Software Design Based on Operational Modes - Florida Institute of
PBMR OPERATIONAL MODES AND STATES
Transcript of PBMR OPERATIONAL MODES AND STATES
1
PBMROPERATIONAL MODES
AND STATES30 November 2001
Willem KrielManager Module Dynamics and Control Group(PBMR PTY LTD)
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Objective
• Inform and educate the NRC regarding the operationof the PBMR
• Demonstrate the application of analytical codes usedby PBMR to evaluate plant operation
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Topics
• Quick overview of the PBMR Main Power System(MPS) components and control functions• Description of Codes used by PBMR to evaluate plant operations• PBMR Definitions used to describe plant operations• Description of the Modes, States, Transitions and Transients• Examples of analyses used to evaluate plantoperation
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Reactor
HP turboUnit
LP TurboUnit Power
TurbineGenerator
Start-UPBlowerSystem
RecuperatorPre-
cooler
CoreConditioning
System
Inter-cooler
Main Power System (MPS)
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Schematic of the PBMR and Temperature – entropydiagram FOR 100% MCR
High Pressure TurboCompressor
(HPT)
Low Pressure TurboCompressor
(LPT)
Generator
HPT BypassValve
LPT BypassValve
By-passValve x 8
Inter-Cooler Pre-Cooler
Power Turbine
Start-Up BlowerShut-off Valve
Reactor Vessel
TO REACTOR
SBS - Blower
FROM PCU
Core Conditioning SystemCCS
Reactor Pressure Vessel Conditioning
SystemRPVCS
Pressure Boundary
Start-Up Blower System
SBS
Start-Up BlowerInline Valve
2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 90000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Specific entropy in kJ/kg
Tem
pera
ture
in °
C
V501 T-s diagram for 100% MCR
7.0 MPa
5.7 MPa
2.6 MPa
4.3 MPa
4.7 MPa33 °C
130 °C
33 °C
900 °C
800 °C
690 °C
100 °C 150 °C
520 °C500 °C
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Control Overview
• Reactor outlet temperature control
• Inventory power control
• Speed control
• Rapid load reduction
• Recuperator inlet temperature control
• Start-up Blower System (SBS) control
• Reactor inlet temperature control
Main control functions:
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MPS Schematic Showing the Control Elements
HPT LPT
PT
Recuperator
Pre-coolerIntercooler
Generator
HPC LPC
Core
HCV LCV
RBP
SBSVSBS
SIV
SBP
SBPC
GBP
HPBHPBC
LPBLPBC
HPHelium injection and removal
LPHelium injection
ContinuousResistor Bank
(CRB)
PeakBrakingSystem(PRB)
HICS HICS
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Codes Used To EvaluatePBMR Operation
� Flownet Nuclear� Simulink� State Flow
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Flownet Verification & Validation• QA in accordance to ISO9001 & ANSI/ANS-
10.4 & NQA-1– Version control– Source code control– Discrepancy reports– Change requests– Design reviews
• Verification and Validation– Comparison with Analytical Data– Comparison with Experimental Data– Comparison with other Thermo-hydraulic
codes� RELAP 5� Flowmaster� Explicit code
– Plant comparisons� HTTR Japan: Transients during loss of off-site
power� Physical model of a three-shaft recuperative Brayton
cycle
-600.00
-400.00
-200.00
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00
Time (sec)
Mas
s Fl
ow [k
g/s]
Flownet Benchmark
322
324
326
328
330
332
334
336
338
340
342
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Time [s]
Tem
pera
ture
[K]
Bench Node 1 Bench Node 2 Bench Node 3FN Node 1 FN Node 3 FN Node 3
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
1500 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225
Time (sec)
Mas
s Fl
ow th
roug
h di
ffuse
r
Benchmark solution Flownet solution
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Flownet Nuclear Features and Attributes):
• Flownet Nuclear is PBMR Intellectual Property• Flownet Nuclear is based on First Principles• Analysis Tool (Loading Catalogues)• Simulation Tool (Operator Training)• Implicit Solving Techniques (Capable of time step variation)• Industrial Code• Multi Fluid Capability• Compressible and Incompressible Fluids• Gravitational Effects• Object Orientated Coding• Relational Data Base
Flownet Nuclear is the “RELAP” for PBMRtechnology
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1Reactor_Core (R)
3
Reactor_Outlet_Connection_to_Core_Outlet_Pi
pe (FP)
7 Core_Outlet_Pipe (FP)
9CM
11
HPT_Diffuser (FP)
13
HPT_Outlet_Pipe (FP)
17
Low_Pressure_Turbine (T)
CM19
LPT_Diffuser (FP)
21LPT_Outlet_Pipe (FP)
27PT_Intake (FP)
29
Power_Turbine (T)
31PT_Diffuser (FP)
35
PT_Outlet_Contraction (FP)
39
Recuperator_LP (H)RX
41
Pre-cooler_outer_bundle (H)CX
43
Pre-cooler_inner_bundle (H)CX
47
PC_Outlet_Contraction (FP)
51
LPC_Intake (FP)
53CM
55
LPC_Diffuser (FP)
57
LPC_Outlet_Pipe (FP)
61
Intercooler_outer_bundle (H)CX
63
Intercooler_inner_bundle (H)CX
67
IC_Outlet_ducting(FP)
71
HPC_Intake (FP)
73CM
75
HPC_Diffuser (FP)
77HPCe_Holes_to_Manifold (FP)
79
Maintanence_Valve (V)RD
83 RX(HP)_Inlet_Pipes (FP)
85RX
87 RX(HP)_Outlet_Pipes(a) (FP)
89
Core_Inlet_Pipes(e) (FP)
91
Reactor_Annular_Pipes (FP)
93
Reactor_Gas_Inlet_Plenum_Holes (FP)
95Control_Rod_Cooling_flow_connection (FP)
102CX
104CX
109CX
111CX
78P
113
Manifold_to_HPTe_Leakage (L)RD
78P
116RD
119HPC_Bypass_Valve_(HPB) (V)
120
LPC_Bypass_Valve_1_(LPB1) (V)
121
Gas_Cycle_Bypass_Valve_1_(GBP1) (V)
78P
133
Manifold_to_HPTi_Leakage (L)RD
78P
135
RX_bypass_valve_(1 TO 4)_(RBP1) (V)
136Reactor_Plenum_Reduction_Area (FP)
137 Reactor_Outlet_Slots (FP)
138
Control_Rod_Bypass(filled) (FP)
140
Control_Rod_Bypass(empty) (FP)
142
Leakflow_from_Control_Rod_to_Outlet_Manifold (FP)
RD
144
Inside_Cavity_Slots_to_Core (FP)RD
146Reactor_Outside_
Cavity (FP)
148 Reactor_Leak_into_Manifold (FP)
RL
150HPT_Intake (FP)
152
LPT_Intake (FP)
158
RX(LP)_to_PC_connection (FP)
160
Annular_flow_path_to_IC (FP)
162
Annular_flow_path_. . ._to_IC_core (FP)
163
Recuperator_Outlet_Pipe (FP)
165
