Pcra lecture (camotes pcra orientation)
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Lecture Outline
1.Importance of Coastal Resource Assessment 2. Why Protection and Management of our coastal resources are critical?3.Participatory Coastal Resource Assessment (PCRA)4 CSCST-FIC fisheries research from conceptualization , implementation, presentations and publication Expected output:Concept paper production and presentation
Values of Phil. Coastal Resources -coastal ecosystems of the Phil. aSouthre
some of the most productive and biologically diverse in the world.
Phil. lies in a rich biogeographic area in South east Asia
Coastal ecosystems in the Phil . And all over SEA are under stress from the combined impacts of human overexploitation, physical disturbance ,pollution, sedimentation and general neglect
Why manage our coastal resources
Huge natural and economic resource in the country
Food supply Livelihood Other revenue and quality environmentManagement implies wise use and
maintenance of the resource
Issue identificationand baseline assessment
CRM planpreparation
and adoption
Action plan and project
implementation
Local legislationCoastal lawenforcement
Regulation
Externalrevenuesources
Annual programpreparation andbudgeting
Revenuegeneration
Monitoring and evaluation
Information management, education andoutreach
Issue identificationand baseline assessment
CRM planpreparation
and adoption
Action plan and project
implementation
Local legislationCoastal lawenforcement
Regulation
Local legislationCoastal lawenforcement
Regulation
Externalrevenuesources
Externalrevenuesources
Annual programpreparation andbudgeting
Annual programpreparation andbudgeting
RevenuegenerationRevenuegeneration
Monitoring and evaluation
Information management, education andoutreach
The CRM Cycle
Commitment and Willingness of the LGU and the Communities
Data gathering, consolidation and analysis Community consultations Drafting of plan Legislation Implementation, monitoring and evaluation
The Planning Process
Objectives:
1. Provide the rationale for PCRA in the context of good governance in CRM
2. Familiarize participants with some participatory methods and apply these in actual coastal habitat, fisheries and socio-economic assessment
3. Compile a preliminary coastal environment and socio-economic and cultural profile based on PCRA results
4. Analyze results to identify issues and recommend possible management guidelines.
Importance of PCRA:
• facilitates validation of the status of coastal habitats and resources, their current uses and resource users by local community members•generates quantitative technical descriptions of coastal habitats and resources (e.g. fisheries)•documents local and indigenous knowledge crucial for CRM•generates baseline information for the formulation of management strategies•generates baseline information for monitoring and evaluation (i.e. revision and refinement of management actions)
Why is it important to be participatory?
•Facilitates broader understanding of coastal resources uses and users so that communities can make informed decisions about how to best manage local coastal resources•Provides an opportunity to develop and enhance the knowledge of local communities•Contributes to community empowerment •Enhances ownership in decision-making•Facilitates consensus building and information dissemination
• coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves are major life-support systems
- source of products and diverse fishery resources- serve as nursery and feeding grounds- provide areas for recreation and tourism- prevent soil erosion and stabilize coastal areas- buffer wave action and protect coastlines
Coastal Habitats and Fisheries
1. Community Resource and Resource Use Map
•
Collective perception of a group of community members about the spatial distribution of coastal resources and habitatsValidated and enriched during PCRA
Data Collation and Analysis
2. Indicative Zoning MapInitial delineation of primary uses in particular areas based on analysis of PCRA results
Expected Intermediate Outputs of PCRA1. Spatial and temporal profile of
coastal habitats and fisheries2. Identification of issues to be
addressed3. Preliminary recommendations and
possible management guidelines
•To be presented for feedback and validation during baranggay consultations
COASTAL AND MARINE ECOSYSTEMCOASTAL AND MARINE ECOSYSTEMEcosystem
Is the basic functional unit of ecology in which both the biotic communities (living) and the abiotic (non-living) environment are inseparably connected and interact, maintaining the equilibrium necessary for
life
Coastal Zone/Area• a band of dry land and adjacent ocean space within a landward limit of 1km from the shoreline at high tide and within a seaward limit of 200m isobath.•Includes adjacent upland and watershed areas that affect and influence coastal ecosystems.•Contains a number of ecosystems with biophysical properties and processes. •
Important Marine/Coastal Ecosystem
Mangrove Forests
Seagrass BedsCoral reefs
Estuaries
Coral reefsCoral reefs
What are Coral Reefs•“rain forest of the sea”•One of the most complex and diverse ecosystems in the world•Primarily consist of hard corals•Slow growing colonies of animals with growth rate ranging between 0.1cm and 10 cm per year in length•Occur along shallow, tropical coastlines•Consist of large and rigid structural mass of calcium carbonate (limestone) formed by cemented skeletal remains resulting from the successive growth and development of reef-building corals•Up to 3,000 species of marine animals may co-exist in a single reef•Can grow to tens of meters high and as long as 2,000 km•18,000 km2 of coral reef areas in the Phils.•1 km2 coral reef = 20 tons of fishes per year
Corals•Colonies of small animals•Each living unit contains algal populations (zooxanthellae) within it own tissue (capable for photosynthesis), providing an energy source for both the coral and the algae•Growth rates ranging between 0.1cm and 10cm per year in length
Figure 1.
