~'JC000fF Pb - 1414> -;;;. ( s - ,,;;:; I

ResearCh in Mineral Deficiencies For Grazing Ruminants

Department of Animal Science University of Florida

AID!ta-C-1153

Proj ec t Revie~J by

Leader: Dr. G.H. Beck, Professor Intern~tlonal Agriculture; Kansas State Un::"versity, ~fanr.a ttan, Kansas

Dr. Juan Salazar, Sub-Directo~; Caja de Credito Agrario, Colcmbio.

Dr. J.L. ~rid~r, Professor Ani~al Science; Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana

AID Re?resentativc~ at the Review

Dr. Hiloslo.v Rechcigl, TA./~:S

Dr. Ncu S. ?aun, ........... I.\G 1

page 2

Research on Mineral Deficiercies for Grazing rrurninants

Definition of the Pr~bl~rn

Grazin~ rc~inants in the tropic~l and sc~i-tropical regions of the world generally are less pr~juctive than those kept under temperate conditions in the r.,o~? developed countries. Re;JroGucti'J2 perfo~ance tends to be lo~", calfhood :-:;:)l"calitj' his:., 3:1d rate of grm.;t~ slo,,;. Also milk production is rela ti VG ly 10\11.

Causes &f this low productivity are multiple. Disease can be a serious limiting fdeter, especially h~~oproto2oal diseases. Low nutritional intake 10 the se~i-arii zones durin~ the long drv perioJs ~eco~~s a severe limitinz factJr. Al.30 :::alrlutrieicn resultir:; froc l:lineral, defi~ier,cies is closely ~clated to lew re?roductive perfor~2nce and growth rates as well as : '-'~.l calfhood :::oL:"tali ty.

Mineral C.O :'c': 'cies ;nobably occur in illOSt tropical countries. Relatively little illfol.!'.a",ion i3 3,"J2il.::.':Jle as to the nJ.tu;:-e, extent ar.d seriousr.ess of this pro~lao in li:::iting producti~ity of th2 grazing ru~inant. It is a problem tb~t requires c3r~~ul stuey c0untry-~y-country and on a continuing basis. Therefore it is i~port~nt ~hat each country, or at least each ecolo3ical zone ini~iJte a oro;ram to assess the mir.eral nutrition status of grazing ~ni~~ls, and to clet2rmine essential supplements required to correct deficienci25 in grazec forages.

Ili:nory 0 f t':lE ?lorica !l:-o'j ec t

The Uni'lersity of ?lo:-ida p:-oject, AIB/tC!.-C-1l53, Has started ~ioue~ber 1, 1974. It is due to tcr::linace ~;0ve::lber 1, 1977 unless extended. The purpose of this revie' ... ~,'C.s to eV2.l:Jate progress to da.te and reco:::J...7.enci future actions relative to the ?roj~ct.

The prir..&ry obj ec d:-.r'2 of t~is proj ec t is to detel'-line the essential r.li~eral supplements for gra:ing dni~a~ ei2ts to increase efficiancy of meat and milk produ~cion systems with l resultar.t increase in quality and quantity of food in LDes and a subsequent ir.crease in e!.:1ploy;:r:ent and inccme levels.

More specifically it w~s the intent of the project leaders to carry out research for the following purposes:

1. To e:ger.i~ent~11y ceter~~~ the locations of ~i:1e~al dQficienci~s, adequ.:1cies, a:1d toxicities i:1 select2d areas of Latin A.r:1ericaj

2. To estahlish the biolo~i~~l response and econo~ic benefit of mineral supple~entation of grazing ani~Dls;

3. To evalu2te methods of ni:1eral supple~cnt adrui:1istration for grazing cattle;

4. To pu!Jlish and Jistribute tesearch infor:tation to sti:nulate wicespreau use of mineral supplecents.

page 3

Assessment of Pro cress to D~te

Excellent ?rogress has been ~3de in establishing relations with research insti tu t iC:1s in seven La tin f. . meric.J.:1 cOlmtries. Programs to determine mineral st.J.tus of gr3zing ani~als and to field test supplementation regi~es to correct deficie~cies of gra~ed forages have been developed in Brazil, Colo2bia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, EI Salvador, Guate~aln and Vene~ucla. Ho~ever, the project has not yet progress~d to the sta~e of producing "hard" cata dec:~r:-:-!inin6 the [I.oed for, cnd the economic benefits from, mineral supple".entation of ;razinG rtC'.incmts in these countries. It is cle;lrly evic.~nt tha( t:1e ti:-..'.e fra..'Cle of this ?roject (three years) is not sufficient for the reali?:a.tion of stated objectives. In this regarc, th~ project stateme~t for the current ?rojc~t indicates t~a: an extension of two years beyond the three year period will be necessary.

Nonetheless the proj-=ct partici.?

page 4

Recor.uTlcndntio:1s for the Future

A. Thin! Far of the contrJ.ct- period C~ove!'!1ber 1976 - October 1977).

Much has been acco~p1i3hed during the first two years of this project in terms of cr

page 5

objecti'.,le of this project. If the projf:ct is continued there r,.;ould be a substantial pay-off. If discontinued at the end of three years there is a stronG possibility that the collaborative research progracs with Latin A.'.'eric2!1 institutions ,,:ou::':! not be t.1kc.n to their ~'ro?er conclusion fer lack of technical su~~ort and progran coordination from the Uni~crsilY of Flori:ia.

It is recom~en:!ed, ho~ever, that if the ?roject is extended i~ shoul~ be amenied to inc2.'...:de an eX"?J.nsion ir.to ,\ric2n and Asian cou,1tries, and.an e::p2:-,.sion into other srecies inclLding st1eep 8::d goats. Also there shouL:!. be sore eophasis on the directiQ",S previously outlbed for t~~rd year studies.

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Se:::tion

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CONTENTS AND ORGANIZATION

Title

Project Summa:-y

Sigr,if~can:e ~nt R~~ionale for Research

Hanagemen-: Considerations

Projec~ ~~ckgro~d

Work Plans and Time Phase

Researchers Competence

I~stitutional Building

Benefits to Livestock Producers

Women in Development

Environmental Considerations

External Evaluations

Past Contract Appraisal

Fin~~cial Aspects

Logical Framework

Appendix

1 ~.aluation Team Report (6 Pages)

2 Biodata for PI's (16 Pages)

3 Publications from Pro~ect Activities (12 Pages)

S Attachment - Annual Report

Page

1

4

6

7

8

10

15

27

27

28

30

31

31

32

.3.3

.38

39

ALPA

APHCA

CATIE

C!AT

CONICIT

EMBRAPA

EPAr~IG

ICA

ILCA

INCAP

INIAP

IBTA

IVITA

SODESP

CSIRO

PCARR

~cr:Jr'.:~s and ~~brev~2ticns .

Latin A~erican ~sso:iaticn Jf ~ni~2l Pro~u~tion Associaci6n La:inoameric3na de ?rcducci6n ~nimal

Animal Production end Health Co~~ission for Asia, Far East and South Wes~ P~cific

Tropical Agricultural Research and Trainin~ Center Centro Agrcn5mico Tropical de Investigaci6~ y Ense~anza, Turrialba. Costa Rica

International Center of ~ropical Agriculture Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, Colombia

Nationa" Coun::j] for Scie:ntific and Technological Research Consejo Nacional de Investigaci6n Cient~fico y Tecno16gico, Costa Rica

Brazilian National Agricultural Research Corporation Emprcsa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria

Agricultural Research Corporation of the State of Minas Gerais Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuaria de Minas Gerais

Colombian Agricultural Research I~stitute Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario, Coioli1bia

International Livestock Center for Africa (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia)

Institute of Nutrition for Central America and Panama -- Guatemala

National Institute of Agricultural Research -- Ecuador

Technolcgy Institute of Bolivia Instituto Boliviano de Tecnologia, Bolivia

Veterinary Institute for Tropical and High Altitude Research Instituto Veterinario de Investigaciones Tropicales y de Altura -- Peru

Society for Livestock Development in Senegal

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization -- Australia

t~alaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute

Philippine Co~ncil for Agr;cul~ure and Resources Research

JJ

A.

, .... Project Summary

Statistic-3.l

Project Title:

New or Extension:

Contractor:

Principal Investigators:

Durati:m:

Total Estimated Cost:

Funding by Fiscal Years:

Prior Funding:

Project ~1anager:

1

Mineral Studies with Ruminant Animals in Developing Countries

Extension for 3 years

Department of Animal Scienca Institute of Food and

AgriculLural Science University of Florida

Dr. L. R. HcDowell Dr. J. H. Conrad Dr. J. K. Loosli Dr. C. B. Ammerman Dr. R. L. Shirley Dr. H. D. Wallace Dr. J. E. Moore

3 years, November 1980 to October 1983

$!:7LlO,OOO

FY 81 FY 82 FY 83

$300,000 $300,000 $300,000

$450,000 for current 3-year contract to expire 10/31/80

Dr. J. w. Oxley, DS/AGR/L

2. Narrative Summary

In 1974, the University of Florida ~eceived a three-ye~r contract to

investigate the ~ineral status of grazing lives~ock in Latin America. The

project was titled "Research in Mineral Deficiencies for Grazing Ruminants

in Latin America: (AID/ta-c-1153). Contract progress was evaluated in 1976,

by an external review committee, and recommerdations were made to extend the

program for an additional two to three years. The RAC committee concurred

on this recommendation, in March 1977, and approved of a three-year extension

to terminatp. by November 1980. An in-depth project evaluation was conducted

in June 1979 to assess progress in objectives and recommen~. future actions.

