CHAPTER -V SLUMS OF NASHIK CITY - Shodhganga :...

CHAPTER -VSLUMS OF NASHIK CITY

CHAPTER -V

SLUMS OF NASHIK CITY

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5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 DEFINITION

5.3 NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SLUMS

5.4 GROWTH OF SLUMS IN NASHIK CITY

5.5 REHABILITATION OF SLUMS IN NASHIK CITY

5.6 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SLUMS

5.7 DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE OF SLUMS

5.7.1 POPULATION OF SLUMS

5.7.2 DENSITY OF POPULATION

5.7.3 THE DENSITY OF RESIDENTS

5.7.4 SEX RATIO

5.7.5 AGE AND SEX COMPOSITION

5.7.6 LITERACY STRUCTURE

5.7.7 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE

5.7.8 ECONOMIC STATUS

CHAPTER - V


5.1 INTRODUCTION:

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Slum and squatters are considered as problem areas for urban development in

the world. In all Indian cities of Slums are physically poor and there is problem of

quality, sub standard housing areas, which pose danger of health and life of slum

dwellers. The presence of slum as part of urban habitat refers to condition of defective

physical, social economic environment. 1

The phenomenon of slum has come to be regarded as major problem of

urbanization. The phenomenon of slum is worldwide and almost every city has slum

and with the growth of urban population nowadays slums have created a panic for

cities development. It has been a serious issue for the town planning and so the study

of slums is meaningful for the environmental modification and ameliorating the

problems of urban areas for providing more amenities to the telling masses.

The geographers, town planners and sociologists have made several attempts

for delineating the salient characteristics of urban slums in both developing and

developed countries. The present study focuses on the demographic and socio-

economic aspects of the slum dwellers of Nashik city, so as to work new strategy for

their development.

5.2 DEFINITION:

Definition of slum has its roots mainly in deteriorating and sub-standard

housing and overcrowding, sanitation, poverty, are the character of the area occupied

by the slum, and its location in the ecological setting within the sprawling city. Many

attractive definitions have been formulated, showing the need of precise, logical and

concise definition, which may support the various dimensions of the big beast.

Geographers, sociologist and town planners to define slums and delineate their salient

characteristics have made several attempts. There are number of terms by which

slums are known in different countries. In India, they are known as Buslees in

Kolkata, Jhuggis and Jhoupris in Delhi, Chawls in Mumbai, Ahtas in Kanpur, Cheris

in Chennai, Keris in Banglore, Pettas in Andhra Pradesh and Zopadpatti in

Maharashtra.2

The term slum has been long in use almost since the 18th century when it was

used as a term for squalid housing in densely populated districts of industrial cities.

John Robertson (1920) fully supports this and has commented that a town slum may

be structurally good and yet, from its darkened surrounding and its healthy

environment absence of free air supply its soot laden atmosphere, it may be one of the

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most un- whole some dwellings. Gists and Helbert (1956) have defined a slum, as an

area of poor houses and poor people. It is an area of transition and decadence, a

disorganized area occupied by human derelicts, a catch all for the criminals for the

defective, and the down and out. In the same, the United Nation has defined, slum as

“a buildings, group of buildings or area characterized by overcrowding, deterioration

unsanitary condition or absence of facilities or amenities which because of these

conditions or only of them, endanger the health, safety or morals of its inhabitants or

the community.”3

The slum Act of 1956 defines slums mainly in terms of substandard structure

of housing, overcrowding, lack of ventilation, and zero or near zero sanitation

facilities, all conspiring to promote slum life, which defies health and morals. The

definition of a slum as a common indicator of reality in given in the Oxford,

University Dictionary (1955) as “a street, alley court etc., situated in a crowed district

of a town or city and is inhabited by people of low income classes or by very poor. A

number of these streets and alleys forming a thickly populated neighborhood of a

squalid and wretched charter.”

According to David R. Hunter (1968) who thought that, “Slum is more than a

crowded building; it is more than dirty streets, the lackluster people sitting on the

stems, the shrieking children running up and down, the sullen boys having at the

corners, the stupefied addicts leaning against. It is a way of life and it run on a way of

looking at the future or is perhaps looking away from it.” To Dickinson (1960), the

term slum connotes an extreme conditions of plight in which the housing is so unfit as

to constitute a menace to the health on morals.4

5.3 NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SLUMS:

The slum is a worldwide urban phenomenon, and is cast into a stereotype

image with a heavily negative bias a ‘rash’ on city landscape, ‘a blot on civilization’,

over-crowding, filth, sub-standard housing, drinking, vice, violence, apathy and

poverty. A positive attitude is to recognize the slum as a ‘component’ of city

evolution, an ‘element of urban complex’, as a ‘transitional settlement’ at that low

level of survival, and to appreciate the contribution of the slum dwellers to the city’s

low wage labour force and its gross product. The slum represents both physical and

human adjustment to poverty, and in developing countries, depicts ‘subsistence’

urbanization.5

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There are various characteristic features of a slum, its appearance, economic

status, overcrowding, congestion, health and sanitary conditions, morals, way of

living attitudes, isolation and permanency. Although most definitions have pointed out

that slum areas are punctuated by inadequate housing, insufficient structural and basic

amenities, overcrowding and congestion, to a large extent however, it is a community

in process, it is a way of living and moreover it is a subsystem in a large urban system

which is characterized by attributes of poverty, insanitation, defiant behavior and

social isolation and apathy.

According to Rao and Rao, three common points emerge from various

attempts several scientists in defining a slum. First, slum refers to an area or a

situation and does not constitute an isolated building. Secondly, it can be identified by

a combination of physical attributes and not with reference to any single attribute.

Thirdly, there is a considerable range of variation in regard to the manifestation of

each one of the physical attributes. The main physical attributes of slum area are

substandard houses, high density and congestion, overcrowding, insanitary condition

and clearance of garbage. While these attributes of physical conditions are universal

when identifying a slum area.6

Slum dwelling signifies as a common phenomenon of degraded life of urban

dwelling itself. A slum represents a micro-habitat unit within a large framework of

urban built up space. The presence of a slum as a part of urban habitat refers to

condition of defective physical, social and economic environment. It means physically

poor quality sub-standard housing characterize slum areas which pose danger of

health and life of slum dwellers. The socio-economic standard denote an area of

degenerated living “an abode of half starved, a place of poverty, wretchedness and

vice, the house of racketeers and criminal” and so on.7

5.4 GROWTH OF SLUMS IN NASHIK CITY:

The growth of slums starts with the setting up of industries in Nashik as it has

taken place in other cities also. In order to understand the general pattern of slums and

their growth in the city, basic data available with the municipal corporation records,

census records and personal field observation have collected and analyzed.