Core_Inlet_Pipes(a) (FP)
167Core_Inlet_Pipes(b) (FP)
169
Core_Inlet_Pipes(c) (FP)
171
Core_Inlet_Pipes(d) (FP)
174
175
LPC_Bypass_Valve_Pipe2 (FP)
178
LPC_Bypass_Valve_Pipe1 (FP)
180Bypass_Valve_Pipe (FP)
181 HPCe_to_HPCi_Leakage (L)RD
78P
182
Manifold_to_LPTi_Leakage (L)
RD
183
LPCe_to_LPCi_Leakage (L)RD
184 Casing_cooling_flow (L)RD
56185
LPCe_to_PT_casing_flow (FP)
186
PTi_to_Basket_leak (L)RD
188
188 25%_casing_cooling_flow (L)
RD190
190 75%_casing_cooling_flow (L)
RD
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Basket_to_PTe_leak (L)RD
194
PT_internal_fp2 (FP)
RD
196
196 Buffer_to_gaspath_leak (L)
197
197 ECLS_upper (L)
198
ECLS_lower (L)
300
ECLS_to_PToutlet (L)RD
301
dummy
303
HPS_supply_line (FP)RD
305
PTG_Shaft_Labyrinth_Seal(a) (L)
307
307 PTG_Shaft_Labyrinth_Seal(b) (L)
309
PT_top_volume_to_PTe
(FP)
78P
310
Shaft_valve (V)RD
153312
Pipe_RXe_to_SBSi_2 (FP)
314
SBS_Isolation_valve_2(SBSV2) (V)
316
SBS_Blower2 (CM)
M
CM327 318
Pipe_SBSe2_to_RX_manifold (FP)
153319
Pipe_RXe_to_SBSi_1 (FP)
321
SBS_Isolation_valve_1(SBSV1) (V)
323
SBS_Blower1 (CM)
M
CM327 325
Pipe_SBSe1_to_RX_manifold (FP)
326
SBS_Inline_valve_1_(SIV1) (V)
78P
329
HP_coolant_valve_1_(HCV1) (V)78
P330
LP_coolant_valve_1_(LCV1) (V)
332SBS_Labyrinth_Seal2 (L)
334SBS_Labyrinth_Seal1 (L)
336
RX(HP)_Outlet_Pipes
(b) (FP)
338 RX_inlet_header_pipe (FP)
340
PC_Impingement_plate(FP)
341HPC_Bypass_Control_Valve_(HPBC) (V)
342
LPC_Bypass_Control_Valve[LPBC] (V)
343
SBS_Bypass_valve_(SBP) (V)
344
SBS_Bypass_Control_Valve_(SBPC) (V)
345
LPC_Bypass_Valve_2_(LPB2) (V)
346
LPC_Bypass_Valve_3_(LPB3) (V)
347
348
349
350
351
352
353 Gas_Cycle_Bypass_Valve_8_(GBP8)(V)
78P
354
HP_coolant_valve_2_(HCV2) (V)
78P
355
LP_coolant_valve_2_(LCV2) (V)
356
SBS_Inline_valve_2_(SIV2) (V)
357
SBS_Inline_valve_3_(SIV3) (V)
78P
361
78P
362
78P
363
364
HPC_Bypass_Control_Valve_Pipe (FP)
365LPC_Bypass_Control_Valve
_Pipe2 (FP)
366
LPC_Bypass_Control_Valve_Pipe1 (FP)
368
PT_1st_stg_stator (FP)
370
370 PT_1st_stg_rotor_inlet (FP)
371
371 Inlet_1st_stg_throat (FP)
373
373 25%_rim_cooling_flow (L)
RD
375
375 75%_rim_cooling_flow (L)
RD
376
Rim_cooling_flow (L)RD
377
OD_u_ECLS_backup_lab (L)
380
380 ID_u_ECLS_backup_lab (L)56 381
PT_internals_cooling flow
(FP)
383
PT_internal_fp1 (FP)
RD
387
Inlet_to_SBS_Blower1 (FP)
388
SBS_Blower1_Outlet_Diffuser (FP)
390
Outlet_From_SBS_Blower1 (FP)
393
Inlet_to_SBS_Blower2 (FP)
394
SBS_Blower2_Outlet_Diffuser (FP)
396
Outlet_From_SBS_Blower2 (FP)
78P
1702
Basket_ventilation_flow (L)RD
1703Reactor_Outlet_Pipe_to_CCS (FP)
1705
CCS_Splitting_Restrictor (FP)RD
1707
CCS_Outlet_Pipe_to_Reactor (FP)
2Reactor_Core_Outlet
H
4
6
Reactor_Outlet_Manifold
8 10 12
HPT_Diffuser_Volume
16 18 20
LPT_Diffuser_Volume
26
PT_Inlet_Volume
28 30
34
PT_Diffuser_Volume
38RX(LP)_Inner_Vess
el_Volume40PC_Inlet_Volume
42
46
PC_Outlet_Volume
5052545658
IC_Inlet_Volume
62
66
IC_Outlet_Volume
707274
76HPC_Diffuser_Volume
78
Manifold
P82
RX(HP)_Inlet_Plenum
84RX(HP)_Core_Inlet
86
88 RX(HP)_Outlet_Plenum
90
Reactor_Inlet_Manifold
92
Reactor_Gas_Inlet_Plenum_Volume1
94Reactor_Gas_Inlet_Plenum_Volume2
96
98
Void_above_the_Reactor_Core
H
99IC_Waterside_Inlet
PT
103
105
IC_Waterside_OutletM
106
PC_Waterside_Inlet
PT110 112
PC_Waterside_Outlet
M
139141
143
Reactor_Inside_Cavity
T
145
Reactor_Upper_Volume
T
147
Reactor_Lower_Volume
T
149HPT_Intake_Volume
151
LPT_Intake_Volume
153
RX_Outer_Volume
159161
164
166
168
170172
173
176 177
179
187
187 Turbine_casing_temp
T
189PT_casing_volume
191
PT_basket_volume
195
PT_Inner_Volume
199
302
HPS_outlet_purified
MT304
Generator_Volume
306
308
308 Volume_on_top_of_PT
311
HPS Extraction
M
313315
Inlet_Volume_To_SBS_Blower2
317
320322
Inlet_Volume_To_SBS_Blower1
324
327RX_Outer_Annulus_Volume
328
333SBS_Motor_Casing_Volume2
335
SBS_Motor_Casing_Volume1
337Inlet to RX(HP)_Outlet_Pipes(b)
339
367
369
372 374
374 Turbine_rim_temp
T
378
378 u_ECLS_OD_volume
379
379 u_ECLS_ID_volume382 384
386389
SBS_Blower1_Dump_Volume
391
SBS_Blower1_Dump_Volume
392395
SBS_Blower2_Dump_Volume
397
SBS_Blower2_Dump_Volume
398
1700 1701
1704CCS_Volume1
1706
MPS Flownet Model
Reactor
HP turboUnit
LP TurboUnit
PowerTurbine
Start-UPBlowerSystem
Pre-cooler
Intercooler
Recuperator
Flownet Model
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0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 50030
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Time [s]
Perc
enta
ge M
CR
[%]
Grid power
Power setpointGrid power
Control System
Interactive controlsystem designusing the FlownetNuclear simulator
System Identification• System response tests• Identification ofactuators
Control System design• Controller design• Control interaction• Controller performance testing
Process Simulation
Control System Design
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Primary frequency support (PFS)
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Automatic generation control (AGC)
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Main Mode diagram
Reactor Ready (3a)
Synchronisation
Controlledgrid separation
MPS Startupand
Synchronisation
PCU Trip
Control rodSCRAM/Reverse
.NOT.ConditionedConditioning
ReactorStartup (a)
Insert shut downrods
PowerOperation (5)
ReactorSCRAM
MPS Ready (3b)
Intermediateshutdown (2b)
Normalpower
operation (5b)
Reduced-capabilityoperation (5a)
Partial shutdown(2c)
Shutdown (2)
PCU Operational (4)
DefuelledMaintenance (0) Open Maintenance
(1a)Closed maintenance
(1b)
4
3(b)
De-fuel
Insert maintenance valve gates
4
3(b)
3(a)
Close-down
Insert Controlrods
De-pressurise PPB
Removemaintenancevalve gates
2(c)
3(a)
Loss of load
Increasecapability
Reducecapability
FuelledMaintenance
(1)
4
Full shutdown (2a)
Pressurise PPB
Re-FuelC
C
ReactorStartup (b)
ReactorStartup (c)
S
PCU Disengage
Insert RSS
Standby (3)
Synchronised
Critical
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PBMR Abbreviations
List of abbreviations:Abbreviation Description
AGC Automatic generation controlC Reactor critical
