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H. SEVGİLİ, A. İ. DEMİRSOY, Y. DURMUŞ

631

Turk J Zool

2011; 35(5): 631-652

© TÜBİTAK

doi:10.3906/zoo-0912-5

Orthoptera and Mantodea fauna of Kazdağı (Ida) National

Park with data on the calling songs of some bush-crickets

Hasan SEVGİLİ1,

*, Ali İsmet DEMİRSOY2, Yusuf DURMUŞ

2

1Ordu University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Cumhuriyet Campus, Ordu - TURKEY

2Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 06532 Beytepe, Ankara - TURKEY

Received: 02.12.2009

Abstract: Th e Orthoptera and Mantodea fauna of Kazdağı National Park (Balıkesir) were investigated. Field studies

were conducted between 2004 and 2005. During this study, 34 species of Orthoptera (16 Tettigoniidae, 1 Oecanthidae,

2 Pamphagidae, 1 Tetrigidae, and 14 Acrididae) and 3 species of Mantodea were investigated. Isophya cania,

Poecilimon luschani egrigozi, Anadolua schwarzi, Rhacocleis acutangula (Tettigoniidae), Paranocaracris rubripes burri

(Pamphagidae), and one recently described species, Chorthippus (Glyptobothrus) kazdaghensis (Acrididae), are endemic

taxa. Metrioptera (Broughtonia) arnoldi,, known from the Balkan fauna until now, is a new record for Turkish fauna. Th e

calling songs of Metrioptera arnoldi, Rhacocleis acutangula, Anadolua schwarzi, Isophya cania, and Poecilimon luschani

are described here for the fi rst time. Th e recordings of the some species are also given along with habitat observations

and altitudinal distribution. From a zoogeographical perspective, Kazdağı holds both Balkan fauna elements as well as

those typical of Mediterranean-Anatolian fauna.

Key words: Fauna, bioacoustics, Kazdağı, Orthoptera, Mantodea, biogeography, Turkey

Kazdağı (İda) Milli Parkı Orthoptera ve Mantodea faunası ile

bazı çalıçekirgelerinin çağrı sesleri

Özet: Bu çalışmada Kazdağı (İda) Milli Parkı (Balıkesir) Orthoptera ve Mantodea faunası incelenmiştir. Arazi çalışmaları

2004-2005 yıllarını kapsamaktadır. Çalışma sonucunda Orthoptera takımına ait 5 familyadan 34 tür, Mantodea takımına

ait 2 familyadan 3 tür saptanmıştır. Orthoptera familyalarından Tettigoniidae familyasına ait 16 tür, Oecanthidae

familyasına ait 1 tür, Pamphagidae familyasına ait 2 tür, Tetrigidae familyasına ait 1 tür ve Acrididae familyasına ait 14

tür belirlenmiştir. Çalışma alanından Tettigoniidae familyasına ait Isophya cania, Poecilimon luschani egrigozi, Anadolua

schwarzi ve Rhacocleis acutangula, Pamphagidae familyasından Paranocaracris rupripes burri, Acrididae familyasından

yakın bir zamanda tanımlanan Chorthippus (Glyptobthrus) kazdaghensis taksonları endemiktir. Kazdağı’ndan saptanan

Tettigoniidae familyasına ait daha önceleri Bulgaristan’dan bilinen Metrioptera (Broughtonia) arnoldi Türkiye faunası

için yeni kayıttır. Metrioptera arnoldi, Rhacocleis acutangula, Anadolua schwarzi, Isophya cania ve Poecilimon luschani

egrigozi tür/alttürlerinin erkek çağrı sesleri ilk kez bu çalışmada tanımlanmıştır. Çalışmada türlere ait varsa eski kayıtların

yanı sıra, habitat gözlemleri, yayılış yükseltileri ve taksonomik problemleri de verilmiştir. Çalışma alanı zoocoğrafi k

açıdan değerlendirildiğinde, Kazdağı’nın tipik Akdeniz-Anadolu faunasının yanı sıra Balkan faunası elemanlarını da

barındırdığı ortaya konmuştur.

Anahtar sözcükler: Fauna, biyoakustik, Kazdağı, Orthoptera, Mantodea, biyocoğrafya, Türkiye

Research Article

* E-mail: [email protected]

Orthoptera and Mantodea fauna of Kazdağı (Ida) National Park with data on the calling songs of some bush-crickets

632

Introduction

Damage to nature caused by human activities is

a worldwide problem that has steadily increased in

Turkey in recent years. Unsustainable agriculture,

unregulated extractive industries, creeping

urbanization, and the fragmentation of natural

environments are resulting in the loss of many

species per year. Habitat loss and fragmentation pose

a serious problem for the proliferation of species

since it limits the ability of many species to migrate

to favorable conditions. In addition, the impact of

global warming, resulting in numerous shift s in the

distribution and abundance of species, is now a well

documented fact (Th omas et al., 2004). Th erefore,

many countries have had to take preventive measures

for protecting the diversity of natural habitats and

against the loss of biodiversity in their regions.

Kazdağı National Park, the focus of this study, is one

of such important biodiversity hotspots in Turkey.

Study objectives

Currently our knowledge of the biodiversity

of Kazdağı National Park is poor, excluding some

plants (Özhatay and Özhatay, 2005; Satıl et al.,

2006) and animal groups such as mammals (Yiğit

et al., 2006), amphibians, and reptiles (Hür et al.,

2008), malacofauna (Gümüş, 2006), and butterfl ies

and moths (Seven, 2006, 2007). Th e main objective

of this study was to determine the Orthoptera and

Mantodea fauna of the national park. Th e Orthoptera

and Mantodea fauna of Turkey has been studied

extensively (e.g. Mantodea by Demirsoy, 1977a and

Orthoptera by Ramme, 1933a, 1933b, 1951; Uvarov,

1934; Bei-Bienko, 1954; Karabağ, 1958, 1964;

Karabağ et al., 1971, 1974, 1980; Demirsoy, 1973,

1975, 1977b; Salman, 1978; Naskrecki and Ünal,

1995; Çıplak et al., 1996a, 1996b, 2002a; Sevgili and

Çıplak, 2000; Ünal, 2000, 2002, 2004; Sevgili, 2001)

and orthopterans have served as a model in the

biogeographical evaluation of the region (Demirsoy,

2002; Çıplak, 2003a, 2003b, 2008; Kenyeres et al.,

2009). Many factors contribute to the diversity of

faunal and fl oral elements in Anatolia, where the

number of endemic species is high and most species

are restricted to small areas (e.g. for fl ora, Avcı, 2005;

for fauna, Demirsoy, 2002). For example, among

the groups studied to date, Orthoptera has a high

endemic and semiendemic species richness. More

than 60% of the bush cricket species (Tettigoniidae)

and several genera (e.g. Karabağ, 1958; Ünal, 2002)

recorded from Turkey are endemic to Anatolia

(Çıplak et al., 1993; Çıplak and Demirsoy, 1995;

Çıplak et al., 2002a).

However, when compared with other parts of

Turkey, the Orthoptera fauna of the western part

of the Marmara region is rather poorly studied,

especially on the Biga Peninsula and nearby islands

of the Aegean Sea. Until now, no faunistic study

concerning orthopterans has been conducted in this

area, excluding a few taxonomic recordings (Heller

et al., 2004; Sevgili, 2004a; Ünal, 2004; Çıplak et al.,

2005). Th erefore, this study will make an important

contribution to our understanding of the Orthoptera

and Mantodea fauna of the region and to the

zoogeographical patterns of western Anatolia.

In addition to taxonomic recordings, we also

recorded and described the acoustic signals of 11

bush-cricket species within this area. Male songs

are one of the most conspicuous elements of cricket

and katydid behavior, conveying several kinds of

information to the females for species identifi cation

and mate choice (e.g. Heller, 1988, 1990, 2006; Ragge

and Reynolds, 1998; Gerhardt and Huber, 2002).

