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L O A
Victor Malka
LOA, ENSTA – CNRS - École Polytechnique,91761 Palaiseau cedex, France
Laser-Plasma Accelerators : Status,
Applications and Perspectives
Laser beam
Electron beam
1 mm
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Particle group
F. EwaldJ. FaureY. GlinecA. Lifschitz
Laser group
F. BurgyB. MercierJ.Ph. Rousseau
A. Pukhov, University of Dusseldorf, Germany
ELFSPL
Collaborators
E. Lefebvre, CEA/DAM Ile-de-France, France
Supported by EEC under FP6 : CARE
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
E-field max ≈ few 10 MeV /meter (Breakdown) R>Rmin Synchrotron radiation
Classical accelerator limitations
LEP at CERN
27 km
Circle road
31 km
New medium : the plasma
Energy = Length = $$$
≈ PARIS
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Why is a Plasma useful ?
• Plasma is an Ionized Medium High Electric Fields
epz nE ~~w
• Superconducting RF-Cavities : Ez = 55 MV/m
ez nE ~
Are Relativistic Plasma waves efficient ?Ez = 0.3 GV/m for 1 % Density Perturbation at 1017
cc-1
Ez = 300 GV/m for 100 % Density Perturbation at 1019 cc-1
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O ATajima&Dawson, PRL79
How to excite Relativistic Plasma waves?
The laser wake field
laser≈ Tp / 2=>Short laser pulse
Laser pulse
F≈-grad I
Electron density perturbation
Phase velocity vepw=vglaser => close to c
Analogy with a boat
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
electron
Analogy:
t1 t2 t3
e >> >> 1
=> Emax(MeV)=( n/n)(nc/ne)
=>Ldeph.=(0/2)(nc /n e)3/2
Emax=2(n/n) 2mc2
L Deph. =p2
Analogy electron/surfer
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O AINFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Few MeV gain
Laser
Injected electronsFew MeV
Injected electrons acceleration with laser :
Wake field (Beat wave)
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
The 3-MeV electrons are accelerated up to ≈ 4.5 MeV
1
10
100
1000
3.00 3.504.004.50 5.005.506.00
Nu
mb
er
of
ele
ctr
on
s
Energy (MeV)
Noise due to scattered electrons
Wakefield : Acceleration in 1.5 GV/m
2.5 J, 350 fs, 1017W/cm2, 0.5 mbar He Amiranoff et al. PRL 1998
LULI/LPNHE/LPGP/LSI/IC
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Laser beam
Electron beam
1 mm
Direct production of e-beam
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
How to generate an electron beam?
Self-modulated Laser Wakefield Scheme (Andreev, Sprangle, Antonsen 1992)
cp
enhances
WavebreakingPc(GW) = 17 02/p
2
Short Pulse Energetic Electronsif then
excites
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Wave breaking : from waves to particles
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Relativistic wave breaking
A. Modena et al., Nature 1995
Multiple satellites : high amplitude plasma wavesbroadening at higher densities
Loss of coherence of the relativistic plasma waves
Forward Raman Spectra
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5In
tens
ity
(U. A
.)
spectral shift (p)
ne=0.5x1019cm-3
ne=1.5x1019cm-3
Ele
ctro
ns/
MeV
105
106
104
103
101
102
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Energy (MeV)
ne=0.5x1019cm-3
ne=1.5x1019cm-3
Electron spectra
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
5-pass Amp. : 200 mJ
8-pass pre-Amp. : 2 mJ
Oscillator : 2 nJ, 15 fs
Stretcher : 500 pJ, 400 ps
After Compression :1 J, 30 fs, 0.8 m,
10 Hz, 10 -7
2 m
Nd:YAG : 10 J
4-pass, Cryo. cooled Amp. :< 3.5 J, 400 ps
Salle Jaune Laser
L O A
z
rayon2 mill.
2 mill.
z
rayon2 mill.
2 mill.
