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Defiant, brilliant and unstoppable, the “Iron Jawed Angels” were a groupof activists who fought for—and ultimately won—the right to vote for

women in America. Their courage inspired a nation and changed it forever.Now their story is being told in a powerful new film.

SUNDAY, FEB. 15, 9:30PM/8:30C ON

LEAD, FOLLOW OR GET OUT OF THE WAY.

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1830s New York, Connecticut and Pennsyl-vania enact new state constitutions that make it difficult or impossible forfree African-American mento vote.

1837 Kentucky grantssome women suffrage inschool elections. 18

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1791–1856 The 13 origi-nal and new states eliminateproperty ownership as avoting requirement.

1820 Susan B. Anthonyis born on February 15 inAdams, Massachusetts.

1842 Rhode Islandexcludes Catholics andurban males from voting.

1848 The first women’srights convention is heldin Seneca Falls, New York,in July.

1861 Kansas entersthe Union; the newstate grants womenthe right to votein local school elections.

1866 Elizabeth Cady Stanton presents a petitionto Congress demandingthe vote for women.

dAtEsdAtEs

There will neverbe a new world orderuntil women are apart of it.

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POLITICAL PRISONERS:The women who picketed the WhiteHouse in 1917 argued they had beenarrested not for any criminal acts,but because of their political beliefs.

FIGHTING FORDEMOCRACY:The “silent sentinels”outside the WhiteHouse in 1917 quotedPresident WoodrowWilson, who had vowedthat America wouldfight for democracy inEurope. The suffragistsurged Wilson to extend democracy at home by supporting votingrights for women.

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most picturesque figure inthe parade.

Leaders of the womensuffragists were much in-censed because the policedid not make sufficientprovision for holding in restraint the great throngwhich hemmed in the paraders. At a meeting heldat Memorial ContinentalHall the police of the Dis-trict were denounced. Aresolution was adoptedcalling for a Congressionalinvestigation and askingMr. Wilson to look intowhat the suffragists called“a disgraceful affair.” …

The procession, it wascharged, had not gone ablock before it had to halt.Insults and jibes were shout-ed at women marchers, andfor more than an hour con-fusion reigned. The police,the women say, did practi-cally nothing, and finally sol-diers and marines formeda voluntary escort to clearthe way.

Mrs. Genevieve Stone,wife of Representative Stoneof Illinois, said that a police-man had insulted her. Thispoliceman, she said, shout-ed: “If my wife were whereyou are I’d break her head.”

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ALICE PAUL 1885–1977A brilliant organizer and activist, Alice Paul believed that women wouldnever be given the vote; they had to demand it. Born to a Quaker familyin New Jersey, she graduated from Swarthmore College and earned a social-work degree in New York. In 1907, she traveled to England, where sheworked closely with the militant British suffragists Emmeline, Christobel and

Sylvia Pankhurst. Arrested several timesin London, Paul went on hunger strikes,was force-fed and learned the value ofnonviolent civil disobedience to garnerpublicity for her cause. Back in the U.S.,she joined the National American WomanSuffrage Association (NAWSA) in 1910and was allowed to run their campaign inWashington, D.C. As of 1916, 4 millionwomen in 12 states had the right to vote;Paul wanted these women to “hold theparty in power responsible” by votingagainst Democrat Woodrow Wilson inthe election of 1916. This strategy broughtPaul into intense conflict with NAWSAPresident Carrie Chapman Catt, whosupported Wilson. In 1916, Paul foundedthe National Woman’s Party, a radical

new suffrage group devoted to winning a universalsuffrage amendment to the Constitution instead of

working state by state. With the U.S. on the verge of entering World War I in 1917, Paul set up a picket line at the White House—the first in U.S. history—with signs that said 20 Million American Women

Are Not Self-Governed. Arrested on the trumped-up charge of “obstructing traffic,” Paul was sent to the Occoquan Workhouse, where she demanded to be treated as a political prisoner arrested for her beliefs, notfor committing a crime. When news of Paul’s brutal force-feeding during a 22-day hunger strike reached the public, the WhiteHouse bowed to public pressure, and she was released. Instrumental in bringing about ratificationof the 19th Amendment in 1920, Paul later went to lawschool and wrote the first version of the Equal RightsAmendment, presented to Congress in 1923. Shelobbied for women’s rights until her death in 1977.