TABLE V-I


GROWTH OF HUTMENTS AND POPULATION

YEAR 1981 TO 2011

157

Slum and Population Years

1981 1991 2001 2011

Total No. of Slum 81 85 104 168

Total No. of Hutments 18,945 20,438 25,092 42,742

Total Population of Slums 66,498 75,526 1,38,797 2,14,769% to Total Population of City

25.33 11.49 12.90 14.44

Absolute increase in slum Population

- 9,028 63,271 75,972

Source :- 1) Author.

2) Municipal Records.

According to 1981 total number of Slums in study area was 81 and total

number of hutments was 18,945 and population housed in this area was 66,498

persons. About 22.33 per cent of total population lived in slum area in 1981. While in

1991 total numbers of Slums were increased up to the 85 and population of slums was

increased up to 75,526 persons, which were about 9,028 persons more than previous

decade. About 11.49 per cent of total population of city was living in slum areas in

1991. In 2001, total numbers of Slums were 104 and total populations of slums were

1, 38,797 persons. Nearly 63,271 persons increased than the previous decade and

slum area accounts for 12.90 per cent of total population Nashik city, While in 2011,

total numbers of Slums were 168 and total number of hutments was 42,742 and total

populations of slums were 2,14,769 persons. This was slightly increased than previous

decade (14.44 per cent).

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FIGURE NO. 5.1

TABLE V-II


SLUMS STATUS

YEAR 2011

Land owner Total Number of Slums Number of Hutments PopulationDeclared Un declared Declared Un declared Declared Un declared

Government Land 13 20 5,708 5,668 28,155 28,337N.M.C. Land 11 5 6,939 1,192 34,630 5,971Private Land 32 87 9,157 14,078 46,795 70,881Total 56 112 21,804 20,938 1,09,580 1,05,189Total 168 42,742 2,14,769

Source:-1) Author.

2) Municipal Records.

The existing structure of the slums in Nashik city indicates that, there are 168

total slums in Nashik city, out of which 56 slums are declared and 112 undeclared.

There are 168 slums have covered nearly 21,53,291 Sq, meter area of the total. All

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these slums are scattered in different parts of the city and majority of these slums are

developed on private land or on disputed corporation land.

5.5 REHABILITATION OF SLUMS IN NAHIK CITY:

National Commission on Urbanization (1988) had expressed serious concern

primarily for the informal sector and the urban poor in the planning practices at

Central, State and Local levels. The new National Housing policy also lays greater

emphasis on the delivery of services to the urban poor particularly in respect of shelter

for the poor and the resulting informal sector. Nashik Municipal Corporation has a

separate Department that deals with slums and their improvement and rehabilitation.

The information as provided by the survey of the Municipal Corporation indicates that

there are 168 slums in the city out of which 56 are ‘declared slums’ and 112 are

‘undeclared slums’ in which about 2.14 lakhs (14.44%) population is living. This

however is the position as on 1.1.1995 as the State Govt had decided to regularize the

slums to this date and so far no decision has been taken regarding slums that have

come up after this cutoff date. It is assumed that an equivalent number of slums must

have come up after this cut-off date.

5.5.1 PRESENT POLICY AND ITS INADEQUACY:

Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana is being implemented in Nashik since

November 2002 and about 1178 tenetments have been constructed under the scheme

that will cater to the needs of population of about 5890. Considering the magnitude of

the problem, what has been achieved during last four years is less than 5% (for slums

upto 1995) indicating that the programme is too inadequate to be meaningfully

effective and new approach has to be evolved particularly for this segment of urban

scenarios. Alternative Strategies Mumbai and Pune have Slum Redevelopment

Authorities, which use Transferable Development rights and F.S.I. incentives to

Private Sector in order to involve Private Sector Participation in increasing housing

stock for the urban poor. These authorities also have a separate special regulators

provisions and main features are as follows:

i) While generally allowable F.S.I. in Mumbai and Pune is 1.00, the private

sector is allowed to redevelop these slum sites using a site F.S.I. of 2.50. As an

additional incentive, the developer is allowed to use the T.D.R of the slum area on his

other lands in lower density areas.

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ii) If the slums exist on lands reserved for Public purposes, then part of area is

used for rehabilitation of existing slum population and the balance area is developed

for the public purpose for which the land was reserved. The above two strategies

have following benefits: ¾ Private sector substantially contributes in the process of

rehabilitation of slum dwellers. ¾ Sites reserved for public purposes are partly

retrieved and the amenity though with smaller area becomes available to the public.

iii) Private Sector’s response to the strategy has been observed to be very

positive and rehabilitation of slums on a very large scale has been achieved.

Considering the magnitude of the slum problem and very small achievement

achieved so far through Govt. efforts, there exist full justifications to adopt such

measures also for Nashik City while addressing the problem of slums. What however

is considered necessary is to simplify procedural aspects and yet to imbibe incentives

large enough to attract private sector in this direction.

After discussions with public representatives, NGOs and professionals,

following approach has been suggested:

i) NMC should modify its present development control rules to allow private

sector participation in rehabilitation of slum dwellers by permitting F.S.I. up to 2.5.

ii) NMC itself should undertake development schemes for slum located on

lands belonging to the Municipal Corporation and also on Govt. lands which Govt.

should transfer to the NMC on priority basis. Funds required for these projects should

come through the following sources. The second part would thus qualify for Central,

State and ULB in the following ratio.

iii) If slums have come up on lands reserved for public purposes in the

development plan, then rehabilitation should be allowed on 50% land area and the

balance 50% area may be developed for the Public purpose for which the site is

reserved, thus making the amenity available to the General public and the urban poor.

Part of these sites can be developed as low cost shops for hawkers, vegetable vendors,

and tapariwallas. If NMC and the State Govt. accept the above strategy, it will be

immensely helpful in delivery of important services to the poor and the informal

sector. Cost estimates are as summarized below:

5.5.2 SLUM REDEVELOPMENT ON MUNICIPAL LANDS:

Twenty-five slums exist on Municipal or Goverment lands extending over an

area of 35.50 Ha. 25,000 tenements may be built on these lands of 25.00 sq. m, and

each should not cost more than Rs. 80,000/- per tenement. This will benefit 1,25,000

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population and 4,000 workers in informal sector including Tapariwallas, Veg. wanders

etc.

