CHAPTER - VI - Shodhganga : a reservoir of Indian theses...

CHAPTER - VI

AN ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT OF I.T.D.A, PADERU

The policies, programmes and schemes intended for the

socio-economic empowerment of the tribals which are being

implemented by the ITDA in Paderu in Paderu Agency Area are

analyzed in detail in the previous chapter. In this chapter, the

performance of ITDA, Paderu in the implementation those programmes

and their impact on the socio-economic life standards of the tribals are

assessed. Further knowledge levels of the tribals on the programmes,

their utilization and their perceptions are clearly discussed in this

chapter

Education:

Education is one of the social factors that determine the

socioeconomic and cultural standards of the people. So, the governments,

in view of improving the socio-economic, cultural and living standards of

the Tribals have implemented various educational schemes and

programmes to provide education to the tribals. In this regard, the

researcher has made an effort to assess the performance of ITDA in

providing education to the tribals.

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Table 6.1

Education provision and level of accessibility of Respondents in

selected mandals.

sl. name of the itda knowledge on accessing no mandal providing level of the services

education educational free of cost institutions

1 Paderu 120 120 120 (100) (100) (100)

2 Munchingiputtu 120 120 120 (100) (100) (100)

3 Koyyuru 104 104 112 (86.7) (86.7) (93.33)

TOTAL 344 344 352 (95.55) (95.55) (97.77)

Source: field data

Note : figures in brackets represent percent to the total beneficiary

interviewed in the respective mandal.

Education institutions are functioning in all Mandals of Paderu

Agency Area prudentially, and are catering to the educational needs of

tribals. Geographic coverage and distance has adequately been taken

into consideration for opening up of and running educational

institutions for effective service coverage. Around 96 percent of the

tribals interviewed have stated that they have information regarding

the provision of education to them free of cost and access to all the

education institutions such as Gurukulam Schools and Colleges,

Tribal Welfare Schools, and the Government Schools established in the

Agency Area. The study has come out with the face that around 96

percent have access to the educational services offered by ITDA and

happy to report that access to educational facilities and the

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scholarships is quite comfortable and beneficial for continuing and

pursing desired level of education (see table: 6.1).

education department is concerned, 55 percent of respondents have had

medium level of satisfaction and 34.73 percent rated very high (see

table: 6.2). Hence, access to education service and level of satisfaction

on performance of educational institutions in the study area is fairly the

best

Table-6.2

Respondents opinion on performance of education department in

selected mandals.

sl. Name of the Accessing Level of satisfaction

no mandals The service Low Medium High

1 Paderu 120 0 120 0

(100) (100)

2 Munchingiputtu 120 13 44 63

(100) (11.0) (36.5) (51.5)

3 Koyyuru 112 23 35 62

(93.33) (19.4) (39.3) (51.3)

TOTAL 352 36 199 125

(97.77) (10.0) (55.27) (34.73)

SOURCE: field data

NOTE: figures in brackets represent percent to the total beneficiary

Interviewed in the respective mandals..

Satisfaction on teachers performance is invariably the same across all

Ashram and Residential schools in the study area. The study reported

that performance of teachers of Ashram Schools and Residential

Schools is reported to be medium; this confirms the fact that the

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desired level of contribution as expected from the teachers has not

been provided. It is also pertinent to Note that 16.11per cent of

beneficiaries interviewed in koyyuru mandal have reported low level of

performance of teachers. Teachers’ performance is favorably rated by

28.62 percent of beneficiaries in and Paderu, Munchingputtu

mandals(see table: 6.3)

TABLE-6.3

Respondents opinion on teachers performance in Ashram

schools/Residential schools in selected mandals.

SL. name of the

NO mandals 1 Paderu 2 Munchingiputtu 3 Koyyuru

TOTAL

Level of satisfaction

Low Medium High

0 108 12

(90.9) (9.1)

0 35 85

(29.0) (71.0)

58 56 6

(48.3) (46.6) (5.1)

58 199 103

(16.11) (55.27) (28.62)

SOURCE: field data

NOTE: figures in brackets represent percent to the total

beneficiary Interviewed in the respective mandals..

Regarding the involvement of ITDA in imparting education to

the tribal races and the performance of the teachers on Ashram

schools and Gurukulam schools in the study area are assessed from

the opinions of the respondents and the data pertaining to their

responses is presented in the Table 6.4. It is interesting to Note that

the selected mandals have access to educational institutions

supported by the Tribal Welfare Department. The Ashram schools and

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Gurukulam schools are in fact financially supported by Tribal Welfare

Department to run and take care of the tribal students. The

residential mode of education offered by both type of schools is

welcomed by the tribals. This indeed, caters to the educational

requirement students living in the study area.

Overall performance of Ashram schools and residential schools is

satisfactory as reported by 71.12 per cent of beneficiaries across the Study

area. However, functionality of Ashram and residential schools is rated to

be significantly good (see table: 6.4). Student’s performance is also seen to

be relatively better.

In particular, the functionality of educational institutions in the

study Area, is creating visible impact in life and livelihood of tribals. The

intervention as aimed at improving the quality of life of the tribals through

imparting quality education is becoming true and the tribals are getting

satisfied with the contribution of the department. Every attempt made

by ITDA in this effect has created multiple impacts on the life of the tribals.

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TABLE-6.4

Respondents’ opinion on functioning of Ashram

schools/Residential schools in selected Mandals.

SL. Name of the

NO mandal

1 Paderu 2 Munchingiputtu 3 Koyyuru

TOTAL

Source: field data.


Low Medium High

0 113 7

(94.16) (5.8)

0 42 78

(35) (65)

7 101 12

(5.8) (84.16) (10.08)

7 256 97

(1.94) (71.12) (26.94)


interviewed in the respective mandals..

Health:

The ITDA, Paderu with 33 primary Health Centers, 195 Sub-

centers and 3200 community health workers has been rendering

medical service to the tribal communities. As a special case and with

the support of Tribal Welfare Department required diet is being

provided to the in-house patients besides one attendant in every

community health center. Apart from this emergency health services

are also being offered with the support of ‘National Rural Health

Mission’. There are 10 EMRI (108) Ambulances to provide urgent

transportation facilities and first aid to the patients in the agency.