suffrage pioneers Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. A keyorganizer for the National Woman’s Party, Burns was educated at Vassarand Yale. After teaching English at Erasmus High School, she went to Eng-land to study at Oxford but soon abandoned a promising academic careerin linguistics in favor of political activism. Involved with the Pankhursts andmilitant British suffragists, Burns was a paid organizer in Edinburghfrom 1910 to 1912. In 1913 she worked closely with Alice Paul to organizethe Woman Suffrage March in Washington, D.C., on the day beforeWoodrow Wilson’s inauguration.From 1915 to 1916 she edited TheSuffragist, a newspaper devotedto women’s voting issues; in 1917,along with Paul and numerousother suffragists, she was sentencedto the Occoquan Workhouse forpicketing the White House. Burnsembarked on a 19-day hungerstrike in November 1917; like Paul,she was force-fed. In all, Burnswas arrested six times and spentmore time in jail than any otherAmerican suffragist.

LUCY BURNS 1879–1966Alice Paul called her good friend Lucy Burns “athousand times more valiant than I.” The two wereconsidered the next-generation incarnation of

1868 Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B.Anthony launch the feminist newspaper TheRevolution.

“After two weeks of solitary confinement…we decided uponthe hunger strike, as the ultimateform of protest left us.” —A L I C E PAU L

INEZ MILHOLLAND 1886–1916A native of Brooklyn, New York, Inez Milholland was sus-pended from Vassar College after organizing a women’ssuffrage meeting in a cemetery to protest the college’s refusal to allow suffrage speakers on campus. By the timeshe graduated, Milholland had persuaded more than two-thirds of her fellow students to support suffrage. She wenton to get a law degree at New York University after beingdenied entrance on the basis of her gender by Harvardand Columbia. On March 3, 1913—the day before WoodrowWilson’s inauguration—Milholland, draped in flowing whiterobes and riding on a white horse, led a parade of an

1872 Susan B.Anthony is arrestedfor trying to vote inRochester, NY.

1874 In Minor v.Happersett, theU.S. Supreme Courtaffirms that stateshave the jurisdic-tion to decide

whether women areallowed to vote.

1869 Wyoming territorygrants suffrage to women.

1869 Elizabeth CadyStanton and Susan B.Anthony form the National

Woman Suffrage Association(NWSA), whosemission is tosecure votingrights for women.18

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1870 Utah territory grantsfull suffrage to women.★4

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agingCARRIE CHAPMAN CATT 1859–1947Born in Wisconsin, Carrie Chapman Catt worked tirelessly on be-half of suffrage for women. She became a high school principal inIowa in 1881 and was appointed one of thefirst female superintendents in the countryin 1883. When she married engineerGeorge W. Catt in 1890, the couple had anunusual prenuptial agreement, stipulating that Catt would have fourmonths per year to pursue suffrage. In 1902 she founded the InternationalWoman Suffrage Association and served as its honorary president until 1923.She headed the New York suffrage movement, organizing two campaignsthat won the state vote for women in 1917. During that time, she reorgan-ized NAWSA and became its president in 1915. Catt’s strategy involved work-

ing at both the federal and state levels; shedeveloped a membership system, studycourses and organizing manuals forNAWSA. On good terms with PresidentWilson, Catt clashed with Alice Paul, whourged women to vote against Wilson in 1916because he had failed to support suffrage.After the 19th Amendment was adopted,Catt reconstituted NAWSA as the League ofWomen voters, with 2 million members.She appeared on the cover of Time in 1926.

estimated 5,000 suffragists carrying a banner that read Forward

Out of Darkness, Forward Into Light, later the motto of theNational Woman’s Party. This image became emblematic of thefight for women’s rights in America. The marchers were attackedverbally and physically but refused to give up. Milholland became one of the leaders of the suffrage movement, speakingacross the country despite doctors’ warnings to stop in light of herpernicious anemia. In 1916 she collapsed in the middle of a speechin Los Angeles and died 10 weeks later at age 30. Some 10,000people attended her memorial service, the first ever held for awoman in the nation’s capital. Milholland’s last public wordswere, “Mr. President, how long must women wait for liberty?”