The evaluation team came to the conclusion that, "The contractor recorded

commendable achievement in project objectives but the one year remaining in

the contract is insufficient to satisfactorily complete all of the projected

goals for Latin America and to allow for expansion into Africa and Southeast

Asia." Therefore, the evaluation committe~ included in their recommendations

that the oresent project be continued a minimum of two years beyond its

scheduled termination of October 31, 1980.

Methods used by the contractor to accomplish objectives involved the

reconnaissance of livestock raising areas and the recruitment of host

country conterparts to identify conditions (Phase I), laboratory and field

experimental programs (Phase II), and the distribution and application of

results (Phase III). Project actions have proven that phosphorus is the

most widespread mineral deficiency for grazing ruminants in cooperating

countries and is more responsible than any other mineral for low reproductive

rates. Copper and cobalt were also frequently deficient while molybdenum,

- 2 -

selenium, iodine, and flourine were sometimes present in excessive amounts

(toxic). The beneficial appli~ation of this information has been emphasized

via on-site mineral supplementation programs, scientific progress presented

at national and international meetings, and through national institutions

responsible for the training of livestock specialists and extension agents.

The results of project activities should also have considerable applicability

to similar ecological zones in other countries.

The reconnaissance and recruitment phase in Latin America and a few host

countries in Africa and Southeast Asia are essentially completed (Phase I).

The experimentation programs in Latin America are well-established and are

being established in Africa and Southeast Asia (Phase II) which pinpoint

mineral deficiencies and toxicities for representative areas. Phase III

activities concerned with the actual application of knowledge generated by

the project, have been initiated in ~ few situations but will need considerable

more attention. This proposal for project extension is to allow for (1) the

completion of basic phases now underway in participating countries, (2) the

implementation of systems that insure the continual application of generated

knowledge, and (3) improvement in the appreciation of the importance of

proper mineral mixtures for increasing returns to livestock producers.

Contract extension will also allow for extended research with additional

species of ruminants.

B. Purpose and Exoected Outouts

1. Purpose

The purpose of this project is to improve livestock production in the

developing countries through the more efficient utilization of mineral

- 3 -

supplements which correct deficiencies or excesses of mineral requirements.

(Success in the project will enhance the improved well being of small owners

of livestock in the developing countries).

c.

2. Exoected Outputs

a. Mineral research techniques developed to assist LDCs in

diagnosing and correcting mineral deficiencies and excesses in cattle,

sheep, goats, water buffalo and a few camelidae family populations

(Rumi nants).

b. Identification of mineral deficiencies and toxicities by

regions, areas, and for small atypical 10cation5.

c. Field research programs to determine the effect of

supplemer.tal minerals on ruminant livestock performance.

d. Demonstration of the economical benefits from proper

mineral supplementation and mineral products.

e. Expansion of linkages among national and international

research institutions which are interested in mineral nutritional programs.

f. Dissemination of information to livestock development and

research units on mineral deficiencies, toxicities and supple~entation

programs, and assistance to national/regional institutions in the

dissemination of information and application of information by livestock

owners.

g. Assistance of trained personnel to implement field and

laboratory programs to diagnose mineral deficiencies and toxicities,

and to take appropriate remedial action.

Sionificance and Rationale for the Research ,

1. Major Problem

Small farms are important units to consider in actions to lessen the

- 4 -

severity of hunger and poverty in developing countries. Therefore, donor

countries and host agencies are expanding their efforts with this target

group. A considerahle number of small farmers are owners of livestock for

the production of meat, milk, fiber, draft power, and for security. In

developing countries, a large percentage of the livestock is ruminants

receiving their entire nutrients from forages anJ/or poor quality rOl'1hage

materials. However, these feedstuffs rarely provide all of the minerals

required by grazing ruminants and there are many reports emphasiLing the

devastating consequences of mineral imbalances (deficiencies/excesses) on

livestock production, worldwide. Minerals demanding the nlo~t attention from

livestock producers because of their influence on production, reproduction,

growth and survival rates are phosphorus, copper, cobalt, flourine, molybdenum,

selenium, and iodine. The most economical and expeditious way of correcting

mineral inbalances is through direct supplementation to the animals --

supplying the proper proportions of those minerals which are deficient or

correcting for excesses. It is generally not economically feasible to

correct inherent mineral imbalances of forages through crop fertilization.

2. State of the Art

Whereas dietery requirements for major and minor (trace) minerals are

established in the USA, the adequacy of roughage materials for meeting dietary

requirements for minerals in developing countries either is unknown or inade-

quately defined. Consequently, it is not possible to formulate least cost

mineral supplements that meet mineral requirements in the developing countries.

The proposed project with the University of Florida is designed to

assist national and regional insitutions in characterizing mineral status of

local feedstuffs and related mineral content in ruminants. The project will

- 5 -

develop representative optimized mineral supplementation programs to correct

these mineral problems.

3. - Beneficiaries

The primary beneficiary will be the small livestock owner, in the

developing countrie~. Those who receive training under the program will

increase their immediate value to the program and should realize longrange

benefits as well. Due to the greater degree of worldwide coverage, infor-

mation summarizations on mineral nutrition will make it possible to develop

models for one region that can be useful in other regions. Primary regional

activities are anticipated which will benefit entire regions over time by

the diffusing of research techniques and results.

The project has been and will continue to generate technology and

provide technical assistance to country programs for the development of

improved management systems for ruminant livestock. Measured benefits have

already been reported for ongoing and completed segments of the project.

Additional benefits to the livestock producers through increased productivity

are expected during the next three years and a major impact on the livestock

industry is expected within ten years from the initiation of Phase III.

D. Professional Linkages

Particular attention continues to be given to coordinated/collaborative

activities with international, national and regional centers. In Latin

America, close contact/collaboration is maintained with CIAT, CONIeIT, CATIE,

and INCAP; while in Africa, similar associations have been established with

ILCA and SODESP. Regional agencies in Southeast Asia, such as APHCA, are

expressing inte~est in cooperative progrmas. As the program expands, other

- 6 -

agencies expressing interest in collaborative efforts will be assisted

within the limits of the contract.

Under the current mineral research contract, cooperative research has

been established by the University of Florida with the following nation~l

and international institutions: In Bolivia, the Ministry of Agriculture; in

Brazil, EMBRAPA, EPAMIG, Institutions in the states of Ceara, Minas Gerais,

Mato Grosso, Sao Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, and the Amazon Cattlemen's

Association; in Colombia, ICA, CIAT and Caja de Credito Agrarioj in Costa

Rica, the University of Costa Rica and CONICIT: in Ecuador, INIAP; in E1

Salvador, the Ministry of Agriculture and the University of El Salvador; in

Guatemala, INCAP; in Peru, IVITA and La Molina and National University of

Peru; In Uruguay, the Rubino Veterinary Research Center; in Venezuela, the

Centro de Investigaciones Agronomicas, Universidad Central, Universidad de

Oriente, and Universidad del Zulia. Research with these institutions will

be continued with the objective of developing research methodology which will

assist thr developing countries in diagnosing and correcting mineral

deficiencies in ruminants.

Malawi and Senegal in Africa and Indonesia, Thailand, Malayasia, and

Philippines in Southeast Asia are now involved with the testing and application

of the research methodology developed for activities in Latin Am~rica. These

systems include representative ruminant populations of cattle, sheep, goats

and water buffalo to determine mineral problems and to develop least cost

mineral supplement~ to correct imbalances.

E. Utilization Plans

Research and survey results will contribute information to more accurately

formulate nutritionally adequate and least costs mineral supplements. This

- 7 -

infurmation will be disseminated through extension bulletins, publications

and reports prepared by national and regional agencies, the University of

Florida and ira some instances through jointly prepared publications. Reports

will be prepared in Spanish, Portuguese, English and/or French as appropriate.

The national and regional agencies that have collaborated with the

University of Florida in this project will provide the basic organizational

mechanism and trained personnel for the utilization and application of

research findings from the present project and in continued monitoring/

research of national mineral supplementation programs. Also, this infor-

mation will be transmitted to related international centers for utilization

in the development of their research programs, and in disseminating infor-

mation of livestock production. It is also probable that information will

be exchanged with investigators of other AID projects such as the Small

Ruminant-CRSP and INFIC.

F. Management Considerations

1. Organization and Implementation

Personnel in the Animal Science Department at the University of Florida

are experienced contractors and have established cooperative linkages with

national and international institutions. These arrangements have proven

productive. Plans are to continue cooperative research projects with

national and international institutions in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa

Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Trinidad, Uruguay and

Venezuela.

Countries in Africa and in Southeast Asia have been selected which

have significant ruminant livestock populations and whose agricultural

- 8 -

agency/s are interested in identifying those mineral deficiencies and

excesses mot limiting livestock production. Countries have selected

national and/or international research institutions which, with some

assistance, have the facilities and competence to determine mineral content

of soil, plant and animal tissues. The more diffic.ult analyses will be

conducted at the University of Florida laboratories.

