Plenary DiscussionBlok 3Basic Medical Sciences I

By :TUTORIAL 11

Fakultas Kedokteran UmumUniversitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta2011

Tutorial 11 FITRIANA(154) MARATUN NAJAH(155) FEBIOLA FUJIOKA(156) RETNO AMBAR RUKMI(157) NOR FARIKHAH(158) MARCHADINDA INGGRIANI S(159) GHINNA SEPTHIANA P(160) INTAN PERMATA SARI(161) RHEZA TUSZAKKA (162) DHINI PRATIWI(163) RIANITA NURSANTI(164) TIYA REPA S(165) PAGELLA PASCARELLA(166) FAREZA ZESARIO(167)

Clarifying unfamiliar terms1. Capabilities : Power or performance2. Mens Varsity Eight : Such as a grup3. Coxswain : A chairman of varsity eight4. Excitement : Euforia, sensational, or commotion.5. Body Temperature : About cold or warm on body human6. Distraction : Confuse, bewildereed, flustered.7. Triumphant :Victorius8. Dehydration : Loss of body fluid

Problem definitions1. Why does the athlete feel pain in his muscle after having exercise?2. Why does the heart rate increase right before he starts the race?3. Why does the athlete lose his weight in the end of the race?4. Why does the frequency of heart rate increase after exercise?5. Why does the bodys temperature increase after exercise?

Brainstorming1. Because blood flow is less than the muscles need2. Because of the anticipatory response3. Because the athlete has a water loss or dehydration4. In order to have a homeostatic mechanisme5. In order to have a homeostatic mechanisme

Analyzing the problem

Body Temperature Obtained from literature, the existence of a human activity carried out, will raise the temperature of the body. From the data obtained, it can be seen that there is an increase in body temperature in the experiment object. In the experiment the body temperature of objects between before and after the move is not very different light. On a mild activity, body temperature Hida between before and after light activity only 0.1 different one, even at body temperature Sella fixed or not change, 36.9. Normal human body temperature ranges from 36.8 to 37.4. This indicates that the activity light is not too much to raise the temperature of the human body. In theory, it should be the object of strenuous experiments there was an increase in body temperature is higher than in light activity. But it may be seen from experimental data that the increase in body temperature in strenuous activity is just 0.1, just as in light activity. The difference is only, in light activities, objects experiment that increased body temperature, while only 1 person at a heavy activity, obek experiment that increased temperature is both. The increase in body temperature is caused because thermoregulasi process conducted by the body. Human enzyme to work effectively at 37 C. Central temperature regulation in the hypothalamus of the brain. There are several effectors that are involved. Temperature regulated by several mechanisms. Fluctuations in temperature detected by a receptor called thermoreseptor, example is the skin. If we are too hot or cold either because of the influence of in our bodies, it will thermoreseptor memgirimkan nerve impulses to the hypothalamus. Next hypothalamus sends messages to the effector responses such as skin to increase or reduce heat loss from the surface in various ways.

Respiration frequencyWe can be seen increase the frequency of respiration after performing the activity. Whether it's mild or severe activity were both increased, only after doing heavy activity, increase of frequency of respiration will be more than after a mild activity. Appropriate literature, at rest, approximately 200ml of Oxygen on the amount that consumed 1 quart of blood every minute. During strenuous activity, use of oxygen can be increased up to 30-fold. Therefore there must be a mechanism to adjust respiration effort to metabolic demands. Basic rhythm of respiration is controlled by the nervous system in the medulla and pons. To answer the demands of the body of this rhythm can be changed. The size of the chest cavity is influenced by respiratory muscle activity. These muscles contract and relax in response to nerve impulses are transmitted to him from the center of the brain. In addition, the most common mechanism to control this is the feedback inhibition: Product inhibit anabolic-end path (inhibit) enzyme menngkatalisis initial step path. This will mecegah diversion major metabolic intermediates that are being used for more important activities to something that is less necessary. Cells also control the katabolismenya. If the cell is having to work hard and his ATP concentrations start to decline, respiration will be more rapid. When there are a lot of ATP to meet demand, slowing respiration, organic molecules mencadangkdan worth it for other functions. From the literature study, diketahuiu also that one of the factors affecting the increase in frequency of respiration is the increase in body temperature because the muscle work harder, so that the respiration rate increases.

Heart FrequencyWe can be seen frequency nadi after conducting the activity, whether mild or severe activity will increase the frequency pulse. Just like at the frequency of respiration, pulse rate of increase in activity is more severe than in mild activity. This indicates that the more serious activities, the higher the pulse frequency. This is in accordance with one result of the positive feedback theory that the blood vessels that drain the skin will be widened to carry more heat out of the body if the body temperature rises, so this resulted in decreased blood pressure. If blood pressure decreases, receptors in the carotid arteries will detect it and send signals to the brain. The brain then sends messages to the heart to accelerate the pulse so that the flow of blood pumped pingkatan larger and resulted in blood pressure.

SweatThis is a sign that the body perform regulatory effect of increased body temperature. If we are too hot because of the influence of in our bodies, then thermoreseptor will send nerve impulses to the hypothalamus. Next hypothalamus sends messages to the effector responses such as skin to increase heat loss from the surface by:- Increased body temperature responded with the establishment of hair feathers (piloereksi) due to contraction of the muscles of the skin- Glands under the skin will secrete sweat to the skin surface to increase heat loss by evaporation if the body temperature rises. Secretion of sweat will stop if body temperature is back to normal.

- Blood vessels that drain the skin will be widened to carry more heat out of the body(vasodilatation) if the body temperature rises, and blood vessels will shrink (vasoconstriction) to minimize heat loss through the skin when the body temperature is normal again.