SUSAN B. ANTHONY 1820–1906Referred to as “the Napoleon of the Women’sRights Movement” and the “Moses of hersex,” Susan B. Anthony was a pioneer in thesuffrage movement. Raised in a Quaker

abolitionist family, Anthony taught in upstate New York; she became involved in the temperance movement and worked for the AmericanAnti-Slavery Association. After 1852, she teamed up with her friend Eliz-abeth Cady Stanton and worked on behalf of women’s rights, later publishingthe weekly Revolution, a radical women’s paper calling for suffrage,equal education and employment oppor-tunities, and trade unions for women. Nevermarried, she had a keen awareness of theneed for women to be financially inde-pendent and lobbied for equal pay forwomen. In 1869, Anthony and Stantonfounded the National Woman SuffrageAssociation. Anthony was arrested in1872 for taking women to the polls in herhometown of Rochester, New York, andagain in 1873, when she tried to vote herself.As president of NWSA from 1892 to 1900, sheled the crusade for a federal women’s suffrageamendment. In 1979, the U.S. Treasuryhonored her many achievements by issuinga one-dollar coin in her name.

1882 The Senate andHouse establish committeesto study women’s suffrage.

1884 Belva Ann Lockwoodruns for President on theNational Equal Rights Partyticket; she wins 4,149 votesin six states.

1876 At the United Statescentennial celebration inPhiladelphia, Susan B.Anthony and the NWSApresent a declaration ofwomen’s rights.

1878 The firstwomen’s suffrageamendment ispresented in theUnited StatesSenate.

and authored one of the first accounts of alynching, publicizing the issue and runninganti-lynching campaigns throughout the1890s. In 1913 she founded the first blackwomen’s suffrage group, the Alpha SuffrageClub of Chicago. That same year, she chal-lenged NAWSA’s leaders—who had failedto take a stand against racial segregation—bymarching with the Illinois delegation, ratherthan at the back, of the Washington, D.C.,suffrage parade. Her autobiography, Cru-sade for Justice, was published in 1928.

IDA WELLS-BARNETT 1862–1931Ida Wells-Barnett was a crusading journalist, women’s advocate and co-founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP). The daughter of slaves, she taught in Mississippi and Tennessee

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1890–1910 Southernstates enact voterrestrictions, upheld bythe United StatesSupreme Court, thatdeny voting rights to approximately 90%of all African-Americanvoters.

1890 Wyoming enters theUnion; it becomes the firststate in which women havethe right to vote.

1890 The National American Woman SuffrageAssociation (NAWSA)forms from themerger of othersuffrage groups.

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To learn more about suffrage history, log on towww.timeclassroom.com/voting. For more on the making ofIron Jawed Angels, visit www.hbo.com/films/ironjawedangels.

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1908 National Women’sDay is celebrated in theU.S. for the first time; the celebration goes international in 1910.

1911 The National Associ-ation Opposed to WomanSuffrage is founded.

1916 Jeannette Rankin ofMontana becomes the firstwoman elected to the U.S.House of Representatives.She serves until 1919 and is re-elected in 1940.

1917 NationalWoman’s Party stations daily picketsat the White Housein civil disobedi-ence campaign.

RIDING FOR LIBERTY: Inez Milholland, known as the “womanon the horse,” led the 1913 suffrage parade (above), in which thou-sands of women marched through the streets of Washington, D.C.,to dramatize their desire to vote. In Iron Jawed Angels, Inez Milholland(played by Julia Ormond, left) rides a white horse and wears wings.The wings are a reference to the angel figure that suffragists oftenincorporated in their imagery, representing an idealized vision ofJustice and Liberty.