CCS Core conditioning systemCRB Continuous resistor bankGBP Gas cycle bypass valve. (Referred to as a single valve although it consists of set of 8 valves)HCV High-pressure coolant valveHICS Helium inventory control systemHP High pressure
HPB High-pressure compressor bypass valve.HPBC High-pressure compressor bypass control valve.HPC High-pressure compressorHPT High pressure turbineHV High voltageICS Inventory control system (Part of HICS)LCV Low pressure coolant valve
LOEL Loss of electrical loadLP Low pressure
LPB Low-pressure compressor bypass valve. (Referred to as a single valve although it consists of a set of 3 valves)LPBC Low-pressure compressor bypass control valvesLPC Low-pressure compressorLPT Low-pressure turbineMCR Maximum continuous rating (Usually applicable to power delivered to the grid)MCRI Maximum continuous rating inventory
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List of abbreviations:Abbreviation Description
MPS Main power systemPBMR Pebble bed modular reactorPCU Power conversion unitPFS Primary frequency support
PLICS Primary loop initial clean-up systemPPB Primary pressure boundaryPRB Peak Resistor BankPT Power turbine
PTG Power turbine generatorRBP Recuperator bypass valve
RCSS Reactivity control & shutdown systemRCS Reactivity control systemROT Average reactor outlet temperatureRSS Reserve shutdown systemRU Reactor unitS Synchronized with national grid
SAS Small absorber spheresSBP Start-up blower system bypass valve
SBPC Start-up blower system bypass control valveSBS Start-up blower system
SBSV Start-up blower system isolation valveSIV Start-up blower system inline valve (Referred to as a single valve although it consists of a set of 3 valves)
PBMR Abbreviations
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PBMR :Definitions
• TransitionsNormal operations taking the plant from one mode or state tothe next.
• TransientsMode or state transitions that should be avoided, but theplant must still be designed to accommodate thesetransients. The transients result due to faults that ariseexternally or internally to the plant.
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TransitionMain
PowerOperation
Mode / State
Mode / State
Mode / State
Mode / State
TransitionLess frequent
S
Level 0: Main mode/state
Level 1: Mode / state
Transition: Mainly used
Transition: Designed for, but less frequently used
Transient
S Synchronized with national grid
C Reactor critical
Transient 1
Transient 2
SYMBOLOGY
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Main Mode diagram
Reactor Ready (3a)
Synchronisation
Controlledgrid separation
MPS Startupand
Synchronisation
PCU Trip
Control rodSCRAM/Reverse
.NOT.ConditionedConditioning
ReactorStartup (a)
Insert shut downrods
PowerOperation (5)
ReactorSCRAM
MPS Ready (3b)
Intermediateshutdown (2b)
Normalpower
operation (5b)
Reduced-capabilityoperation (5a)
Partial shutdown(2c)
Shutdown (2)
PCU Operational (4)
DefuelledMaintenance (0) Open Maintenance
(1a)Closed maintenance
(1b)
4
3(b)
De-fuel
Insert maintenance valve gates
4
3(b)
3(a)
Close-down
Insert Controlrods
De-pressurise PPB
Removemaintenancevalve gates
2(c)
3(a)
Loss of load
Increasecapability
Reducecapability
FuelledMaintenance
(1)
4
Full shutdown (2a)
Pressurise PPB
Re-FuelC
C
ReactorStartup (b)
ReactorStartup (c)
S
PCU Disengage
Insert RSS
Standby (3)
Synchronised
Critical
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Main Mode diagram
Reactor Ready (3a)
PowerOperation
(5)
MPS Ready (3b)
Intermediateshutdown (2b)
Normalpower
operation (5b)
Reduced-capabilityoperation (5a)
Partial shutdown(2c)
Shutdown (2)
PCU Operational (4)
DefuelledMaintenance (0) Open Maintenance
(1a)Closed
maintenance (1b)
FuelledMaintenance
(1)
Full shutdown (2a)
C
S
MPS Shutdown
Standby (3)
Synchronised
Critical
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De-fuelled maintenance (0)
DefuelledMaintenance (0)
De-fuelRe-Fuel
C
Shutdown (2)
Open Maintenance(1a)
Closed maintenance(1b)
Insert maintenance valve gates
De-pressurise
PPB
Removemaintenancevalve gates
FuelledMaintenance
(1)
Pressurise PPB
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De-fuelled maintenance
Mode• Maintenance activities requiring a de-fuelled reactor
States• The reactor is de-fuelled
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Fuelled Maintenance (1)
Open Maintenance(1a)
Closedmaintenance (1b)
Insert maintenance valvegates
De-pressurise PPB
Removemaintenancevalve gates
FuelledMaintenance
(1)
Pressurise PPB
Shutdown (2)
DefuelledMaintenance
(0)
De-fuelCRe-Fuel
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Fuelled Maintenance
ModeMaintenance activities performed while the reactor is fuelledThe Core Conditioning System (CCS) is in operationThe Start-up Blower System (SBS) is not operational(To avoid water ingress, the water pressure in the coolers exceedthe helium pressure in the system)
States• The reactor is sub-critical and CCS operational• Brayton cycle is not self-sustaining• The reactor outlet temperature is kept below 400 �C• PPB pressure is atmospheric (or very close to)
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Open maintenance (1a)
Mode• Scheduled maintenance done on a six-yearly basisAir ingress into the PPB is allowed with the exception of coreinternals
States• The maintenance valve gates are inserted
27
Closed maintenance (1b)
ModeUnscheduled maintenance is done on a number of specific sub-systems
StatesPPB pressure just above atmospheric
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Shutdown (2)
ReactorStartup (a)
Insert shut downrods
Intermediateshutdown (2b)
Partial shutdown(2c) Shutdown (2)
De-pressurise PPB
FuelledMaintenance
(1)
Full shutdown (2a)
Pressurise PPB
ReactorStartup (b)
ReactorStartup (c)
Insert RSS
Standby (3)
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Shutdown
ModeThree reactivity control devices keep the reactor sub-criticalThe SBS is operational �decay heat removal.