5.5.3 DEVELOPMENT ON PRIVATE LANDS:

The Municipal Corporation survey had indicated that before Jan 95, slums had

come up on about 42-hectare area of lands at different locations. In this project 10%

land will have to be set aside for open spaces and remaining 90% will be available for

redevelopment Per Hectare. This is a very significant part of CDP as it aims at

delivery of services and shelters to the Urban Poor population through Municipal and

private sector participation. A suggestion of this component on similar lines has also

come from promoters and builders Association of Nashik. This will create 40000

tenements and 2000 low cost shops, which will benefit 2.00 lakh slum dwellers and

4000 workers from the informal sector. Remaining surplus tenements will be useful

as night shelters for migrant population or tourists. Well constructed roads, gutters,

gardens and tree plantations have been envisaged. It is the cherished dream of the

citizens of Nashik to make Nashik “A CITY WITHOUT SLUMS”.7 The table V-II

and V-III gives detail about slums rehabilitation status.

TABLE V-III


SLUMS REHABILITATION STATUS

YEAR – 2011

Sr. No.

Name of Slum Rehabilitation of Slum Houses

Sr. No.

Name of Slum Rehabilitation of Slum Houses

1 Bhagthsingnagar 856 9 Gautamnagar 9782 Gaundwadi 1,384 10 Beldarwadi 8953 Kasturba Nagar 456 11 Krantinagar 7894 Vaidu Wadi 385 12 Fulenagar 5745 Nilgiribag 778 13 Vadala 3576 Erandwadi 878 14 Sahvasnagar 2857 Hirawadi 928 15 Suyognagar 2688 Shivajiwadi 1,389 Total 11,200

Source: - Nashik Municipal Corporation Records.

5.6 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SLUMS:

The study of spatial distribution of slums in Nashik city is essential for

understanding of nature and pattern of slums. There are one sixty eight slums in

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Nashik city (Figure 5.2), out of which 56 slums are declared and 112 undeclared.

Except these slums, 85 slums are rehabilitated during last decade.

FIGURE NO. 5.2

The spatial pattern of slums indicates that most of them are located in interior

part of the city. While a few are located in the peripheral regions of the city because

peripheral regions are mainly agricultural areas. There are forty six slums located

Panchavati. While twenty six are in east and sixteen slums located in west Nashik

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areas. Forty four slums are located near Nashik road. Nineteen and eighteen slums are

developed at Cidco and Satpur area. The above spatial distribution of slum clearly

indicates that majority of slums are located in central part of city which is become

panic to city residents.

5.7 DEMOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE OF SLUMS:

The study of population is very important because it has for reaching effects in

modifying the face of the earth. Slum population whether in regular and legalized

slums or in illegal squatter hutments, accounts for a substantial share of city

population. Here, an attempt has been made to study the demographic structure of

slums of Nashik city in which the total population, size of population, area occupied,

and population density, and residential density, size of families, sex composition, age

composition, and educational status and of slums of Nashik city have been studied.

5.7.1 POPULATION OF SLUMS:

There are 168 slums in Nashik city, out of which 56 slums are registered and

other 112 slums are not registered. The total population of all slums is 2,14,769

persons in 2008. The percentage of slum population found highest in Mahatma Phule

Nagar (Nashik road), which accounts for 4.62 per cent of the total slum population.

While largest area occupied by the Upnagar Nashik road which accounts for 12.25

per cent of the total slum area. The Daha Chauk is the lowest in population size,

number of families and area occupied than the other slums, which accounts for 0.03

per cent of the total slum population, Wadar wadi, Peth road, Panchvati accounts for

3.91 per cent of total slum population, which is second largest in population size,

while Sawrbaba Nagar is third largest in population size, (i.e. 3.56 per cent). P. C.

Tolls Prabhud Nagar, Kajichi Gadi, Shanti Ngar, Panchashil Nagar, Samata Nagar,

Ramabai Ambedkar Nagar have more than two per cent population of total slum

population. (Table V-V and Figure 5.3)

TABLE V-IV (A)


POPULATION, LOCATION, AREA OCCUPIED, DENSITY PER SQURE

METER YEAR 2011(NASHIK EAST SECTOR)

164

Sr. No. Name of Slum Location

Population % of total Slum Popu.

Area Sq. M.

Density of

Popul.

1 Ambedkar Wadi Poona Road East 1,230 0.57 11,930 102 Agar Takali Takali East 690 0.32 10,821 063 Samata Nagar Upnagar East 5,385 2.51 ------- --4 Gitai Nagar, A.T. Nashik East 225 0.1 5,226 045 Indira Gandhi Agar Takli East 585 0.27 4,000 156 Sant Kabir Nagar Dwarka Poona Road 1,260 0.59 5,729 227 Shivaji Wadi Wadala Road, East 2,160 1.01 40,964 058 Nagsen Wadi Wadala Naka East 2,395 1.12 10,637 239 Siddhartha Nagar Poona Road East 1,115 0.52 30,322 0410 Fairwadi Nashik East 2,080 0.97 15,377 1411 Bajarang Wadi Poona Road East 850 0.4 8,317 1012 Panchashil Col. Poona Road East 1,200 0.56 ------- ---13 Kajichi Gadi Purv Godavari Nadi 6,590 3.07 34,179 1914 WalsaraZopaddpatti Poona Road East 130 0.06 1,665 0816 Eklavya Nagar Poona Road East 190 0.09 2,743 0717 Sambhaji Nagar Nashik East 145 0.07 585 2518 Dixit Chawk Nashik East 205 0.1 748 2719 Koli Wada Nashik East 1,040 0.48 6,397 1620 Bhagwati Nagar Kathada East 410 0.19 1,936 2121 Nanawali Kathada East 2,250 1.05 17,084 1322 Shivneri Kathada East 615 0.29 2,245 2723 S C Shekar Nagar Nashik East 165 0.08 3,011 0524 Savitribahi Phule N Kathada East 155 0.07 1,137 1425 Balaji Nagar Kathada East 370 0.17 2,397 1526 Adivasi Vasti Kathada East 955 0.44 14,263 07

Total 32,395 15.10 2,31,713 14


TABLE V-IV (B)



METER YEAR 2011(NASHIK WEST SECTOR)

Sr. Name of Slum Location Populatio % of Area Density

165

No.

n total Slum Popu.

