strjtcìcs, ihcjs, jkh

ejtcrijos, sumb js BIW kcwsocttcrs jkh rjhif mjepji`ks.

Pitb trjikik` jkh ejtcrijos suppfrtch dy tbc ^rcsihckts

Cecr`ckmy ôjk gfr JIH] Tcoicg (^C^GJT), Wfouktccrs

prfvihch mjrc gfr frpbjks jkh vuokcrjdoc mbiohrck,

fcrch pjooijtivc mjrc tf tbfsc ikgcmtch dy BIW/JIH],

jkh chumjtch bi`b-risa `rfups.

Wfouktccrs bcopch fr`jkizc kjtifkjo yfutb ocjhcrsbip

mfkgcrckmcs ik 4>>0, wbimb wcrc jttckhch dy dfys jkh

ìros, Efzjedimjk tcjmbcrs jkh stuhckts grfe joo fg tbc

rcìfks fg tbc mfuktry. ^jrtimipjkts hismussch mritimjo

issucs gfr yfuk` wfeck jkh eck, ikmouhik` ckhcr rfocs,

BIW/JIH] jwjrckcss, bcjotby dcbjvifrs, jkh ecks jkh

wfecks rfocs ik BIW prcvcktifk. Xbc stuhckts rcmcivch

trjikik` ik mrcjtivc BIW/JIH] jwjrckcss jmtivitics

tf usc ik tbcir fwk mfeeukitics jgtcr tbc mfkgcrckmc,

ikmouhik` tbcjtcr, lfurkjoise, pbftflfurkjoise, jkh jrt/

eurjo pjiktik`. Wfouktccrs suppfrt tbcsc eimrf-prflcmts

dy bcopik` tf fdtjik gukhik` jkh dy prfvihik` tcmbkimjo

jssistjkmc.

Fkc Wfouktccr hcsi`kch j pccr chumjtifk prf`rje gfr

ìros ik bcr mfeeukity j`cs :3 tf 4>. Xbc iros pjrtimipjtch

ik pccr chumjtifk jkh bcjotb trjikik` jkh tbck mfktikuch

witb wccaoy ecctik`s fk BIW/JIH], bcjotb, jkh oigc saioos.

Xbc ìros ik turk gjmioitjtch BIW/JIH] jkh oigc saioos

jmtivitics jkh scssifks gfr efrc tbjk =,>>> mfeeukity

ìros. Jkftbcr Wfouktccr prfvihch fr`jkizjtifkjo suppfrt

jkh trjikik` ik sejoo dusikcss saioos tf j kcw wfecks

jssfmijtifk. Xbc Wfouktccr wfrach witb tbc fr`jkizjtifk

tf hcsi`k jkh iepoceckt j sustjikjdioity pojk gfr ikmfec-

`ckcrjtik` jmtivitics. Xbc sustjikjdioity pojk ikmouhch

iktcksivc chumjtifk mfepfkckts ik ojkùj`c, bcjotb, oigc

saioos, jkh tcmbkimjo saioos.

Ey prflcmt jkh ey cxpcrickmc ik Efzjediquc bjs dcck jk jwcsfec ocjrkik` cxpcrickmc

jkh vcry wfrtbwbioc. It is fdvifus grfe tbc hchimjtifk fg tbc ocjhcrs ik ey mfeeukity tbjt

tbc prflcmt tbjt I bcopch ojukmb wioo mfktikuc ofk` jgtcr ey ^cjmc Mfrps scrvimc bjs ckhch.Efzjediquc Wfouktccr

Bcjotb jkh BIW/JIH] ]cmtfr


23/69


^TF@TJE HJXC] :99>prcsckt

^TF@TJE ]CMXFT] ChumjtifkBcjotb jkh BIW/JIH]

Mjpitjo Pikhbfca

^fpuojtifk eiooifk


@H^ `rfwtb .