States• The reactor is sub-critical and SBS operational• The Brayton cycle is not self-sustaining• The PPB is pressurized (no water ingress)
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Shutdown Sub-modes (2a,b,c)
External Reactivity
Reactivity duetemperature<550 °C >550 °C >750 °C
Reactivity due Xenon0 0 0
+ + +
+ + +
Sub-criticalSub-critical Sub-critical
FullShutdown
IntermediateShutdown
PartialShutdown
SAS
Res
erve
shu
tdow
n sy
stem
Shut
dow
n R
ods
Con
trol
Rod
s
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Standby (3)
Reactor Ready (3a)
PCU Startupand
Synchronisation
.NOT.ConditionedConditioning
MPS Ready (3b)
Shutdown (2)
PCU Operational (4)
Close-down
Insert Controlrods
CReactor
Startup (a,b,c)
Standby(3)
Critical
Poweroperation (5)
PCU Disengage
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Standby
ModeThe reactor outlet temperature is controlled with the control rodsAdjustment of the reactor outlet temperature, reactor neutronicand fluidic power and power turbine power will be possible in thismode by using the SBS, the Reactivity Control System (RCS)and gas cycle valves
States• The reactor is critical• The Brayton cycle is not self-sustaining
33
Reactor Ready (3a)
ModeThis mode or state would occur after reactor start-up transitionsor not conditioned transition
States• The MPS is NOT conditioned as a whole
34
MPS Ready (3b)
ModePCU start-up and synchronisation transition can be initiated,since the plant is within the start-up margins ("conditioned")Entered after a PCU trip transient or Close-down and PCUdisengage transitions.
States• The reactor is critical• The MPS is conditioned. If all the plant parameters remainwithin the “conditioned” margins, the plant will remain in thismode/state.
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Power operation (5)
Synchronisation
Controlledgrid separation
PCU Startupand
Synchronisation
PowerOperation
(5)
Normalpower
operation (5b)
Reduced-capability
operation (5a)
PCU Operational (4)
Increasecapability
Reducecapability
S
PCUdisengage
Synchronised
Standby(3)
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Power operation
ModeThe plant grid power can be automatically adjusted to a powerset point
States• Supplying power and synchronised to grid.• The Braking System (both the CRB and the PRB) is not inoperation.• Helium PPB inventory level > 40% MCRI
37
Reduced-capability operation (5a)
ModeEntered via the PCU start-up and synchronisation transition orthe Synchronisation transitionThe base-load power controller will be operational (No AGC)Reactor outlet temperature controller will operate in one of thefollowing two sub-modes
• Normal reactor outlet temperature controller mode• Floating reactor outlet temperature controller mode (Xenoneffects)
States• The reactor outlet temperature below or equal to 900 �C .
38
Normal power operation (5b)
ModeProvide power to the gridSupporting ancillary services:
• Load following• Automatic Generation Control (AGC) also known asRegulation or Secondary frequency support. Load “ramping”.• Primary frequency support, also known as governing
States• The reactor outlet temperature will be controlled to 900�C• The power delivered to grid will be between 40% and 100%Maximum Continuous Rating (MCR)
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PCU operational (4)
Synchronisation
Controlledgrid separation
PCU Startupand
Synchronisation
Power operation (5)
PCU Operational(4)
Close-down
Loss of load
S
PCUdisengage
Standby (3)
Synchronised
40
PCU operational
ModeThe mode/state is entered via the Loss of load transient or theControlled grid separation transition.Stable Brayton, low power, high helium inventories, between 40%and 100 % Maximum Continuous Rating Inventory (MCRI).No power is exported to the grid because the plant is notconnected to the grid
41
PCU operational
States
• Generator breaker closed - house load is supplied by thegenerator
• Generator breaker open - house load is supplied from anexternal source
• The reactor temperature outlet temperature between 750�Cand 900 �C
42
Yes/No Yes or No
States Sub-States No ReactorControl Rods
Shut-down Rods RSS
Brayton Self Sus-taining SBS CCS
Power Gene-rated
Synchro-nized
Primary Pressure Boundary
Average Reactor Outlet
Temperature
MPS Helium
Pressure [kPa]
MPS Helium
Inventory [%MCRI]
Power Operation 5 Normal Power Operation 5b Critical Operational Out Out Yes Off Off Yes Yes Closed 900 NA >=40Reduced-Capability Operation 5a Critical Operational Out Out Yes Off Off Yes Yes Closed 750 to 900 NA >=40
PCU Operational 4 PCU Operational 4 Critical Operational Out Out Yes Off Off Yes No Closed 750 to 900 NA >=40Standby 3 MPS Ready 3b Critical Operational Out Out No On Off Yes No Closed 750 to 900 =>2400 >=40
Reactor Ready 3a Critical Operational Out Out No On Off Yes No Closed =<900 *** =>2400 >=40Shutdown 2 Partial Shutdown 2c Sub-Critical Inserted Out Out No On Off No No Closed 750 to 900 =>2400 >=40
Intermediate Shutdown 2b Sub-Critical Inserted Inserted Out No On Off No No Closed 550 to 900 =>2400 >=40Full Shutdown 2a Sub-Critical Inserted Inserted Inserted No On Off No No Closed =<550 ** =>2400 >=40
Fuelled Maintenance 1 Closed Maintenance 1b Sub-Critical Inserted Inserted Inserted No Off On No No Closed =<400°C * Atm. NAOpen Maintenance 1a Sub-Critical Inserted Inserted Inserted No Off On No No Open =<400°C * Atm. NA
Defuelled Maintenance 0 Defuelled Maintenance 0 NA NA NA NA No NA NA No No No NA NA NA
NA=Off/On/Available/Unavailable
MPS StateMatrix
MPS State Matrix
43
Time fraction
Time fraction per mode
Time Fraction Prediction %Description Days per year per year for 40 year plant life
De-fuelled Maintenance (0) * *Open maintenance (1a) 9 2.5
Closed maintenance (1b) 3 0.8Shutdown (2) 3 0.8
Reactor ready (3a) 3 0.8MPS ready (3b) 2 0.5
PCU operational (4) 1 0.3Reduced-capability operation (5a) 20 5.5
Normal power operation (5b) 324 88.8365 100 Total
18 Days / year average planned and unplanned i t 347 Days => 95 % Availability
* The plant will be fuelled and d f ll d at the beginning and end of the plant
lifetime unless special unplanned maintenance requiring a defuelled
t l t reactor is encountered.