Sq. M. Of Popul.

1 Old Civil Hosp. Shivaji Road Na. West 210 0.10 2,003 102 Shramik Nagar Ganjmal, West 1,520 0.71 4,659 333 Khadkali Khadkali, West 1,215 0.57 9,100 134 Milind Nagar Tidke Colony, West 1,055 0.49 7,690 145 Rahul Nagar Golfclub, West 665 0.31 3,636 186 Panchashil Nag. Ganjmal, West 5,420 2.52 23,381 237 Kalika Mandir Old Agra Road, West 670 0.31 3,846 178 Sahwas Nagr Nmc Aayukta Bunglow, 505 0.24 4,412 119 Bhimwadi Ganjamal, West 2,355 1.10 9,945 2410 Malhar Khamb Kthm College West 1,875 0.87 11,181 1711 Mangal Wadi Old Gangapur Naka 1,250 0.58 5,358 2312 Sant Andirya Police Aayukta Office , 865 0.40 7,317 12

13Masoba Wadi

Hindu Sabhagruh, Shingada Talav Nashik

305 0.14 1,232 25

14Mumbai Naka Jal Khumbh

Hindu Sabhagruh, Shingada Talav West

155 0.07 5,714 03

15 Waikar Wada Nashik West, 325 0.15 8,627 0416 Civil Naka Nashik West, 130 0.06 644 20

Total18,520 08.62 1,08,74

517


TABLE V-IV (C)



METER YEAR 2011(PANCHVATI SECTOR)

166

Sr.

No

. Name of Slum Location

Population % of total Slum Popu.

Area

Sq. M.

Density

Of

Popul.1 Sanjay Nagar Shriram High School 1,290 0.60 8,815 15

2Majurwadi

Housing Shriram High School

265 0.12 1,401 19

3 Majurwadi Nry Shriram High School 940 0.44 4,538 214 Wajreshwari Dindori Road, Panch. 2,265 1.05 12,711 185 Rohini Nagar Peth Road, 220 0.10 1,451 15

6Wadarwadi,

Nagar Mahsrul Phule Nagar

775 0.36 9,089 09

7 Laxmi Naggar Panchavati 345 0.16 6,339 058 Ambika Nagar R.T.O. Road Panchav. 370 0.17 4,845 089 Hirawadi Near Canal, Panchava. 435 0.20 3,508 1210 Avdoot Wadi Peth Road, Panchavati 1,555 0.72 8,355 1711 Wadar Wadi Peth Road, Panchavati 8,400 3.91 58,444 1412 Mhatma Phule N Peth Road, Panchavati 9,925 4.62 64,529 1513 Laxman Nagar Peth Road, Panchavati 740 0.34 5,144 1414 Rahul Wadi Peth Road, Panchavati 1,230 0.57 8,447 1515 Bharadwadi Peth Road, Panchavati 1,770 0.82 10,566 1716 Datta Nagar Peth Road, Panchavati 685 0.32 3,571 1917 Ravi Kiran Peth Road, Panchavati 111 0.05 ----- ---18 Nilgiribag Aurangabad Road, Pa. 920 0.43 23,027 0419 Sahjivan Nagar Ganesh Wadi, Pancha. 735 0.34 7,522 1020 Joshiwada Nagchowk,, Panchvati 785 0.37 4,764 1621 Navnath Nagar Navnath Nagar, Panc. 1,757 0.82 6,553 2722 Kranti Nagar, Peth Road, Panchavati 1,230 0.57 ------23 Walmiki Nagar Waghadi Panchavati 2,530 1.18 26,062 1024 Motha Rajwada Kela Vidyalaya, Panc. 425 0.2 3,444 1225 Koli Wadd Ganesh Wadi, Pancha. 885 0.41 5,770 1526 Vasantdada Nag. Agra Road Panchavti 995 0.46 11,872 0827 Burdohwadi Panchavati 805 0.37 7,880 1028 Manurgaon Panchavati 700 0.33 10,467 0729 Nandurgaon Panchavati 325 0.15 4,388 0830 Adarsh Nagar Panchavati 180 0.08 1,930 0931 Savitribai Fule N. Panchavati 555 0.26 4,672 1232 Laxshuman Nag. Tavli Fahta Panchavati 330 0.15 3,905 08

33Rastramata Indira

Gandhi Nagar

Panchavati 100 0.05 1,015 10

34Marimatha

Mahalashmi

Panchavati 345 0.16 1,975 17

35 Ramtkadi Panchavati 760 0.35 8,955 0836 Mahalashmi

Mandir Juni Panchavati 415 0.19 8,435 05

167

Vitbhati37 Mandlik Vasthi Panchavati 90 0.04 1,036 0938 Page Vasthi Panchavati 210 0.1 1,180 1839 Bhoer Vasthi Panchavati 170 0.08 4,834 0440 Koliwada Panchavati 1,595 0.74 21,547 0741 Rajwada Makhamalabad 1,320 0.61 26,723 0542 Shankar Nagar Panchavati 340 0.16 10,733 0343 Shau Nagar Panchavati 475 0.22 5,653 0844 Mhasoba Wadi Panchavati 955 0.44 20,927 0545 Ramnagar Panchavati 740 0.34 11,080 0746 Viduwadi Panchavati 200 0.09 2,025 10

Total 52,193 24.30 4,60,127 11


TABLE V-IV (D)



METER YEAR 2011(NAHIK ROAD SECTOR)


Population

% of total Slum Popu

.

Area Sq. M.