10
5
0
Phase
(ra
dia
ns)
16
5
1Densi
ty (
101
8 c
m-3
)
0
2 1018
4 1018
6 1018
8 1018
1 1019
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Rayon (mm)
Densi
té d
e n
eutr
e (
cm-3
)
Neutral profil density measurements : the gas jet’s lab
V. Malka et al., RSI (2000)INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O AS. Semushin & V. Malka et al., RSI (2001)
Gas Jet Nozzle DesignFor laser plasma studies
D critmm
D exitmm
L optmm
Machexit
N ext cm-3
1 2 6 3.5 18 x 1019
1 3 7 4.75 7.5 x 1019
1 5 10 7 2.7 x 1019
1 10 15 10 0.75 x 1019
0.5 1 4 3.3 16 x 1019
0.5 2 5 5.5 4.5 x 1019
0.5 3 5 6.2 2.1 x 1019
0.5 5 7 9.5 0.7 x 1019
D critmm
D exitmm
L optmm
Machexit
N ext cm-3
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
10
100
1019 1020E
max (
MeV
)n
e (cm -3)
Emax=4p2mec
2dnn
Tunable electron beam : temperature
Electrons are accelerated by epw
V. Malka et al., PoP (2001)
F/6
106
107
108
109
1010
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
# e
lect
rons/
MeV
/sr
W (MeV)
Teff=8.1 MeV
Teff=2.6MeV
detection threshold
Ne=1.5x1019cm-3
Ne=1.5x1020cm-3
INCREASE THE ACCELERATION LENGTH
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Interaction chamber (inside)
Laser beam
electron beam
50 cm
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Summary of FLWF previous results
V. Malka et al., Science, 298, 1596 (2002)
105
106
107
108
109
1010
0 50 100 150 200Energy (MeV)
Detection Threshold
Nu
mb
er
of
ele
ctr
on
(/M
eV
/sr)
Experiments
106
107
108
109
1010
1011
0 50 100 150 200 250Energy (MeV)N
um
ber
of
ele
ctr
on
(/M
eV
/sr)
3D PIC simulations
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Low Normalized Emittance
Emittance is indeed comparable with todays Accelerators
Electron Energy (MeV)
n (
mm
mra
d)
20 40 60
20
40
Ee- = ~ 55 MeV = ~ 3 mm mradn
x (mm)
x
(mra
d)
-
Ee- = ~ 20 MeV
= ~ 32 mm mraden
0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5
-0.05
0
0.05
S. Fritzler et al., PRL 04
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
SMLWF : Multiple e- bunches / FLWF Single e- bunch
Electron bunches
laser
Electric field
Ps
V. Malka, Europhysics news, April 2004Ps/fs
Electron bunch
laserElectron density perturbation
ne/n0-1
Electric field
0
fs
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Laser pulse autocorrelation
time (fs)
no plasma ne=7.5×1018 cm-3
0
1.3
r (mm
)
-150 0 150• sensitive to cp
• duration depends on pulse shape (gaussian)
•Initial duration ~ 38+/-2 fs
•Final duration ~ 9.5+/-2 fs
• Energy efficiency ~ 20 %
J. Faure et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 205003 (2005)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
-100 -50 0 50 100 150
aut
oco
rrel
atio
n
t (fs)
-100 -50 0 50 100I(
t) (
arb
.un
.)
t (fs)
8 fs
LineoutsPossible shape
9.5 fs
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
700
650
Z/
20
-20
Y/
-20
2 0
X/
Quasi-Monoenergetic Electron Beams
In homogenous plasma : virtual or real?
0 200 400 E, MeV
t=350
t=450
t=550
t=650
t=750
t=850
5 108
1 109Ne / MeV
Time evolution of electron spectrum
monoenergeticelectron beam
VLPL
A.Pukhov & J.Meyer-ter-Vehn, Appl. Phys. B, 74, p.355 (2002)
One stage LPA
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Experimental Setup : single shot measurement
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
2.0 x 1019cm-3
Divergence = 6 mrad
Recent results on e-beam :Spatial quality improvements
6.0 x 1018cm-37.5 x 1018cm-31.0 x 1019cm-3
5.0 x 1019cm-3 3.0 x 1019cm-3
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Recent results on e-beam :From Mono to maxwellian spectra
Electron density scan
V. Malka, et al., PoP 2005INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Charge in [150-190] MeV : (500 ±200) pC
Energy distribution improvements:The Bubble regime
PIC
Experiment
Divergence = 6 mrad
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
FLWF/BR : Beam charge improvement
DE/E=10%
FLWFBubble regime
0 20 50 100 200Energy (MeV)
Ch
arg
e (
pC
)500
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
14 Groups have now measured a quasi mono energetic e-beam
RAL & LBNL
50 pC
300 pC
very hot topic !