This research project is specifically designed to stimulate developing

countries in mineral nutrition. Many of the developing countries already

have :apable scientists, highly trained ter~nicians, and well-equipped

laboratories. The success of this project depends upon finding those highly

trained groups which are interested in conducting research to identify and

solve mineral deficiencies and excesses which ara limiting the production

ca~acity of ruminants. The cont.ractor will facilitate increased interest in

ways which minerals can and do affect livestock production.

Steps in a successfu~l approach have been as follows: (1) correspond

with nutritio~1sts within mineral research; (2) send them available information

on mineral research techniques and samples of mineral research projects which

are in progress in other countries; (3) visit them in person and discuss i~

detail their interest, those factors most limiting their mineral research

program and those elements which the AID-sponsored mineral research program

might contribute; (4) assist them in developing a mineral research progl"am

in which they are interested and wldch can reasonably be completed under

their conditions with limited assistance from this mineral research project.

In the current contract, the specific contributions of Latin American

institutions compared to AID/Florida inputs have been estimated to be

between 15 and 20:1. The AID/Florida project conducts difficult analyses

- 9 -

and contributes professional expertise for design implementation and conduct

of research as well as the interpretation of research data and assistance

with reporting research results. This proposed project extension will also

furnish funds for chemicals that ~re difficult to obtain. laboratory supplies

and expendable supplies for the co11e~tion. preservation. and analysis of

samples.

2. Sole-Source Procurement

This will be a sole-source procurement contract. since the project

will be an extension of ongoing activities. and since the present contractor

not only has demonstrated institutional compentence to execute this project,

but also has predominant capability in minera1 nutrition in developing

countries.

3. Project Evaluation

The project will be evaluated in detail by an external evaluation team

during the second year of this contract extension. This eva1uatiQn will be

conducted by an on-site visit composed of qualified outside consultants and

will include at least one representative of a developing country of Africa,

Southeast Asia or Latin America. The Development Support Buredu (DSB) will

sponsor the evaluation team and determine the member composition. The

evaluation will be conducted according to established guidelines and policies

of DSB/A1D.

G. Project Background Description

1. General Bacr.ground

Chemical analyses of feedstuffs gathered under the University of Florida

Latin American Feed Composition Project (AID/csd-2498) revealed that tropical

- 10 -

forages are severely deficient in several essential mineral elements. Forages

rarely provide all the minerals required for ruminants.

In November 1974, the University of Florida entered into a contract

entitled "Research in Mineral Deficiencies for Grazing Ruminants in Latin

America" AID/ta-c-1153. Phosphorus is the most widespread mineral deficiency

for ruminants consuming tropical forages and is more responsible than any -~

other mineral for low reproductive r~tes. In addition to phosphorus, cobalt

and copper are likely to be deficient for ruminants in the tropics. Phosphorus

values in 48% of 1129 forage samples were found to be 0.2 percent or less

as reported in the Latin American 'rab1es of Feed Composition (McDowell, Conrad,

Thomas, and Harris, 1974). Phosphorus deficiency has been reported in 35

developing countries (McDowell, 1976), which include the major ruminant live-

stock producing countries ~f Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

The most devastating consequence of phosphorus deficiency throughout

the tropical world is reproductive failure. Phosphorus deficiency produces

a marked inhibition of the estrus cycle. Under conditions of extreme

phosphorus deficiency, cattle may go for two or three years without producing

a calf or even coming into estrus (Phillips, 1956; Raun, 1975). In

phosphorus deficient areas, cows may not come into a regular estrus after

calving until body phosphorus levels are rest0red either by feeding supple-

mentary phosphorus or by cessation of lactation.

Phosphorus supplementation has dramatically increased fertility levels

in grazing cattle in many parts of the world. In two year ovservations of

200 South African cattle, calf crops increased from 51 percent in control

cattle to 80 percent for phosphorus supplemented cattle (Theiler, Gree and

du Toit, 1928). Phosphorus supplementation studies in south Texas resulted

- 11 -

in a weaning calf crop uf 81 percent as comoared to 58 percent for the controls

(Black. Tash, Junes, and Ke1berg, 1943). In Brazil, phosphorus supplementation

resulted in a 77 percent calf crop as ~ompared to 55 percent for the controls,

(Conrad and Mendes, 1965). In the Colombian llanos, phosphorus supp1e-

~er.tation resulted in an 85 percent pregnancy rate compared to 50 percent for

the controls, (Stonaker et ~, 1975).

Phosphorus is also the most expensive mineral ingredient to purchase.

Limited results show that phosphorus supplementation is most beneficial

during the season of maximum forage growth. However, during the dry season,

protein and energy are often the first limiting factors. Information on the

effects of the frequency of supplementation and the mineral carryover with

intermittent supplementation are not available. This information is necessary

so that recommendations can include the mo~t economical system for feeding

phosphorus and considerations of situations when prices are high and

s~pp1ies are limited.

Cobalt, cop~er. selenium, and zinc are the microminera1s most likely

to be deficient for ruminants in developing countries. These deficiencies

are largely restricted to ruminants which have little or no acr.:ess to

supplementary feeds. Nineteen developing countries or regions have reported

cobalt deficiencies while copper deficiencies have been reported in 17

developing countries. Copper deficiencies in catt1e~ as with cobalt, occur

mainly under grazing conditions "."lith gross sysptoms of the deficiency rare

when con~~ntrates are fed. Deficiencies of copper can be either simple, due

to a lac'.< of copper, or induced by excess intakes of sulfur and/or molybdenum.

Chronic copper toxicity is almost entirely confined to sheep which indicates

species differences in tolerances to excesses. Recent researdl Uf'~~r this

- 12 -

project indicates widespread selenium and zinc deficiencies which must be more

specifically identified during future project activities.

Clinical signs of molybdenum toxicity are similar to copper deficiency.

An excessive intake of molybrenum will seriously deplete copper reserves in

cattle quickly leading to scouring, loss of condition, and other signs

associaterl with copper deficiency. Molybdenum toxic areas characteristically

occur on poorly drained neutral or alkaline soils which favor m~lybdenum

Jptake by plants and reduLe the availability of copper. Both molybdenum

toxicity and copper deficiency are corrected by providing additional copper

to the animals ' diet.

2. Fin( ings and Accomplishments to Date

Research is continuing to be conducted and application methodology is

being developed to correct problems of mineral deficiencies and/or excesses.

Deficiencies of phosphorus, cobalt, copper. selenium, ~nd zinc are common in

specific regions of Latin America} Asia, ana Africa. Toxicities of molybdenum.

selenium, and fluorine also have been receiving attention in some of these

countries. Host country institutes have been enthusiastic participants in

all phases of the research and application programs and have been larger

contributors than the contractors (sponsored by AID).

Details of individual mineral research projects and of country activities

have been comp~lerl in an Arnual Report, by the University of Florida. The

report covers the period from March 1, 19id to June 1, 1979 and also includes

other aspects of the contract AID-ta-c-llS3 within its 267 pages. This report

includes:

a. Lists of literature r~views undertaken.

b. Citings of working relationships with technicians in LDCs.

- 13 -

c. Establishment of linkages with other AID activities.

d. Collaboration with ndtional and international ir.stitutions.

e. Results uf mineral experimellts in specific areas.

f. Application of experimental results to field locations.

g. Program inputs by the contractor, host country and AID.

h. Dissemination of infonnat.ion via seminars and symposia.

i. Project related publications produced by the contractor.

j. Reports presented at national and international meetings.

k. Graduate training provided to eight developing country scientists.

H. Project Work Plan

Scope of Work (Nov. 1, 1980-0ct 31, 1981)

In the extended contr~ct period, the contractor must continue to emphasize

collaboration with national and/or international institutes in each of the cooperating

host countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Each of the projects will

receive guidance from one or more of the senior scientists orl the contractor's

staff in collaboration with representatiion of host institutions, agencies, etc.

Some of the most important items for attention during the first year have been

identified and are set forth. Annual work plans for the second and third years

of the project will be forwarded to the proj~ct manager before these contract

years commence.

A. The project will continue determinations of the mineral content

of soil, plant and animal tissues from areas in 11 Latin American, 4

Asian and 2 African countries where ruminant animals are of major importance.

Both major and minor essential minerals will be studied (Ca, P, Mm, Mg, Cu,

Co, Zn). Graduate students will be utilized on studies in their home

territories, when appropriate. This will insure a reliable source for

information, contribution of a personal interest ingredient, contributions

from a host country and serve as a tOul for training purposes. In, addition,

members of the University of Florida, Soils and Agronomy Departments will

be consulted on special soil-plant-animal relationship abonormalities. The

contractor will continue to identify host country counterparts parts in technical

and administrative capacities who are responsible for daily, routine supervision

and can alert the contractor on emergency situations.

"

1. Some of these trainees will be taught ho~ to suspect mineral problems

in livestock units via observations on production rates as well as abnormal

a~p~arances of plants, etc. Indicator plants will also receive attention

and be identified.

2. The trainees will be learning how to obtain and process reliable samples

of biological materials for mineral content. This means the reliable collection

of soil, plant and anim,l samples that will accurately predict the true

mineral status of the popul~:ion or region. Samples from ami~als may include

'~lood, liver, kidney, fat, hair etc. Most of these can be obtained from

the live animals as wfll as carcasses. The techniques for properly obtaining

su=h samples are extremely important as they can influence the results from

analyses. Manuals describing these techniques are available for further distribution

by the contractor.