Coral reefs contribute about 30% of the fish catch in the country. The Philippines has an estimated 27,000 km2 of coral reefs which occupy 7% our of 30% of coral reefs in Asia.
Ecological Limits required for reef survival: >temperature (18-300C) >salinity (30-36ppt) >Sedimentation must be low so that the water is clear sufficient circulation of nutrient-limited and pollution-free water
Coral reefs are grouped into one of three categories: (a) fringing reefs, (b) barrier reefs, and (c) atoll.
Benefits derived from coral reefs•Home to various species of corals, benthic algae, fish molluscs and crustaceans•Protect the coasts from storms and waves•Popular areas for ecotourism and recreation•Source of medicine
Threats to coral reefs•Siltation and sedimentation•Raw domestic wastes•Industrial and agricultural pollution•Construction near reef areas •Uncontrolled tourism activities •Natural causes•Destructive fishing practices
Dead coral covered with silt
How well are the coral reefs in your area?To be able to know the status of your reef in your area. The
community shall conduct a monitoring scheme to be able to identify the changes done over a period of time. Thus, promote suggestive action for reef restoration and preservation.
How to monitor?There are a lot of ways in monitoring the reef in which all throughout has been
used by scientist. However, to name a few wherein even a local fisherfolk can participate and can easily understand:
• Manta Tow Survey• Point Intercept Transect• Coral Reef Fish Visual Census
Coral Reef Assessment
Manta TowDefinition A manta tow survey is the observation of an underwater area of good
visibility by a snorkeler who is being pulled by a small boat.Purpose Manta tows are used to get a general idea of the various types and
amounts of habitat types and large obvious things in an area. The information incurred from the survey may be used: To help in the selection of sites and number of samples for closer
observation For comparison wit h local perception of the coastal area In the detection of large scale changes (e.g. due to storms and
mass siltation
Requirements•Mask and snorkel (antipara)•Small boat and fuel•Manta board•Pencil attached to slate•GPS or Compass•Map of the area
Methods1. Copy a map of the area onto a slate 2. On the map, plan and mark the tow survey path 3. Choose the items (e.g. live hard coral, dead coral, soft coral, sand/silt
etc.) to estimate. 4. Attach the manta board to the boat using the rope or if no available
board, the observer may cling unto the boat.5. When the observer (snorkeler) is ready and gives the “ok” signal, tow
the observer parallel and over the reef edge along the area to be surveyed.
6. During each tow, the observer estimates the approximate % cover of the items chosen in step 3. The area viewed is up to 10m wide depending on depth and water clarity.
7. After 2 minutes of towing (around 100 to 150m), the timer should inform the driver and the observer to pause and take notes.
8. The observer then records onto the board the tow number and his/her observations of the last 2-minute tow.
9. Repeat step 5-8 until the entire planned tow path has been surveyed.
10. Copy the data onto the data Form and enclose a copy of the map.
MANTA TOW DATA FORM FORM 3Site Name: No. Municipality & Province: Time/Mapper:
Date (month/day/year): Time: Observer: Notes (e.g. crown-of-thorns starfish, Diadema urchins, algae, etc)
Tow No.
Start Time
Location Estimate % Substrate cover
Latitude & Longitude/Compass bearing/Landmarks
Depth (m)
Hard Coral
Soft Coral
Dead Coral
DC w/ Algae
Sand /Silt
Start End1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
OK!/ Start TowSTOP!
LEFT! RIGHT!
FASTER!SLOWER
Hand Signals (for manta tow)
DefinitionSnorkel survey is a method used by a snorkler for estimating the relative abundance of living and non-living things on the reef bottom observed within a defined area.
PurposeThe snorkler survey estimates the abundabce of hard corals, dead corals, algae, and various reef substrates which may reflect the health of the reef.
Requirements• Mask & snorkel (antipara)• 50-m transect line• Underwater slates• Pencil attached to the slates• Fins and life jacket (optional)• Picture book of plants or animal types to be quantified• boat
Snorkel Survey
Methods1. Select representative sampling stations to be
surveyed/monitored based on the manta tow results.