Th e amplitude modulation of male calling songs

are thus rather diverse and strictly species specifi c

in many genera such as Platycleis (e.g. Ragge, 1990;

Ragge and Reynolds, 1998; Çıplak et al., 2002b),

Isophya (e.g. Heller, 1988; Sevgili, 2004a; Sevgili et

al., 2006), Poecilimon (e.g. Heller, 1988; Heller and

Sevgili, 2005; Heller et al., 2006), Leptophyes (e.g.

Sevgili, 2004b), and Chorthippus (Perdeck, 1958; Mol

et al., 2003). Hence, in addition to faunistic data and

remarks, oscillograms of several important bush-

cricket species are provided.

Materials and methods

Study area

Kazdağı (1796 m), formerly known as Ida

Mountain, is the highest peak of the Biga Peninsula

separating the Aegean and Marmara regions from

each other (Figure 1). Th e national park (39°40ʹN,


633

26°45ʹE) is mainly made up of deep valleys, and the canyons situated within the highlands of Kazdağı continue in a north-south direction towards the vicinity of Edremit. Th is region supports diverse and distinct fl ora and fauna, consisting mainly of fi r forests at elevations higher than 1000 m and pine forests at lower elevations. Th ere are about 800 natural plant taxa in Kazdağı National Park and 68 of them are endemic to Turkey (Özhatay and Özhatay, 2005). About 30 of the endemic taxa grow only in this park (Satıl et al., 2006). Th erefore, the area was classifi ed as a European “Important Plant Area” (http://www.plantlife-ipa.org).

Specimens and localities

Specimens collected during fi eld studies were

prepared as museum material by the standard

methods and deposited in the Hacettepe University

Zoological Museum (HUZOM), Ankara. Some

specimens were preserved in alcohol. Th is study

covers the results of fi eld studies conducted between

2004 and 2005, except for 2 species. Nearly all

specimens used in the study were collected by the

authors. Taxonomy follows the OSF database (Eades

and Otte, 2009).

Song recordings

Live specimens were collected for song recordings

and kept in the laboratory in string cages. Recordings

were made on multiple days at irregular intervals at 29-

30 °C. Specimens were kept isolated from each other

in diff erent cages. For sound recording, a Sony WM-

GX688 Walkman and a stereo microphone were used.

Th is system does not record frequencies above 20 kHz.

Th e microphone was placed approximately 15 cm from

the cage. Aft er digitizing the songs on a PC computer,

oscillograms (aft er high-pass fi ltering, Bessel, the cut-

off frequency was set to 1000 Hz) and song analyses

were conducted using the programs Turbolab and

CoolEdit on a PC computer. For more details on the

methods used, see Ragge and Reynolds (1998).

Song terminology followed that of Ragge and

Reynolds (1998). Calling song: the song was produced

by an isolated male. Syllable: the sound produced

by one complete opening and closing stroke of the

tegmina. Echeme: a fi rst order assemblage of syllables.

Echeme-sequence: a fi rst-order assemblage of

echemes. Impulse: a simple, undivided transient train

of sound waves. Click: an isolated distinct impulse.

0 10 20 kmN

W ES

Figure 1. Map of Biga Peninsula and Kazdağı.


634

Taxonomy

ORTHOPTERA

Ensifera

Tettigonioidea

Tettigoniidae

Phaneropterinae

Acrometopa syriaca Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878

Acrometopa syriaca: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878. Verh. der Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellsch Wien 28: 85, 87.

Material examined: 1♂ (in alcohol), Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, Zeytinli Stream, 17.08.2004 (H. Sevgili).

Calling song: We analyzed the songs of one male. Th e calling song was usually heard in the evening and at night. Th e song pattern was described by Heller (1988) from Greece. Our song data from Kazdağı were similar to his data. Th e male calling song was a dense echeme followed immediately by strong clicks (Figures 2A and 2B). Th e echeme began as crescendo syllables and then continued at a nearly constant syllable amplitude. Th e echeme usually lasted between 555 and 892 ms (mean: 724 ms at 30 °C, n = 25). Th e echemes were repeated irregularly and the periods of successive echemes were quite variable, measuring between 4.5 and 20 s. Aft er an interval of approximately 45-53 ms (mean: 48 ms, n = 25), a series of 11-17 clicks followed (duration of series: 15-23 ms, n = 25). Th e mean duration of the main echeme was 651 ms at 30 °C and it was composed of 52-81 syllables (n = 22).

Remarks: Typically, the species was found from

July to August in suitable areas at low altitudes.

However, according to our fi eld studies, population

densities were low.

Isophya cania Karabağ, 1975

Isophya cania: Karabağ, 1975. J. Nat. Hist. 9(3):

341.

Previous records: 2♂♂, Balıkesir: Kazdağı

(Sarıkız yolu), 25.06.2002, 770 m; 2♂♂, 1♀, Sarıkız

tepesi, 25.06.2002, 1650 m; 1♀, Çanakkale: Bayramiç

(Kazdağı yolu), 27.06.2002 (M. Ünal) (Ünal, 2004).

Material examined: 6♂♂, 1♀ (in alcohol),

Balıkesir: Edremit (Kazdağı, Sarıkız), 03.07.2004;

3♂♂ (in alcohol), same locality, 23.07.2004 (H.

Sevgili & Y. Durmuş); 5♂♂, 4♀♀, same locality, 19-

20.07.2005 (Y. Durmuş & H. Sevgili); 4♂♂, 7♀♀

(in alcohol), Tozlu altı, 23.07.2004; 2♂♂, 2♀♀,

same locality, 19.07.2005 (Y. Durmuş & H. Sevgili);

3♂♂ (in alcohol), Tozlu, 24.07.2004; 5♂♂, 5♀♀ (in

alcohol); 3 ♂♂ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, 03.07.2004,

1217 m (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).

Calling song: Th e songs from 6 males were

recorded in the evening and at night in the laboratory

at 28-30 °C. Th e general pattern of the male calling

song was very similar to that of I. thracica (Heller,

1988; HS, unpublished data), but the duration

between the main syllable and the “click” was much

longer, about 598-880 ms (n = 24) and syllables

were repeated at very variable intervals (4.2-29 s)

(Figures 3A and 3B). Th e main syllables were of the

decrescendo type (Figures 3C and 3D), lasting about

30 ms (min-max: 24-37 ms, n = 36). Th e syllables

were composed of about 5-19 impulses (mean: 12.85

± 0.8, n = 35). Th e impulse period varied between 1

and 8 ms. Th e “click” was not present in some calling

songs.

Remarks: I. cania (Figure 4) was very similar to

I. thracica morphologically and bioacoustically, but

the male tegmina and cercus were diff erent (Sevgili,

2004a). Both species were considered in the I. thracica

subgroup within the I. rectipennis species group,

endemic to the western and Th racian parts of Turkey

(Sevgili, 2004a). Th e distribution of I. thracica is

known from the western part of Çanakkale Province

and Th race.

1 s

100 ms

A

B

B

Figure 2. Acrometopa syriaca: A) 2 echemes; B) a faster

oscillogram of the syllables indicated in A.


635

Distribution and habitat: Until now, this species was known only from the Balıkesir and Çanakkale provinces; its type locality is Gönen (Balıkesir) (Karabağ, 1975). According to fi eld observations, the species is patchily distributed and inhabits open parts of forests associated with bush vegetation (e.g. Rubus sp.), green herbaceous vegetation found on edges of small streams, and Astragalus sp. and Juniperus sp. from montane steppes of the national park, excluding the subalpine zone between 600 and 1700 m. Th e

nymphs of the species can be found in various habitat types from April to May at lowlands and from May to July at highlands, and mature adults can be found from May to July onwards. Populations reach peak densities in July.