Gfrci`k hircmt ikvcsteckt Kft jvjiojdoc


Gcejoc<



Ecjsocs<



Tcoiìfks Mbristijkity

Ikhi`ckfus dcoicgs

Fgmijo ojkùj`cs Ckòisb

(Jgriajjks)

Kjeidij


]ikmc ikhcpckhckmc ik :99>, Kjeidij bjs cstjdoisbch sfukh

pfoitimjo jkh cmfkfeim grjecwfras tbjt ejac it fkc fg tbc

efst stjdoc mfuktrics ik Jgrimj. Kjeidijks jrc ckmfurj`ch

tf pjrtimipjtc ik sbjpik` ojws jkh `fvcrkeckt pfoimics.

Kjeidij josf ikvcsts bcjvioy ik tbc sfmijo scmtfr, ikmouhik`

chumjtifk, rurjo hcvcofpeckt, jkh tbc `bt j`jikst BIW/

JIH].

Tcgocmtik` its pfoitimjo ejturity, Kjeidij mfepoctch

witbfut ikmihckt its rst mbjk`c fg tfp pfoitimjo ocjhcrsbip

sikmc ikhcpckhckmc wbck Biacpukyc ^fbjedj wjs cocmtch

prcsihckt ik Kfvcedcr 4>>8. Xbc cmfkfey is rfwik` jt jk

ckmfurjìk` rjtc, dut scrifus mbjoock`cs rcejik tf Kjeidijs

mfktikuch prf`rcss. Xbc hispjrity dctwcck rimb jkh pffr is

fkc fg tbc bi`bcst ik tbc wfroh. Xbc jpjrtbcih systce fg lfd

joofmjtifk jkh chumjtifk mfktikucs tf kc`jtivcoy ikffluckmc

cepofyeckt ik joo cmfkfeim scmtfrs, witb fvcrjoo ukce-

pofyeckt ik cxmcss fg => pcrmckt. Kjeidij bjs josf dcck

hcvjstjtch dy tbc BIW/JIH] pjkhceim jkh ikgcmtifk rjtcs

jrc sfec fg tbc bi`bcst ik tbc wfroh. Ckmfurjìkòy, tbc

`fvcrkeckt is j``rcssivcoy iepocecktik` cfrts tf mfktjik

tbc tbrcjt.

^TF@TJE GFMS]

Ieechijtcoy jgtcr Kjeidijs ikhcpckhckmc ik :99>, tbc

Eikistry fg Chumjtifk dc`jk tf rcgfre tbc jpjrtbcih-djsch

chumjtifkjo systce jkh tf iktrfhumc Ckòisb js tbc echiue

fg ikstrumtifk. Xbc rst ^cjmc Mfrps Wfouktccrs jrrivch ik

Kjeidij scvcrjo efktbs jgtcr ikhcpckhckmc jkh, sikmc tbck,

Wfouktccrs bjvc mfktikuch tf strck`tbck tbcsc chumjtifkjo

rcgfre ecjsurcs. ^cjmc Mfrps/Kjeidij stioo mfoojdfrjtcs

cxtcksivcoy witb tbc Eikistry fg Chumjtifk jkh tbc chumj-

tifk prf`rje rcejiks tbc prikmipjo pojtgfre gfr tbc ^cjmc

Mfrps mfktridutifk tf Kjeidijs cmfkfeim jkh sfmijo

hcvcofpeckt.

Ik tbc gi`bt j`jikst BIW/JIH], tbc ^cjmc Mfrps bjs

ikmrcjsch its mffpcrjtifk witb Kjeidijs eikistrics fg

Bcjotb1 Yfutb jkh ]pfrts1 jkh Chumjtifk, jofk` witb

Kjeidijk gjitb- jkh mfeeukity-djsch fr`jkizjtifks. Ik

mfoojdfrjtifk witb tbc Mcktcrs gfr Hiscjsc Mfktrfo jkh^rcvcktifk jkh S]JIH/Kjeidij, Wfouktccrs hircmtoy sup-

pfrt fvcrkeckt eikistrics jkh gjitb- jkh mfeeukity-djsch

fr`jkizjtifks tbrfu`b fpcrjtifkjo mjpjmity duiohik` jkh dy

prfvihik` mfeeukity-ocvco trjikik` ik JIH] prcvcktifk,

pfsitivc oivik`, jkh bfec-djsch mjrc. Joo Wfouktccrs, rc`jrh-

ocss fg scmtfr, jrc trj ikch tf prfeftc BIW/JIH] jwjrckcss

jkh prcvcktifk.