3. Technicians will be trained to handle samples during analyses and to

interpret the results of the analyses. Dependiug upon the situation, some

of the laboratory technicians will be trained to perform one or two ~rocedures

such a~ grinding and weighing samples while others will be trained to completely

analyze samples - up to the limit of the particular laboratory (this ~~ll include

a proximate analysis in most cases plus some mineral analyses)

The contractor will encourage the latter type of trainin6 so that the better

trainees will eventually become trainers of future technicians.

4. The leadership abilities of animal scientists and graduate stud~nts from

host countries will be strengthened by improving their capabilities in mineral

orientated activities. This will increase their respect with fellow agriculturists.

Contract representatives will continue to make certain that host

country scientists know about special international meeting and are

supplied ~ith reports on the latest developments in mineral findings

world wide. This will strengthen the foundation knowledge for extension

oriented activities where generated in:ormation will be prepared for

presentation at field days, in radio talks, at seminars and during

rap sessions.

C. The identification, development, and continued proper functioning

of the analytical laboratories needs constant attention by the contractor.

The newly established laboratories must be conveniently located for reasonable

assessability to serve the important livesto~k growing regions. The

contractors goal is to have at least a good functioning laboratory in

each host country.

1. The host ~gency and the contractor will procure essential reliable

laboratory equipment for the laboratories involved in the program. The

host agency will purc~~be most of the equipment but the contractor will

assist with equipment specifications, laboratory organizations and

installation problems. Malawi and Senegal should receive considerable

attention in this aspect.

2. The contractor has in the past and will continue to assist developing

countries during laboratory breakdowns, equipment irregularities, the

translation of operating instructions, orientation of new operators and in

solving short term deficiencies in expendibles, chemicals, and glass ware.

These situations cannot be scheduled but are anticipated through the life

of the contract.

11 -~

The training of the laboratc~y workers ~as inc1ucied in the section

on overall training to be provided and contir.ued.

D. The scheduling of travel, by the contractor, will continue to be

coordinated by the project 1e~ders to insure efficient use of time and

resources of both the contract representatives and the scientists in the

host countries. Therefore, a tentative schedule is proposed which will

be adjusted to fit alterations in presently projected schedules, as the

year progreszas.

1. The purpose of the host country visits will be to a) expand the

identification of competent collaboration for managing future studies

and for training b) locate additional regions with livestock

owners who have mineral problems affecting livestock production to refine

area parameters, c) to encourage the sponshorship of research trials and

recommend experimental designs for implementation by local livestock visits

d) and to collect or advise the collaborator in the analyses of experimental data

and interpretation of results for dissemination.

2. A proposed schedule of travel and purposes of travel for the first

extension year is as follows:

November-December (2 WkR.) - Peru, Bolivia

Peru- The institutions visited will include:

a. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (IVITA) - Lima

b. Universidad Nacional Agraria (La Molina) - Lima.

C. Universidad Naciona1 Pedro Ruiz Gallo - Lambayeque.

I~

-~

Each of these institutions has an active mineral suppleT.entation ~ro~~. IVITA and La tblina are involved \vith ::-eseaI'ch with snall rurrinants (sbeep and llar.laS) in additio~ to cattle. The Vnive:!"sidad Na;:ional Pedro Rl.i.z Callo is cu.~ently expandjr~ research into the northe~ st~tes of Pe~.

Eolivia - a. b.

c.

lr:.stitt:w Doliviano de Tecnolog!a (IBrA) - La Paz. Cen~ro de Investigaci6n Agr!cola Tropical eClAT) and we Fac~tad de Vete:!"inaria y Zootecnia - Santa C:!"uz. Pri '\"ate ranch - Belli.

Work with IBI'A and it1 Santa Cn.lz involves H. S. degree progra-:\..s. Tbere are presently 2 Bolivia~ ~tudents enrolled at Florida in the mineral research area. One student will be returning to Eolivia for additional sample collecticns during the one-year extension. The finc.l year of a 3-year mineral supp~.e!:1entation trial involving 1800 cattle will be canpleted during the first year of the ex-tension.

January - FebEuary, 1981 (4-6 weeks) - Malawi and Senegal

Malawi - a. Bunda College of Agriculture, University of Halawi b. Department of Agricultural Research, Ministry of

Agricultural and Natural Resources

~ne Ph.D. student from Malawi currently enrolled at the University of Florida will return to ~~lawi to collect soil, plant and animal tissues at 10 locations in three regions for analyses at the Nutritinn Laboratory, U.F. The first set of sam-ples were collected in Augus~ - September, 1979, at the end of the dry season, the second set will be c~ 'llec~ed during the rainy season.

Senegal - a. SODESp,Society for Lives~ock Development in Senegal, }"inist-ry of Agriculture and OSAID.

This trip will be made by one University of Florida faculty member to assist in collecting animal ~issue samples from small ruminants in the northern pastoral zone of Senegal.

Februal'I_ (2-3 \;ks.) - C.osta Rica, Panama. and possibly Mexico.

Costa Rica - a. Animal Science Dept. Uni versidad de Cclsta Rica - San Jos~.

Costa Rica has had the rost active research program of all r..rc' s. Phase 1, which included the mapping of various areas of Costa Rica in relation to mineral deficiencies and toxicities, has been ccrnpleted. Phase 2, invoh-ing r.ri.ne-....-al sup-plementation trials, is now :in progress.

Pana.='.a - a. Insti tuto de I:lvestigaci6:l .L\.o'"'TOpecuaria de Pan? ... .a (roUP) -Pa.narr.a City.

Sta.~ing L~ SepteTber of 1981, a Pt.D. student from Panama ~~ll be enrolled :in the Animal Scie.::l.ce D2c:lrtrnent in the area of miner-al nutrition. For his thesis he will be retu..";ing to Panarro. for tbe pU:!"pose of evaluating the mineral status' of various regions of Panama. This will be the first visit to Panar..a in relation to I!line:ral lC'search and the possibility of a collaborative pro~a.~.

11exico Interest has been e=-''''Pressed by a nUI"nber of individuals from va=iot!S i.ns-:i tut:ions fo'!' going ahead with mineral research. Tne possibility e:tist:s t:r.at a trip and/or \\Orkshop relat:ed to mine:-al research prograrr.s would be held in 11exico City.

April - ~,1ay 1981 - Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Austr.l1ia.

This trip \~...ll be made by two Florida stuf rne:1bers. This will only be the fourth visit to P.sian countries which recently be~ involved in mineral researc!:l pro&laI:'s. (3~ v.k. trip).

Philippines - a. b.

Uni versi ty of the Philippines - los Bailos. Philippines Council for Agriculture and Hesources Hesearc.h (PCAR.q) - los Banos.

'The mineral research program in the Philippines is the rrost active in Asia, as many samples a...-r-e now being analyzed a:1d supple::entation trials are being es-tablished in 'variC'us pa...-ts of the country. Research in mineral nutrition is being carritd out by students in obtaining advanced degrees.

Thailand - a. Kasets:1.rt Uni versi ty - Bangkok.

This will only be the third visit to Thailand. Tbe canprehensive mineral research program in Tbailand has only begun. Two suppler..entation tri~J.s have been ccrnpleted r;hicb de:onstrated. the benefits of mineral salts. Still nore supplementation trials are needed and anphasis needs to be placed on increasing the capal:iIi1::i,esior r!'ineral analyses at Kasetsart' s lab:lratory.

1falaysia - ~ Dniversiti Pertanian Malaysia - Serdane.

I..al:oratory (Llnlyses have already begun; however, there 'U"'e proble:ns with existing procedu:-es. One suppla:}:.}ntation trial bas be~n cClI!plet:eci and another one is just beg-i-.rminr ~cb. will last for several years.

Indonesia - a. b.

C-adjab 1!ada University - Jogyaka14:a. l\ational Atonic Energy Agency - ,iakarta.

Only a l.i.r'..i. ted :'...."DUD t of mineral research has rx..~ ccmpleted. Mineral supplem:ntatiCIl trials have been planned. but will not begin for several mnths.

Australia - The pt.:....-pose of visiting will bt; to ~m presentations :It the i','orld lli.neral Nutri tio::! Conference.

July 1831 ~ Tile kr.erican Society vf A.~irr:ll Science will be attended. Between 6 and 8 ab~act$ will be presented in the area of mineral nutri-t~l)n bv various foreign graduate students.

July - August, 1981 (4 ~eeks) - Brazil and Uruguay

Brazil - Beef Cattle Research Center, Campo Grande, ~mRAPA Small Ruminant (Goat) Resear~h Center, Sobral, Ceara,

E!o!BRAPA

Biolo~ical Insti~ute, Sao Paulo Bra=ilian Socie~y of Animal Science

http:Kasetsa.rt

This ~ip will be ~~de by one Florida :ac~lty member. The mineral research prcgram in Brazil has reached the advanced stage where only one trip per year is reauirec to advise on mineral research programs and present papers at the annu~.l BI~zilian Society of Animal Science meetings. One Brazilian with a Ph.D. in min-eral nutrition :rom Florida is currently L~ charge of miner~l nutrition research in Brazil.