Poecilimon anatolicus Ramme, 1933

Poecilimon anatolicus: Ramme, 1933. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin 19: 555.

Material examined: 3♂♂, 1♀ (in alcohol), Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, Tozlu altı, 23.07.2004; 1♂ (in alcohol), same locality, 26.07.2004; 1♂ (in alcohol), Açöldüren, 23.07.2001, 1364 m (H. Sevgili).

Calling song: Th e songs of 3 males were analyzed. Th e calling song consisted of an irregular sequence of syllables. Th e mean syllable duration was about 277 ms (30 °C, n = 8). Th e syllables were composed of 15-18 impulses (Figure 5A-C). Th e impulse period varied between 3 and 30 ms (mean: 17.16, n = 125). Heller (1988) recorded the calling song of P. anatolicus from Bursa (Uludağ) and Çanakkale (Gelibolu) and found a similar song pattern.

Remarks: Th is species resembles P. turcicus, which is known from the western Marmara and Th racian regions and was recently discovered from Lesbos Island, Greece (Willemse and Willemse, 2008), by the long denticles on the tip of male cerci (Sevgili, 2001). However, the apex morphology of the cerci was diff erent in both species and the male cerci were without denticles on the posterior margin of the apical part (Karabağ, 1950; Bei-Bienko, 1954).

2 s

5s

D

100 ms

50 ms

A

C

D

B

C

Figure 3. Isophya cania, oscillograms of the male calling song:

A) 3 calling songs, B) 1 complete song from A, C) 3

calling songs with “click,” D) faster song and “click” of

the syllables shown in Figure C.

Figure 4. Isophya cania (male).

0.5 s

0.5 s

100 ms

A

C

B

B

C

Figure 5. Poecilimon anatolicus: A) 2 male calling songs, B) and

C) faster oscillograms of the syllables shown in A.


636

Distribution and habitat: P. anatolicus is widespread in the western Marmara region and the Th racian parts of Turkey and Greece. We fi rst collected this species from the bushes (Rubus sp.) in a glade at Kazdağı (near Açöldüren). Adults of this species can be found mainly in June from Kazdağı and also from Uludağ (about 1300 m; Heller, 1988; HS, unpublished data).

Poecilimon luschani egrigozi Ünal, 2005

Poecilimon luschani egrigozi: Ünal, 2005. Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. 131: 440.

Previous records: 1♂, Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, Sarıkız yolu, 25.06.2002, 770 m; 1♂, Kazdağı, Sarıkız tepesi, 1650 m (M. Ünal) (Ünal, 2004, as P. luschani).

Material examined: 1♂, 1♀ (in alcohol), Balıkesir: Kazdağı, Sarıkız, 23.07.2001 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş); 10♂♂ (in alcohol), same locality, 03.07.2004; 16♂♂, 7♀♀, same locality, 19-20.07.2005, 1730 m (Y. Durm uş & H. Sevgili); 2♂♂ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, Tozlu, 03.07.2004 (H. Sevgili).

Calling song: Th e songs of 5 males were analyzed. Th e calling song consisted of single crescendo syllables (duration: 87-140 ms, mean: 97 ms, n = 32, impulse number: 25-53 at 28 °C), which were produced at quite variable intervals (Figures 6A and 6B). Th e syllable period ranged from 444 to 964 ms (mean: 656, n = 32).

Remarks: Th is subspecies, recently described from Kütahya Province by Ünal (2005), is endemic to northwestern Anatolia. Our materials showed morphological similarities with P. luschani egrigozi. P. luschani lives in distinct, isolated, local populations in various habitats at high altitudes throughout the

mountains of western Anatolia. Th e taxonomic status of these populations needs to be clarifi ed based on more reliable and detailed studies covering the whole distributional area of the taxa.

Distribution and habitat: Th e nominate subspecies is distributed in Gölbaşı, between Kale and Kaş in Antalya Province (Ünal, 2005). P. luschani egrigozi is known from only Kütahya (type locality) and Balıkesir provinces. Th is interesting subspecies lives only above 1000 m on the mountain of Kazdağı, and it is associated with small herbaceous plants in lowlands and montane steppes in and around Sarıkız. Adults were found mainly on Astragalus sp. in the open areas of Sarıkız in July and August. Nymphs were seen from mid-May. Males were bioacoustically active both in daytime and at night. In the low localities, P. luschani egrigozi was collected from open-side plants in the forest. While the other 2 of the 3 Poecilimon species (P. pergamicus and P. anatolicus) that are known from Kazdağı prefer low localities and the vegetation in open-side forests and near water courses, P. l. egrigozi generally prefers high altitudes.

Poecilimon pergamicus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891

Poecilimon pergamicus: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891. Verh. der Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellsch Wien 41: 129.

Previous records: 1♂, Balıkesir: Kazdağı, Sarıkız yolu, 27.06.2002, 770 m; 1♂, Sarıkız tepesi, 25.06.2002, 1650 m; 2♂♂, 1♀, Çanakkale: Bayramiç, Kazdağı, Ayazma, 27.06.2002, 1400 m (M. Ünal) (Ünal, 2004).

Material examined: 2♂♂, 1♀ (in alcohol), Balıkesir: Kazdağı, Açöldüren, 23.07.2001, 1364 m; 7♂♂ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, 03.07.2004, 1067 m; 3♂♂ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, Tozlu altı, 23.07.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş); 1♂, same locality, 19.07.2005, 1330 m (Y. Durmuş & H. Sevgili); 1♂ (in alcohol), camping area, 03.07.2004 (H. Sevgili); 1♂ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, Hasan Boğuldu, 06.06.2005 (Y. Durmuş).

Calling song: Th e songs of 4 males were analyzed. Th e calling songs were faint and consisted of a series of syllables of variable lengths (Figures 7A and 7B). Each syllable contained 14-17 impulses and lasted

3 s

250 ms

A

B

B

Figure 6. Poecilimon luschani egrigozi: A) a sequence of 10

complete male syllables, B) 2 complete songs from A.


637

about 17 ms. Th e syllable period lasted between 0.4 and 0.95 s (mean: 0.56, n = 32). Syllables were repeated fairly regularly at the rate of about 1-3/s. Th e calling song of P. pergamicus was recorded form Bergama (İzmir Province) by Heller (1988), who found shorter syllable duration and impulse numbers.

Remarks: Th is species (Figure 8) was very similar to the northwestern Anatolian endemic species P. kutahiensis, as they have a similar external morphology, especially the shape of the male cercus. However, the shape of the male subgenital plate was clearly diff erent from P. kutahiensis. Male calling songs, which consist of a fast sequence of single syllables, are also diff erent (Heller, 1990). Th e nymphs of P. pergamicus could be found from the second week of April in Kazdağı. Adults were observed from mid-May to the end of August. Adults reached high densities in June and July and mating occurred during this period. Males were bioacoustically active mostly in the evenings and during the night.

Distribution and habitat: Known from the İzmir, Balıkesir, and Çanakkale provinces of Turkey and Lesbos Island of Greece. Th e species was found on

low herbaceous plants in glades and shrubs at the

sides of streams between 500 and 1300 m. It has not

been recorded at altitudes over 1300-1400 within

the national park. In some places, this species was

found to occur syntopically with I. canina. It was

also collected at sea level from around Bergama

(İzmir) and Alibey Island (Ayvalık) in April (HS,

unpublished data).

Tylopsis lilifolia (Fabricius, 1793)

Locusta lilifolia: Fabricius, 1793. Supplementum

Entomologiae Systematicae 2: 36.

Material examined: 1♂, 3♀♀ (in alcohol),

Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, camping area, 800

m, 25-29.08.2004; 1♂ (in alcohol), same locality,

23.07.2004; 1♂, same locality, 19.07.2005 (Y. Durmuş

& H. Sevgili); 1♀ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, camping

area-Ayı Deresi Yolu, 25.08.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y.