Area apart from this 10 mobile medical units -6 run by the

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Government and 4 by local Non Government Organizations provide

emergency health services in the remote and interior villages of study

area.

The special provision of ITDA for opening up of ‘Drug Depots’ in the

remotest village is going a long way to address the medicine

requirements during rainy season and odd hours. The community

health workers are posted in strategic villages of the Agency to cater to

the odd time health service requirements besides providing regular

health services.

Analysis of physical presence of health institutions in Paderu study

area reveals that ITDA and health department in particular has

planned meticulously to position themselves for effective service

delivery. The efficiency and impact of all the activities taken up by the

Health Department is thoroughly examined in the following sections.

It is interesting to Note that awareness on health service availability

in study area is pretty well known to one and all. Almost 97 per cent of

beneficiaries reported of being aware of Primary Health Centers and

are utilizing the service. However, gaps in service accessibility and

awareness is evidenced due to the geographic spread out of the Agency

Area and due to the blind belief of the tribals on witchcrafts (see

table:6.5). Further, poor level of satisfaction is observed to be the

demotivating factor in accessing the services available at Primary

Health Centers.

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TABLE-6.5

Respondents opinion on Functioning of primary health centres in

selected Mandals.

SL. Name of the


TOTAL

Source: field data

Information Access

on PHC the

service

120 120

(100) (100)

120 120

(100) (100)

116 93

(96.6) (77.5)

356 333

(98.88) (92.5)


Low Medium High

0 64 56

(53.3) (46.7)

0 64 56

(53.3) (46.7)

23 29 41

(19.16) (24.16) (34.16)

23 157 153

(6.38) (43.62) (42.5)

Note: Figures in brackets represent percent to the total beneficiary


Similarly, accessing services available at community health

center follows the same pattern of primary health centers. There are

94.44 per cent people who have information on the community health

centers established in the study area. It is also interesting to Note that

92.5 per cent of beneficiaries have reported of accessing the service

offered at community health centers. This is confirmed as 59.16

percent of beneficiaries have reported of high level of satisfaction on

the services provided at community health centers. Similarly 24.44

per cent beneficiaries across the study area have reported of medium

level of satisfaction on the services offered at community health center,

while only 8.88 per cent beneficiaries have low level of satisfaction (see

248

table:6.6). This is indeed, reflects that satisfaction of beneficiaries in the

selected mandals on the service delivery of community health centers

which is reported very high.

TABLE-6.6

Respondents Opinion on Functioning of Community Health

Centers in the Study Area

Sl.No Name of the Information Access Level of satisfaction

mandals on CHC the low medium High

service

1 Paderu 120 120 0 56 64

(100) (100) (46.7) (53.33)

2 Munchingiputtu 120 120 4 28 88

(100) (100) (3.33) (3.33) (73.34)

3 Koyyuru 118 93 28 4 61

(98.33) (77.05) (23.3) (3.45) (50.83)

TOTAL 358 333 32 88 213

(94.44) (92.5) (8.88) (24.44) (59.16) Source: field data

Note: Figures in brackets represent percent to the total beneficiary

Interviewed in the respective mandals.

Information on the provision of emergency service (EMRI-108) in the

study area is widely acknowledged by the beneficiary interviewed in the

study area Pertaining to the beneficiaries have reported to have access to

the accessing the 108 services. In fact all the selected mandals have

access to the service to the maximum extent possible, except Koyyuru

mandal.

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Emergency health service in an agency is highly essential. The

available institutions are not able to perform to the best of ability due

to poor transportation and network connection. Under the stated

condition issues of health are closely dealt by EMRI-108 services. In

this regard the study shows that 49.72 per cent beneficiaries in

selected mandals have reported high level of satisfaction on the 108

services. Similarly 25.83 per cent reported medium level of

satisfaction (see table: 6.7). The overall opinion on the performance

of 108 services and its impact is highly positive.

Table-6.7

Respondents Opinion on 108 (EMRI) Services in the Study Area

SL. Name of the


TOTAL

Source: field deta

Information Access

on 108 the

service

109 109

(90.8) (90.8)

120 119

(100) (99.)

118 52

(98.28) (43.3)

347 280

(96.38) (77.77)


Low Medium High

0 63 46

(52.5) (38.3)

0 17 102

(14.3) (85.7)

8 13 31

(6.6) (10.8) (25.8)

08 93 179

(2.22) (25.83) (49.72)


interviewed in the respective mandals.

Despite easy accessibility of health services and facilities,

people from all three mandals are hampered from availing them at the

individual level, mostly either by lack of money or through lack of

250

through lack of transportation facilities. At the Health System level,

non-availability of medicines emerges as the main impediment as well as

demotivational factor to access the health services available.

Health Providers perception of Access to Services:

In keeping with the responses of the households, the health

service providers also perceive poverty (lack of money) and lack of

transportation as major barriers to easy accessibility of health services to

the people. In deed, there are host of factors like ignorance about the

disease, doctors or medicines not being available, lack of education and

their belief in traditional healers and folklore simultaneously works as

impediments to deliver services.

Roads:

Road connectivity is very poor in the agency area. There are 700

habitations which are still not connected by any road. Due to

various reasons people are in capable of doing anything to improve the

road connectivity and network services available. They are eagerly

waiting for (ITDAs) help to develop road and network facilities for

them; as opined by 91.11 per cent beneficiary in the study area.

People’s opinion on access to the roadwork shows that 71 per cent

beneficiaries are provided with road facilities. Quality of the

constructed road following the contractual mode of work execution is

bringing resentment among tribals. Around 52.5 per cent beneficiaries

interviewed have expressed medium level of satisfaction on the road

work carried out by the department. Similarly 14.16 per cent

beneficiaries reported of high level of satisfaction on the road works (see

table: 6.8).