Uruguay - Rubino Veterinary Research Center

One two-week visit will }>e made as part of the Brazil trip. One faculty mem-ber at the Rubino VeterL~ary Research Center is in charge of the mineral research program in Uruguay. One trip per year is necessa.-y to assist with experimental design, evaluation of results and to advise on technical details.

Septenber - O::tobe:- 1981 (2! wks.) - Co lcmb ia , Venezuela and the l:'an:inican Repub:L.ic

Colamia - a. Instituto Colanbiano Agropecuaria (rCA) - Bogot1.

lCA has been responsible for very large mineral research progl-arns which con-tain CCl1'lp:ments of both mapping research and mineral supplementation. The pur-pose of the visit will be to help with the intrepretation of mineral data and to make plans for future research. More enphasis needs to be place on research in the large llanos region of Colanbia.

Venezuela - a. b. c.

Uni versidad de Zulia - Maracaioo. Centro -de Investigaciones AgronfuJ.cas - Maracay. Uni versidad del Oriente - Jusepfn.

These three insitutitons are actively involved in mineral research. There are currently three Venezuelan stt,\dents at Florida working in the. r.lineral nutri tioI'l area. Another student will enter the University in September 198J for a Ph.D. degree in this area. A large nUl!lber of samples have been CtJllected fran the llanos region of Venezuela; ho'wever, ruch DDre research is needed. The min contact at the UDiversidad del Oriente has done a tremendous amount of analyses and now tilre is required for pub] j sbi ng this data in the scientific and extension Ii tera tt1re.

D:xrJ..nican Republic - a. Secretar1a de Estado de Agricultura - Santo ~go. b. FAD - CESDA - Santo :can.:i.ngo.

;-:1 June I 1980, a visit 'wa..s made to the D:::Jr.inican P.epubl ic to establish a mine;-d research program. An ~I. S. degree :~dent has collected samples fran vario1..lS ranches throughout the country to evaluate mineral status. This will be a follow-up ~....sit to determine the status of the newly established prognun, and to attenj ~i make presentations of cineral data at the 1981 Latin American Ani~ Scienc2 Convention (ALPA).

E. The contractor will continue to provide professional assistance in the

development and printing of popular, scientific and journal oublications.

1. Reports and circulars will be used in ehort courses, field

days, seminars and as extension materials. Several of thse publications

should surface in host countries to illustrate the value of minerals or

on information already generated from active research projects in

adjacent areas.

2. A few scientific reports and articles will also be prepared for

professional meetings and joul~ls, with assistance from the contractor.

Previous achievements in this area are presented in the appendix of this

document to show quantity of publications generated by ~ontractor

activitiBs.

3. The contractor will continue to be responsible for the revision

of laborato=y methods manuals in local languages. Editions already

available in En~lish, Spanish and Por~guese have been widely used

and known tc be valuable tools for developing country scientists.

An edition in French and ~:le for Asia are to be drafted and distributed.

These publications will be translated into local language through sub-

contracts ~th native translators.

2. Time Phase for Activities (November 1974=October 1983)

A. Preliminary Development of Mineral Research Programs

1. Literature review of mineral research results

2. Contacting and recrui ting research personnel in participating countries

3. Development of laboratories for mineral analysis

4. Standardization of sample collection, analysis and data reporting

B. Conduct experiments to counteract molybdenum and selenium toxicity

1. Selection of research sites

2. Collection and analysis of samples

3. Interpretation of data

C. Improve capacities of cooperating institutions

1. Collaborating personnel receive training at Florida and in participating country.

D. Conduct mineral supplementation exper:':'ments

1. Selection of mineral research sites

Starting Dates Initial Extension

Nov 74 Nov 80

Nov 74 Nov 80

Nov 74 Nov 80

Dec 74 Nov 80

Mar 75 No., 80

Jul 76

Jul 76

Jul 76 ~

Jul 76

Dec 77 Nov 80

Sep 78 Nov 80

Dec 77 Nov 80

Dec 77 Nov 80

Expected Completion

Oct 83

Oct 82

Jan 81

Jan 82

Oct 83

Jul 78

Jul 78

Jul 78

Jul 78

83

Oct 83

Oct 83

Oct 82

2. Collection and analysis of samples

3. Interpretation of data

E. Determine the effect of periodic phosphorus and miner~l C:l1r"1r"1l~_ mentation

1. Selection of mineral research sites

2. Collection and analysis of samples

3. Interpretation of data

F. Generate/compile data for formu-lation of adequate mineral supplements

1. Collection and analysis of tissue samples

2. Carry out mineral supple-mentation trials

3. Advise on formulation and use of adequate mineral supplements

~ G. Evaluation of commercial mineral supplements

1. Collection and analysis of mineral samples

H. Determine the cost/benefit ratios from use of minerals

I. Publication of research information

1. Statistical analys~s and inter-pretation of research data

2. Development of producer oriented extension bulletins on minerals

3. Articles for scientific publi-cations

4. Reports at professional Qeetings

-2-

Mar 78

Nov 78

Dec 78

Dec 77

Mar 78

Jul 79

Nov 74

Nov 74

Jul 75

Nov 74

Nov 74

May 75

Dec 78

Jul 76

Jul 76

Jul 76

Dec 76

Sep 76

Nov 80 Oct 83

Nov 80 Oct 83

Nov 80 Oct 83

Nov 80 Oct 83

Nov 80 Oct 83

Nov 80 Oct 83

Nov 80 Oct 83

Nov 80 Oct 83

Nov 60 Oct 83

Nov 80 Oct 83

Nov 80 Oct 83

Nov 80 Oct 83

Nov 80 Oct 83

Nov 80 Oct 83

Nov 80 Oct 83

Nov 80 Oct 83

Nov 80 Oct 83

Nov 80 Oot 83

-3-

J. Test mineral research methodology in Africa and Asia Dec 77 Nov 80 Oct 83

1- Selection of mineral research sites in Africa and Southeast Asia Dec 77 Nov 80 Oct 82

2. Collection and analysis of soil, plan and animal tissue samples Jul 78 Nov 80 Oct ~3

3. Correlate mineral levels among ruminant populations Jul 79 Nov 80 Oct 83

3. End of Project Status

a. Mineral deficiencies, adequacies, and excesses ./i11 have been

identified in selected ereas of developing countries where ruminants

predominate.

b. Mineral research methodology will have been tested in a few countries

of Africa and Southeast Asia on representative ruminant populations (cattle,

sheep, goats, came10ids and water buffalo) and the information derived will

provide the basis for supplementation programs to correct mineral deficiencies.

c. Soi1-p1ant-anima1 mlnera1 relationships will have been tested for

diagnosing the mineral status of ruminants.

d. The cost/benefit rations will have b~en estimated on the use of

supplemental phosphorus and other minerals which affect animal and herd

productivity.

e. Research will have been conducted to determine the validity of

different mehtodo10gies for establishing mineral status of ruminant animals.

f. The capacities of cooperating isntitutions to r.arry out mineral

research will have been improved.

g. Well-controlled experiments will hal/e been completed to determine

the effect of mineral supp1r.,llf'!ntation on grOl.,th and reproductive performance

and on mortality.

h. The effect of phosphorus supplementation during the rainy season

and the carryover effect into the dry season will have been studied.

i. Field tl'ia1~ have been conducted to study methods to counteract

molybdenum and selenium excesses.

j. Data will have been generated and used to design adequate mineral

supplements for alfferent regions.

k. A more systematic approach will have been developed for standard-

izing sample collection, analyses, and data reporting.

1. Research information designed to stimulate the wide~pread use of

mineral supplements will have been published and distributed.

m. Evaluations of commercial mineral supplements will hav~ encouraged

companies, researcher?, and ranchers to formulate, produce. and use high

quality and nutritionally adequate mineral supplements.

n. Producer oriented extension bulletins will have been published on

mineral deficiencies and excesses for grazing ruminants (in Spanish.

Portuguese, English and French).

I. Researchers Competence

The Department of Animal Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural

Sciences (IFAS) at the University of Florida has established itself as one

of the leading departments working in the field of tropical animal science.

Biodata for each of the seven principal investigators can be found in the

appendix. All have been involved in the current mineral research project

and expect to be associated with its progress.

J. Contributions to Institution Building

All phases of the project will seek close cooperation with indigenous

and international research organization. No research will be undertaken

independent of the indigenous research organiZations. The vast majority

of all mineral analyses will be performed in the collaborating countries

where individuals and facilities have been identified for doing mineral

research.

The institutions which are cooperating in mineral research will benefit

27

-~-

in several ways. First, they will obtain analytical data illustrating

specific areas of their countries where mineral deficiencies and/or excesses

exist. Second, they will obtain information based on feeding trials as to

the proper mineral supplements needed for ruminants. Third, the economic

benefits of mineral supplementation will be clearly established. Fourth,

the cooperating research units will have the knowledge and experience to

continue research in minerdls for livestock after the concractor departs.

And finally, the established operating institutions will have the potential

to assist in the development of additional livestock mineral projects which

cover country-wide livestock activities.

K. Probable Benefits for the Livestock Producer

Improvement in the levels and balances of minerals in livestock will

increase productivity including such items as mortality, growth rates, feed

efficiency, fertility, reproduction, milk, fiber, and work. An increase in

production will result in a greater monetary income (saleable items) for the

small livestock producer or an increase in animal products for personal ~

consumption (meat, milk, etc.).