44
Transitions
45
De-fuel
DefuelledMaintenance (0)
De-fuel
Full shutdown (2a)
Re-fuelC
Shutdown(2)
46
Re-fuel
DefuelledMaintenance (0)
De-fuel
Full shutdown (2a)
Re-fuelC
Shutdown(2)
47
Insert maintenance valve gates
Open Maintenance(1a)
Closed maintenance(1b)
Insert maintenance valvegates
Removemaintenancevalve gates
FuelledMaintenance
(1)
48
Insert maintenance valve gates
Stepwise procedure� Maintenance valve gates are positioned in the pipingbetween the PCU and reactor unit (RU).They stop airentering the fuelled reactor� A temporary tent is erected� Before lids are opened, the PCU internal pressure(now filled with dry air) is lowered to slightly belowatmospheric pressure (30 Pa / 0.3mbar)
49
Remove maintenance valve gates
Open Maintenance(1a)
Closed maintenance(1b)
Insert maintenance valve gates
Removemaintenancevalve gates
FuelledMaintenance
(1)
50
Remove maintenance valves
Stepwise procedure• Remove the dry air in the PCU by drawing a vacuum in thePCU.• The extracted air & helium mixture is removed via the PrimaryLoop Initial Clean Up System (PLICS) filters.• The helium leaks from the Reactor Unit (RU) into the PCUvolume until a vacuum is drawn over both the RU and PCU.• Once a vacuum has been established, helium is re-introducedinto the RU and leaks into the PCU.• This cycle is repeated until the allowable level of impurities isachieved
51
Pressurise PPB
Shutdown (2)
Closedmaintenance (1b)
De-pressurise PPB
FuelledMaintenance
(1)
Full shutdown (2a)
Pressurise PPB
52
Pressurise PPB
Stepwise procedure� Fill PPB with helium to 40% MCRI� Start the main closed circuit pumps that supplycooling water to the inter- and pre-coolers.� Switch on SBS and decay heat controllers� Switch off CCS
53
De-pressurise PPB
Shutdown (2)
Closedmaintenance (1b)
De-pressurise PPB
FuelledMaintenance
(1)
Full shutdown (2a)
Pressurise PPB
54
De-pressurise PPB
Stepwise procedure� Using the SBS reduce reactor outlet temperature(ROT) until 200°C is reached. (2 days)� Switch the SBS off and the CCS on� Switch off the main closed circuit pumps that supplycooling water to the inter- and pre-coolers.� The helium content of the PCU is flushed with dry air.
55
Reactor start-up (a),(b),(c)
Reactor Ready (3a)
Insert shut downrods
Intermediateshutdown (2b)
Partial shutdown(2c)
Shutdown (2)
Full shutdown (2a)
Insert RSS
Standby (3)
ReactorStartup
(a),(b),(c)
56
Reactor start-up (a),(b),(c)Stepwise procedure
• Confirm that the protection bypass that allows SBS/CCSoperations at low Reactor Outlet Temperature (ROT) is activated• Withdraw the control rods and keep the shutdown rods and theRSS inserted;• Empty the Small Absorber Spheres (SAS) channels one at atime• When the neutron count rate takes more than 60 seconds tostabilise, withdraw the control rods slowly to make the reactorcritical and switch to the ROT reactivity controller• The next SAS channel is emptied and the control rods areinserted while keeping the reactor critical (1)
• Repeat (1) until the control rods approach a pre-determinedlower limit;
57
Reactor start-up (a),(b),(c)Stepwise procedure
• Increase the ROT with nuclear heating using the control rods.The ROT must remain below 550 �C;• Repeat (1) until all SAS channels have been emptied;• Remove the shutdown rods while inserting the control rodswithout exceeding a pre-determined lower limit on the controlrods• Increase the ROT with nuclear heating using the control rodsuntil the shutdown rods are fully withdrawn;• The protection interlock, which allows SBS/CCS operation for alow ROT temperature is automatically activated when the ROTreaches 755 �C.
58
Insert …transitions
Reactor Ready (3a)
.NOT.ConditionedConditioning
ReactorStartup (a)
Insertshutdown
rods
MPS Ready (3b)
Intermediateshutdown (2b)
Partial shutdown(2c)
Shutdown (2)
InsertControl rods
Full shutdown (2a)
ReactorStartup (b)
ReactorStartup (c)
Insert RSS
Standby (3)
59
Insert …transitionsStepwise procedure
� Insert the rods/SAS in a controlled manner
60
Conditioning
Reactor Ready (3a)
.NOT.ConditionedConditioning
MPS Ready (3b)
Standby (3)
61
ConditioningStepwise procedure
Get the MPS to specified temperature levels (to reducetemperature differentials when the Brayton cycle is started)Conditioning Controller is activated
Actuator Regulated variableSBS Mass flow rate through reactorControl rods Reactor outlet temperature
Recuperator bypass valves
Recuperator LP outlet temperatureReactor inlet temperature
HP coolant valveRecuperator LP inlet temperature
Compressor bypass Power turbine powerResistor banks Power turbine speed
62
Synchronisation
Controlledgrid separation
PCU Trip
PowerOperation
(5)
MPS Ready (3b)
Reduced-capabilityoperation (5a)
PCU Operational (4)
Close-down
Loss of load
4
PCUdisengage
Standby (3)
PCU Startupand
Synchronisation
PCU start-up and synchronisation
63
Stepwise procedure• The ROT reactivity controller will control the reactor outlettemperature• The SBS operates at maximum possible delivery• The generator excitation is already switched on at a Power TurbineGenerator (PTG) shaft speed of 600rpm. The helium pressure andthe shaft speed limit the voltage to which the generator is excited.• A power request of 1 MW for the generator is set together with aspeed request of 30 Hz. The LPB and HPB together with the resistorbank will ensure that the generator is stable in this state;• INITIAL START-UP CONDITION
PCU start-up and synchronisation
64
PCU start-up and synchronisation
Stepwise procedure• The spin-up sequence: The PTG will pass through the criticalfrequencies rapidly enough not to exceed undesirable vibration orforce limits at the critical frequencies;
Release resistor bankControl for 1 MW
• The control system will adjust the PTG speed to a value just belowthe grid frequency;• The synchronisation sequence is entered
65
KEY TO THE GRAPHS THAT FOLLOW
Conditioned MPS and :Maintain Power Turbine at 1 MW with bypass valves (Power Controller)Maintain Power Turbine at 30 Hz with Resistor Bank (Speed Controller)
Start-up Process:A: Reduce power dissipated by Resistor Bank and allow Power Turbine
to speed-up, maintaining Power Turbine fluidic power between 1MWand 1.6 MW with bypass valves (Power Controller)
B: Activate Resistor Bank when Power Turbine reaches 50 Hz(Speed Controller) and commence synchronization
C: Synchronized to Grid and switch over to high cycle efficiency byclosing bypass valves
A-C: Brayton cycle self-sustaining - switch off SBS Blowers.