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TABLE-6.8

Respondents Opinion on the Road Works in the Study Area

Sl.no Name of the Information Access Level of satisfaction

mandals on road the Low Medium High

works service

1 Paderu 88 58 0 58 0

(73.33) (48.33) (48.33)


(100) (98.33) (11.66) (57.5) (29.16)

3 Koyyuru 120 82 4 62 16

(100) (68.33) (3.33) (51.66) (13.34)

TOTAL 328 258 18 189 51

(91.11) (71.66) (5) (52.5) (14.16)

Source: field data

Note: figures in brackets represent percent to the total beneficiary


Drinking Water:

Drinking water is the most essential need for the survival of

mankind. Hence the researcher has taken the opinion of the

respondents regarding the provision of drinking water facilities to the

tribals in the study area. The Engineering Department is constantly

working to provide potable drinking water at the doorstep of the

tribals. In this effect, many spring protection walls, gravitational water

flow system, kundis, Bore Wells etc., have been constructed to provide

drinking water to the agency area. Despite the fact the drinking water

devices constructed across the Agency area do invite similar response

from people and people representatives as in the case of road works.

Statistics of people’s opinion reveals that 100 per cent beneficiaries do

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have information on the multiple drinking water provisions of the

Engineering Department. Nearly 82 per cent of respondents in the

study area reported to have access to the drinking water facility

provided by the Engineering Department. The study reveals that 30.27

per cent beneficiaries reported of medium level of satisfaction, while

41.66 per cent reported high on the drinking water works executed by the

Engineering Department (see table: 6.9). Hence, people’s

satisfaction on the drinking water works by the Engineering

Department speaks on the quality of work done and the efficiency of the

department to execute the work. The impact of drinking water provision

is visible in terms of people consuming ‘oota’ water in place of water

provision at the villages.

TABLE-6.9

Respondents Opinion on Drinking Water Works in the Study Area

SL. Name of the


TOTAL

SOURCE: field data

Information Access

on drinking the

water works service

120 90

(100) (75)

120 115

(100) (95.8)

120 87

(100) (72.5)

360 292

(100) (81.11%)


Low Medium High

0 53 37

(44.16) (30.8)

11 49 55

(9.16) (40.8) (45.8)

22 7 58

(18.33) (5.84) (48.33)

33 109 150

(9.16%) (30.27) (41.66)



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Minor Irrigation:

ITDA has persistently encouraged engineering Department to made

provision of assured irrigation facilities for taking up commercial

crops. In this effect. Minor irrigation though constructed with a noble

intension faces people’s criticism. The benefits received from Minor

Irrigation project are not very favorable to ensure sound life and

livelihood and provide assured irrigation for agriculture crops. More

than 89 percent beneficiaries reported have information on the Minor

Irrigation programme takenup by the Engineering department.

Statistics shows that 62.22 per cent of beneficiaries are utilizing the

Minor irrigation service for agriculture and allied economic activities in

the selected mandals. The dis-integrated picture of Minor irrigation

works over the agency shows that mandals like Muchingiputtu and

Paderu have better access to Minor irrigation in comparison to

koyyuru .

It is interesting to Note that 26.28 per cent of the total beneficiaries

accessing the service reported medium level of satisfaction on the

performance of Minor Irrigation while and 16.11 per cent beneficiaries

only expressed high level of satisfaction on irrigation programme

executed by the Department. Around 20 per cent of beneficiaries

accessing the Minor Irrigation facilities have reported low level of

satisfaction. (see table: 6.10). It is interesting to Note that Paderu

mandal has more access to minor irrigation service with low level of

satisfaction on the work. Similarly Muchingputtu mandal has more

access to MI works with medium level of satisfaction.

254

Hence, level of satisfaction on the programme is not very significant. Poor

level of satisfaction, indeed, questions the very intension, intensity

and objective of the project execution.

TABLE-6.10

Respondents Opinion on Minor Irrigation in the Study A

Sl. Name of the Information Accessed Level of satisfaction

No mandal on minor the Low Medium High

irrigation service

1 Paderu 86 86 54 32 0

(71.66) (71.66) (45.16) (26.66)


(100) (94.51) (7.05) (46.66) (40.8)

3 Koyyuru 115 25 8 7 10

(95.83) (20.86) (6.7) (5.8) (8.33)

Source: field data



Economic Support Schemes:

For the overall all upliftment and empowerment of the people

economic sustenance is the major factor and which is most essential. Hence

to improve and better the life conditions of the tribals, the governments

have been implementing various economic programmes and income

generating schemes for the benefit of tribals. In this view the researcher

has made an effort to assess the economic support schemes provided by

ITDA for the economic.

255

Economic support scheme has been executed in the agency area

with vigor and spirit. Coordinated effort has been made to ensure

provisioning enhanced economic gain to the tribals with sustainable

use of natural resources. As a result, activities like promotion of

Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Sericulture, Fisheries,

and Individual sector business has been supported and promoted.

The scheme has meticulously planned to improve agricultural

productivity through mechanization of agriculture and using high

yielding variety (HYV) seeds in place of traditional method of

cultivation. Under the schemes tribal farmers are provided with

modern agriculture inputs and latest technical skills to experiment the

new commercial agriculture. In this effect, system of rice

intensification (SRI) has become popular among the tribal farmers and in

many places it is being followed in the place of the traditional method

of cultivation.

In order to enhance the income level of tribals, Horticultural

programmes have also been taken up in addition to agriculture. Tribals

are encouraged for group plantation/patch plantation of fruit bearing trees

in common places. Tribals are provided with saplings and latest art of

technology for Horticulture cultivation. Similarly tribals are also

provided with financial and technical aids to rear domestic animals.

The young and energetic tribal entrepreneurs are financially supported to

take up individual sector business suiting to the local need and

environment.

People’s opinion on the ESS service is conservative. Of the

beneficiaries interviewed 89.72 per cent reported of accessing the

Economic support scheme with degrees of variation in the study area

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(see table:6.11). More than 54 pe rcent beneficiaries have reported

that they just satisfied on the economic benefit of the scheme, while no

beneficiary dared to state that services offered under the scheme is

very good.

Table-6.11

Respondents Opinion on Economic Support Schemes in the Study Area

SL. Name of the Access Level of satisfaction

NO mandals the poor satisfactory good Very

service good

1 Paderu 120 0 120 0 0

(100) (100)


(77.5) (18.18) (42.5)

3 Koyyuru 110 0 35 75 0

(91.6) (29.16) (62.5)

TOTAL 323 0 195 126 0

(89.72) (54) (35.0)

Source: field data



Coffee:

The coffee project sanctioned for the agency area by the ITDA in

2002 . Initially coffee project was taken up in 60,000 acres of land

with financial outlay of 144 crores. The objective of the coffee

intervention is to ensure livelihood and control deforestation due to

shifting cultivation and also to encourage tribals settled in one place.