An increase in animal productivity will r~sult in benefits to the farm

family, from both increased income and consumable products. These benefits

of additional cash and animal products, resulting from greater productivity,

will improve the well being (education, medical attention, nutrition and

sanitation) of the livestock raisers family. In addition, improvements ip

animal productivity could take less animals to equal former production

amounts. This would rfsult in more efficient utilization andior conservation

of natural rescurces (native rangelands) and more efficient utilization of

family labor.

This project will provide the methodologies by which LOCs and their

agencies can implement efficient mineral supolementation programs with the

low income livestock producers. As these programs progress, a spreading of

technology will be duplicated from farmer to farmer, area to area, etc.

This program can serve as a model for future thrusts into animal health and

livestock management areas. National services will be strengthened by

contract actions to implement practical programs for promoting economically

beneficial practices, in the entire livestock production field. The

successful termination point will be the establishment of effective regional

programs by original host government agencies.

L-Wcmen in Develocment

Women occupy key positions in agriculturally-oriented house-

holds. Often, women o~~ livestock and are completely responsible

for the processing of livestock products which are either sent

to market or consumed directly by the family (meat, milk and

fiber). In many countries, women or young girls also tend the

flocks, fe~d, and care for the animals as a portion of the

household income-earning activities. Therefore, many of the

intended beneficaries of this program will be the female house-

hold members who are deeply involved with livestock systems. As

some societies in developing countries place restrictions on non-

family male/female contacts, it is imperative that females be

thoroughly trained as livestock production agents for effective

promotional purposes. Opportunities for {emale extensionists

and techni~ians of developing countries to attend workshops,

field days, short courses and other educational sessions, should

be developed, based on local custom, so that the materials

presented in these sessions will reach female members of the target

populatio

The current research contract (AID 931-0600) has employed

women scientists in the Animal Nutrition Laboratory of the

University of Florida and as laboratory and/or scientific pro-

fessionals in many developing countries. Women from developing

countries also have been awarded scholarships for graduate

training in project r~l~ted activities and this action will be

:0

-2-

continued. Training women a~imal scientists must assume leadership

roles in program activities within the developing countries and these

individuals must include both U.S. and host country citizens.

M. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT/CONSIDERATION

Initial Environmental Examination--The activities of this project

fall into the area descrioec in Er:vironmental procedure regulations,

Para. 216.2 (c) "Analyses, Studies, Academic or Investigative Research.

Workshops and Meetings." These classes of activities will not normally

require the filing of an Environmental Impact Statement or the prepara-

tion of an Environmental Assessment. It is possible that an output of

this project will be set of procedures, guidelines or research results

which when used would require such assessment. However, the project

itself only proposes research and directly supportive activities. Under

these guidelines this activity clearly qualifies for a negative determin-

ation at the time when a threshold decision is determined.

N. EXTERNAL EVALUATION

The external evaluation team report is attached (Appendix #1) which

SUDDorts an extension of this project. Their recommendations were taken

into consideration in the prepartion of this proposal, and are in agree-

ment with the proposal as presented.

The reviewers are preeminent livestock production ~pecialists and

researchers. Dr. Glenn Beck, Chairman of the review team and former

Vice President of Kansas State University has had extensive domestic

and international experience in livestock production research and as an

administrator.- Dr. Duane Ullrey, Professor of Animal Nutrition, Michigan

State University, has held important posts in industry and in the university

system. Dr. Juan Salazar of VECOL, Empresa Co1ombiana de Productos Veteri-

narios, Bogota, Colombia, was selected for the team to assist with observations

and recommendations from a person representing the recipient countries. Dr.

Salazar has the D.V.M. degree and the M.S. and Ph.D degrees in animal breeding.

He has occupied research and administrative positions with the Instituto

Colombian Agropecuaro (ICA) and Caja de Credi'to Agrario. Mr. Whittle, USAID,

the fourth member of the review team has had numerous years of experience

in Latin America with A.I.D. agricultural programs and was formerly a

livestock extension specialist with the University o~ Maryland. Mr. Whittle

is presently a member of the A.I.D. Africa Bureau.

The project progress will be reviewed annually by the project manager

and an external evaluatio~ team will conduct a review at the end of the

second year of the new contract. The external evaluation team will be

made up of eminent livestock production specialists.

O. Past Contract Aporaisal

Accomplishments during the present contract have been generally up to

expectations. However, mineral supplementation trials are not as far along

as anticipated. Acttvities during the third year (FY80) of the present

contract will concentrate on the realization of a limited number of trials

to determine response to mineral supplementation, and on providing technical

assistance to national institutions in establishing their mineral supplemen-

tation programs.

This project is of high priority. An extension is needed to enable

completion of the present project in Lati~ America and to expand the project

in Africa and Southeast Asia. The extension should (a) continue to demon-

strate the solving of nutritional problems which are depressing animal

production, (2) continue demonstration on cast/benefit ratios derived from

the use of correct mineral supplements, (3) broaden the emphasis on proper

identification of mineral deficiencies and/or excesses, anu (4) assist in

the expansion of host country sponsored nutritional research projects to

include sheep, goats, llamas, alpacas, cattle, and water buffalo. The

present proposal for extension ;s sound, and cost estimates are commensurate

with proposed work programs.

In order to achieve the original project objectives and to make

maximum utilization of technology and expertise development in this project,

we strongly recommend that fundins be provided at the level suggested to

extend this ~rogram for three more years.

P. Financial Aspects

1. A:O Contract Costs for Three-Year Extension

A budget, showing estimated dollar costs for line items, for each of

the three years is presented. Although the total amount is the same for

each year, amounts for certain line items vary from year to year to reflect

increases in salaries, transportation, etc., and in reduction in the purchase

of laboratory equipment, costs for outside laboratory $ervices, etc. These

estimates reflect increased costs for expanding the mineral research to

Southeast Asia and Africa which increases transportation and per diem costs.

Allowances have been inserted to assist in offsetting inflationary effects.

Overhead has been calculated at 44.4 percent on the parts of the

budget in accordance with the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMS)

rather than salaries as in the past. Although the overhead as a percentage of

the total budget has increased, it does conform to both the University of

Florida and OMS's latest mandates.

COST PROP()Sjl~ FOR !-!INERP~ STUDIES WITH RUMINAN'!' ANH1ALS (US $)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------_. Contrac.t

, Period ,

Line Item

Salaries (24 person mo/yr)

Consultant (15,person days/yr)

Fringe Benefits

'l'raining & assistantships (18 perRon month & 12 person

month/yr)

Overhead (44.4% of contract to con~orm with OMS)

Travel & Transportation (U.S. & International)

Allowance Per diem

Other Direct Costs Contingencies (1.5%) Inflation (10%)

Equipment, Material & Supplies

TOTAL

11/1/80

[0/31/81

FY 81

60.000

2,000

12,000

10,000

129,000

17,500

5,500

4,000 25,000

35,000

300,000

11/1/81

10/31/82

FY 82

65,000

2,500

13,000

12,000

129,000

18,000

6,000

4,000 25,000

25,500

300,000

11/1/82

10/31/83

FY 83

70,000

3,000

14,000

14,000

129,000

18,500

6.'500

4,000 25,000

16,00(')

300,000

11/1/80

10/31/83

TOTAL

195,000

7,500

39,000

-,6,000

387,000

54,000

18,000

12,000 75,000

76,500

900,000

2. Consul tant Fees

One or two consultants who are not University of Florida faculty may be

used on a limited sh~rt-term ba5is so some money will be needed for consultants.

3. Equi pment

Several pieces of laboratory equipment must be purchaseG, shipped and

instailed for busic laboratory procedures. The contract will assist the host

institutions in procurenent of such items but only on a partial support basis.

Simi'lar support will be provided through the contr1ctor when essential

equipment is disabled. The host institutions will have to assume the major

obligations in the p~rchase and receiving of all equipment used in the project.

4. Laboratory and Fie1d Supplies

Would include the following: plastic sample collecting bottles, needles.

syringes. atomic absorption lamps (Co. Cu. Mn, Ca, Mg. Zn, Fe, Mo, and Se), dry

ice, gas cylinders (nitrous oxide. acetylene/argon). trace mineral supplements.

calcium and phosphorus supplements, porcelain crucibles. volumetric flasks,

graduated cylinders, funnels, funnel supports, centrifuge tubes, wide-mouth

bottles, test tube supports, procelain spatulas, test tubes beakers.

volumetric pipettes, measuring pipettes, separatory funnels, cuvettes,

pipette jars, pipette rinsers, falcon test tubes, stirring rods. wash bottles.

Nalgene bottles, polypropylene funnels, ceramic marking ink, wax marking

pencils, vinyl tape, filter paper, mineral standards, trichloracetic acid,

ammonium molybdate, HC1, H2S04, HN03, potassium dichromate, NaCl, KCL,

dessicant, formaldehyde, lithium citrate, crucible tongs, and office

supplies. The majority of the above items will be consumed in the proposed

research and will need to be periodically replaced. Possible exceptions

will include some of the glassware.