PCU start-up and synchronisation
66
Brayton Cycle Start-Up Graphs (1)
67
Brayton Cycle Start-Up Graphs (2)
68
Brayton Cycle Start-Up Graphs (3)
69
Brayton Cycle Start-Up Graphs (4)
70
Brayton Cycle Start-Up Graphs (5)
71
Brayton Cycle Start-Up Graphs (6)
72
Transients
73
Loss of load transient
Synchronisation
Controlledgrid separation
PCU Startupand
Synchronisation
PCU Trip
PowerOperation
(5)
MPS Ready (3b)
PCU Operational (4)
Close-down
Loss ofload
4
PCUdisengage
Standby (3)
74
Loss of load transient
Stepwise procedure• A loss of load condition is detected• The Gas Cycle Bypass valve (GBP) will open within 0.3 secondswith no feedback control. Opening the valves will ensure the PTGdoes not over-speed• The GBP valves will close as soon as the rotational acceleration isnegative. This will ensure that the Brayton cycle remains functioning;• Simultaneously the HPB, LPB and HCV are opened and the resistorbank load is set to maximum.• The low- and high-pressure bypass valves and resistor bank areused to control the PTG rotational frequency to 50 Hz.• The HCV will ensure that the recuperator low pressure inlettemperature does not exceed 600 �C;
75
Loss of load transient
Stepwise procedure• The electrical protection may operate to trip the generator circuitbreaker or the HV breaker, depending on the nature of the initiatingevent.• The ROT reactivity controller (control rods) will control the averagereactor outlet temperature (ROT).
76
Loss of load transient
[PTG_accel>2.5]
[PTG_accel<0]
[PTG_speed<50.2]
Detection
LOEL_transition
Open_valvesentry: open_valves = 1;exit: open_valves = 0;
Stabiliseentry:run_stabilise = 1;exit:run_stabilise = 0;
PCU_operationalentry: run_speedcontrol = 1;
A
B
C
77
Loss of load transient Graphs (1)
100 101 102
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140Power turbine power [MW]
Time [s]
Pow
er [M
W]
4e29 Grid power : Power Turbine -33e29 Fluidic power : Power Turbine
A B
C
78
Loss of load transient Graphs (2)
100 101 10248
49
50
51
52
53
54
55Power turbine speed
Time [s]
Spe
ed [H
z]
5e29 Speed : Power TurbineA B
C
79
Loss of load transient Graphs (3)
100 101 1023000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000System pressure
Time [s]
Pre
ssur
e [k
Pa]
2n78 Pressure : Manifold 2n50 Pressure : LPC Inlet NodeA B
C
80
Loss of load transient Graphs (4)
100 101 10250
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150Reactor mass flow
Time [s]
Mas
s flo
w [k
g/s]
1e7 Mass flow rate : Core Outlet PipeA B C
81
Loss of load transient Graphs (5)
100 101 10250
100
150
200
250
300
Reactor power
Time [s]
Pow
er [M
W]
7e1 Neutronic heat : Reactor Core33e1 Fluidic heat : Reactor Core
A B
C
82
Loss of load transient Graphs (6)
100 101 102860
865
870
875
880
885
890
895
900
905
910
915Reactor outlet temperature
Time [s]
Tem
pera
ture
[°C
]
4n4 Temperature : Inlet to Core Outlet PipeA B
C
83
Loss of load transient Graphs (7)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1400.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
1.086 1.448 1.810 2.172 2.895 3.619 4.343 5.067 5.791 6.515 7.239 7.963 8.687 9.41010.13410.85811.58212.30613.030
lpcompver51__orig__V600.cmp
Pre
ssur
e ra
tio
Corrected mass flow rate
84
PCU trip transient
Synchronisation
Controlledgrid separation
PCU Startupand
Synchronisation
PCU Trip
PowerOperation
(5)
MPS Ready (3b)
PCU Operational (4)
Close-down
Loss of load
4
PCUdisengage
Standby (3)
85
PCU trip transient
This transient occurs when there is a fault within the PCUStepwise procedure• The generator breaker should trip on reverse power conditions;
• The gas cycle bypass valve (GBP) opens and remains open untilthe Brayton cycle has shut down completely;
• The resistor bank will decelerate the PTG;
• The SBS will be activated to keep flow through the reactor.
86
Control rod SCRAM / Reverse
Control rodSCRAM/Reverse
ReactorStartup (a)
Insert shut downrods
PowerOperation
(5)
ReactorSCRAM
Intermediateshutdown (2b)
Partial shutdown(2c)
Shutdown (2)
PCU Operational (4)4
4
3
Insert Controlrods
2(c)
3
Full shutdown (2a)
C
ReactorStartup (b)
ReactorStartup (c)
Insert RSS
Standby (3)
Critical
87
Control rod SCRAM / Reverse
Stepwise procedure• The SBS/CCS inhibit for low ROT temperatures is activated
• A Control rod SCRAM / Reverse transient is accomplished bygravitationally fully inserting the control rods into the reactor (SCRAM)or fully inserting them in a controlled manner using the motor drives(Reverse);
• A controlled shutdown of the PCU will take place with the operationof the LPB and HPB valves.
• The generator breaker will trip on reverse power conditions
• The resistor bank will decelerate the PTG
• The SBS will be started and the ROT control will be passed fromthe ROT reactivity controller to the ROT decay heat controller.
88
Reactor SCRAM
Control rodSCRAM/Reverse
ReactorStartup (a)
Insert shut downrods
PowerOperation
(5)
ReactorSCRAM
Intermediateshutdown (2b)
Partial shutdown(2c)
Shutdown (2)
PCU Operational (4)4 4
3
Insert Controlrods
2(c)
3
Full shutdown (2a)
C
ReactorStartup (b)
ReactorStartup (c)
Insert RSS
Standby (3)
Critical
89
Reactor SCRAM
Stepwise procedure• The SBS/CCS inhibit for low ROT temperatures is activated
• The shutdown and control rods are gravitationally fully inserted intothe reactor;
• The gas cycle bypass valve (GBP) will be opened and will remainopen until the Brayton cycle has shut down completely.
• The GBP causes the speeds and the power of the turbo units to bereduced.
• The generator breaker will trip on reverse power conditions;
• The resistor bank will decelerate the PTG
• The SBS will be started and the ROT control will be passed fromthe ROT reactivity controller to the ROT decay heat controller.
90
Conclusion
The objective of the presentation was to inform andeducate the NRC regarding the operation of the PBMRas well as demonstrate the application of analyticalcodes used to evaluate plant operation.