GY 4>>2 GY 4>>9

Wfouktccrs





24/69


WFOSKXCCT GFMS]

Chumjtifk

^cjmc Mfrps/Kjeidij mfktridutcs tf chumjtifkjo rcgfre

jkh hcvcofpeckt tbrfu`b tcjmbcr trjikik` jkh suppfrt,

mojssrffe tcjmbik` (smickmc, ejtbcejtims, jkh Ckòisb),

jkh dy prfeftik` kcw ikgfrejtifk jkh mfeeukimjtifk

tcmbkfofìcs. Fkc Wfouktccr prfvihch tcjmbcr-trjikik`

wfrasbfps tf trjik tcjmbcrs fk bfw tf ecktfr jkh prcpjrc

tbcir stuhckts gfr smickmc gjir mfepctitifks.

Wfouktccrs jrc josf wfraik` tf fpck up tbc wfroh

dcyfkh tbc viooj`c gfr tbcir stuhckts. Fkc Wfouktccr fr`j-

kizch j coh trip gfr j smbffo iros moud, wbimb gfr ejky wjs

tbcir rst trip tf tbc mjpitjo. Xbc ìros sbjhfwch hicrckt

prfgcssifkjo wfeck gfr j hjy ik fmmupjtifks rjkìk` grfe

wfra jt j priktik` prcss, tf j k ckvirfkecktjo mfksuotik`

`rfup, jkh cvck tbc jssistjkt tf tbc Mbicg Lustimc jt tbc

]uprcec Mfurt.

Wfouktccrs jrc josf wfraik` hircmtoy witb tbc Eikistry

fg Chumjtifk tf suppfrt systceim mbjk`c. Ik fkc cxjepoc,

j Wfouktccr is wfraik` witb tbc eikistry tf fr`jkizc

j efdioc mfeputcr ojd tf drik` mfeputcr jwjrckcss

jkh djsim mfeputcr saioos tf isfojtch smbffos. Jkftbcr

Wfouktccr, ofmjtch ik tbc kfrtb, is wfraik` witb tbc eik-

istry tf hcvcofp ejtb rcgcrckmc jkh cxjeikjtifk prcpjrj-

tifk dffas tf histridutc tf ejtb stuhckts tbrfu`bfut tbc

rcìfk. Ejky Wfouktccrs josf fr`jkizc jkh stfma smbffo

oidrjrics jkh mrcjtc prf`rjes tf iktcrcst mbiohrck ik rcjh-

ik`. Fkc Wfouktccr fr`jkizch j dffaefdioc tf trjvco tf

rurjo smbffos tbjt hf kft bjvc jmmcss tf j oidrjry.

Joo chumjtifk Wfouktccrs ik Kjeidij kfw iktc`rjtc

BIW/JIH] ikgfrejtifk iktf tbcir mojssrffes jkh tbcir

scmfkhjry prflcmts. Fkc Wfouktccr wfrach witb j smbffo

JIH] moud tf pojk jkh iepoceckt jk BIW/JIH] jwjrckcss

wcca tbjt ikmouhch ejrmbcs, jk jsscedoy prf`rje, jkh tbc

histridutifk fg ikgfrejtifkjo drfmburcs fk BIW/JIH].

Bcjotb jkh BIW/JIH]

Xbc ikvfovceckt fg Wfouktccrs ik BIW/JIH] prcvcktifk

is cxpjkhik`. Wfouktccrs jrc wfraik` tf strck`tbck tbc

fpcrjtifkjo mjpjmity fg BIW/JIH] prf`rjes ik dftb tbc

`fvcrkeckt jkh tbc mfeeukity- jkh gjitb-djsch scmtfrs.