5. Estimated Travel Per Year of the Contract

Number Number Total Country Visits/Yr Persons Scientist Days

Africa

(Senegal. Malawi Sudan and Zaire) 2 1 42

Asia

Indonesia 1 2 10

Ph i1 i ppi nes 1 2 12

Malaysia 1 2 10

Thailand 1 2 10

Latin America

Bolivia 2 1 14

Brazil 1 1 21

Colombia 2 1 10

Costa Rica 1 1 3

Dominican Republic 2 1 10

Ecuador 1 1 7

Guatemala 1 1 4

Peru 1 1 7

Uruguay 1 1 7

Venezuela 1 1 7

Other Possible Countries 1 2 12 (Mexico, E1 Salvador and Surinam)

The purpose of the trips are to:

1. Discuss proposed research with appropriate administrative and

research personnel in each country.

2. Assist in the establishment of procedures and methods concerning

experimental design, sample collection and laboratory analyses.

3. Assist in the design and initiation of feeding trials.

4. Evaluate the progress of the mineral research which is currently

underway in the participating countries.

5. Initiate other mineral research as problems surface and test research

methodology.

z1 - ~ -

1 ~ I( A'O 1"'11 11,"1 lll ... I r, d.c1:

LOGICAL Fn"M~WnnK f,o",fY 1')111 loFY 1'l8J -.--t---- --- ---

1 pnOJECT DESIGN SUMMAnY

'010' u.s. f".H"nv .,~~!!~"!"_.~ 0.,. r"rll.":~{??~ __ '. _

r.ol.c1 TI .... Humt",: Hlner,,1 St"dle~ vllh RIII"n.nt Ani "Is In "eveIO~ollntrC')s _____ --'-N_A_".:;.;A' fiVE 5u1.IIAAnv OOJECfiVITYfVEiiifiAill It/OICA TOnS-- 1--MEANSorvffiiF"";-;CA~,~.o~r:r. -----r-=-__ -_-_~'~i~!!I ~;! !2~r~!'APiiO~~====-_ "'0 ,., o. Sutor Go.l: Th. bto,rI .. oN.CII .. 10 "'U"HU o. Gool AcI,' ... m,nl: " "'""",pl'O ... 'n, .d,I"'''D 11',", '''00 '': "'h'th 'hh p.alla tOlll.'b", .. : I lo ellle'eull, IlIcreAlle I,rotl etlvlt, of Inere"sed r "ro.luctloll "ml IIr.,vth itll r""'n,,nt!l III tl,,! develo,.IIII: rllte or r"_In.llt' III the develup-

Comp"r.t Ive "roduct Ivlt, "Ith ." .. vl~I\Out ",Iueral .11"" I e .. ellt"lI on.

I. tll,"!rol ~\lI'I'I.,," .. nls nrr II V" Ilnhle.

2. [Iflr, .. "t .... nPlnl II til'l' I plftrn' IIllun '.f'Rlm. .. al'~ clcv,dul,rd.

c .. unlrie!l. 1118 eountrltll o( I. ... tln A",erle.,

S AI"l' .. d A,.I, .. I. 2. J.

V.rht Ion In IlIlk rro.Juct Ion Vnris~!on In ,rovth rates. Varl.tlon In ",e.t ,Ieid/anllllal. Vllrlatlolls In reproductive r.tee.

J. 11111","1 _lIl'l'lrm .. "lot'"" prf'Rrnrn!ll .a ... ~ tlnl'l"'"~"'"d.

10. I ornRes .re "ellelen. or ro"I~I'1 ~.rr8~~5 of rell.I" .. I .. p,ols.

I I ~~~~----------------------------------~~--~~--~--~~'~~------~~~---------I--~----------------------------------------I-~----~-~--~~-~----------------"al.al . -'. ..... : Conellllo ... II , .III/nellca,. pur"" h .. b..n "'""mpllo,,. '0' Ich't.lua P'MflO":

/. r

To determlne the .. lneral status of rumlnants In d~vel~pln8 countries snd to develop ~fficient Mlner.1 supple-Mentation regimel f"r ru .. inents.

Our "II": I. Idenlille.tlon of MJner.' derlcl-

eorleR "lId toxicities (e.c .... e.). l. Or.er .. lne re5,,00ae to _lner.1

sll"l'l~mt:""tIDII. J. lll't"r"'I .... econo .. lcs o( .'""ral sup-

1,I .. m"" .. t Ion. ~. [51"IoII,h IllIk.lel vlth H1tll .nd

Inlern"tlonal Institutions. ~. Orvelo" _I lie .... I releareh .. ethodoloI1' fl. rurmlll"l .. MO,.t ecolIOllllea! .Ineral

.. UI'" I "onents 1. l'rl'pDrat 1011 or I".hllcat lo"s on

,,,",,,rr.1 nll~ r I t 1011. 8. TrdlnlnR of project persoonpl.

~"I'I"" , I. """lytlc ... 1 In"or~torl"s In dOlvelopln(

rOllntr I ell vlth I .... ora' or, IIlI,d U.ld I'" rsonlle I. 11111 vr rs I t Y o( F10r 1,1. nut rlt Ion

1. 1"loornl.olY a .. ,1 ,.crsoll"el &I'''I,ort. I' AlII (milling .lId proJllct 'IInn"celllent.

.chl .. ..,. EnelOIP'r.ctll.hll. I. Outputs "" sl'rc,"".1 '0., i' orhlevrd.

Coo"el"lltlnc cO."11trhs "III hAve V'hlble .Ineul sllr"le .. ent.tloil 2. tlillepol s"I'l'le,"",,'" sre

Inlthled "tollr., to provl.lel prflArn.1I In collsboratlna counlrles. nvnlln'de.

pro.ot" uae o( e(flcl.,lIl sU"l'le- J. F"vo(l,loIe cII~t/loelle"l lII"nts/s"lphMent.tlon rellh.el to i. r"t108 ewht 1o.' ,.Inelal correct tl,eIMrn"r'l deUclenele1i ., II 5111'1'1 emrn' III lun. III Ilveltoc ~roduetlon.

',:1 4. fllnernl !l1I1'"I .. m""'"II"n

M ... IIW. Dr Oulpul" I I. Collect I~fo'rm .. tloll In cool'er-

i etlng eOllntr,les.

2. COlldliCt .upple .. entatlon trials In 16 coulltrles.

J. rre,.s re co"'"re"enai ve r".,ort on econolllica.

4. I.Il1lcallel estab i hhed vi til ""tlon.1 In_tlt"tlon . plus Intenilltlo".1 eenterll.

II I ttngnltllde of Outputs(Conth.ued)

d ~o,f "lIblleatlona on .Inersl nutrition p{ollr ..... resenrch Melho,lolog7' rClentlllc p.pe ....

8. Trllined p"r80nnel In each n.tlonal I In8tltlltlo~.

"ronrn,.s n, .. Iml'l"onen, ... I.

Allumptlon. 'Of .cI" lno 011,,..,11: I. Coll"hplnti"~ co,,"t,'e.'

oftpnrl~1I h"v~ 110. "'gRIII-znt.I"",,1 51 rllcl." ... IId '''0-Ject le".lrr!lhll' '0 "dolev., cuuntr, Ollt"Iltll.

2. 01l1 .. "r5't, 01 ri=I .. " Irlellt.ll.d "rule!l!l'o~,,1 "lid

!lIIn,ort slnll to nd ....... at.t.d Oil' ,1111 a.

5. DevelO"Ment or .lner.1 re.earch IIIe th odo I 0" ! -.-.... --I-e-lll--II-n-t-a-t-I-o-n-T--a-r-II-e-t-(-C-o-n-t-I-n-u-,,-d--) ------I Auumpiion. 10' ",o.'oI'nl ,"pull:

6. rorlllulation of r""resent.:lve , .. 'ner.1 .u""lelllents. (It) I.""orator, I,erlonnel to ,nn

1. rrepnr"tlun & dlsse",llI.tlon of their Inloorlltollea. (c) Field p .. rBonllel to ~olleet

Inror"'~t'oll nn ",In .. rsl etetll. or eoll, "Iant~ .lId slll."I

2. University or Florida

. 1_"leMent.tlon TlulI"t (T,pe & Quan-

tit,) ,

I. "ev"lo,,'n~ Countrlou (a) At I ... st Olle runctlonal

sn~l,lle.1 Inhor.tor, In each colhllOrlltlh' eOllntr,.

(a) Anelyt 'c.1 . nltorstc-r, & ,,~rson n .. 1 I"cluding r.,Me.rch '!llIlst-nnts.

(b) rrnJeet "erllon".;. J. A.D - (,,) ..... Ig.t )IlO,fxJ()/,ra

(b) Olle proJ .. ct ",""n,er.

I. 1'""d'''11 'II "vnll .... I .. til collnbnr"tlllR rOllnlrl .. II' sRencl.!I to pr .. vl"e "re5("rlloell 11I1'"tll.

2. AlII ''''''''''K lor II,r .. e ;~nri to l"ovlllP. "rellcrll ..... 1"l'lIta.

http:Varlat.on

1 - Evaluation Team Report

2 - Bio data for PIts

3 - Publications from Project Activities

6 pages

16 pages

12 pages

DEVELOP~lLsr OF :::?IC:E~T HI~ER...u. SUPPLE~r::NTATIOl; REGHlES FOR GR..UI};G RL~iI~M"TS I~ THE TROPICS

REPORT

Team Evaluation of DS/AGR Project 931-0600

June 1979

Team Me:nber~

Dr. Glenn Beck, Kansas State University Dr. Jua~ Salazar, VECOL, Eopresa Colombiana de Productos Veter1nar1os,

Colombia Dr. Duana Ul1:'ey, ~chigan State University Hr. Boyd hnit tle, AID African Bureau

.,

PROJECT BACKGROUh~

Hisot:-), of the ?roiect The Florida ~~inera1 Project No. 931-0600, supportec under AID contrac:, A:D/ta-c-1153, ~as started in ~ovember, 1974. 7he project ~as revic~ed in ~ovember, 1976 by an external evalua:ion team. Folln~ing this revie~, AID extended the proj:ct an additional t~o years. It is funded unti~ ~ovecber, 1980, at ~hich ti~e it ~i11 terminate unless further extendec.