257

Currently the total area under coffee cultivation is 72,104 acres and is

approximately ensuring livelihood for 60,000 families across the

mandals of agency area.

Coffee plant requires shading. In this context, tribals of agency

area are encouraged to cultivate horticulture species as shade plant

material, which is also fetching additional income to the coffee

growers. The common Horticulture plants grown as shade material

include Mango. Orange, Nerudu, Seethaphal, Jafra and Pngamia.

Under the coffee initiative farmers are provided with the technical

knowledge and planting materials along with provision of support for

digging, pitting and maintenance. Coffee cultivation in the agency like

Paderu has addressed twin issues of ensuring sustainable livelihood to the

marginalized community as well as addressing environmental issues of

deforestation arising due to Podu cultivation.

The implementation of the unique coffee project is getting

momentum and scale up every season. Around 67 per cent

beneficiaries interviewed reported of their awareness on the coffee

project. It is also reported that ITDA has erected hoardings on shady

points and at Government Offices to create awareness on coffee

cultivation and the benefit there from. The percentile as reported

above is not important due to the fact that non-covered mandals are

too aware about the intervention and services offered. It is pertinent

to report that 63.88 per cent beneficiaries across the agency area

reported that coffee program is very useful for them. It confirms that

the program is bringing economic and ecological benefit of the farmers

(see table: 6.12) growing coffee 59.44 are supported by the ITDA.

258

However, farmers are not satisfied with the extension of service

rendered by the coffee as reported by 8.33 per cent of beneficiaries.

TABLE-6.12

Respondents Opinion on Implementation of Coffee Project in

Paderu Agency Area

SL. Name of Awareness Is Received Satisfactio NO mandal on coffee coffee support in n with the

project project coffee departmen is intervention tal

useful 1 Paderu 120 120 120 30

(100) (100) (100) (25)


(100) (91.66) (78.33)

3 Koyyuru NA NA NA NA

TOTAL 240 230 214 30

(66.66) (63.88) (59.44) (8.33)

Source: field data



NA : Not available Agriculture:

Agriculture in Agency Area is in poor condition in all forms.

Geographic limitation, poor service delivery, indifferent attitude of

tribal for mechanization are factor leading to poor coverage and

development of agriculture. In fact, the support of ITDA for promotion

of agriculture is not very encouraging.As reported by the respondets.

Allmost all the respondents have claimed for receipt of support from

ITDA for promotion of agriculture, agriculture requirements and

latest skill of cultivation since most of the tribals in the agency area

259

follow the traditional method of cultivation. Around 67 per cent

beneficiaries in tree mandals of the Paderu agency area reported of

receipt of training on promotion of agriculture. (see table: 6.13).

Extension of agriculture in Agency area is limited. Hence,

experimentation with latest agriculture production methodology and

technology has limited reach. Nearby 63 per cent beneficiary across

the agency area reported of receiving training support on “System of

Rice Intensification” method of agriculture development and

promotion.

There are 41.94 per cent beneficiaries who reported of low level

satisfaction on the overall support extended by the ITDA .

However, overall impact of agriculture service is satisfactory but not

economically beneficial.

Table-6.13

Respondents Opinion on Agriculture Activities in Selected Mandals

SL. Name of Support Receipt Specific Level of satisfaction NO the mandal received of Training

from ITDA training 0n SRI Low Medium High

1 Paderu 74 92 58 41 71 7 (61.66) (76.66) (48.33) (34.16) (59.16) (5.83)

2 Munchingip 32 64 54 29 46 22 uttu (26.6) (53.3) (54.65) (24.14) (38.38) (18.18)

3 Koyyuru 4 85 99 81 34 0 (3.33) (70.8) (82.5) (67.5) (32.3)

TOTAL 110 241 222 151 151 29 (30.55) (66.94) (61.66) (41.94) (41.94) (8.05)

Source: field data



260

Indira Prabha (CLDP):

The Comprehensive Land Development Programme also reported

to have limited reach. The programme is very much restricted to of

few pockets of Agency area. Though three Mandals are utilizing the

scheme, the impact is not very much favourable to propagate itself for

scale up. In response to knowledge on the scheme, 76.66 per cent of

respondents only reported to have knowledge on the scheme.

So far as level of satisfaction of the beneficiaries is concerned,

21.94 percent of beneficiaries rated the level of satisfaction very good,

while 6.11 per cent only reported of poor level of satisfaction. Overall

satisfaction is in between 25.55 per cent to 23.06 per cent on the

economical contribution of the programme to restore the tribal

livelihood. Intra Mandal satisfaction level of satisfaction of

beneficiaries reflects that overall level of satisfaction is rated to be very

good in Paderu Mandal followed by Koyyuru. In contrast, satisfaction

level of beneficiaries interviewed on Comprehensive Land Development

Programme in Koyyuru mandal. This state of scenario established the

fact that Comprehensive land Development Programme has not given

equal weight age for implementation across the Mandals of the Agency

Area.

People’s opinion and level of satisfaction on the Comprehensive Land

Development Programme is fairly good. The Interior and Remote pockets of

the agencies are not covered under the programme and hence, the

programme has not got mileage. The Department therefore, needs to make

concerted efforts to bring in awareness and deepen the intensity of the

programme focus.(see table.6.14)

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Table-6.14

Respondents Opinion on implementation of “Indira Prabha”

(Comprehensive Land Development Programme) in Selected

Mandals

SL. Name of the Knowledge Level of satisfaction

NO mandal on scheme Poor satisfation Good Very

good 1 Paderu 67 0 0 11 56

(55.82) (9.16) (46.66)

2 Munchingiputtu 101 3 22 68 8 (84.16) (2.05) (18.34) (56.66) (6.06)

3 Koyyuru 108 19 70 4 15 (90.0) (15.84) (58.33) (3.33) (12.5)

TOTAL 276 22 92 83 79 (76.66) (6.11) (25.55) (23.06) (21.94)

Source: field data



Integrated Horticulture Development Programme (IHDP):

Promotion of Horticulture in Agency like Paderu is massively

taken up by Tribal Welfare Department with the support of ‘National

Horticulture Mission”, Government of India. There is 11,893.6 acres of

land which is brought under Horticulture Plantation under schemes

like comprehensive Land Development programme, Watersheds,

National Horticulture Mission, GIA, and Special primitive Tribal Group

promotion programmes. At present there are 13,930 beneficiaries

under the Horticulture plantation programme. It is worth noticing

that plants like Mango, Cashew, Acid Lime, Banana and Pineapple are

planted across the valleys. Promotion of vegetables has also given

adequate weightage - as an alternative Source of income and nutrition

support to tribal families.