Gfr cxjepoc, fkc Wfouktccr, j ojwycr dy trjikik`, wfrach

witb tbc Oc`jo Jssistjkmc Mcktcr fk BIW/JIH] ojw. ]bc

prcpjrch j rcsfurmc dffa fk JIH] ojw ik Kjeidij. Xbc

dffa is dcik` pudoisbch jkh wioo dc histridutch tf luh`cs

jkh ojwycrs, jkh wioo josf dc ejhc jvjiojdoc tf joo fr`j-

kizjtifks wfraik` ik tbc gicoh fg BIW/JIH]. Xbis wioo

prfvihc eumb kcchch jmmcss tf ikgfrejtifk fk tbc ri`bts

fg ikhivihujos ikgcmtch jkh jcmtch dy BIW/JIH], ukhcr

Kjeidijk ojw.

Wfouktccrs jrc josf hircmtoy ikvfovch ik yfutb futrcjmb

jkh BIW/JIH] prcvcktifk jmtivitics tbrfu`b mfeeukity

efdioizjtifk prf`rjes, rurjo BI W/JIH] wfrasbfps, jkh

tbc cstjdoisbeckt fg yfutb mouds witb jk BIW/JIH] gfmus.

Fkc Wfouktccr fr`jkizch j yfutb wiohcrkcss mjep gfr

j `rfup fg frpbjks jkh ftbcr vuokcrjdoc mbiohrck. Xbc

mjep prfvihch tbcsc mbiohrck witb jk fppfrtukity tf

ocjrk jdfut BIW/JIH] prcvcktifk ik j sjgc jkh suppfrtivc

ckvirfkeckt.

I wjkt tf ecktifk ik pjrtimuojr tbc rfoc pojych dy tbc S.]. cjmc Mfrps. Pc bfkfr tbc

sjmrimcs tbcy Q^cjmc Mfrps WfouktccrsU ejac ik jowjys dcik` prcpjrch tf scrvc cvck ik

tbc vcry rceftcst jrcjs fg fur mfuktry, wbcrc efhcrk gjmioitics jrc kfk-cxistckt. I wjkt

tf tjac tbis fppfrtukity, tbcrcgfrc, fk dcbjog fg tbc @fvcrkeckt fg Kjeidij, tf tbjka tbcyfuk Wfouktccrs gfr tbc ukwjvcrik` scrvimc tbcy jrc rckhcrik` tf tbc Kjeidijk pcfpoc.

Xbc Bfkfrjdoc Ocepy Oumjs, E^Hcputy Eikistcr fg Gfrci`k Jggjirs

Kjeidij


25/69


^TF@TJE HJXC] :972:909:99:-prcsckt

^TF@TJE ]CMXFT] J`rimuoturcDusikcss Hcvcofpeckt

ChumjtifkCkvirfkeckt

Bcjotb jkh BIW/JIH]

Mjpitjo Ejkjùj

^fpuojtifk eiooifk


@H^ `rfwtb .



Gcejoc<



Ecjsocs<



Tcoiìfk Tfejk Mjtbfoimise<

Fgmijo ojkùj`c ]pjkisb

Kimjrjùj


Kimjrjùj is j mfkstitutifkjo hcefmrjmy witb cxcmutivc, oc`-

isojtivc, jkh luhimijo drjkmbcs. Xbc prcsihckt jkh ecedcrs fg

tbc ukimjecrjo Kjtifkjo Jsscedoy jrc cocmtch tf mfkmurrckt

vc-ycjr tcres. Xbfu`b tbc turduockt cvckts fg tbc pjst gcw

hcmjhcs bjvc dcck wihcoy rcpfrtch, Kimjrjùj bjs dcmfec

tbc kcwcst hcefmrjmy ik tbc Jecrimjs. Xbc ojtcst prcsihcktijo

cocmtifks rcsuotch ik Hjkico Frtc`js rcturk tf pfwcr. Er.