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Applications and New Science
X-rays:diffraction-rays:radiography
Material science
MedicineRadiotherapy Proton-therapy
Radioisotopes PETRadiobiology
Accelerator Physics e beam, and p
beam ?and nuclear physics
High current
Chemistry
Radiolysis by ultra short e or p beam
New science on“ultrashort phenomena”
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Particle beam in medicine : Radiotherapy
99% Radiotherapy with X rayINFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Radiation Therapy : context
Depth in tissue
Photon dose
Photon beams are commonly used for radiation therapy
tumor
tumor
Photon beam
Dose
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Medical application : Radiotherapy
VHE ELECTRONS
e beam
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
VHE Radiation Therapy
Depth in tissue
VHE dose
Reduced dose in save cellsDeep traitementGood lateral contrast
tumor
tumor
VHE
Dose
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Monte Carlo simulationof the dose deposition in water
Electron gun : quasi-monoenergetic (170MeV) with 0.5nC and 10mrad divergence
Water target : 40cm x 4cm x 4cm divided in 100 pixels in all directions.Simulation parameters : CutRange=100um and N0=105 electrons
In collaboration with DKFZ
e beam
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Dose deposition profile in water
Glinec et al., Med. Phys. 33, 1 (2006)
e beam
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
In collaboration with L. Le-Dain, S. Darbon from CEA Mourainvilier and DAM
Advantages: low divergence, point-like electron source
Application: high resolution -radiography
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Higher resolution: of the order of 400 m
In collaboration with L. Le-Dain, S. Darbon from CEA Mourainvilier and DAM
-radiography results
measured calculatedobject
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
Y. Glinec et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 94 025003. (2005)
L O A
Application for radiolysis :
H2O (e-s, OH., H2O2, H3O+, H2, H.) e-
Very important for:• Biology• Ionising radiations effects
In collaboration with Y. Gauduel ‘s group
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
radiolysis in the sub ps domain:
B. Brozek-Pluska, et al. Radiation and Chemistry, 72, 149-159 (2005).
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Applications : X rays sourceLaser based Synchrotron radiation
lu ~ 10-100 m
E (MeV)
lu ~ cm
3 mm
100 m
Laser
AccélérateurE (GeV)
Rayonnement X
Synchrotron Laser based Synchrotron radiation
onduleur
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Betatron oscillation
r0 ~m
Plasma wiggler
u ~ 100 m
K ~ 20>1,wiggler u ~ 100 m
x
Helium
Plasma accelerator
Acceleration field
~ TeV / meter
EL 200 MeV
X-ray beam: 109 ph/shot 20 mradfemtosecond
K ~ r0/bet.
Principles of the Betatron radiation
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
A. Rousse et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 93, 135005(2004)
L O A
Laser plasma acceleration has demonstrated•Energy gains of 1 MeV to 200 MeV•E-fields of 1 GV/m to 1000 GV/m•Good e-beam quality : Emittance < 3mm.mrad
•charge at high energy•Quasi monoenergetic• Very high peak current : 100 kA
Laser plasma accelerators advantages Provide e-beam with new parameters : shortProvide e-beam with new parameters : high currentProvide e-beam with new parameters : CollimatedCompact and low cost
The laser plasma accelerators status
ゝゝ
ゝゝ
ゝゝ
ゝゝ
ゝゝ
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Laser plasma accelerator:
• enhance stability•electron sources up to ≈ 1 GeV (nC, <1 ps): Guiding or PW class laser systems Single Stage (Pukhov, Mori) (200TW)
•Generate a tunable e-beam• applications of these electron sources •Compact XFEL
Perspectives
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
After 5 Zr / 7.5 mm
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
800 1200 1600 2000Energy (MeV)
f(E) (a.u.)