Density

Of Popu

l.1 Sundarnagar Deolali Gaon Nasik Road 1,535 0.71 10,185 152 Wadarwadi Nasik Road 1,065 0.50 11,633 09

3Jayprakash Nagar

Saman Gaon Road, Nasik Road

1,235 0.58 13,978 11

4 Amrapali Upnagar, Nasik Road 3,495 1.63 34,949 105 Bhavana Nagar Upnagar, Nasik Road 350 0.16 2,283 156 Rajiv Nagar Upnagar, Nasik Road 550 0.26 3,943 147 Shramik Nagar Jail Premises Nagar, 1,090 0.51 10,728 10

8Prakash Ambedkar Nagar Jail Premises Nagar,

880 0.41 5,505 16

9Annabhau Sathe Nagar Deolali Gaon Nasik Road

435 0.20 6,090 07

10Pawar Wadi

Subhash Road, Nashik Raod

2,150 1.00 14,687 15

11Chandan Wadi

Subhash Road, Nashik Raod

265 0.12 1,707 16

12 Gulab Wadi, Nasik Road 1,723 0.80 ------ ----

168

Ramabai Ambedkar

13 Kelkar Wadi Kelkar Wadi 1,085 0.51 8,956 1214 Godrej Wadi Nasik Road 1,178 0.55 ------15 Naikwadi Nasik Road 925 0.43 2,741 34

16Indira Vikas Nagar Nasik Road

2,144 1 ------ -----

17Mahatma Phule Nagar Deolali Gaon Nasik Road

516 0.24 ------ ------

18 Hivale Wadi Gorewadi 415 0.19 6,572 06

19Mahatma Phule Nagar Nasik Road

655 0.3 ----- ----

20 Gulzar Wadi Nasik Road 645 0.3 ----- -------

21Indira Gandhi Nagar Upnagar, Nasik Road

2,285 1.06 2,63,793

01

22Barma Shel Wadi Nasik Road

200 0.09 2,092 10

23Jetwan Nagar

St. Xiviar Behind Nashik Road

1,030 0.48 13,265 08

24 Gosavi Wadi Nasik Road 2,700 1.26 22,956 1225 Sonawane Wadi' Near Mukti Dham 514 0.24 ------ -----26 Station Wadi Nasik Road 1,352 0.63 ------ ------

27Pendharkar Colony Jail Road

595 0.28 4,646 13

28 Shramik Nagar Sinnar Phata 280 0.13 3,107 10

29Chehadi Gaon Hanuman Nagar Nasik Road

330 0.15 7,152 05

30Wadner Dumala, Bhil Wadi Vihitgaon Talathi Office

160 0.07 1,741 09

31Wadner Dumala, Bhil Wadi Vihitgaon Smashan Bhumi

245 0.11 2,325 11

32 Bhole Nagar Vihitgaon 170 0.08 2,412 07

33Vihitgaon Gaothan Nasik Road

375 0.17 4,026 09

34 Valdevi Nagar Near Wal Devi River 230 0.11 10,279 0235 Bagul Nagar 2,335 1.09 17,438 1336 Gadgil Wadi 235 0.11 2,568 0937 Gayatri Nagar Chehadi Gaon 1,150 0.54 10,750 1138 Farnandis Wadi 1,760 0.82 10,716 1639 Muktidham Nasik Road 765 0.36 5,328 1440 Gawali Wada Nasik Road 320 0.15 3,667 0841 Daha Chawl Nasik Road 70 0.03 527 1342 Chehedi Budruk Nasik Road 180 0.08 701 2643 Rokdoba Wadi Nasik Road 1,737 0.81 23,000 08

44Annabhau Sathe Nagar, Near Station Nasik Road

200 0.09 1,074 19

Total 41,554 19.30 5,47,53 08

169

0


TABLE V-IV (E)



METER YEAR 2011 (CIDCO SECTOR)


Population

% of total Slum Popu

.

Area Sq. M.

Density of

Popul.

1Savintribai Phule Nagar Wadala Cidco

2,055 0.96 11,274 18

2Indira Gandhi Nagar No-1 Cidco

1,810 0.84 11,343 16

3Ramabai Ambedkar Nagar Garware, Ambad Midc

4,015 1.87 30,345 13

4Gautam Nagar Garware, Ambad Midc

2,125 0.99 1,65,173

01

5Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar

State Bank, Agra Road Cidco

810 0.38 10,776 08

6 Lekha Nagar Cidco 1,535 0.71 11,294 147 Patil Pasordi Untwadi, Cidco 140 0.07 1,202 128 Rajiv Nagar Cidco 3,110 1.45 22,795 149 Shanti Ngar Garware, Ambad Midc 6,350 2.96 96,575 07

10Chinchole Gaothan Cidco

3,520 1.64 37,730 09

11 Koli Wada Near Ambad Gaon 165 0.08 1,745 09

12Ambedkar Bhaji Market Near Ambad Gaon

125 0.06 2,112 06

13 Athawale Nagar Near Ambad Gaon 190 0.09 1,988 1014 Pathardi Gaon Cidco 480 0.22 7,282 07

15Pimpalgaon Khamb Adivasi Vasti Cidco

535 0.25 7,976 07

170

16 Dhadegaon Cidco 445 0.21 5,285 09

17Chinchole Gaothan Cidco

2,820 1.31 26,105 11

18Lok Shahir Anna Bhau Sathe Nagar Cidco

925 0.43 5,792 16

19 Seva Nagar Cidco 105 0.05 1,818 06

Total31,260 14.60 4,58,61

007


TABLE V-IV (F)



METER YEAR 2011(SATPUR SECTOR)


Population % of total SlumPopu.

Area Sq. M.

Densityof Popul.

1 Sawrbaba Nagar Satpur Karyalyajaval 7,640 3.56 56,773 13

2Vadar Wadi

ESI Hospital Javal

Sat.

435 0.20 3,225 13

3P. C. Tolls

Prabhud Nagar

Mahindra Front Satpur 6,665 3.1 48,691 14

4 Bajarang Nagar Anadawali Satpur 2,550 1.19 19,362 135 Shiv Nagar Anadawali Satpur 975 0.45 7838 126 Santoshi Mata N. Satpur MIDC 1,805 0.84 15,049 12

7Sidhrtha Nagar

Boys Town Javal

Filter Plant Satpur 1,115 0.52 30,322 04

8 Kambale Wadi Nasardi Nadi Kinari 1,632 0.76 14,402 119 Mahadev Wadi NMC School Satpur 4,000 1.86 32,952 1210 Utkrsh Nagar Satpur 760 0.35 8,182 0911 Sant Kabir Naga. Canal Satpur Bhosala 3,835 1.79 38,590 1012 Sati Asara Colo. Shivaji Nagar Satpur 185 0.09 3,317 0613 Kamgarnagar Satpur 5,270 2.45 53,971 1014 Gutham Nagar Satpur 315 0.15 2,477 1315 Someshwar Wad Satpur 485 0.23 3,360 1416 Joshiwada Satpur 210 0.1 2,062 10

17Dham Chuk

Swarbaba Nagar

Satpur 760 0.35 5,223 15

171

18 Koliwada Anadawali 210 0.1 780 27Total 38,847 18.1 3,46,576 11


TABLE V-V


SECTORWISE POPULATION, LOCATION, AREA OCCUPIED, DENSITY

PER SQURE METER

YEAR 2011

Sr.No. Name of Sector

TotalSlum

Population

% of total Slum Popu.