Durmuş).

Tettigoniinae

Anadolua schwarzi Ramme, 1939

Anadolua schwarzi: Ramme, 1939. Mitt. Zool.

Mus. Berlin 24: 68.

Material examined: 3♂♂, 3♀♀, Balıkesir:

Edremit, Kazdağı, 25.08.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y.

Durmuş) (HUZOM); 1♂ (holotype), Muğla:

southwestern Anatolia, Sandras Dağı, Köyceğiz, 2600

m, 07.1938 (Dr. O. Schwarz); 1♀ (allotype), Konya:

Anatolien, Akchehir Göl, 01.10.1934 (coll. Fuss) (in

Berlin Museum of Natural History); 1♂, Kazdağları,

Koşara yöresi, 30.07.1977, 1250 m (S. Salman).

Calling song: Th e calling songs of 3 males were

recorded at 29 °C. Th e calling song consisted of a

series of trisyllabic (sometimes disyllabic) echemes

repeated regularly at the rate of about 6-7/s (Figures

9A-9C). Th e song was most oft en broken up into

short echeme sequences separated by brief intervals

of about 0.16-0.5 s, but was also emitted without

interruption for long periods of up to 25 s or more.

Echeme sequences usually began with disyllabic

echemes; the remaining echemes consisted mainly of

3, but sometimes 4, syllables and the fi rst syllable was

usually short and oft en quiet. Each trisyllabic echeme

lasted about 55-65 ms and successive echemes were

separated by intervals of about 70-113 ms (Figure

9D). Th e syllables in each echeme usually lasted

2 s

100 ms

A

B

B

Figure 7. Poecilimon pergamicus: A) oscillogram of the male

calling song recorded at 30 °C, B) 2 syllables from A.

Figure 8. Poecilimon pergamicus (male).


638

about 15.7 ms (range: 10 to 20, n = 44), but the fi rst syllables were usually shorter (10-13 ms). Within each echeme, the syllable repetition rate was between 18/s and 21/s. Th ere were no microsyllables.

Remarks: Th ese individuals diff ered from A. schwarzi in that the structure of the pronotum and female ovipositor was shorter, with a diff erent shape. Th eir identifi cation needs to be checked.

Th e genus Anadolua is endemic to western Anatolia (Karabağ, 1952). In Kazdağı, it was seen only around Tozlu and densely in the vicinity of Sarıkız and Radar. Th is genus prefers the Astragalus sp. vegetations at high altitudes. Nymphs were seen from the end of July. Th e adults of this species (Figure 10) could be seen from mid-August to the end of September. Th is species was usually bioacoustically active at night.

Bucephaloptera bucephala (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)

Th amnotrizon bucephala: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882. Prodromus des Europaischen Orthopteren: 338.

Material examined: 1♂, 1♀, Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, camping area, 800 m, 25.08.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş); 2♂♂ (in alcohol), same locality, 23.07.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).

Calling song: Th e calling song of 1 male was recorded at 22 °C by Heller (1988) from Macedonia. Our data were diff erent from Heller’s recording in terms of repetition rate and syllable duration due to diff erent temperatures; the male calling song, produced both during the day and at night, consisted of a long series of isolated syllables repeated at intervals of about 2-10 s (mean: 4.88 s at 30 °C) (Figure 11A). Th e syllable consisted of 2 hemisyllables lasting together about 69-110 ms (mean: 90 ms, n = 35) and was repeated at the rate of about 13-28/min (Figure 11B).

Remarks: Th is widely distributed species was seen at altitudes of 500-1000 m, within forest gaps, from July to August within Kazdağı.

Decticus albifrons (Fabricius, 1775)

Locusta albifrons: Fabricius, 1775. Supplementum Entomologiae Systematicae 2: 86.

Material examined: 1♂, 1♀, Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, camping area, 800 m, 27.07.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).

Remarks: Th is species preferred the open-side gaps in forests below 1000 m. Adults were present at

2 s

0.5 s

100 ms

25 ms

D

A

B

C

C

D

B

Figure 9. Anadolua schwarzi: A) a slow oscillogram of the male

calling song, B) a faster oscillogram of the echemes

indicated in A, C) a faster oscillogram of the 7 echemes

indicated in B, D) a faster oscillogram of the 1 complete

echeme of A. schwarzi.

Figure 10. Anadolua schwarzi (female).

2 s

100 ms

A

B

B

Figure 11. Bucephaloptera bucephala: A) oscillogram of the male

calling song, B) 1 complete song from A.


639

the end of July and August and they called during the

day in hot, sunny weather. Recordings were collected

from Balıkesir-Edremit (Karabağ et al. 1971).

Metrioptera arnoldi Ramme, 1933

Metrioptera arnoldi: Ramme, 1933. Mitt. Zool.

Mus. Berlin 18(3): 422.


Edremit, Kazdağı, Sarıkız civarı, 27.07.2004; 1♂ (in

alcohol), same locality, 25.07.2004; 1♂ (in alcohol),

same locality, 23.07.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş)

(HUZOM); 1♂ (Type), Bulgarien: Pirin, Eltepe,

06-07.08.1931 (A. Müller); 1♂, 1♀, Rita (or Rila)

(Brunner von Wattenwyl); 14♂♂, 9♀♀, Macedonian:

Vodno b. Skopje, 5-800 m, 10.08.1939 (W. Ramme);

1♀, Serbien: Suva Planina oberh Duschnik, 1200

m, 24.07.1939 (W. Ramme) (in Berlin Museum of

Natural History).

Diagnosis and affi nities: M. arnoldi belongs to

same subgenus, Broughtonia, as M. domogledi, known

from the Balkans. Its general appearance resembles

that of M. domogledi and the Bicolorana subgenus,

usually greenish in color with black lateral stripes on

the posterior part of the head and pronotum (Figures

12A-12C). Pronotum dorsally fl at, slightly widened

in metazona. Tegmina short, reaching almost to the

middle of the abdomen in males (Figures 12B-12D).

Male cerci are curved inwards, with a robust apex

and a small inner tooth that is slightly upcurved

(Figure 12E). Th is species is clearly related to M.

domogledi and can be easily distinguished from it

by more robust teeth of the cercus and a subgenital

plate with a triangular excision in males (Figure 12F).

Females are characterized by a subgenital plate that

has a deep excision, but not reaching to the middle,

as illustrated by Harz (1969). Diagnostic morphology

of our female specimens fi ts the descriptions given by

Ramme (1933b) and Harz (1969).

Calling song: Th e songs of 3 males were recorded

at 29 °C. Th e calling song consisted of long sequences

of echemes repeated at an average rate of 4.6/s (range:

4 to 5, n = 28) (Figures 13A-13C). Each echeme

consisted of 3 or 4 syllables (Figures 13C and 13D).

Opening hemisyllables were usually present, though

oft en quiet. Th e closing hemisyllables always lasted

longer than the opening hemisyllables, usually about

16.8 ms (range: 14 to 19, n = 30), and were repeated

within an echeme at the rate of about 18/s (range: 15 to 20, n = 28). Th e opening syllables were shorter, not more than 6 ms. Th e duration of a single echeme period was about 213 ms (range: 196 to 225, n = 74) and the interval between 2 echemes was about 106 ms (range: 80 to 133, n = 74). Th e duration of echeme was about 106 ms (range: 80 to 129, n = 74). Th e duration of the echeme depended on the number of syllables in each echeme.

Th e calling song of M. arnoldi was very similar to that of M. brachyptera, M. saussuriana, M. caprai, and M. bicolor, in that it had a long series of polysyllabic echemes (Ragge and Reynolds, 1998; Buzzetti et al., 2006). When the songs of these species were compared, they diff ered in syllable repetition rate, echeme repetition rate, syllable number per echeme, and whether they had a microsyllable or not. Th ese bioacoustic parameters are listed in Table 1.