Definition of the Probie~ Xineral deficiencies occur in most tropical and se~i-tropica1 regions c: the ~or1d. Grazing ruminants are generally less productive in these areas than in the more temperate climates. Lo~ pro-ductivity is associated with disease, low planes of nutrition, climatic stress and rn~lnutrition resulting from mineral deficiences ot imbalances. Xineral deficiencies result in lo~ reproductive performance, high mortality, slow gr~wth rates and lo~ production (milk, wool, etc.).

Objectives of the Project The primary objective of this project is to dete~ine the essential ~ineral supplements for grazing ani=~l diets to increase efficiency of ~eat and milk production systems with a resultant increase in quality and quantity of food in LDCs and a subsequent increase in employ~ent and income levels. The specific objectives are as follows:

1. To experi~entally determine the locations of mineral deficiencies adequacies, and toxicities in selected areas of Latin America;

2. To establish the biological response and the econoQic benefit ~f mineral supplementation of grazing animals;

3. To evaluate ~ethods of mineral supplement administration for grazing cattle;

4. To publish and distribute research information to stimulate wide spread use of ~ineral supplecents for grazing ruminants.

HAJOR ACCmlPLISH!1E:;!S OF THE PROJECT

The review team evaluated the overall progress made in the Florida Xinera1 Project since it ~as started in 1974, but gave speci~l attention to the accocplishments since the previous review in 1976. It is apparent that this project has been high~y productive, not only in identifying i~ portaat dietary ~inera~ p!oblems but more importantly in developing a recognition among Latin ~eric~n countries that these problems exist and should be dealt ~ith by establishing mineral nutrition research laborat-ies a~d education porgrams.

3

P.=eas icent:fyed in the 1976 revie~ as ne~::::'r.g further study and cie'Jelop~ent ore briefly highlighted in t~e fo110 ... ing sucmary.

~ Con:inue to s:ren2the~ the researc~ can~bilities of cooperating cou~tries in evolvi~g national mineral nutrition programs. Significant research has been initiated in 16 coopera:iDg countries, directly in-volving 185 nationals. Surveys of mineral. deficiencies and toxicities are under way, and the effectiveness of provi~ing mineral supplements directly to livestock is bein& explored in a numbe~ of locations. Leadership by the University of Florida has pl~:cd a vital role in sticula:ing cooperation among government, university and industrial personnel in seeking solutions to cineral problems in cooperating countries. Students trainei by the Univesity of Florida are returning to their home countries, thus adding their ne~ly acquired expertise to the professi .. al resou':ces cf the region.

2. Continue to obtain more data that ~ill be useful in defining Dineral relationships a~ong soils-plants-animals. Extensive data have been collected which indicate that correlations among soil-plant-ani~al are low or non-existant for the minerals studied (Fe, ~~, Na, Zn). Liver samples collected from the most productive animals toward the end of the wet season are best for determining the mineral status of certain trace winerals in grazing animals.

3. Establish~ent controlled eXDeriments with cooDeratin~ ranchers , = and eXDeri~e~t stations to provide more reliable information about the benefits of mineral supplementation. Controlled experiments are now ~nderway in five countries-- Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela. The pricary beneit~ being obtained in these experiments are improved fer-tility and increased weight gains. In one expericent, calving per~entage was increased by ~ineral supplementation from 50~ to 75:. In one experiment weight gains ~ere doubled as a result of mineral suppleQentation.

~. Establish experiments to ~etermine the extent of carry-over from wet to dry seascn ~rczing. Preliminary research data iro~ an experiment in Colombia indicate that major benef~ts may be obtained by feed-minerals only during the rainy season. Further exploration is needed in this area.

5. Generate research data which can field cost: benefit ratios. Considerable data have been accumulated, but not yet analyzed which will be useful in determining cost: benefit ratios from mineral supplementation. Preli~inary infurcation indicates & return of at least double the investment in correcting cineral deficiencies.

6. Encoura~e local ex&=dnation of mineral ~xtures. It has been observed tha: many ~ineral suprlements sold in Latin American countries a=e of poor quality, no~ ~eeting the guarantees on the labels. For example, an analysis of =ineral supplements being sold by five di:ierent cocpanies in Ecudador revealed tha: the percent of phosphorus was substantially lower than the amount guaronteed on the ~ineral label, in one case being pra~tically zero.

4

7. Coetinue research e~~o=:s to sioplify oethoes o~ a~s~ssing ~i~eral nutrition status of ~=a:ing ani~als. ~ineral reseRrch roetbo-. do:,y has beer. a substantial contribution of this project, no~ only in te~~s of si~pli:ying ace standardizing the techniques but also in developing ne~ practical approaches that can be introduced into LOe usage.

8. Establish cooperative mineral research program in South-East A&ia and African Countries. Research program have be~n initiated in 3 Asian countries with more reconnaissance needed to further :~Q~tif~ appropriate locations in Africa and Asia.

FL7URE ~EE~S fuR MINERAL RESEARCH AND :-!I~E~_U SUPPLniENTATION

The Mineral Research Project has made consIderable progress in certain countries, and plans should be made, where feasible, to gradually turn over ~uch of the responsibility for future mineral research to scientists within those countries. Examples include Brazil, Costa Rica and Colombia. This transfer of responsibility should be preceded by an evaluation of the state of readiness of the scientists and the com=itment of the governcents in the cooperating countries. Soce assi~tance may continue to be needed in couducting difficult assays. (~ven in the United State!., few labora-tories can produce reliable determinations of se1eniu~, mo1ybdenuc and cobalt). In addition, there are some ~ifficult problems in these countries, such as "cara inchada" "ia11ing disease", and "secadera" which could be related to ~ineral inadequacies and require continuing intensive efforts to solve. It would be appropriate to set the schedule :or transfer in consul-tation with all affected parties. A three year extension of the Project may provide sufficient time for an oruerly and successiu1 transfer in those countrieS with the oost advanced programs. However, the transfer should not be tied to a~ arbitrary schedule but should proceed in a manner which will ensure that the investment to date will produce useful results.

In a number of countries, the ~inera1 Research Project is still developing. Equipcent is not yet adequate, technicians are not yet completely trainee, and :inancial co~itments for independent support of mineral research are not fully developed. Ato~ic absorption spectrophotometry is a basic analytical technique in mineral research and involves skills that require extensive training and experience. The instrumentation is costly and requires technological support in :~e for:n of :'::;;,h quali ty ele::trical service and com-pressed gases such as acetylene, air, nitrous oxide, hydrogen, and argon. These, 0: course, are not universally available. Where the necessary ~nIrastruc:ure and trained personnel are not available, assista~r~ ~ill be required i: this i~portan: project is to succeed.

So~e addit:onal ~uest:ons, defining a' 1S of resear::h ~hi~h have been initia:ed by the university 0: Florida an. that warrant deve10p~ent, include the :f ollo.:ing:

5

1) Can certain ~ineral supple~ents be provided successfully on an inte:~ittent basis to reduce cost, as compared to continuous acbi:lis t ration?

2) Can lo~ cost ~ineral sour:es, such as slag, be ijent::ied and successfully used as supplements?

3) Can ~ineral supplements containing potentially toxic levels of other ele~ents be i~d safely by using Lhem for short periods C~ by ieecing an antagonist to the toxic element(s) simultaneously?

4) '~at is the cause a~d prevention of "cara inchada"?

5) '~"hat is the cause and prevention of "secadera"?

Other proble~s and other countries have been tentatively explored concerning application of the Sllce cooperative techniques in improving livestock production through cineral research. The Unlversity of Florida tea~ me~bers are well-qualified professionals, have ext~nsive on-site ex-perience, have a record of goon judgement, and would be expected r.o provide real assistance to those countries that are willing to cooperate in helping the~salves.

RECOt-L:1ENDAIIONS

With AID support the University of Florida has developed a research system that has been unusually effective in obtaining toC involvement. Much has been accocplished with a relatively small investment of u.s. funds because of the cooperative support from each of the 16 countries involved. ~ineral deficiencies have been demonstrated in ea~h country. Government o::icials have been persuaded that this is a problem seriously reduci'16 livesto~k production and is one that can be corrected through prop~~ application of research and t~chnology. They have responded by estdr~ishing research laboratories for investigating ~ineral deficiencies. Scientists and techni:ians have been trained. Closer working relationships between research and extension agencies have been stimulated. Linkages have evolved between L.A. (and to a lesser degree Asia and Africa) and U.S. scientists and a~ong scientists froe many Latin American countries that will have long lasting benefi:ial effects.

The review tea~ recognizes that there must be a termination point for