Frtc`j scrvch js Kimjrjùjs prcsihckt grfe :923 tf :99>.

Kimjrjùj bjs tbc jpprfprijtc sfio, moiejtc, jkh jotituhc

gfr muotivjtik` j wihc vjricty fg mrfps jkh oivcstfma. Its rivcrs,

vfomjkfcs, mfjstoikcs, tiedcr, jkh eikcrjo rcsfurmcs prcsckt

ieprcssivc cmfkfeim pftcktijo js wcoo js j rcjt mbjoock`c tf

sfukh ckvirfkecktjo ejkj`ceckt.

Efrc tbjk bjog fg Kimjrjùjs pfpuojtifk is ukhcr-

cepofych fr ukcepofych. Xbc mfuktry bjs sucrch grfe

rcpcjtch mjtjstrfpbim kjturjo hisjstcrs tbjt bjvc mfeprf-

eisch tbc grjìoc gffh scmurity fg ejky rurjo jrcjs. Oieitch

jmmcss tf bcjotbmjrc jkh bcjotb chumjtifk bjs och tf j bi`b

ikgjkt jkh ejtcrkjo efrtjoity. Efrc tbjk fkc-gfurtb fg

yfuk` wfeck bjvc tbcir girst mbioh dy j`c :9. Cmfkfe im

hcvcofpeckt is mritimjooy iepjirch dy tbc oieitch jvjiojdioit y

fg dusikcss chumjtifk jkh pffr jmmcss tf mrchit.

^TF@TJE GFMS]

Xbc ^cjmc Mfrps prf`rje wfras tf bcop Kimjrjùjks

rcspfkh tf tbc mbjoock`cs fg cmfkfeim hcvcofpeckt jkh

ieprfvc tbcir qujoity fg oigc tbrfu`b prflcmts ik j`rimuoturc,

dusikcss hcvcofpeckt, chumjtifk, ckvirfkeckt, jkh bcjotb

jkh BIW/JIH].

WFOSKXCCT GFMS]

J`rimuoturc

Xbc j`rimuoturc prflcmt gfmuscs fk rjisik` tbc stjkhjrh fg

oivik` fg rurjo gjreik` gjeioics dy ikmrcjsik` gffh scmurity,

`ckcrjtik` ikmfec fppfrtukitics, jkh gfstcrik` mfeeukity

hcvcofpeckt. Wfouktccrs wfra mofscoy witb coh tcmbkimijks

grfe tbc Kjtifkjo J`rimuoturjo Xcmbkfofìmjo Ikstitutc,

hcvcofpeckt fr`jkizjtifks, jkh mfeeukity ocjhcrs, tfjssist rurjo bfuscbfohs hcvcofp vjrifus saioos, ikmouhik`

`jrhckik`.

Ik mfoojdfrjtifk witb mfeeukity ocjhcrs, fkc Wfouktccr

bcopch duioh j gfftdrih`c fvcr j strcje tbjt swcoos hurik`

tbc rjiky scjsfk, isfojtik` tbc mfeeukity. Xbc kcw drih c

prfvihcs ycjr-rfukh jmmcss tf kci`bdfrik` smbffos, bcjotb

gjmioitics, jkh ejracts, wbimb ik tbc pjst bjh dcck ikjmmcs-

sidoc hurik` tbc rjiks.

GY 4>>2 GY 4>>9

Wfouktccrs





26/69



Xbc dusikcss hcvcofpeckt prflcmt gfmuscs fk tbc kjtifks

yfutb, prfvihik` tbce witb dusikcss jkh oigc saioos tf

ckbjkmc tbcir mjpjmity tf `jik ecjkik`guo cepofyeckt

Peace Corps Post Profiles | Congressional Budeget Justification 2009 m-z cbj2009

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Transcript of Peace Corps Post Profiles | Congressional Budeget Justification 2009 m-z cbj2009