Remarks: Th is species is known as a Balkan endemic species. According to previous authors, its distribution mainly covered Bulgaria at a considerable range of altitudes, from sea level up to about 2200 m (Ramme, 1933b; Warchalowska-Sliva et al., 1987; Heller et al., 1998). We collected our specimens at high altitudes in Kazdağı.

Parapholidoptera castaneoviridis (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)

Th amnotrizon castaneoviridis: Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882. Prodromus des Europaischen Orthopteren: 337.

Material examined: 8♂♂, 3♀♀ (5♂♂, 2♀♀ in alcohol), Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, Sarıkız, 23.07.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş); 1♂, same locality, 19.07.2005 (Y. Durmuş & H. Sevgili); 1♂ (in alcohol), same locality, 25.07.2004; 1♂ (in alcohol), Açöldüren mevkii, 39°42ʹN, 26°53ʹE, 1364 m, 23.07.2001 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).

Calling song: Th e songs of 2 males were recorded. Th e genus Parapholidoptera was revised by Çıplak (2000) and the song pattern of some species was adapted on the cladogram given by Çıplak and Heller (2006). Th e song pattern was oft en relatively similar within the species groups (Heller, 2006). Heller (1988) recorded the male calling song and stridulatory movements of P. castaneoviridis from Bursa and Edirne. Our recording was similar to his data. Th e


640

Figure 12. Metrioptera arnoldi (male): A) head and pronotum from above, B) tegmina

from above, C) head and pronotum in lateral view, D) tegmina in lateral

view, E) cerci and apex of titillators, F) subgenital plate from below.


641

male calling song consisted of echemes separated by variable intervals (several seconds; Figure 14A). Within each syllable group (5-8 syllables), the amplitude increased at the beginning, remained constant, and then slightly decreased toward the end (Figure 14B). Th e echeme duration was between 268 and 420 ms (mean: 335 ms at 29 °C, n = 6). Th e song period was longer and measured about 2.78-4.20 s.

Remarks: Th is species (Figure 15) generally lives at high altitudes and is spread within the northern Aegean region of Turkey, the island of Samothrace (Greece), and the southern Balkans (Çıplak, 2000). In Kazdağı, it was spread from approximately 800 m to higher al titudes, and it lived in scrub vegetation

within forest gaps and bush at higher altitudes. It was bioacoustically active at night. Nymphs appeared in June and adults were present from mid-July to the end of August. It has been recorded from the vicinity of Balıkesir, Savaştepe-Soma Road (Çıplak, 2000).

Table 1. Some bioacoustic parameters of Metrioptera arnoldi and some related taxa.

Species Syllable/echemeSyllable rep.

rate/s

Echeme rep.

rate/s

Microsyllables added

to an echemeLiterature

M. arnoldi 3-4 18 (15-20) 4.6 (4-5) no microsyllables Our data

M. brachyptera 3-4 35-55 4-7 no microsyllables Ragge and Reynolds (1998)

M. saussuriana 5-10 65 2-6 2-6 Ragge and Reynolds (1998)

M. caprai spp. 8-15 32.5-60 1.7-4.2 3-6 Buzzetti et al. (2006)

M. bicolor 3 80-120 15-25 no microsyllablesHeller (1988); Ragge and

Reynolds (1998)

0.5 s

2.5 s

50 ms

D

A

B

C

C

D

B

Figure 13. Song structure of male Metrioptera arnoldi: A) an

echeme sequence of the male calling song, B) and

C) faster oscillograms of the echemes, D) 2 complete

echemes from C.

0.5 s

50 ms

A

B

B

Figure 14. Parapholidoptera castaneoviridis: A) 2 echemes of the

song recorded at 29 °C, B) a faster oscillogram of the

echeme indicated in A.

Figure 15. Parapholidoptera castaneoviridis (male).


642

Platycleis (Platycleis) intermedia intermedia (Serville, 1839)

Decticus intermedia: Serville, 1839 [1838]. Histoire naturelle des insectes. Orthoptères: 488.

Previous records: 2♀♀, Balıkesir: Edremit yolu, Dereören-Eğmir kavşağı, 150 m, 13.07.1996; 1♂, Edremit, Kazdağı, Zeytinli Yayla mevki, 750-800 m, 20.07.1998; 2♀♀, Edremit, Kazdağı, Zeytinli, Tuzlugöl mevki, 1400 m, 20.07.1998 (B. Çıplak) (Çıplak et al., 2002b).

Material examined: 1♂, 4♀♀ (3♀♀ in alcohol), Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, camping area, 800 m, 25.08.2004; 2♂♂,3 ♀♀ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, camping area, 03.07.2004; 1♂ (in alcohol), same locality, 24.07.2004; 1♂ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, Sarıkız, 23.07.2004; 1♂ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, camping area-Ayı Deresi yolu, 26.05.2005; 1♂, 1♀ (in alcohol), same locality, 25.08.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).

Platycleis (Platycleis) affi nis affi nis Fieber, 1853

Platycleis affi nis: Fieber, 1853. Lotos 3: 150.

Material examined: 4♀♀ (3♀♀ in alcohol), Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, camping area, 03.07.2004; 1♂ (in alcohol), same locality, 23.07.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş); 4♀♀ (in alcohol), same locality, 04.06.2005 (Y. Durmuş); 2♂♂, 5♀♀, same locality, 19.07.2005 (Y. Durmuş & H. Sevgili).

Calling song: We analyzed the songs of 2 males. Our data were similar to previous oscillograms published for this species (e.g. Heller, 1988; Ragge and Reynolds, 1988; Oliveira et al., 2001) but slightly diff ered in the duration of the echemes and macro-microsyllables; the calling song consisted of mixed echemes usually lasting about 0.6-4.35 s (mean: 2.68 s at 29 °C, n = 15) (Figure 16A). Th e echeme period was quite variable, between 3.3 and 13.5 s. Each echeme consisted of macrosyllables (mean: 33) and usually ended with a series of about 18 microsyllables (Figures 16B and 16C). Th e macrosyllables usually lasted about 48-88 ms and were repeated at the rate of about 10-11/s. Th e duration of the microsyllables was about 1-5 ms and they repeated at the rate of about 29-33/s.

Remarks: Although this species lives in the same habitat as the previous species, it prefers lower altitudes. Adults could be seen in June-September and were bioacoustically active at night and daytime.

Rhacocleis acutangula Karabağ, 1957

Rhacocleis acutangula: Karabağ, 1957. Comm. Fac. Sci. Univ. Ankara, Ser. C Sc. Nat. 8(1): 15.

Material examined: 3♂♂, 2♀♀, Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, camping area-Ayı Deresi yolu, 25.08.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş); 1♂, 4♀♀, Kazdağları, Ayı Deresi, 900 m, 30.07.1977; 1♂, Kazdağları, Koşara yöresi, 1250 m, 30.07.1977 (S. Salman).

Calling song: Th e songs of 2 males were recorded. Th e basic structure of the song was quite similar to that of R. werneri from Greece and R. neglecta from Italy (Heller, 1988; Ragge and Reynolds, 1998). Th e quiet calling song, produced especially at night,

0.5 s

2 sA

B

B

C

C

Figure 16. Platycleis affi nis: A) 2 complete echemes, B) and C) 2

faster, diff erent oscillograms indicated in A.

250 ms

1 s

5 sA

B

B

C

C

Figure 17. Song structure of male Rhacocleis acutangula: A)

an echeme sequence of the male calling song, B) 10

complete echemes of the echeme sequence indicated

in A, C) a faster oscillogram of the 4 echemes

indicated in B.