2. Copy the data Form 4A (with the selected benthic lifeform types) onto the plastic slates used for writing underwater)
3. Lay the transect line on a constant depth contour. Record the depth
4. Starting at one of the transect line, the snorkeler swims over the transect estimating the % cover of each benthic life form w/in 2.5 m on either side of the transect until the 5-m mark. The estimates of each 5 x 5 m quadrat should total 100%
5. Similarly record each 5-m interval until the entire 50-m transect line has been observed.
6. Add the 10 readings and divide by 10
BENTHIC LIFEFORMS & INVERTEBRATES DATA FORMSite Name Municipality and Province:
Transect No.: Scuba: Snorkel: Coordinates
Date(mo/day/yr): Benthos observer: Invertebrates observer:Horizontal water visisbility (m): Depth (m): Reef Zone: Topography: Slope:
Habitat Notes
BENTHIC LIFE FORMS Tally number pts or est. % occupied by each lifeform e.g. IIII-IIII-IIII-II or 12%+34%+22%...
Total Count %Cover
Coral HC Live Hard CoralBuhi nga gahi
SC Soft CoralBuhi nga humok
Dead coral DC White dead coralPatay nga gahi
DCA Dead coral with algaePatay nga gahi nga naay lumot
Other Animal
SP SpongesSpongha
OT Other animalsUban pang matang
PlantsTA Turf algaeLumot
MA Fleshy macroalgaeSamo/layog-layog
CA Coralline algaeLumot
SG SeagrassLusay
Non-living R RubbleDugmok nga bato
RCK RockBato
S/SI Sand/Siltbalas
TOTAL 100%
INVERTEBRATES # within 5-m width Causes of Coral Damage
Diadema Put x if found on corals.Circle the box of dominant forms
Pencil urchin Sediment seaweed overgrowth
Crown-of-thorns sea star; dap-ag Blasting pattern coral eating snails
Giant clam; Taklobo Anchor damage cron-of-thorns
Triton Shell; tambuli Other breakage plastics
Lobster; banagan Bleaching other trash
Sea cucumber; balat Black band disease other causes
Banded coral shrimp White band disease
Otjers Other coral disease
DATA SUMMARY FORM Form 5B
Site Name: Municipality & Province
Zone/sector
Month & year
Transect #:
Types/groups Subtotal Total Avg Sub Total Total Avg
Different Benthic Lifeforms
CORAL BRANCHING
CORAL SUBMASSIVE
CORAL DIGITATE
MASSIVE CORAL
CORAL ENCRUSTING
FIRE CORAL
FOLIOSE BRANCHING
BLUE CORAL
ORGAN PIPE CORAL
SOFT CORAL
SPONGE
MUSHROOM CORAL
ANEMONE
DEAD CORAL
DEAD CORAL WITH ALGAE
CORAL RUBBLE
Common Invertebrates
(indicator)
SEA URCHINS (DIADEMA SP.)
SEA STAR
LOBSTER
GIANT CLAM
BANDED CORAL SHRIMP
PENCIL URCHIN
CROWN-OF-THORN SEA STAR
SEA CUCUMBER
Fish Visual CensusDefinitionFish visual census is the identification and counting of fishes observed within a defined area.PurposeFish visual census can be used to estimate the variety, numbers, and even sizes of common, easily-seen, easily-identified fishes in areas of good visibility.Requirements•Mask and snorkel (Antipara)•1 or 2 (50-m) transect lines•Underwater slates•Pencil (attached to the slate)•fins (optional)•Picture book of animals (e.g. reef fishes) to be counted•Boat (optional)
Methods
1. Select representative sampling stations and fish types to be census 2. Copy the data Form (for FVC) onto the slates and draw columns for different
size classes. 3. Lay the transect line on a constant depth contour. Record the depth 4. Wait 10-15 minutes for the disturbed fishes to return. Be careful not to
disturb the fishes during the census. 5. Starting at one end of the line, each observer floats on each side of the
transect line while observing 5m to his/her side of the transect and forward until the next 5m mark.
6. Both observers swim to and stop every 5m along the line to record the counts of fish per size class until the transect is completed.