91End of Presentation
Conclusion
Quick overview of the PBMR Main PowerSystem components and control functions
HPT LPT
PT
Recuperator
Pre-coolerIntercooler
Generator
HPC LPC
Core
HCV LCV
RBP
SBSVSBS
SIV
SBP
SBPC
GBP
HPBHPBC
LPBLPBC
HPHelium injection and removal
LPHelium injection
ContinuousResistor Bank
(CRB)
PeakBrakingSystem(PRB)
HICS HICS
Description of Codes used by PBMR to evaluateplant operations
PBMR Definitions used to describe plant operations
Description of the Modes, States, Transitionsand Transients
Examples of analyses used to evaluate plantoperation
1Rea ctor_ Core (R)
3
Re a ctor_O utle t_Conne ction_ to_ Core_ Outle t_ Pi
pe (FP)
7 Core _Outlet_ Pipe (FP)
9CM
1 1
HPT_Diffuse r (FP)
1 3
HPT_ Outle t_Pipe (FP)
1 7
Low _Pre ss ur e_ Turbine (T)
CM1 9
LPT_ Diffus er (FP)
21LPT_ Outlet_ Pipe (FP)
27PT_ Inta ke (FP)
29
Powe r_ Turbine (T)
3 1PT_Diffuse r (FP)
3 5
PT_ Outle t_Contrac tion (FP)
3 9
Rec upe ra tor_ LP (H)RX
41
Pre -cooler_ oute r_ bundle (H)CX
4 3
Pre-c oole r_inne r_ bundle (H)CX
4 7
PC_ Outle t_C ontra ction (FP)
5 1
LPC_ Inta k e (FP)
5 3CM
5 5
LPC_ Diffus er (FP)
57
LPC_ Outlet_ Pipe (FP)
6 1
Interc oole r_outer _bundle (H)CX63
Inter coole r_ inner_ bundle (H)CX
67
IC_ Outlet_ duc ting(FP)
7 1
HPC_ Inta k e (FP)
7 3CM
75
HPC_ Diffus e r (FP)
77HPCe _Holes _to_ Ma nifold (FP)
7 9
M aintane nc e_ Valv e (V)RD
83 RX(HP)_ Inle t_Pipes (FP)
85RX
87 RX(HP)_Outlet_ Pipe s(a ) (FP)
8 9
C ore _Inlet_ Pipe s(e ) (FP)
91
Re ac tor_Annula r_Pipes (FP)
93
Re ac tor_ Ga s_ Inle t_Plenum_ Hole s (FP)
9 5Control_Rod_Cooling_flow_ conne ction (FP)
10 2CX
1 04CX
1 0 9CX
11 1CX
78P
1 13
Ma nifold_ to_HPTe_ Le a ka ge (L)R D7 8
P1 1 6
RD
1 19HPC_By pas s_ Valv e_ (HPB) (V)
12 0
LPC _By pa s s_ Valv e_ 1_ (LPB1 ) (V)
1 2 1
G as _Cy c le _By pas s_ Valv e_ 1_ (GBP1) (V)
78P
13 3
Ma nifold_to_HPTi_Le ak age (L)RD
7 8P
13 5
RX_by pa s s_ va lve _(1 TO 4 )_(R BP1 ) (V)
1 3 6R ea ctor_ Ple num _Re duc tion_ Area (FP)
1 37 Rea ctor_ Outle t_Slots (FP)
1 3 8
Contr ol_ Rod_ Bypa ss (filled) (FP)
1 40
Control_R od_ Bypas s (em pty ) (FP)
1 42
Le ak flow_ from_ Control_R od_ to_ Outle t_M a nifold (FP)
RD
14 4
Inside _Ca vity _Slots_ to_ Core (FP)RD
14 6Re ac tor_Outs ide _
Cav ity (FP)
14 8 Rea ctor_ Le a k_ into_M anifold (FP)
R L
15 0HPT_ Inta ke (FP) 1 52
LPT_Intak e (FP)
1 5 8
RX(LP)_to_ PC_c onnec tion (FP)
1 6 0
Annular_ flow _path_ to_ IC (FP)
1 62
Annula r_ flow_ pa th_. . ._ to_IC_ core (FP)
1 63
Rec upe ra tor _Outlet_ Pipe (FP)
1 65
Core _Inle t_Pipes (a) (FP)
1 67Core _Inle t_Pipes (b) (FP)
1 69
Cor e_ Inle t_ Pipe s(c ) (FP)
17 1
Core _Inlet_ Pipe s(d) (FP)
1 74
17 5
LPC_ Bypa ss _Va lv e _Pipe2 (FP)
17 8
LPC_ Bypa ss _Va lv e _Pipe 1 (FP)
18 0By pas s_ Valv e_ Pipe (FP)
1 81 HPCe _to_HPCi_ Le ak a ge (L)R D
7 8P
1 82
M a nifold_ to_ LPTi_ Le a ka ge (L)
R D
1 8 3
LPCe _to_LPCi_Le ak age (L)RD
18 4 Cas ing_ cooling_flow (L)RD
561 85
LPCe_ to_PT_c as ing_ flow (FP)
1 86
PTi_ to_Ba sk et_ lea k (L)RD
1 8 8
1 88 25 %_c a sing_ cooling_flow (L)
RD19 0
19 0 7 5% _c as ing_ cooling_flow (L)
RD
19 2
Ba sk e t_ to_PTe_ lea k (L)RD
1 94
PT_interna l_fp2 (FP)
RD
1 96
19 6 Buffer _to_ga spath_ le a k (L)
19 7
1 97 ECLS_ uppe r (L)
19 8
ECLS_ low er (L)
30 0
ECLS_to_ PToutlet (L)RD
30 1
dum my
3 0 3
HPS_s upply _line (FP)RD
3 05
PTG_ Sha ft_La by rinth_ Sea l(a) (L)
3 07
30 7 PTG_Sha ft_Laby rinth_ Se a l(b) (L)
3 09
PT_top_volum e
_ to_ PTe(FP)
78P
31 0
Shaft_ va lve (V)RD
1 533 12
Pipe _ RXe _ to_ SBSi_ 2 (FP)
31 4
SBS_Isolation_v alv e_ 2(SBSV2 ) (V)
3 16
SBS_ Blow er2 (CM)
M
CM32 7 31 8
Pipe _ SBSe 2_ to_RX_ ma nifold (FP)
1 533 19
Pipe_ RXe_ to_ SBSi_1 (FP)
32 1
SBS_ Isolation_v alv e_ 1(SBSV1 ) (V)
3 23
SBS_Blowe r1 (CM )
M
CM32 7 32 5
Pipe _SBSe 1_ to_RX_ ma nifold (FP)
32 6
SBS_ Inline_ va lve _1 _ (SIV1) (V)
7 8P
3 29
HP_c oola nt_ v alv e_ 1_ (HCV1) (V)78
P33 0
LP_c oola nt_v alv e_ 1_ (LCV1) (V)
33 2SBS_ La byrinth_Se al2 (L)
33 4SBS_ Labyr inth_Se al1 (L)
3 36
RX(HP)_Outlet_ Pipes
(b) (FP)
3 38 RX_ inle t_ hea der_ pipe (FP)
34 0PC_Im pingem ent_ pla te
(FP)
3 41HPC_ Bypa ss _Control_ Valv e_ (HPBC) (V)
34 2
LPC_By pas s_ Contr ol_ Valv e[LPBC] (V)
34 3
SBS_ Bypas s _v alv e_ (SBP) (V)
34 4
SBS_By pas s_ Control_Va lve _(SBPC) (V)
34 5