AreaSq. M.

Density of Populatio

n

Number of

Hutments

% of Hutments

I Nashik East 32,395 15.10 2,31,713 14 6,479 15.16II Nashik West 18,520 8.60 1,08,745 17 3,686 8.62III Panchavati 52,193 24.30 4,60,127 11 10,390 24.31IV Nashik Road 41,554 19.30 5,47,520 08 8,150 19.07V Cidco 31,260 14.30 4,58,610 07 6,252 14.63VI Satpur 38,847 18.60 3,46,576 11 7,785 18.21

Total2,14,769 100.0

021,53,291

10 42,742 100

172

FIGURE NO. 5.3

5.7.2 DENSITY OF POPULATION:

The analysis of population density holds immense significance for geographer

as its successful understanding holds key to the analysis of entire demographic

character of an area. The population density of slum in Nashik city is not evenly

distributed. The average density of slums population has recorded 10 persons per

meter in the year 2006. It is observed that Naikwadi has the highest population

density, which accounts for 34 persons per meter Indira Gandhi Nagar has the lowest

density of population which accounts for 01persons per meter. (Table V-IV)

The population density has been grouped into three categories as follows:

i) High density (Above 20 persons per meter)

ii) Moderate density (10 - 20 persons per meter)

iii) Low density (Below 10 persons per meter)

TABLE V-VI


173

DENSITY OF POPULATION

YEAR 2011

Sr. No.

Classes of population density per meter

Area covered in meter

% of area covered

No. of Slums

% to total slums

1 Above – 20 81,768 38.00 65 38.692 20 – 10 8,03,650 37.32 75 44.643 Below – 10 12,67,873 58.80 16 09.52

Area not available -------- ----- 12 07.14Total 21,53,291 100 168 100

Source: - Author.

FIGURE NO. 5.4 (A)

i) HIGH DENSITY (Above 20 persons per meter)

It is observed that out of the total slums nearly 38.69 per cent slums have

density above 20 persons per meter which occupies 38.00 per cent of the total slum

area. Here, the density ranges from 34 persons (Naikwadi) to 21 persons (Majurwadi

N.R.Y.) per meter. The higher density of population in these slums found due to

nearness to core area and easy means of transport and communication.

ii) MODERATE DENSITY (10 to 20 person’s pet meter)

174

The moderate density zone, where density of population is observed from 10

to 20 persons per meter, it occupies 44.64 per cent of the total slum area and 37.32 per

cent of the total slums. Here, the density values varies from 11 persons (Kamble

wadi) per meter to 20 (Civil Naka) per meter.

iii) LOW DENSITY (Below 10 persons per meter)

It is observed that out of the total slums nearly 9.52 per cent of slums have

density less than 10 persons per meter which covers 58.80 per cent area of the total.

Here, the density ranges from 01 person (Indira Gandhi Nagar) per meter to 10

persons (Sant Kabir Nagar) per meter. The lower density of the slums located outer

side of the Nashik city area, where the more land is available. (Table V-V and Figure

5.4 A)

The average density of population of slum is 10 persons per meter but it varies

from slums to slums. As compared to density of population of Nashik city the

population density of slums found to be very high. The population density of Nashik

city is 04 persons per meter but the density of slums population varies from 01 to 34

persons per meter. It means that the slums have more crowded or congested with

population.

5.7.3 THE DENSITY OF RESIDENTS:

The congestion of population is also determined with the density of residential

houses and hutments. The density of residents has been calculated for all 168 slums.

The average density of residents per meter is about 0.01 houses. It is observed that the

highest density of residents per meter is found in sector No. III at Panchavati area i.e.

Page vasthi and sector no. II has lowest density of residents as compared to other

slums, i.e. Nashik west.

TABLE V-VII


THE DENSITY OF RESIDENTS

YEAR – 2011

Sr.No. Classes of density of houses per meter

AreaCoveredin meter

% of area covered

No. of Slums

% to total

Slums1 Below 500 14,24,902 66.15 149 88.692 500-1000 2,91,846 13.55 10 5.953 Above 1000 4,36,543 20.27 9 5.36

Total 21,53,921 100 168 100

Source: - Author.

175

FIGURE NO. 5.4 (B)

It is observed that, the area where high density (i.e. above 1000 huts per meter)

covers an area about 20.27 per cent of the total area and 5.36 per cent of the total

number of slums. (Table V-VII and Figure 5.4C) It is concluded that where there is

less area which is occupied more density of population.

The another zone, where density of residential houses is 500 to 1000 huts per

meter covers 13.55 per cent area and occupies 5.95 per cent slums of the total. The

area with low density i.e. 500 huts per meter covers an area about 66.15 per cent of

the total area and 88.69 per cent of the total number of slums.

As compared to Nashik city, the density of residents is very much high. The

density of residents of Nashik city in 1991 was 0.57 houses per meter and in 2001; it

increases 0.87 houses per meter. The table V-IV shows the density of residents per

hectare of slums of Nashik city.

5.7.4 SEX RATIO:

The term sex ratio has been used to represent number of females per thousand

male. The sex ratio play the pivotal role in assessing the reproducing performance,

population growth, marriage rates, occupational structure and the migratory character

of the population. Hence here, the study of sex ratio of slums of Nashik city becomes

necessary. There are 833 females per 1000 males in the slums of Nashik city in 2008.

176

TABLE V-VIII


SEX RATIO

YEAR 2011

Sr.No. Name of Sector

TotalSlum

Population

Male population

Female Populatio

n

Sex Ratio

I Nashik East 32,395 17,029 15,366 902II Nashik West 18,520 9,760 8,760 897III Panchavati 52,193 27,596 24,597 891IV Nashik Road 41,554 22,577 18,977 840V Cidco 31,260 18,230 13,030 714VI Satpur 38,847 21,942 16,905 770

Total 2,14,769 11,71,34 97,635 833

Source: - Author.

FIGURE NO. 5.5

It is observed from the Table V-VIII and Figure 5.5 that sex ratio varies from

slum to slum in different sector. The Sector No. I at Nashik East Slum area have

relatively high sex ratio which includes Ambedkar wadi, Bajarang wadi, Panchshil

177

Colony While lowest sex ratio has been observed in Sector No. V at Cidco Slum area

i.e. Savintribai Fule Nagar, Shanti Nagar, and Ramabai Ambedkar Nagar.