643

consisted of a sequence of dense echemes, each lasting about 80-160 ms (mean: 136 ms, n = 27) and consisting of about 3-6 diplosyllables (usually 5) (Figures 17A-17C). Th e period of echemes was between 424 and 837 ms (mean: 542 ms at 29 °C, n = 27). Th e echemes were repeated regularly at a rate of 2-3/s.

Remarks: Th e genus Rhacocleis is represented by 5 species in Turkey (Çıplak et al., 2002a; Otte et al., 2004). R. acutangula (Figure 18) and is an endemic species spread throughout the vicinity of Balıkesir. In Kazdağı National Park, this species lives in forest gaps and along-roadside vegetation at altitudes between 500-1000 m. It was bioacoustically active mainly at night. Adults were mostly present in August and September.

Tettigonia viridissima Linnaeus, 1758

Gryllus (Tettigonia) viridissimus: Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna tria naturae (10th ed.) 1: 429.

Material examined: 1♂, Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, Tozlu, 03.07.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).

Saginae

Saga natoliae Serville, 1839

Saga natoliae: Serville, 1839 [1838]. Histoire naturelle des insectes. Orthoptères: i-xviii, 1-776, pl. 1-14.

Previous records: 2♀♀, Balıkesir-Edremit yolu, 7. km, 14.07.1969 (Karabağ et al., 1971).

Material examined: 2♂♂, Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, camping area, 03.07.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).

Remarks: Th e range of this species covers the southern Balkans, northeastern Greece, some eastern Aegean islands (Willemse, 1984), Th race, Anatolia, and the Mediterranean’s eastern coast. We collected this species (Figure 19) only from one locality associated with dense, tall grass or low shrubs in the Yayla-Kamp area of the national park. Males of S. natoliae began to call in the late aft ernoon and evening. As with other Saginae species, this species is a carnivorous insect and showed nocturnal activity. It is quite rare in a few habitats and it is a very important predator for biocontrol in nature. It should be protected.

Grylloidea

Oecanthidae

Oecanthinae

Oecanthus pellucens (Scopoli, 1763)

Gryllus pellucens: Scopoli, 1763. Entomologia carniolica, exibens Insecta Carniolae indigera: 32.

Material examined: 1♂ (in alcohol), Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, camping area, 23.07.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).

Remarks: Th e tree cricket Oecanthus pellucens has a wide distribution that is associated with the xerothermous ecological conditions of steppes and woody steppe biotopes in Turkey. It lives typically in bush trees and high herbs and stridulates during the night.

Figure 18. Rhacocleis acutangula (female).

Figure 19. Saga natoliae (male).


644

Acridoidea

Pamphagidae

Orchaminae

Orchamus davisi Uvarov, 1949

Orchamus davisi: B.P. Uvarov, 1949. Bull. Soc. Fauad l er. d’Ent. 33: 8.

Material examined: 3♂♂ (in alcohol), 1♀, Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, Milli Park girişi-camping area yolu, 500 m, 03.07.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).

Remarks: Th is species (Figure 20) inhabits most maquis and pine forest vegetation from sea level to about 800 m.

Nocarodesinae

Paranocaracris rubripes burri (Uvarov, 1949)

Nocarodes burri: B.P. Uvarov, 1949. Bull. Soc. Fauadler. d’Ent. 33: 1-9.

Material examined: 4♂♂, 7♀♀ (in alcohol), Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, Sarıkız, 1700 m, 23.07.2004; 7♂♂, 3♀♀ (in alcohol), same locality, 03.07.2004; 3♂♂, 4♀♀, same locality, 1730 m, 19-20.07.2005 (Y. Durmuş & H. Sevgili); 6♂♂, 2♀♀ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, Tozlu altı, 23.07.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş); 2♂♂, 6♀♀ (in alcohol), same locality, 04.06.2005 (Y. Durmuş); 1♂, 2♀♀ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, Tozlu altı, 1360 m, 03.07.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş); 5♀♀ (in alcohol), same locality, 04.06.2005 (Y. Durmuş); 1♂, same locality, 1330 m, 19.07.2005 (Y. Durmuş & H. Sevgili); 3♂♂, 1♀ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, Tozlu mevki, 1400 m, 04.06.2005 (Y. Durmuş); 1♀, same locality, 20.07.2005 (Y. Durmuş & H. Sevgili).

Remarks: P. rubripes burri (Figure 21) is an endemic subspecies of Anatolia and widespread in the northwestern part of Anatolia. Within the Anatolian range of the genus, there are a large number of endemic subspecies having a restricted distribution (Demirsoy, 1973, 1977b; Ünal, 2002). Th is species can oft en be found around Sarıkız from May to September.

Acridoidea

Acrididae

Calliptaminae

Calliptamus italicus italicus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Gryllus italicus: Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae

per Regna tria naturae (10th ed.) 1: 432.

Material examined: 6♂♂, 7♀♀ (in alcohol),

Balıkesir: Kazdağı, camping area, 800 m, 03.07.2004;

1♂ (in alcohol), same locality, 23.07.2004 (H. Sevgili

& Y. Durmuş).

Remark: It occurs frequently in montane habitats

and lives in dry, stony, open meadows.

Catantopinae

Pezotettix anatolica Uvarov, 1934

Pezotettix anatolica: Uvarov, 1934. Eos. 10: 112

Material examined: 1♂, 2♀♀ (in alcohol),

Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, Zeytinli Çayı, 17.08.2005

(H. Sevgili).

Remark: P. anatolica is a typical Mediterranean

species. It prefers the ground of Pinus forests in

lowlands to submontane areas.

Cyrtacanthacridinae

Anacridium aegyptium (Linnaeus, 1764)

Gryllus aegyptium: Linnaeus, 1764. Museum

S.R.M. Ludovicae Ulricae Reginae, etc.: 138.Figure 20. Orchamus davisi (female).

Figure 21. Paranocaracris rubripes burri (female).


645

Material examined: 1♀, Balıkesir: Edremit,

Akçay, 19.08.2005 (I. Acar).

Remark: Afro-eremial species, typically found in

dry habitats.

Gomphocerinae

Chorthippus (Glyptobothrus) biguttulus

euhedickei Helversen, 1989

Chorthippus biguttulus euhedickei: Helversen,

1989. Articulata 4: 28.

Material examined: 1♀, Balıkesir: Kazdağı,

camping area, 19.07.2005, 800 m; 1♂♂, 4♀♀,

Tozlu altı, 19.07.2005, 1330 m; 2♂♂, Tozlu mevki,

20.07.2005, 1400 m (leg. Y. Durmuş & H. Sevgili).

Remarks: Th is subspecies, separated from the

nominal one by bioacoustic characters, is known

from Macedonia, northern Greece, and western

Anatolia (Helversen, 1989; Willemse et al., 2009).

Chorthippus (Glyptobothrus) bornhalmi Harz,

1971

Chorthippus bornhalmi: Harz, 1971. Atalanta

Munnerstadt 3: 336.

Material examined: 1♂, 1♀ (in alcohol),

Balıkesir: Kazdağı, camping area, 800 m, 04.06.2005

(Y. Durmuş); 8 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, Kazdağı, Tozlu mevki,

20.07.2005, 1400 m; 3♂♂, 1♀, camping area,

19.07.2005, 800 m; 5♂♂, 6♀♀, Tozlu altı, 1330 m,

19.07.2005 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).

Chorthippus (Glyptobothrus) kazdaghensis Mol

and Çıplak, 2005

Chorthippus (Glyptobothrus) kazdaghensis: Mol

and Çıplak, 2005. In: Çiplak, Mol, Sirin, Zeybekoglu

and Taylan. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 131(3-4):

470.

Previous records: 6♂♂, 4♀♀, Balıkesir: Edremit,

Kazdağı, Sarıkız, 1700 m, 21.08.2003; 6♂♂, 3♀♀,

same locality, 1720 m, 23.07.2001; 2♂♂, 1♀, Kazdağı,

Açöldüren, 1400 m, 23.08.2001, Çıplak et al. 2005 (A.