262

Respondents opinion on accessibility of ‘Integrated Horticulture

Development programme’ is limited (see table:6.15). 82.5 percent

respondents are aware of the scheme and out of them 64.19 percent

reported to have access to the service. Statistics reveals that access to

IHDP service is comparatively more in Mandals Paderu, followed by

Koyyuru, Muchingiputtu. Beneficiaries’ opinion on IHDP is very

favorable. 16.66 percent beneficiaries accessing the service reported

medium level of satisfaction, while 37.22 percent reported high level of

satisfaction on IHDP. In practice, Integrated Horticulture Development

Programme as an intervention to provide additional income to tribal

families along with restoration of ecology and environment has failed

to deliver output and hence, questions to the integrity and objective of

programme operation. Around 17 per cent of respondents expressed

medium level of satisfaction, which in fact draws attention of

Government to think-up.

Table-6.15

Respondents Opinion on “Integrated Horticulture Development Programme (IHDP) in the Selected Mandals SL. Name of the INFORMATI ACCESSED LEVEL OF THE NO mandals ON ON THE THE SATISFATION

SCHEME SERVICE LOW MEDIU HIGH M

1 Paderu 86 86 0 19 67 (71.66) (71.66) (15.8) (55.8)

2 Munchingiput 112 73 8 19 46 tu (93.9) (60.61) (6.16) (15.08) (44.44)

3 Koyyuru 99 72 29 22 21 (82.5) (60.00) (24.16) (18.33) (17.51)

TOTAL 297 231 37 60 134 (82.5) (64.19) (10.27) (16.66) (37.22)

Source: village survey


interviewed in the respective mandal

263

Land Transfer Regulation:

The execution of Land Transfer Regulation i.e., 1/70 Act execution

is in a problematic state in the Agency Area. This is primarily due to

low understanding and no understanding of the Act, which often

created fractions, confusions, and rivalry among the inhabitants. The

study while, assessing the knowledge level of respondents on LTR

found that more than 61 percent people are aware of the programme

and its enforcement mechanism. It is also observed that knowledge on

Land Transfer Regulation Act among the tribals of Paderu Mandal is

significantly low (26.66) owes to the fact that non-tribal occupancy is

much high, which make vulnerable the significance of tribals.

Sincerity of Department is evidenced in solving the cases in a

righteous manner as 164 cases are left with Department for conferring

decisions on 627.25 acres of land. The decisions conferred are not

heartily welcomed and accepted by tribals. It is revealed is revealed

from the survey that 84.72 per centre reported to have violated the act.

Muncgingputtu mandals bordering to neighboring state and more

particularly the plain areas of high violation of LTR (see table: 6.16).

Acceptance of the justice conferred on LTR expressed to be

medium. More than 20 of percent beneficiary reported of medium level

of satisfaction on the justice. Since LTR is purely technical and legal

subject matter, more than 30 percent beneficiaries expressed their

unwillingness to give their opinion on the subject. The complicacy in

accepting the justice by the beneficiary and delivering justice by the

concerned authority is due to the changing social dynamics of tribal

life. Influence of modernity is creeping into the life style of tribal. This

is bringing new issues and dimensions for the authorities to look into

264

before conferring verdict. Poor level of literacy is a factor also needs to be

considered while conferring the LTR verdict.

TABLE-6.16

Respondents Opinion on “Land Transfer Regulation” (1/70Act) in

Selected Mandals

SL. Name of the knowledge violation satisfaction on justice NO mandals on ltr act of ltr act conferred

low medium high

1 Paderu 94 14 9 53 0 (18.32) (26.66) (7.69) (44.16)

2 Munchingiputtu 115 101 4 11 5 (95.83) (84.16) (3.03) (9.16) (4.16)

3 Koyyuru 75 110 8 10 0 (62.05) (91.66) (6.66) (8.62)

TOTAL 284 225 21 74 05 (78.88) (62.5) (5.83) (20.55) (1.38)

Source: field data



Indira Kranthi Patham:

Indira Kranthi Patham programme in the Agency Area is widely

spread over all the villages of Agency Area. Tribal and especially

women are the first among beneficiaries in the programme. It is

conceived that household economy of tribal will get elevated through

economic engagement of women. In this regard, the researcher made

an effort to explore the possibility of sustainability as well as long-

term implication of the programme on tribal life and livelihood.

Formation of Self Help Groups has created niche for Indira

Kranthi Patham to reach at foothold of each habitation. Following that

Village Organisations, Mandal Mahilla Samakhyas and Girijan Mahila

265

Samakhyas are subsequently formed as institutions at different levels for

formation and grounding of different income generating

programmes and livelihood programmes to ensure economic well-being of

families in this institutions. More than 80 pe rcent beneficiaries reported

to have deep knowledge on Indira Kranthi Patham and the activities

carried out. It is interesting to Note that all beneficiaries interviewed in

Munchingiputtu Mandal are comfortably awarded of the activities of IKP.

While, there are more than 90 per cent beneficiaries interview in in

Munchingiputtu and 75 per cent in paderu mandal are reported aware of

IKP activities.

The statistics shows that25 per cent of respondents in paderu

32.5 per cent in Munchingputtu and 70.83 per cent in Koyyuru

reported to have receipt of the benefit from IKP

TABLE-6.17

Respondents Opinion on Indira Kranthi Patham Programme’s

Sustainability in Selected Mandals.