7. Total counts on both sides and transcribe onto Data Form (for FVC).
8. Standardize the subtotal by sample size: Divide the total counts by the number of transect actually observed
Example: (Parrotfish)12+8+9+20+6 = 11 fishes/transect 5 transects
Common Reef Fish Families
Lapu-lapu, pogapo, sono Katambak, awoman, mayamaya, islawan
lipti
Katambak, dugsoDalagang bukid, solid
Silay
timbongan
Common Reef Fish Families
Indangan, lababhita, sunghan, bagis
labayanadloAlibangbang, pisos-pisos
molmol Dangit, kitong, samaral
Pata. Kapaw, palata Bilong-bilong
MURAENIDAE: EEL
SERRANIDAE: GROUPER
SERRANIDAE:GROUPER
MULLIDAE:GOAT FISH
POMACANTHIDAE:ANGELFISH
LUTJANIDAE:SNAPPER
ACANTHURIDAE:SURGEONFISH
LABRIDAE:WRASSE
POMACENTRIDAE:DAMSEL
SCARIDAE:PARROTFISH
LABRIDAE:WRASSE
HAEMULIDAE:SWEETLIPS
NEMIPTERIDAE:EMPEROR
CHAETODONTIDAE:BUTTERFLYFISH
CAESIONIDAE:FUSILIERS
BALISTIDAE:TRIGGERFISH
SIGANIDAE:RABBITFISH
CARANGIDAE:TREVALLIES
ZANCLIDAE:MOORISH IDOL
SPHYRAENIDAE:BARRACUDA
HOLOCENTRIDAE:SOLDIERFISH/SQUIRRELFISH
MUGILIDAE:MULLET
PINGUIPEDIDAE:SANDPERCH
AULOSTOMIDAE/FISTULARIDAE:TRUMPETFISH/FLUTEMOUTH
SCORPAENIDAE:SCORPIONFISH/LIONFISH
APOGONIDAE:CARDINALFISH
BELONIDAE:NEEDLEFISH
EPHIPPIDAE:BATFISH
OSTRACIIDAE:COWFISH/TRUNKFISH
MONACANTHIDAE:LEATHERJACKET
BOTHIIDAE:SOLEFISH
PRIACANTHIDAE/TETRAODONTHIDAE:BIG-EYE/PUFFERFISH
FISH ABUNDANCE DATA FORM FORM 5A
Site Name: Municipality & Province:
Transect No.: Depth (m): Coordinates
Date (mo/day/yr): Time: Left Observer: Right Observer:
Habitat Notes: Horizontal Angle of Transect visibility (m): Slope: Orientation
FAMILY Species Record No. of fishes per class
1-10 cm 11-20 cm 21-30 cm Specify sizes for >30 cm
<EPINEPHELINAE>*Groupers;lapulapu
<LUTJANIDAE>*Snappers;maya-maya
<HAEMULIDAE>*Sweetlips;grunts;lipti
<LETHRINIDAE>*Emperors;katambak
CARANGIDAE*Jacks;trevallies;talakitok
CAESIONIDAE*Fusiliers;dalagang-bikid;solid
Barramundi cod;senorita
NEMIPTERIDAE*CORAL BREAMS;silay
MULLIDAE*goatfishes;timbongan
BALISTIDAEtriggerfishes;pakol
CHAETODONTIDAEbutterflyfishes;alibangbang
POMACANTHIDAEAngelfishes;adlo
LABRIDAEWrasses;labayan
(SCARIDAE)*Parrotfishe;molmol
(ACANTHURIDAE)*Surgeonfishes;indangan
(SIGANIDAE)*Rabbitfihses;kitong;danggit
(KYPHOSIDAE)*Rudderfish;ilak
(POMACENTRIDAEDamselfishes;palata
Humphead wrasse;mameng
Bumphead parrotfish;taungan
ANTHIINAEfairy bassletss;bilongbilong
Zanclus cornutus
Sharks;Iho
Rays;pagi
Sea turtles;pawikan
Others: e.g. tuna; tulingan
Legend:<fishes> = major reef carnivores; (fishes) = major reef herbivores, fishes= fishes which are indicators of hard corals, * = fishery target families
DATA SUMMARY FORM Form 5B
Site Name: Municipality & Province
Zone/sector
Month & year
Transect #:
Types/groups Subtotal Total Avg Sub Total Total Avg
BENTHOS GRAPHING FORM Form 4D
Site Name: Municipality & Province:
Month & year
Zone/sector
Seagrass Assessment
Requirements• Mask and snorkel (/Antipara)• 100-m rope (approx. 10mm diameter marked at every 10-m)• Pencil (attached to the slate)• Underwater slates• Geographic Positioning System receiver (GPS) or compass• Map of the area• Quadrat (1m x 1m)Methods1. Select representative sampling stations to be surveyed/monitored2. Record the position of each transect. The start (shore end) of the transect is
the most useful reference3. Survey at least 3 replicate transect at each site. Swim the transect along perpendicular to the shore. The length of the transect depends on the size of the seagrass meadows, and should extend to
outer limits of the bed (where seagrass disappears). 4. Place the quadrat to every interval of 10m along the transect.