w020 m 30 fs a0
40.8mP 200TW np 1.5 1018 cm3
* Gordienko et al, PoP 2005, UCLA& Golp groups
PW class : GeV electron beams => XFEL
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
GeV acceleration in two-stages
GeV
Laser Plasma channel
•50-150 TW•~50 fs
Nozzle
Gas-JetLaser
•170±20 MeV•30 fs•10 mrad
•1 J•10 TW•30 fs
•Pulse guiding condition : Δn>1/πre rc2
•Weak nonlinear effects more control : a0 ~ 1-2
•High quality beams : Lb <λp n0<1018 cm-3
rc
Δnn0
Density profile
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
GeV in low plasma density in plasma channel
n0=8 1016 cm-3, 11 J - 140 TW rc=40 μm, Δn=2 n0
L channel=4 cm 8 cm
12 cm
4
2
3
1
00 800400 1200
dN
/dE
(a.u
.)
Energy (MeV)Electron bunch
Electric field
Electron bunch
Electric field
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
V. Malka et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 47 (2005) B481–B490
L O A
1% bandwidth for 1.2 GeV high quality e-beam
x0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 0,5 1 1,5
E(GeV)
dN
/dE
n0=3 1016 cm-3, 10 J-0.16 PW Lchannel = 18 cm, Emittance :
0.01mm.mrad
V. Malka et al., to be published in NIM A
Electron bunch
Electric field
Ultra-short bunch
Applications: study of complex structures (X-ray diffraction, EXAFS) But ps time scale
ps
~ rad
10cm
L O A
Extreme Light InfrastructureELI
A science integrator that will bring many frontiers of contemporary physics, i.e. relativistic plasma physics, particle physics, nuclear physics, gravitational physics, nonlinear field theory, ultrahigh pressure physics, and cosmology together.
ELI will provide a new generation of compact accelerators delivering ultra short (fs-as) and energetic particle and radiation beams for European scientists. ELI will work in close contact with synchrotron X rays FEL community.
ELI will also be an Extreme Light technology platform ready to reduce to practice the latest invention and discovery in relativistic engineering
ELI
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Fundamental
Interaction
Ultra-Relativistic optics
Super hot plasma
Nuclear Physics
Astrophysics
General relativity
Ultra fast phenomena
NLQED
Relativistic
Engineering
ELIExtreme Light Infrastructure
Exawatt Laser
Secondary
Beam Sources
Electrons
Positron
ion
Muon
Neutrino
Neutrons
X rays
rays
accelerators
Synchr. Xfel
Attosecond optics
Rel. Microelectronic
Rel. Microphotonic
Nuclear treatement
Nuclear pharmacology
Hadron therapy
Radiotherapy
Material science
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Relativistics microelectronic devices
Plasma cavity
100 m1 m
RF cavity
Courtesy of W. Mori & L. da Silva
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
1PW >1Hz 10PW, 1 Hz >100PW, 1Hz
ELI
ELI’s strategy for accelerator physics
GeV e-beam.2 GeV p-beam
10 GeV e-beamGeV p-beam
50 GeV e-beamfew GeV p-beam
Beam lines for users e, p, X, etc…
synchroton & XFEL communities
Fundamental physics Multi stage acceleratorSingle stage acceleratorAccelerator community
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Parameter designs Laser Plasma Accelerators
ELI : > 100 GeV
40
13
4
1.3
Q(nC)
1120120k2804702e151000120
1123.6k91502e1630012
11.21200.28472e171001.2
1.123.60.009152e18300.12
E(Gev)
E(J)L(m)W0 (μm)ne(cm-3)τ (fs)P(PW)
Golp and UCLA Group
a0=4
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Electron beam energy and laser power evolution
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
Las
er P
ow
er (
W)
1
10
102
103
104
105
106
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
« conventional » technology M
axim
ale
Ele
ctro
ns
En
erg
y (
MeV
)
Years
LULI
RAL LOA
LOA*LLNL
UCLA
ILE ¤
KEK
UCLA
ELI
ELI
*LLNL*LUND
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)
L O A
Towards an Integrated Scientific Project for European Researcher : ELI
.. ... .
....
..
...
....ELI
....... .
.. .
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)