SL. NAME OF THE KNOWLEDGE RECEPT NATURE PROGRAM NO MANDAL ON DIFFERENT OF OF SUSTAINABILLI

ACTIVITIES BENEFIT BENEFIT TY 1 Paderu 76 30 Food 30

(63.33) (25) security, (25) MCP’s etc.,

2 Munchingiputtu 120 39 Food 39 (100) (32.5) security, (32.5)

MCP’s etc., 3 Koyyuru 93 85 Food 85

(77.5) (70.83) security, (70.83) MCP’s etc.,

TOTAL 289 154 154 (80.27) (42.77) (42.77)

Source: field data



266

Clubbing together Pavala Vaddi(loan at 0.25paisa interest rate)

and bank linkages initiative of IKP are aiming at making tribal making

tribal women free from the clutches of money lender and soukars.

99.44 percent of the interviewed reported of having information on the

Pavala Vaddi/Bank linkage programme of IKP. There are 95.55

percent beneficiaries across the Agency areas who to have access to

reported the Pavala vaddi and bank linkage programme of IKP. It is

interesting to Note that minimums of 85 percent beneficiaries across

the mandals are utilizing the financial services under Pavala vaddi and

Bank linkage programme of IKP . Support of IKP through bank linkage

and Pavala Vaddi programme has brought in financial liquidation to

the SHGs, which in turn has caused greater impact in terms of

ensuring and assuring financial independence of the women at grass

root through SHGs (see table: 6.18). of the total beneficiaries

accessing the schemes, 60.55 percent beneficiaries reported of high

level of satisfaction on the performance of Pavala Vaddi and Bank

Linkage followed by 31.38 percent beneficiaries of medium level of

satisfaction. This shows impact of these programmes as observed

through the strength of SHG and low access to the money lenders and

traders.

267

TABLE-6.18

Respondents Opinion on Bank Linkage/Pavala Vaddi Programme

under IKP in Selected Mandals.

sl. Name of the informatio accessed level if satisfaction

No mandal n on the low medium high

scheme scheme

1 Paderu 120 120 0 53 67

(100) (100) (44.16) (55.84)

2 Munchingipu 120 120 0 0 120

ttu (100) (100) (100)

3 Koyyuru 118 104 13 60 31

(98.33) (86.66) (10.82) (50.0) (25.84)

TOTAL 358 344 13 113 218

(99.44) (95.55) (3.61) (31.38) (60.55)

Source: field data



Youth Employment

Providing employment to tribal youths is an Endeavour as

reported favorably. RIAD and non-RAID villages together are getting

the benefit. More than 90 per cent tribal youth are getting

employment and thereby leading a dignified life with dignity (see table:

6.19). More than 91 percent of beneficiaries across the agency area

reported of Youth Employment programmes through IKP. Various

training Institutions have been opened up and technical skills are being

imparted to the tribal youths for self-employment. In addition, trained

tribal youths are linked up with various industries and corporations to

provide employment.

268

More than 90 percent of beneficiaries in the study area of

Paderu Agency reported to have access to Youth Employment service.

It is interesting to Note that access to the youth employment schemes

is relatively low in the Mandals located in remote areas and vice-

verse. The effectiveness of the programme is examined with the tribal

beneficiaries. Of the Total 65.0 per cent of beneficiaries across the

Mandals expressed high level of satisfaction on the youth employment

programme of IKP followed 23.33 percent beneficiaries reported

medium level of satisfaction. Village survey show that more number of

tribal youth is utilizing service from mandals with less proximity to

ITDA.

In totality the impact of IKP on life and livelihood of tribal women is

significantly experienced and reported. Ensuring food for poor and

vulnerable, use of natural resources to ensure and assure income and

livelihoods, broadening vision of women through Micro Credit Plans and

financial leverage through bank linkage and Pavala Vaddi are making

tribal satisfied and are sure of getting better standard of living and self

sufficiency.

TABLE-6.19

Respondents Opinion on Youth Employment in the Study Area

sl. name of the information accessed level of satisfaction no mandal on schemes the scheme

low medium high

1 Paderu 120 120 0 58 62 (100) (100) (48.34) (51.66)

2 Munchingiputtu 120 119 0 7 112 (100) (99.16) (5.83) (93.33)

3 Koyyuru 116 87 8 19 60 (96.6) (72.5) (6.66) (15.84) (50)

TOTAL 356 326 8 84 234 (98.88) (90.55) (2.22) (23.33) (65.0)

Source: field data Note: figures in brackets represent percent to the total beneficiary interviewed in the respective mandals..

269

Remote Interior Area Development(RAID):

Provisioning services in modular mode to the 390 villages in remote

areas of Paderu Agency Area has not gained mileage. From the

execution of programmes it appears that almost all basic services have

been provided in the remote and interior villages of the Paderu agency

area. Integrated tribal development agency Paderu has enlisted 18

major services namely roads, MI-Check Dams, Drinking water,

Livelihood Enhancement, Food security-Grain Banks, PHC buildings

and Ambulances, Housing, Mini-Anganwadi Centres, Provision Of

Direct To Home Units/ Mini Theaters, Electrification Of Villages,

Collage Building , Self-Employment and E-seva etc to the needy

remote and interior areas for their development. Tribals across agency

and remote and interior villages in particular are aware of the

developmental schemes available for their development. Of the total

beneficiaries interviewed in the selected mandals reported of having

information about the development programme. The study shows that

respondents awareness information on remote and interior area

development programme is more in RIAD mandals than in the non-

RAID mandals of the agency (see table: 6.20). It is surprising to Note

that only 30.83 per cent of beneficiaries interviewed across the agency

area reported accessing the services provided under remote and

interior area development program. The study also highlights the fact

that beneficiaries of Ananthagiri and Muchingput mandal though

aware of the programme and have villages falling under remote and

interior area development, have reported of non-accessibility of the

services offered under the scheme.