5. Estimate the % cover of the plants (per species) found in each quadrat and tally it
on the slate board. The sum of the% per species should have an equivalent of 100% in every quadrat.6. Transfer data to the Form and calculate the mean percentage cover in each species.
Example:
Species Q1 Q2 Q3 Mean H. ovalis 15% 20% 10% 15% H. minor 40% 50% 30% 40% Sand 45% 30% 60% 55% Total 100% 100% 100% 100%
NUTRIENT INDICATOR ALGAE
PADINA SP.
CAULERPA: SEA GRAPES
HALIMEDA SP.
HALIMEDA SP.
Seagrass Beds
flowering terrestrial plants
adapted to living submerged in seawater
seed-producing marine plants
reproduce by vegetative spreading and by production and dispersal of seeds
Common Seagrass Genus
Seagrass BedsImportance:
bottom stabilizer sediment trap maintains water quality source of food of various marine organisms
Threats:
illegal and destructive fishing methods aquaculture sedimentation and siltation
Tropical eelgrass
Enhalus acoroides
Dugong grass
Thalassia hemprichii
Fiber-strand grass
Halodule uninervis Halodule pinifolia
Round & toothed seagrass
Cymodocea rotundata Cymodocea serrulata
Spoon grass
Halophila minor
Halophila ovalis Halophila becarri
woody sea grass
Thalassodendron ciliatum
Syringe grass
Syringodium isoetifolium
Parameters Measured:
Expected Output:
• species of segrass and macro invertebrates•% cover of segrass•Substrate type
•Species composition•Average % seagrass cover•Density of macroinvertebrates
1. Transect Quadrat Method
Halophila ovalis
Halodule uninervisHalodule uninervis
Halophila minor
Halophila decipiens
Halophila spinulosa
Halodule pinifolia
Enhalus acoroides Thalassia hemprichii
Figure 4. Fisherfolk laying the quardrat
Cymodocea rotundataCymodocea serrulata
Syringodium isoetifolium
Thalassodendron ciliatum
Seagrass AssessmentDefinitionSeagrass assessment is the identification and estimation of seagrass species covering within a defined area.
PurposeSeagrass assessment is used to more precisely estimate the abundance of seagrass species which may reflect the health of the reef.
What is a Seagrass?A seagrass is a flowering plant, complete with leaves, a rhizome and a root system. They are found in marine or estuarine waters. Most seagrass species are located in soft (silty or sandy) sediments. Seagrasses worldwide encompass only about 58 species (Kuo and McComb, 1989).
Benefits derived from seagrass beds:> Helps reduce wave and current energy> Help to filter suspended sediments from the water;> Stabilize bottom sediments> Breeding area for selected fish species
> Used as processing feritilizers Seaweeds
> Consumed as food Seaweeds
Threats to seagrass beds:> Siltation and sedimentation> Overharvesting> Pollution
Mangrove Foresttropical inshore communities dominated by several species of trees or shrubs that have the ability to grow in salt water;well developed in estuarine areas;
Requirements for growth:
moderate salinity (25 ppt)neutral acidity (pH 6 to 7)year-round warm temperatureregular surface-water flushingexposure to moderate terrestrial-water runoff
Adaptationsshallow rooted;prop roots;pneumatophores;tough and succulent leaves;reproductive strategy
Common Mangrove Genus
Avicennia Bruguiera
Rhizophora Sonneratia
Importance:
provide protection from erosion and typhoons feeding/breeding ground of various organisms maintains water quality source of timber products provide shelter for coastal communities
Threats:
land conversion and reclamation unsustainable harvest of timber products
Mangrove Forests
Parameters measured:
•encountered species;•number of mature trees;•number of saplings;•number of seedlings•diameter at breast height (DBH) •total plant height
Expected Output:• species diversity• relative abundance of seedlings saplings, trees (per hectare)•stem density (per hectare)•basal area
1. Transect Plot Method
Coastal Fishery Resources- fish, invertebrates, seaweeds
Common Gear Types
Economic benefits from fisheries and coastal ecosystems
Municipal fisheries- food security and livelihood
Total fishery production per fishery sector
• comprise ~32% of total fisheryproduction
Contribution to employment per fishery sector
• provides employment to 5% of thenational labor force; ~68% involvedin municipal fisheries
Municipal fisheries production is declining
Trends of catch per unit effort since 1948
• legally most municipal waters are reserved exclusively for use of municipal fishers
Total fishery production trends per sector