DehydrationThe mechanism to control the quantity of fluid in the body involve hipofisis glande in the base of brain. If the body is lack of water the hipofisis glande will expend a substance to bloodstream. Which is called by antidiuretik hormone. Antidiuretik hormone will stimulate the ren to keep the water as much as possible If the body lack of water the ren will keep the water automotocally moved from reserve in the cell into bloodstream to keep blood volume and blood preasure until the liquid can be replace throw intake increasing. The causes of body liquid expenditure is more than the intake, the liquid lack usually causes the calsium content in the body is increasing. Several things which causes dehydration are vomiting ,diare, the use of diuretic or the medeicine which causes signal expent most of water and salt, overheat, fever, the decreasing of liquid intake due to several reasons.

Dehidration Characteristicsa. Light : thirst dry mouth dry mouth difficulty concentrating emotional instabilityb. medium decreased skin elasticity weight lossc. Heavy sunken eyes pale skin fingertips into the cold the color of the skin on the fingertips turned blue slow pulse decreased consciousness decreased urine volume.

- Finger tip to be cold because the blood flow to the capillary finger-kalpiler in decline.- The volume of urine in the dehydration has a significant difference. the higher the level of dehydration resulting in more concentrated urine. because at the time of dehydration the body will automatically hold all body fluids that will come out of the body, including the fluid is removed through the urine.

Heart rate before exercise and right after start the exerciseBefore the start of exercise, your preexercise heart rate usually increases well above normal resting values. This is called an anticipatory response. This response is mediated through rlease of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine from your sympathetic nervous system and the hormone epinephrine from your adrenal glands. Vagal tone probably also decreases. Because the preevercise HR is elevated, reliable estimates of actual RHR should made only under condition of total relaxation, such as early in the morning before the subject rises from a ewstful nights sleep. Preexercise HRs should not be used as estimates of RHR. When you begin to exercise, your HR increases directly inpropotion to the increase in exercise intensity until you are near the point of exhaustion. As you approach that point, your HR begins to level off. This indicates yhat you are approaching your maximum value. The maximum HR is the highest HR value you achieve in an all out effort to the point of exhaustion.

Reason why the muscle feel hurt when doing exerciseBlood flow patterns change as you move from rest to exercise. Through the action of the symphatatic nervous system, blood is redirected away from areas where it is not essential to those areas that are active during exercise. Only 15%-20% of the resting cardiac output goes to muscles, but during exhaustuve exercise, the muscles receive 80% to 85% of the cardiac output. As the body starts to over heat, more blood is redirected to the skin to conduct heat away, so the heat is lost to the enviroment. The more blood that flows to the skin, the less that is available for muscles. Wheras, the active muscles need for increase blood supply.

Relation between body temperature and dehydrationWater loss during exercise increase because, as heat in the body increases, more water is lost in sweat. Sweat becomes the primary avenue for water loss during exercise. In fact, the kidneys decrease their excretion in an effort to prevent dehydration. Fluid loss decrease plasma volume. This decreases blood pressure, which intern reduces blood flow to the muscles and skin. In an effort to overcome this, HR increases. Because less blood, reaches the skin, heat dissipation is hindered, and the body retains more heat. Thus, when a person is dehydrated by 2% of body weight or more, both heart rate and body temperature are elevated during exercise.

Relation dehydration with weight lossHuman body consist by 60% of water. Dehydration is a condition as an loss of body fluid. Dehydration symptoms generally become noticeable after 2% of one's normal water volume has been lost. Initially, one experiences thirst and discomfort, possibly along with loss of appetite and dry skin. This can be followed by constipation. Athletes may suffer a loss of performance of up to 30% and experience flushing, low endurance, rapid heart rates, elevated body temperatures, and rapid onset of fatigue. In long time, it can be lead to weight loss.

Relation Homeostatic after exerciseWhen exercise, body will be warm because of increased activity in blood. There will be a process of heat from the body's expenditure. Sweat glands under the skin secrete sweat (a fluid containing mostly water with some dissolved ions) which travels up the sweat duct, through the sweat pore and onto the surface of the skin. This causes heat loss via evaporative cooling; however, a lot of essential water is lost.

Dehydration is the lack of body liquid.The mechanism to control the quantity of fluid in the body involve hipofisis glande in the base of brain. If the body is lack of water the hipofisis glande will expend a substance to bloodstream. Which is called by antidiuretik hormone. Antidiuretik hormone will stimulate the ren to keep the water as much as possible If the body lack of water the ren will keep the water automotocally moved from reserve in the cell into bloodstream to keep blood volume and blood preasure until the liquid can be replace throw intake increasing. The causes of body liquid expenditure is more than the intake, the liquid lack usually causes the calsium content in the body is increasing. Several things which causes dehydration are vomiting ,diare, the use of diuretic or the medeicine which causes signal expent most of water and salt, overheat, fever, the decreasing of liquid intake due to several reasons.

CONCLUSIONIn the framework of homeostasis for the survival of cells of the body that are less supportive circumstances, the body will do the regulation. Examples of regulation is the increase in body temperature, sweating, increased respiration and pulse frequency due to inactivity. Activities will be higher weight increase in body temperature, the amount of sweat, respiration and pulse frequency than a mild activity. Regulatory mechanisms within the framework of homeostasis in the human body there are two kinds: Negative feedback, which is a process that occurs when our body systems need diambatkan or even a complete halt a process that is happening and Positive feedback, which is a response to induce or reinforce a physiological process and / or action of a system, this response is usually a cyclic process could be continued to strengthen an action or a process until a response to negative feedback takes over. All organisms body system work together to maintain homeostasis in the body. Homeostasis of cells and tissues needed to be able to work properly deal with the stressor changes in the external environment. As for some of the important homeostatic mechanism among others thermoregulasi, osmoregulation, regulation of water and electrolytes, and glukoregulasi.