270

TABLE-6.20

Respondents Opinion on Implementation of RIAD Programme in

Selected Mandals

SL NAME OF THE PROGRAMME BENEFITE SUSTAINABILITY

NO MANDAL D UNDER OF PROGRAMME

RIAD

1 Paderu 56 41 41

(46.66) (34.16) (34.16)

2 Munchingiputtu 117 0 0

(97.5)

3 Koyyuru 116 70 29

(96.66) (58.33) (24.16)

TOTAL 289 111 70

(80.27) (30.83) (19.44)

Source: field data

Note: figures in parenthesis represent percent to the total beneficiary


INDIRAMMA:

Provision of house under the INDIRAMMA programme in an agency

like Paderu has got maximum result. The programme using

resources from multiple schemes i.e., SPRH, RPH, IAY and

model colonies have constructed 94,843 houses for the tribals

across the agency area. It is also mentioned in the previous

chapter that almost 36,157 numbers of houses are still to be

provided to the people of the agency area.

People living and interior villages are aware of the scheme and

benefit offered 94.16 percent beneficiaries across the Mandals of

the agency areas reported of having information on the housing

271

under INDIRAMMA programme. Similarly 88.23 percent

beneficiaries interviewed in the agency are reported of being aware

of the schemes. So far accessing benefits is concerned, only31.33

percent beneficiaries reported receipt of benefits, while two

interior Mandals having remote area interior villages area falling

under the programme coverage have not accessed any benefit under

the scheme. Looking at geographic spread and number of people

living in Agency area, the benefit given to people are very meager

(see table: 6.21) and therefore, raises finger at its sustainability.

Overall response of beneficiary on housing initiative is very

positive and effective. More than 90 percent beneficiary

interviewed reported accessing the house, and no. of beneficiary

accessing RPH is more in relation to SPR. Satisfaction level on

housing programme is good(see table:6.22)

The novelty of the programme as visualized from the survey is

that more number of beneficiaries from remote Mandals have

accessed the scheme, which is proving the confirmed effort of

ITDA in execution of the programme. The housing schemes have

whole heartedly accepted by the tribal as well as by the public

representatives .The material benefit of the scheme is

acknowledged and reported of having far reaching implication on the

life and livelihood of the tribals of Paderu Agency Area

272

TABLE 6.21

Respondents Opinion on Indiramma(INTEGRATED NOVEL

DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL AND MODEL MUNCIPAL AREA)

Programme in Selected Mandals

Sl.No Name of the Information Awareness Received Sustainabili

mandal on on benefit ty of the

programme programme under the programme

scheme

1 Paderu 111 111 42 0

(91.66) (92.5) (34.35)


(91.92) (90.83)

3 Koyyuru 118 99 70 76

(98.33) (81.66) (58.33) (63.33)

TOTAL 339 318 112 76

(94.16) (88.33) (31.33) (21.11)

Source: field data



273

TABLE-6.22

Respondents Opinion on Housing Pattern under Indiramma

Programme in Selected Mandals

sl.

no 1

2

3

Name of the

mandal

Paderu

Munchingiputtu

Koyyuru

TOTAL

accessed

home

109

(90.8)

110

(91.66)

101

(84.16)

320

(88.88)

house type

rph spr

76 32

(63.33) (26.66)

76 34

(63.33) (28.33)

67 35

(55.83) (29.16)

219 101

(60.83) (28.05)

satisfaction level

low medium high

19 44 46

(15.8) (36.66) (38.33)

19 41 52

(15.8) (34.16) (43.33)

62 35 4

(51.66) (29.16) (3.33)

100 120 102

(36) (33.33) (28.33)

Source: field data



274

Animal Husbandry:

Domestic animal forms part of tribal households and brings in social

pride and self esteem. Rearing of dwarf animals have also been

supported and promoted as an alternative Source of family income and

address the nutritional requirements by the ITDA Paderu. Tribals

have been supplied with free domestic animals to rear from 1989 till

2004. And to nurture the animals, Animal husbandry department has

been opened up in strategic locations of the agency area.

It is interesting to Note that 83.61 percent of respondents in the study area

of Paderu agency reported of rearing animals. The animal husbandry

department is persistently working to provide protective service for

animals growth and development.

TABLE 6.23

Respondents Opinion on Animal Husbandry Department in

Selected Mandals

Si. Name of the Respondent Accessi Level of satisfaction no mandal owning animal oning

service Low Medium high

1 Paderu 71 120 9 56 7

(59.16) (100) (7.5) (46.66) (5.83)

2 Munchingipu 110 46 0 16 31

ttu (91.66) (38.33) (13.33) (25.8)

3 Koyyuru 120 98 38 60 0

(100) (81.66) (31.66) (50)

TOTAL 301 264 47 132 38

(83.61) (73.33) (13.05) (36.66) (10.55)

Source: field data



275

It is observed that around 74 per cent of beneficiaries reported to

have access the service. The satisfactory level of respondents on the animal

husbandry department is contrasting. More than 36 per cent of

beneficiaries reported of medium level of satisfaction on the Animal

Husband department, while 10.55 per cent Beneficiaries reported high level

Satisfaction (see 6.23 table)

GIRIJAN COOPERATIVE CORPORATION:

Performance of Girijan Co-operative as a commercial

organization in Agency Area is visibly observed and benefits accessed by

tribals. The DR depots in the remote and interior villages are serving

as points of food security as well as preventing exploitation. Off-season

food is generally accessed from the daily requirements depots. It also

to Note that GCC is selling the own brand products along with daily

requirements of the tribals.

Girijan Co-operative Corporation is working as a single player to

determine prices of almost all products produced in the agency area, duly

considering the prevailing market prices. In this effect, 94.72 percent of

beneficiaries stated that they are aware of the price fixation policy of GCC.

Similarity, procurement of Minor forest products is favorably opined by

91.38 percent beneficiaries. In fact, procurement of MFP is ensuring a

good remunerative price to the producer, and also making them hassle free

in disposing the MFP.

Seeking respondent’s opinion on the performance of GCC it is

observed that, 66 percent of tribal reported of medium level of

satisfaction, while 10 percent have reported full satisfaction. However,

GCC presence in Agency area and commitment to the tribal service is

visibly observed and appreciated (see table: 6.24).