LPC _By pa s s_ Valv e_ 2_ (LPB2 ) (V)
34 6
LPC _By pa s s_ Valv e_ 3_ (LPB3 ) (V)
3 4 7
3 4 8
3 4 9
3 5 0
3 5 1
3 5 2
3 5 3 Gas _C yc le _ Bypas s _Va lv e _8 _(GBP8 )(V)
7 8P
3 54
HP_ coola nt_v alv e_ 2_ (HCV2) (V)
78P
35 5
LP_ coolant_v a lv e_ 2 _(LCV2) (V)
35 6
SBS_Inline_ v alv e_ 2_ (SIV2) (V)
35 7
SBS_ Inline_ va lve _3 _ (SIV3 ) (V)
7 8P
36 1
7 8P
36 2
7 8P
36 3
3 64HPC_ By pa ss _ Control_Va lv e _Pipe (FP)
3 6 5LPC_By pas s_ Contr ol_ Valve_Pipe 2 (FP)
36 6
LPC _By pa s s_ Control_Va lve _Pipe1 (FP)
3 68
PT_1 s t_s tg_ sta tor (FP)
37 0
37 0 PT_1 st_ stg_ rotor_ inle t (FP)
3 7 1
3 71 Inlet_ 1 st_ stg_throat (FP)
3 73
37 3 2 5% _rim_ c ooling_ flow (L)
RD
37 5
3 7 5 75 %_ rim_ cooling_flow (L)
RD
37 6
Rim_ cooling_flow (L)RD
3 77
OD_u_ ECLS_ ba ck up_ lab (L)
3 80
3 80 ID_u_ECLS_ ba ck up_ lab (L)5 6 3 81
PT_ inte rnals _cooling flow
(FP)
38 3
PT_ inte rnal_ fp1 (FP)
RD
3 8 7
Inle t_to_SBS_ Blowe r1 (FP)
38 8
SBS_ Blowe r1 _Outlet_ Diffus er (FP)
3 90O utle t_From_ SBS_Blower1 (FP)
3 9 3
Inle t_to_ SBS_ Blow er2 (FP)
39 4
SBS_Blowe r2_ Outle t_ Diffuse r (FP)
3 96
Outlet_ Fr om _SBS_ Blowe r2 (FP)
78P
1 70 2
Ba sk e t_v entilation_ flow (L)RD
1 7 03 Rea ctor_ Outle t_Pipe_ to_ CCS (FP)
1 70 5
CCS_ Splitting_ Res trictor (FP)RD
17 07
CCS_ Outle t_Pipe_ to_ Re ac tor (FP)
2Rea ctor_ Core_ Outle t
H
4
6
Rea c tor_ Outlet_ Ma nifold
8 10 1 2
HPT_Diffuse r_Volume
16 1 8 20
LPT_ Diffus er_ Volum e
26
PT_Inle t_Volume
2 8 3 0
3 4
PT_Diffuse r_ Volume
3 8 RX(LP)_Inne r_ Ves se l_Volum e40
PC_ Inlet_ Volum e
42
4 6
PC_ Outle t_Volum e
505 2545 65 8
IC_Inlet_ Volume
6 2
66
IC_O utle t_Volum e
7 0727 4
76HPC_Diffuse r_ Volume
78
Ma nifold
P82 RX(HP)_ Inlet_ Ple num
84RX(HP)_Core _Inle t
86
88 RX(HP)_O utle t_Plenum
9 0
Rea c tor_ Inle t_M anifold
9 2
Rea ctor_ Gas _ Inlet_ Ple num _ Volume 1
9 4Re ac tor_Ga s _Inle t_Ple num _Volum e2
9 6
9 8Void_a bov e _the_ Re a
c tor _CoreH
99IC_ Wa ters ide_ Inlet
PT
10 3
1 05
IC_ Wa ters ide_ Outle tM
10 6
PC_ Wa ters ide _ Inlet
PT1 10 11 2
PC_Wate rs ide _Outlet
M
1 3 914 1
14 3
Rea c tor_ Ins ide _ Cav ity
T
14 5
Re ac tor_Upper_ Volume
T
14 7
Re a ctor_Lowe r_Volum e
T
14 9HPT_ Inta ke _Volum e
15 1
LPT_Intak e_ Volume
15 3
RX_Oute r_Volum e
1 5916 1
1 64
1 66
1 68
1 701 72
1 73
17 6 17 7
17 9
18 7
18 7 Turbine _c as ing_ te m p
T
18 9PT_c a sing_ v olume
19 1
PT_ bas ke t_v olum e
19 5
PT_Inne r_ Volume
19 9
3 02
HPS_outlet_ purified
M T30 4
G enera tor_Volume
3 06
3 08
3 08 Volume _on_top_of_PT
31 1
HPS Extra ction
M
31 331 5
Inle t_ Volume _To_SBS_ Blowe r2
3 17
32 032 2
Inle t_Volume _To_SBS_ Blowe r1
3 24
3 2 7RX_ Oute r_ Annulus _Volume
3 28
3 33SBS_ Motor _Ca sing_Volum e2
3 35
SBS_ Motor_Ca s ing_Volum e 1
3 37Inle t to RX(HP)_O utle t_Pipe s (b)
33 9
3 67
36 9
3 7 2 37 4
37 4 Turbine _rim_ te mp
T
3 78
3 78 u_ ECLS_ OD_ volume
3 79
37 9 u_ECLS_ ID_ v olume3 82 3 8 4
3 8638 9
SBS_ Blow er1 _Dum p_ Volume
3 91
SBS_Blowe r1_ Dump_Volum e
3 9239 5
SBS_Blower 2_ Dum p_Volum e
3 97
SBS_ Blow er2 _Dum p_ Volum e
3 98
17 00 1 70 1
1 70 4CC S_ Volum e1
17 0 6
SYMBOLOGY
Reactor Ready (3a)
Synchronisation
Controlledgrid separation
MPS Startupand
Synchronisation
PCU Trip
Control rodSCRAM/Reverse
.NOT.ConditionedConditioning
ReactorStartup (a)
Insert shut downrods
PowerOperation (5)
ReactorSCRAM
MPS Ready (3b)
Intermediateshutdown (2b)
Normalpower
operation (5b)
Reduced-capabilityoperation (5a)
Partial shutdown(2c)
Shutdown (2)
PCU Operational (4)
DefuelledMaintenance (0) Open Maintenance
(1a)Closed maintenance
(1b)
4
3(b)
De-fuel
Insert maintenance valve gates
4
3(b)
3(a)
Close-down
Insert Controlrods
De-pressurise PPB
Removemaintenancevalve gates
2(c)
3(a)
Loss of load
Increasecapabil ity
Reducecapability
FuelledMaintenance
(1)
4
Full shutdown (2a)
Pressurise PPBFuel
C
C
ReactorStartup (b)
ReactorStartup (c)
S
MPSShutdown
Insert RSS
Standby (3)
Synchronised
Critical
[PTG_accel>2.5]
[PTG_accel<0]
[PTG_speed<50.2]
Detection
LOEL_transition
Open_valvesentry: open_valves = 1;exit: open_valves = 0;
Stabiliseentry:run_stabilise = 1;exit:run_stabilise = 0;
PCU_operationalentry: run_speedcontrol = 1;
100 101 10250
100
150
200
250
300
Reactor power
Time [s]
Pow
er [M
W]
7e1 Neutronic heat : Reactor Core33e1 Fluidic heat : Reactor Core
A B
A B
C