Mol).

Material examined: 1♂, 2♀♀, Balıkesir: Kazdağı,

Sarıkız zirve, 1730 m, 20.07.2005 (H. Sevgili).

Remark: Th is recently described species (Figure

22) is known only from the type locality.

Dociostaurus (Dociostaurus) maroccanus

(Th unberg, 1815)

Gryllus maroccanus: Th unberg, 1815. Mem. Acad.

Imp. Sc i. St. Peterburg 5: 211-301.

Material examined: 5♂♂, 6♀♀ (1♂, 1♀ in

alcohol), Balıkesir: Kazdağı, camping area, 800 m,

03.07.2004; 3♂♂, 3♀♀, same locality, 19.07.2005 (H.

Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).

Remark: It is a common, important plague locust

in Turkey.

Myrmeleotettix maculatus maculatus (Th unberg, 1815)

Gomphocerus maculatus: Th unberg, 1815. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Peterburg 5: 221.

Material examined: 14♂♂, 20♀♀, Balıkesir: Kazdağı, Sarıkız, 1730 m, 19.07.2005; 3♂♂, same locality, 19.07.2005 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).

Remark: Th is cold-tolerant species inhabits highlands, and males called during the day in open areas within some alpine steppe vegetation in Kazdağı.

Stenobothrus fi scheri fi scheri (Eversmann, 1848)

Oedipoda fi scheri: Eversmann, 1848. Additamenta quaedam levia ad Fischeri de Waldheim Orthoptera Rossica 11.

Figure 22. Chorthippus kazdaghensis (female).


646

Material examined: 2♂♂, 2♀♀, Balıkesir: Kazdağı, Sarıkız zirve, 1730 m, 20.07.2005; 3♂♂, 6♀♀, same locality, 23.07.2004 (Y. Durmuş & H. Sevgili).

Remark: Like other Stenobothrus, the species lives in montane to alpine meadows. We collected it from the highlands of Kazdağı.

Remark: Th is cold-tolerant species inhabits highlands, and males called in open areas within some alpine steppe vegetation in Kazdağı during the day.

Oedipodinae

Acrotylus insubricus insubricus (Scopoli, 1786)

Gryllus insubricus: Scopoli, 1786. Delicidae forae

et faunae insubricae: 64.

Material examined: 1♀, Balıkesir: Edremit,

Kazdağı, camping area, 800 m, 04.06.2005 (H. Sevgili

& Y. Durmuş); 1♂, 1♀ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, Zeytinli

Çayı, 17.08.2005 (H. Sevgili); 1♂, 1♀ (in alcohol),

Kazdağı, Tozlu altı, 23.07.2004; 2♂♂ (1♂ nymph),

3♀♀ (1♀ nymph) (in alcohol), Kazdağı, camping

area-Ayı Deresi yolu, 25.08.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y.

Durmuş).

Remark: In the summer, A. insubricus insubricus

could be found in various sites of the national park,

all located in the intertidal zone at the water’s edge,

from June to October.

Aiolopus strepens strepens (Latreille, 1804)

Acrydium strepens: Latreille, 1804 [1802]. Hist.

Nat. Crust. Ins. 3(12): 154.

Material examined: 1♀ (in alcohol), Balıkesir:

Edremit, Kazdağı, Zeytinli Çayı, 17.08.2005 (H.

Sevgili); 1♀ (in alcohol), Kazdağı, camping area-Ayı

Deresi yolu, 25.08.2004 (H. Sevgili).

Remarks: During the study period, it was only

found in sites with wet, fi ne soil.

Oedipoda aurea (Uvarov, 1923)

Oedipoda germanica aurea: B.P. Uvarov, 1923.

Ent. Monthly Mag. 3(9): 32.

Material examined: 4♂♂, Balıkesir: Kazdağı,

camping area, 800 m, 19.07.2005 (Y. Durmuş & H.

Sevgili).

Oedipoda caerulescens caerulescens (Linnaeus,

1758)

Gryllus (Locusta) caerulescens: Linnaeus, 1758.

Systema Naturae per Regna tria naturae (10th ed.) 1:

432.


Kazdağı, camping area, 800 m, 19.07.2005 (Y.

Durmuş & H. Sevgili).

Remarks: O. caerulescens was found to cohabit

oft en with O. miniata and O. aurea in vegetation on

rocks and bare slopes near the forest. However, O.

aurea was quite rare in the study area and preferred

midle altitudes.

Oedipoda miniata (Pallas, 1771)

Gryllus miniatus: Pallas, 1771. Reisen durch verschiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reiches: 467.

Material examined: 4♂♂, 5♀♀, Balıkesir: Kazdağı, camping area, 800 m, 19.07.2005 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).

Tetrigoidea

Tetrigidae

Tetriginae

Uvarovitettix depressus (Brisout de Barneville, 1848)

Tetrix depressa: Brisout de Barneville, 1848. Ann. Soc. Ent. France (n.s.) (2)6: 424.

Material examined: 1♂, 3♀♀ (in alcohol), Balıkesir: Edremit, Kazdağı, Tozlu altı, Dere kenarı, 1300 m, 23.07.2005 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş); 1♀, same locality, 1330 m, 19.07.2005 (Y. Durmuş & H. Sevgili).

Remark: Typically, this pygmy grasshopper is found along streams and ponds. Th e species is, like all Tetrigidae species, hygrophilous and thermophilous.

MANTODEA

Mantidae

Mantinae

Mantis religiosa religosa (Linnaeus, 1758)

Gryllus (Mantis) religiosa: Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat. (10th ed.) 1: 426.

Material examined: 2♂♂ (in alcohol), Balıkesir:


647

Kazdağı, camping area-Ayı Deresi yolu, 800 m, 29.08.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).

Miomantinae

Rivetina fasciata Th unberg, 1815

Rivetina fasciata: Th unberg, 1815. Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. 5: 292.

Material examined: 1♂ (Figure 23) (in alcohol), Balıkesir: Kazdağı, camping area, 29.08.2004 (A. Demirsoy).

Tarachodidae

Tarachodinae

Iris oratoria (Linnaeus, 1758)

Gryllus (Mantis) oratorius: Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat. (10th ed.) 1: 426.

Material examined: 1♀ (in alcohol), Balıkesir: Kazdağı, Zeytinli Çayı, 17.08.2004 (H. Sevgili & Y. Durmuş).

Remark: Th is beautiful species was recorded from

Savaştepe (Balıkesir) by Demirsoy (1977a).

Discussion

Fauna

In Kazdağı National Park, 34 species/subspecies

belonging to 27 genera within 5 families were

confi rmed to occur. In addition, 3 praying mantises

belonging to 3 genera were collected from Kazdağı

(Table 2).

Endemic taxa

Isophya cania, Poecilimon luschani egrigozi,

Anadolua schwarzi, Rhacocleis acutangula,

Paranocaracris rubripes burri, and Chorthippus

(Glyptobothrus) kazdaghensis are endemic to the

region. Of these species, Isophya cania is quite

remarkable since its distribution range is limited

only to the Balıkesir, Gönen, and Kazdağı areas.

Metrioptera (Broughtonia) arnoldi was previously

known from the Balkans. In this study, it was collected

from high meadows in August from Kazdağı.

Anadolua schwarzi, which was known from western

Anatolia, was also found in the study area. One of

the interesting species from Kazdağı is Chorthippus

(Glyptobothrus) kazdaghensis, belonging to the C.

demokidovi group, which occurs in open areas within

forests (about 1400 m) and alpine zones at high

altitudes.

Figure 23. Rivetina fasciata (female).

Table 2. Number of species of Orthoptera and Mantodea in Kazdağı National Park.