276

TABLE-6.24

Respondents Opinion on Performance of Girijan Co-Operative

Corporation in Selected Mandals

SL. NAME OF THE MFP Procurement Performance of GCC

NO MANDAL price of MFP low medium high

fixation

1 Paderu 109 109 0 109 0

(90.83) (90.83) (90.83)


(93.94) (83.33) (33.33) (14.16)

3 Koyyuru 120 120 4 89 19

(100) (100) (3.33) (74.16) (15.83)

TOTAL 341 329 4 238 36

(94.72) (91.38) (1.11) (66.11) (10.0)

Source: field data



277

TABLE-6.25

Views of the Respondents on the Usefulness of ITDA

S.no Extent of usefulness No. of house holds

01 Highly useful 64

(17.78) 02 Moderately useful 177

(49.17)

03 Useful to limited extent 96

(26.67)

04 Can’t say 23

(6.38) TOTAL 360

(100)

Note: figures in brackets represent percentage to the total respondents

278

TABLE-6.26

Views of Respondents on the Usefulness of Different

Schemes

Sl.Mo Scheme Useful Not useful No TOTAL

No. of No. of Opinion

Respondents Respondents

01 Agricultural 248 97 15 360

schemes (68.88) (26.95) (4.17) (100)

02 Milchcattle 220 119 21 360

(61.12) (33.04) (5.84) (100)

03 sericulture 148 180 32 360

(41.11) (50) (8.89) (100)

04 sheep units & 114 205 41 360

poultry (31.66) (56.96) (11.38) (100)

05 self employment 85 218 57 360

(23.62) (60.55) (15.83) (100)

Note: figures in brackets represent percentage to the total

respondents

An examination of the views of the households on the usefulness of the

ITDA exposed that a majority of households constituting 67 per cent of

the sample households considered that the ITDA is a useful agency

which is helping them in several ways for their upliftment. Schemes -

wise analysis reveals that the agricultural schemes are considered as

279

useful by majority of the households (68.88) while the self -

employment schemes were considered not so useful by several

respondents (60.55% . Milch cattle supply is another useful scheme in

the view of considerable number of respondents (61.12%) Similarly

sericulture (41.11%) and sheep 7 Poultry units (31.66%) provided by

the ITDA were considered useful by good number of households..

Table-6.27

Views of the Respondents on the procedures of ITDA

Sl.No Nature of opinion No. of households

01 Procedures are very complicated 139

and cumbersome (38.62)

02 Procedures cause enormous 96

delay (26.66)

03 Procedures serve the interests of 87

the officials (24.16)

04 Procedures help the officials to 38

harass the tribals (10.56)

TOTAL 360

(100)

An analysis of the opinion of the households on the procedures

adopted by the ITDA in administering different schemes reveals that

they have adverse effect on the functioning of the ITDA. The major

criticism on these procedures is that they are very complicated and

280

hence they are difficult to understand and follow. Thus the procedures

followed by the ITDA became dysfunctional and reduced the

effectiveness of the ITDA in serving the simple minded tribals. They have

also responsible for the low image of the ITDA among the households.

Like the procedures, the officials of the ITDA are also came under

the sharp criticism of the sample households. Only 28 per cent of the

households expressed a positive view on these officials. The remaining

households are dissatisfied with these officials for their impolite

behavior officials is yet another factor responsible for the low image of the

ITDA.

Table-6.28

Views of the Respondents on Officials of ITDA

Sl.No Views No. households

01 Officials are sincere and duty minded 103

(28.62)

02 87

Officials are dishonest (24.16)

03 04 76

Officials are impolite and harass the tribals (21.12)

05 Officials are friendly and helpful 65

(18.05) No opinion 29

(8.05)

TOTAL 360

(100)

281

Like the procedures, the officials of the ITDA also come under the

sharp criticism of the sample households. Only 28 per cent of the

households expressed a positive view on these officials. The remaining

households are dissatisfied with these officials for their impolite

behavior officials is yet another factor responsible for the low image of

the ITDA.

TABLE-6.29

Problems of the Households in Dealing with the ITDA

S.NO Problem No .of households

01 Prescribed procedures are complicated 159

and difficult to follow (44.16)

02 03 There is enormous delay in the 115

sanctioning of assistance (31.95)

04

The officials are indifferent and non co- 58

operative (16.12)

The head office of the ITDA is located at a 28

distant place (7.77)

TOTAL 360

(100)

Besides these two factors, these are several other problems confronted

by the households while dealing with the ITDA. the study reveals that

there is lot of delay in the supply of inputs of sanction of schemes by

the ITDA. The distance between the headquarters and the tribal village

282

has also become a problem to the households while dealing with the ITDA.

Besides these two factors, these are several other problems confronted

by the households while dealing with the ITDA. The study reveals that

there is lot of delay in the supply of inputs of sanction of schemes by

the ITDA. the distance between the headquarters and the tribal village

has also become a problem to the households while dealing with the

ITDA.

TABLE-6.30

Overall Assessment on the Performance of ITDA

S.NO Evaluation No. of households

1 ITDA’s aims are high but it failed to 123

achieve them (34.16) 2 ITDA has achieved the tribal development 94

only to limited extent (26.13)

3 ITDA is a better organization to serve the 73

needs (20.27)

4 ITDA is useful only to certain tribals 47

(13.06)

5 ITDA concentration is only on agriculture 23

development (6.38)

TOTAL 360

(100)

283

An examination of the views expressed by the households on the

services of ITDA reflects that the households are with the opinion that

the ITDA has succeeded only to a limited extent in achieving the

development of tribals which is its main objective. Further, they feel

that the ITDA is concentrating mainly on, agricultural sector and

paying little attention on other sector and at the same time its benefits

are reaped by only a limited number of tribals who are politically

influential and economically better off than other Tribals.

To sum up, thus the field data suggests that ITDA which is the

main instrument of tribal development has achieved only partial

success in achieving its goal of tribal development. In spite of the claim

made by the official agencies, the ITDA is not functioning efficiently

because of the various defects inherent in its delivery system. Mainly

its bureaucratic nature has become a great hurdle on the way of its

efficient functioning. After carrying out a comprehensive study to

assess the implementation of policies, programmes and schemes by

the ITDA Paderu intended for the socio-economic development and

sustainable empowerment of the Tribals, the researcher has

summarized the study and presented the findings derived from the

observations made as well as the suggestions in the final chapter, i.e.

chapter-VII.

284

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