TABLE V-IX


SLUMS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SEX RATIO

YEAR 2011

Sr.No. Sex Ratio Females per 1000 males

No. of Slum % to Total

1 Less than 800 65 38.692 800 to 899 60 35.713 900 to 999 27 16.074 Above 1000 16 9.53

Total 168 100

Source: - Author.

Table V-IX shows the slum classification according to sex ratio in 2008. There

are 168 slums in Nashik city, out of which 38.69 per cent slums have less than 800

females per 1000 males. Nearly 35.71 per cent slums have 800 to 899 females per

1000 males and 16.07 per cent slums have 900 to 999 females per 1000 males. It is

observed that 16 slums have above 1000 females per 1000 males i.e. Indira Nagar -

Khedi (1208), Dandekar Nagar -Railway area (1283) and Indira Nagar (1395).

5.7.5 AGE AND SEX COMPOSITION:

Among the various components of population composition, age and sex

composition hold a prime place for population geographer. The separate data for

males and females with their ages have importance for various types of planning and

for the analysis of other demographic characteristics such as fertility, mortality,

migration, marital status and economic characteristics etc. The balance of sexes

affects the social and economic relationships within a community.

For the purpose of analysis, the age-sex composition of slums, the percentage

of the total population and, male and female population has been considered. The

most emphatic way of presenting the age and sex structure of a given population is by

means of a graphic portrayal the age sex pyramid, also called as the ‘population

pyramid’. Here, an attempt has been made to study the age and sex composition of

slums of Nashik city.

TABLE V-X


AGE-SEX COMPOSITION

178

YEAR 2011

AgeGroup

Total Population

% Total Population

Maple Population

% Maple to total

Population

Female Population

% of Female to total

Population0-6 29,566 13.77 15,858 13.54 13,706 14.04

7-14 56,974 26.53 31,448 26.85 25,524 26.1415-34 74,030 34.47 40,381 34.47 33,647 34.4635-60 47,113 21.94 25,904 22.11 21,207 21.72

Above 60 7,096 03.30 3,543 03.02 3,551 03.63Total 2,14,769 100 1,17,134 100 97,635 100

Source: - Author.

FIGURE NO. 5.6

It is observed from the Table V-X, and Figure 5.6 that, nearly 13.77 per cent of

the total slum population is found in age-group of below 6 years and 26.53 per cent of

the total slum population is found in the age group of 7 to 14 years. From this, it is

concluded that the growth rate of population has decreased.

In the age group of 15 to 60 years, nearly 34.47 per cent of total slum

population is observed. This 15 to 60 years age group is biologically the most

reproductive and demographically the most mobile. It supports the bulk of other two

age groups and carries the burden of feeding, clothing’s, education of the young age

group and of looking after the old age group. Population above 60 years age group

constitutes only 3.30 per cent of the total slums population. It is also observed that

there is a deficiency of children and older persons in slum area and a piling up of

population in productive age group.

It is observed that, the percentage of male population is found more as

compare to female population except above 60 years age group, which has 3.02 per

cent males and 3.63 per cent females of total population. This is probably because

179

males are more exposed to occupational hazards. This has affected longevity of the

life in case of males. But if we consider all the age group together, the males dominate

the females. In 0 to 14 years age group percentage of males is above 34.47 and

percentage of females is 34.46 of total slum population. While in 15 to 60 years age

group have about 22.11 per cent males and 21.72 per cent females of total slums

population.

TABLE V-XI


SEX RATIO BY AGE GROUPS

YEAR 2011

Sr.No. Age Groups Sex Ratio1 0-6 9172 7-14 8753 15-34 8904 35-60 9055 Above 60 1066

Source: - Author.

FIGURE NO. 5.7

Here, the Table V-XI shows the sex ratio by age group for the slum population

of Nashik city. It is observed that the sex ratio of slums in the age group of 7 to 14

180

years and 15 to 34 years is very low i.e. 7 to 14 years age group have 875 females and

15 to 34 years age group have 890 females per thousand males. While the age group

of above 60 years have very high sex ratio with 1066 females per thousand males. The

sex ratio of 0 to 6 years age group and 35 to 60 years age group is closed to average

sex ratio (930 females) i.e. 0 to 6 years age group have 917 females and 35 to 60 years

age group have 905 females per thousand males. The Table V-XI and Figure 5.7 give

the clear idea about the sex ratio by age group.

5.7.6 LITERACY STRUCTURE:

After the advent of the dual skills of reading and writing the relevance of

literacy to the cultural advancement enhanced significantly. The population

commission of United Nations considered the ability to both read and write a simple

massage with understanding in any language a sufficient basis for classifying a person

as literate and the Indian census has adopted this definition. Literacy is essential for

eradicating poverty, social reconstruction, improvement in the quality of life and

preparation of manpower for rapid development. It is influences other such attributes

of population as fertility, mortality, mobility and occupations etc.9

Literacy is considered as fairly reliable index of socio-cultural and economic

advancement. Therefore, the analysis of literacy pattern and trend therein of slums of

Nashik city is immense significance. The average literacy of Nashik city is 74.51 per

cent, while average literacy of slum population is 20.47 per cent of total slum

population. Out of which 23.37 per cent is male and 20.47 per cent is female

population.

It is observed that, among the various slums of Nashik city, there are sharp

differences in the level of literacy. The Supreme colonies have highest percentage of

literate population (i.e. 29.50 per cent and 27.21 per cent). While Cidco and Satpur

lowest percentage of literate population (i.e. 12.04 per cent and 12.01 per cent The

Table V-XII and Figure 5.8 give the clear idea of the literacy of all slums of Nashik

city.

TABLE V-XII


LITERACY STRUCTURE

YEAR 2011Sr. Name of Sector Total Percentage of Literate

181

No

.

Slum

Populatio

n

Male Female Total

I Nashik East 32,395 25.85 18.32 22.26II Nashik West 18,520 25.46 17.42 19.81III Panchavati 52,193 31.25 26.59 27.21IV Nashik Road 41,554 30.12 27.45 29.50V Cidco 31,260 14.37 10.48 12.04VI Satpur 38,847 13.14 10.22 12.01

Total 2,14,769 23.37 18.41 20.47

Source: - Author.