Order Family Number of species Endemic

Orthoptera Tettigoniidae 16 4

ʺ Oecanthidae 1 --

ʺ Tetrigidae 1 --

ʺ Pamphagidae 2 1

ʺ Acrididae 14 1

Mantodea Mantidae 3 --

Total 37 6


648

Altitudinal preferences and faunal connection

Altitudinal distribution and habitat preferences of Orthoptera are variable among species whose specifi city can be directly related to the availability of food plants and climatic conditions. Our observations showed that the species can be grouped into 3 altitudinal zones (Figure 24). Th e Uvarovitettix, Oedipoda, Platycleis, Bucephaloptera, Saga, Poecilimon pergamicus, P. anatolicus, Chorthippus, Tylopsis, and Rhacocleis species were predominant in habitats within forest gaps and at water edges at medium altitudes (800-1400 m) within Kazdağı, while Isophya, Poecilimon luschani, Anadolua, Metrioptera, Paranocaracris, Stenobothrus, Myrmeleotettix, and Chorthippus kazdaghensis preferred mostly high elevation habitats (1400-1700 m). Among the recorded genera, Mantis, Iris, Acrometopa, Anacridium, and Orchamus were observed at low to medium elevations (<800 m) within the mountains of Kazdağı National Park. As a typical Mediterranean species, Orchamus davisi prefers habitats underneath pines and along roadsides at low altitudes within the national park.

Within the national park, the fi rst species from which adults are recorded aft er winter was Paranocaracris rubripes, which winters as a last instar

nymph. Adults of the species of genera Metrioptera, Anadolua, Rhacocleis, and Chorthippus could be seen all the way into autumn within the study region.

When the Orthoptera fauna of Kazdağı is compared to the Orthoptera fauna of Greece and the Balkans (Willemse, 1984; Heller et al., 1998; Popov and Chobanov, 2004; Popov, 2007), similarities at both the generic and species level are evident (with Bulgaria, for detail, see Popov, 2007). Th e Parapholidoptera castaneoviridis, Bucephaloptera bucephala, Saga natoliae, Platycleis spp., Tylopsis lilifolia, Acrometopa syriaca, Isophya, Poecilimon, Metrioptera arnoldi, Paranocaracris, Myrmeleotettix maculatus, Chorthippus spp., Stenobothrus spp., and Oedipoda spp. species within Kazdağı are also distributed within the Th race region and Bulgaria.

Biogeography

Koç (2007) stated that neotectonic movements, especially from the Oligocene (about 30 mya) and Miocene (about 16 mya) to the Pleistocene (about 1.8 mya), were the determinant factor in the geomorphological features of Kazdağı. In the earlier periods of this time scale, Kazdağı was a lowland area, partly covered by lakes and seas. Climate and land morphology changed due to tectonic processes and the Mediterranean climate dominated the Kazdağı region during the Pliocene period (Fairbridge et al., 1997). Both geomorphological evolution and climate change aff ected the distribution patterns of numerous terrestrial fauna. Th e climatological shift s in the past triggered the distribution of many taxa into numerous allopatrically isolated small habitats. A number of recent studies have documented that the glacial cycles within the Pleistocene presented opportunities for dispersal and admixture, while the warmer interglacial periods resulted in vicariance and isolation for high altitude fauna such as those found within Kazdağı (e.g. Hewitt, 1996, 2000; Demirsoy, 2002; Çıplak, 2003b, 2008). It is possible that Kazdağı off ered a single homogenous and continuous periglacial and refugial mountain throughout the Pleistocene. Some short-winged grasshoppers, bush-crickets, and toad grasshoppers have restricted ranges due to their limited mobility. Most of them might have evolved vicariantly, subsequent to the dispersal of their ancestors. For example, I. cania and I. thracica are evaluated in the same subgroup phylogenetically

Figure 24. Th e number of the species and their distribution

depends on the altitudes in Kazdağı National Park.

1011

7

1 1

3

6

1

1

4

0

5

10

15

20

25

Tettig

oniidae

Oec

anth

idae

Tetrig

idae

Pamphag

idae

Acr

idid

ae

>1400 m

800-1400 m

<800 m


649

(Sevgili, 2004a), but their distribution does not overlap geographically due to their divergence from the ancestral taxa. While I. thracica has a northern distribution and prefers suitable habitats at low altitudes within Th race, I. cania has a restricted distribution within Balıkesir Province but occurs everywhere around Kazdağı, in glades and on high mountain tops, at elevations from 1000 to 1700 m. Another interesting example is Metrioptera arnoldi, which has a disjunct distribution from the Balkan region to Kazdağı. Present data show that both the Balkan (Bulgaria and Serbia) and the Anatolian populations of M. arnoldi prefer mainly alpine zones within the mountains. Th ere are no high mountains between these populations and no faunistic record in this intermediate region. Th e distribution of several taxa demonstrates the very close faunal connections between the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor (Kenyeres et al., 2009), i e. Parapholidoptera castaneoviridis and Poecilimon anatolicus.

All species of the Anatolian endemic genus Anadolua were distributed allopatrically on diff erent isolated mountains (e.g. Bozdağ, Sandras Dağı, Honaz Dağı) in the western part of Turkey (Karabağ, 1952, 1958), and the genus was represented by one mountain-top species in Kazdağı, which covers the northernmost distribution of the genus. In support of this pattern, the distribution of Poecilimon luschani, Paranocaracris, and some short-winged species of Chorthippus (the C. demokidovi group) shows similar distributional patterns within Anatolia (many genera biogeographically revised by Çıplak, 2003b, 2008). Most of them probably derived from a single ancestral species by habitat fragmentation and geographical isolation. For example, Paranocaracris includes 23 taxa, known from Greece, Bulgaria, and Anatolia. More than half of these taxa are distributed

as subspecies on many geographically isolated high mountains throughout Anatolia, which is thought to be the radiation center of the genus (Demirsoy, 1973, 2002). Th ey prefer stony and rocky habitats and relatively poor alpine steppes, like P. rubripes burri, which inhabits mountain tops in Kazdağı.

Most of the species from the area are mainly Mediterranean elements that occur all over the Mediterranean zones, but in diff erent habitats (e.g. Tylopsis, Acrometopa, Bucephaloptera, Platycleis, Rhacocleis, Oecanthus, Orchamus, Calliptamus, Acrotylus).

In conclusion, this study provides baseline data of the Orthoptera and Mantodea fauna of Kazdağı Natural Park for future conservation eff orts. Th ese mountains host several endemic species and some isolated local populations belonging to highland-inhabiting species of Orthoptera. Understanding the exact biogeographical implications and faunal exchange between the Balkans and Anatolia must wait until additional data from the entire Biga Peninsula are gathered.

Acknowledgements

Th is study was supported by the Scientifi c and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK, YDABAG-103Y110). We are grateful to the National Park Department of Edremit and H. Basri Avcı for help during the fi eld studies. Our thanks go to M. Ohl for kind help in working with the collection of Orthoptera at the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin (ZMHB). We are much indebted to D. Chobanov, who kindly lent us specimens of M. arnoldi from Bulgaria, and İ.K. Sağlam, who corrected the English. We thank 4 anonymous reviewers for the critical reading of the manuscript.

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Warchalowska-Sliva, E., Michailova, P. and Peshev, G. 1987.

Karyological studies of Metrioptera arnoldi Rme (Decticidae)

and Ancistrura nigrovittata (Br.) (Phaneropteridae:

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Willemse, F. and Willemse, L. 2008. An annotated checklist of the

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Databanks

OSF: Orthoptera Species File Online (www.tettigonia.com).

SysTax (a Database System for Systematics and Taxonomy): http://.

biologie.uni-ulm.de/systax/daten/index.html.

Important Plant Areas in Europee: http://www.plantlife-ipa.org.

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