RADICAL TACTICS: In 1917,suffragists set up a daily picketline outside the White House—afirst in American history. Theycontinued even after the nationentered World War I and, as a result, were accused of being trai-tors. In one of their most radicalstatements, the women referredto President Wilson as “Kaiser.”The “Kaiser Wilson” banner (right)was recreated word for word inIron Jawed Angels (far right).

When they set out to tell the story of Alice Paul and hercolleagues, the filmmakers who created Iron Jawed Angelsknew that many Americans weren’t aware of this chapter

in U.S. history. Determined to capture both the power and dramaof the suffrage movement, the film’s writers interviewed historians,delved into newspapers and studied archival photographs. Theimages on this page show how the writers, costume designers andactors brought suffrage history to life.

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1916 Alice Paul and LucyBurns found the NationalWoman’s Party (NWP).

1912 Theodore Roosevelt's ProgressiveParty becomes the firstnational political party tosupport suffrage forwomen.

1913 An estimated 5,000women stage a parade inWashington, D.C., to lobbyfor suffrage; riots breakout when police fail tocontrol crowds.

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agingBest known for her Academy Award-winning performance inBoys Don’t Cry, 29-year-old Hilary Swank (above right) plays

Alice Paul in Iron Jawed Angels. A native of Washington State,Swank appeared in her first play when she was nine. As a teenager,she swam competitively in the Junior Olympics and WashingtonState championships; she ranked fifth in the state in all-aroundgymnastics. Swank spoke with inTIME aboutAlice Paul, the suffrage movement and themaking of Iron Jawed Angels, which premieresSunday, February 15, 2004 on HBO.

How much did you know about Alice Paulbefore you got involved in this project?

★Sadly, I didn’t know much about AlicePaul. I knew that there was a suffrage

movement, but I didn’t really understand whatthe women who were part of it had gone through.When I read the script, I was riveted. Herewas a true story about a group of remark-able women who paved the way for meand for all women living in 21st-centuryAmerica. For a very long time—as the filmmakes clear—women were third-classcitizens in this country. I can’t imagine notbeing able to have a voice within my gov-ernment. But 100 years ago, women didnot have the right to vote in America.That is absolutely amazing to me.

1919 The House votes 304to 90 to pass the 19th Amend-ment; the Senate approves it56 to 25. It is sent to the states.

1920 Tennessee becomesthe 36th state to ratify the19th Amendment whenState Senator Harry Burn, 24,casts the deciding vote. TheAmendment becomes lawon August 26, guaranteeingall U.S. women the vote.

1918 Reversing his posi-tion, President WoodrowWilson endorses women’ssuffrage as a war measure.

1918 Suffrage Amend-ment passesUnited StatesHouse by exactlya two-thirds vote;it loses by twovotes in the Senate.

What aspects of Alice Paul do you admire most?

★She was someone who believed very strongly in the right of allhuman beings, of all citizens, to have a voice. She found some-

thing that she believed in, and she followed it with every cell of herbody and every cell of her brain. Everyone in this world knows whatit’s like to have a passion or to have a dream, and to face tremendousodds against realizing that dream. Alice Paul’s diligence and herunyielding determination were a real inspiration to me.

Can you talk about the sacrifices that Alice Paul made?

★I don’t know if I could sacrifice as much as she did. She sacri-ficed having a husband, and having children, because she felt

that every piece of her had to be devoted to this cause. The sacrificesthat Alice Paul made were huge. I don’t know if I could do that.

What are your thoughts on the film’s style, and in particularon the mix of historical and contemporary elements?

★All along, Katja von Garnier, our director, was very intent onstaying true to the historical facts. She felt the importance of

that; this is, after all, a true story. But it was also Katja’s intent to makea movie where you weren’t sitting back and watching a history lesson.She wanted viewers to feel, “Wow. That could have been me.” Even

though these women were living in the early1900s, they had the same desires and passionsand needs as we do now. So she took the libertyof using contemporary music, including songsby Sarah McLachlan. It’s really fresh, reallyentertaining. This is a movie about history, butthere’s nothing dry about it.

What message do you hope high school students take away from this film?