FIGURE NO. 5.8

5.7.7 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE:

The growth of the population is directly related to the character of the

occupation. Mukherjee and Singh (1954) have defined occupation as “The name of

the function which a person performs by engaging himself in that particular branch of

gainful economic activity which is his industry.’’10 The occupational characteristics of

a place depend largely on its socio-economic history, the sequence of its growth, its

basic functions and the resources of the region in which it is located. The nature and

complexity of economic base give rise to a distinctive type of occupational

characteristics.11

182

The occupational structure is perhaps the most important social characteristics

influencing man’s life.12 It reflects variety of cultural traits of the workers, especially

in a country like India, where cultural morning have strong bearing on what a person

is to do for earning livelihood.13 Therefore, it is essential to analyze the working force

and its livelihood pattern. Here, an attempt has been made to study the occupational

structure of slums of Nashik city. The slum dwellers in Nashik city are engaged in

various occupations. There is a general tendency among the slum dwellers of similar

occupation to live together. Most of slum population is engaged in laborers,

construction work, domestic servants, and class four employees either in government

or semi-government establishments. It is observed that 49.36 per cent of total slum

population is found working population. Out of the total working population about

63.95 per cent is male population and 36.05per cent is female population. (Table V-

XIII and Figure 5.9)

TABLE V-XIII


OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE (YEAR – 2011)

Sr.No.

Occupation Male Female Total % to Total

1 Household work _ 17300(100)

17300(100)

16.32

2 Laborers 43765(71.86)

17138(28.14)

60903(100)

57.45

3 Construction 13216(84.37)

2451(15.63)

15667(100)

14.78

4 Collection of Scraps and Other things

3410(79.45)

882(20.55)

4292 (100)

04.05

5 Service – Private 2062 (89.67)

237(10.33)

2299(100)

02.17

6 Service - Government 1781(93.26)

148(6.74)

1929(100)

01.82

7 Business 1069(94.07)

66(5.93)

1135(100)

01.07

8 Other 2430(97.86)

55 (2.14)

2485(100)

02.34

Total 67794 (63.95)

38216(36.05)

106010(100)

100.00

(Figures in bracket indicate the percentage to total)

Source: - Author.

183

FIGURE NO. 5.9

184

It is observed that, out of the total working population of slum, highest

percentage of population is engaged as Laborers (i.e. 57.45 per cent), out of which

71.86 per cent is males and only28.14 per cent is female population. While lowest

percentage of total working population is engaged in Government or Semi-

Government services with 0.97 per cent, out of which 93.26 per cent is males and

6.74 per cent is female population. Nearly 16.32 per cent of working population is

engaged in household, which is mainly the female population.

Nearly 14.78 per cent of total working population is engaged in construction

activities out of which 87.37 per cent is male and 15.63 per cent is female population.

While 4.05 per cent of the working population is engaged in collection of scraps and

other plastic things, in which the percentage of male population accounts for 79.45

per cent and 20.55 per cent of females workers. A very few percentage of working

population is observed in private services (2.17 per cent), Businesses (1.07 per cent)

and other workers (3.19 per cent).

It is observed that, the working activities are very different from slum to slum

and there is no permanent occupation of peoples, which continuously changes their

occupation. The inter generation occupational mobility is observed in second

generation. The table V-XIII and Figure 5.9 gives clear idea about the occupational

structure of slums of Nashik city.

5.7.8 ECONOMIC STATUS:

In the modern age economic income is very vital because to fulfill the basic

needs of the people. It is observed that, the annual income of slum population is very

low as compare to other city residents. Here, an attempt has been made to study the

economic slums of Nashik city. The annual income of 10551 families have been

collected with the help of questionnaire and categorized into four groups for the

purpose of analysis.

It is observed that out of the total families, nearly 17.91 per cent families have

low annual income below Rs.30,000. It means these families have below Rs.25,00

income per month. Most of families are covered into second group of annual income

(i.e. Rs.40,000 to 30,000 income per annum) includes 45.25 per cent of families .

They have at least Rs.3,000 to 2500 income per month. Nearly 22.09 per cent families

have income between Rs.50,000 to 40,000 per annum and Rs.4,000 to 3,000 per

month.

TABLE V-XIV

185


ANNUAL INCOME OF FAMILIES (YEAR 2011)

Sr.No. Annual Income in Rs No. of families % to Total1 Below 30,000 7,841 17.912 40,000 to 30,000 19,812 45.253 50,000 to 40,000 9,672 22.094 Above 60,000 6,460 14.75

Total 43,785 100

Source: - Author.

FIGURE NO. 5.10

In the slum areas, some families have observed more income i.e. above

Rs.60,000 per annum it means they have above Rs.5,000 income per month which

include 14.75 per cent of families of the study region. Table V-XIV and Figure 5.10

gives clear idea about annual income of families in slum areas of Nashik city.

REFERENCES

1. The Deccan Geographer Vol. 42, No. 1, June, 2004, P. 97.

2. Rao, K. Ranga and Rao, M. S. A., (1984) Cities and Slums, Concept

Publishing Co. New Delhi, P. 101.

186

3. UNESCO, (1956), Report on Urbanization in Asia and Far East. (Bangkok).

4. Dickinson R. E., (1960), City Region and Regionalism, Methuen, London, P.

119.

5. VLS Prakasa Rao, (1983), ‘Urbanization in India - Spatial Dimension’,

Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi, P.223

6. Rao, K. Ranga and Rao, M. S. A., (1984), Cities and Slums, Concept

Publishing Co., New Delhi, PP. 2-3.

7. CDP of Nashik Municipal Corporation, under Jawaharlal Nehru National

Urban Renewal Mission,. P.P.118-120.

8. Mandal, R. B., (1998), ‘Urban Geography’, Concept Publishing Company,

New Delhi, P. 460.

9. Chandana R. C. and Sidhu M. S., (1980), ‘Introduction to Population

Geography’, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi, P.98.

10. Mukherjee R. K. and Singh B., (1954), A District -Town In Transition: A

Social and Economic Survey of Gorakhpur, P. 172.

11. Mulik Atmaram D., (1989), ‘Dynamics of Urbanization: A Geographical

Perspective’, Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay, P.P. 62-63.

12. Kumbhar A. P. (1992-93), ‘Slums of Satara Town: A Geographical Study. (A

Research Project), P. 90.

13. Zodage S. B., (2001), Impact of Urban Growth on Environment: A Case Study

of Kolhapur. (Unpublished Ph. D.Thesis), P. 83.

******

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