★No matter how old you are or howyoung you are, there will be obsta-

cles all the way along in life. We all haveour doubts; there were times when AlicePaul doubted herself. And there werecertainly times during the filming when Isaid, “Oh, God, this is so hard.” But I thinkif people really believe in themselves, theycan bring about change. I hope studentswill be inspired to listen to themselves,and to believe that every one of us has thepower to make a difference.

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1971 The 26th Amendmentlowers the voting age to 18.

1972 Shirley Chisholmbecomes the first African-American woman to seekthe Democratic nomina-tion for President.

1984 GeraldineFerraro, a Demo-crat from NewYork, becomesthe first womanto run for VicePresident.19

72“The sacrificesthat Alice Paulmade were huge. I don’t know if Icould do that.”—H I L A RY SWA N K

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CONFRONTING A PRESIDENT: To protestWoodrow Wilson’s refusal to push for a Constitutionalamendment backing suffrage, suffragists staged adaily picket line at the White House beginning in Jan-uary 1917. Wilson was initially bemused by the “silentsentinels”; as this 1917 cartoon illustrates, he oftenwalked past them and even invited them in for coffee(they declined). Once the U.S. entered World War I,though, the White House came to view the protestersas a serious embarrassment and had them arrestedon the trumped-up charge of “obstructing traffic.”

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“We are being imprisoned not because weobstructed traffic, but because we pointedout to the President the fact that he was obstructing the cause of democracy at home,while Americans were fighting for itabroad.” —ALICE PAUL, 1917

“They cannot be regarded as women.”—PHILADELPHIA INQUIRER, in a 1917 editorial

denouncing the women who picketed the White House

“I’ve just had the most revolting experiencepossible. I’ve been forcibly fed, and I feel thatevery atom of American self-respect withinme has been outraged…Dr. Ladd appearedwith a tube that looked like a hose, and a pintof milk in which two eggs had been stirred up.Without any heart exam, he put the tube in mymouth and…poured the liquid rapidly downthe tube…I gagged and choked terribly.”

—ELIZABETH McSHANE,Philadelphia businesswoman and one of 168 women imprisoned after being arrested in suffrage protests

held between 1917 and 1919

“The way to reform has always led throughprison.” —EMMELINE PANKHURST,

British suffragist, 1914

“The right of the citizens of the United Statesto vote shall not be denied or abridged bythe United States or by any state on account of sex.” —TEXT OF 19th AMENDMENT, 1920

VerbAtimBefore the 19th Amendment was ratified in the U.S. in 1920,women already had the right to vote in these countries:

New Zealand . . . . 1893Australia . . . . . . . . 1902Finland. . . . . . . . . . 1906Denmark . . . . . . . . 1915

Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . 1917Russia . . . . . . . . . . . 1917England . . . . . . . . . 1918Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . 1918

Scotland . . . . . . . . 1918Germany . . . . . . . . 1918Hungary . . . . . . . . . 1918Canada . . . . . . . . . . 1918

gE t Inv OLv Ed!gE t Inv OLv Ed!I n 2000, 8.6 million eligible 18- to 24-year-olds voted—but 15

million didn’t. If you’re 18 or older, you can help keep the spirit ofAlice Paul alive by making your vote count in the 2004 election! Andif you’re under 18, there are still plenty of ways to get involved in thepolitical process. One great resource is Rock the Vote, the nonpartisangroup that joins entertainment and politics to register and mobilizeyoung people to vote. With the help of musicians, actors and athletes,Rock the Vote Street Team members make politics hip for the new gen-eration of voters. Another resource to check out is Youth Vote Coalition,a national nonpartisan coalition of diverse organizations dedicated toincreasing political and civic participation among young people. Tolearn more and register to vote online, visit www.rockthevote.com orwww.youthvote.org

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Copyright ©2003 Time Inc. inTime is a trademark of Time Inc. Published in association

with HBO. Printed in the U.S.A. Iron Jawed Angels artwork ©2003 Home Box Office,

Inc. All rights reserved. HBO® is a service mark of Home Box Office, Inc.

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■ No suffrage for womenuntil ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920

■ Partial women’s suffrage before 1920

■ Full women’s suffrage before 1920,with date granted