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PAVEMENT MATERIALS PAVEMENT MATERIALS ENGINEERINGENGINEERING
(CE-862) (CE-862) Lec-04
Fall Semester 2016
Dr. Arshad [email protected] , Office Room#111, Tel:
05190854163, Cell: 03419756251
National Institute of Transportation (NIT)
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering (SCEE)
National University of Science and Technology (NUST)
NUST Campus, Sector H-12, Islamabad
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ROADBED SOILS – CROADBED SOILS – C
GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS & GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS & ATTERBERG’S LIMITSATTERBERG’S LIMITS
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OutlineOutline1.Soil Texture2.Grain Size and Grain Size
Distribution3.Particle Shape4.Atterberg Limits
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1. Soil Texture1. Soil Texture
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Soil TextureSoil TextureThe texture of a soil is its appearance or “feel” and it depends on the relative sizes and shapes of the particles as well as the range or distribution of those sizes.
6
Coarse-grained soils:
Gravel Sand
Fine-grained soils:
Silt Clay0.075 mm (USCS)
Sieve analysis Hydrometer analysis
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CharacteristicsCharacteristics
7
(Holtz and Kovacs, 1981)
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2. Grain Size and Grain Size 2. Grain Size and Grain Size DistributionDistribution
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Grain SizeGrain Size
9
(Holtz and Kovacs, 1981)
Clay-size particlesA small quartz particle may have the similar size of clay minerals
Clay minerals. For example:Kaolinite, Illite, etc
.
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Sieve sizeSieve size
10
Rectangular opening4” (101.6 mm) to # 400 (.038mm)Below #200 is not practicalLeast dimension passingSieve numbering?
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Grain Size DistributionGrain Size Distribution
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Particle ShapeParticle Shape
Important for granular soils Angular soil particle higher friction Round soil particle lower friction
12
Rounded Subrounded
Subangular Angular
(Holtz and Kovacs, 1981)
Coarse-grained soils
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Particle Size DefinitionParticle Size DefinitionSystem based only on particles
smaller than 3-inchesCobbles are 3”to 12”Boulders are > 12”
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Gravel / Sand / FinesGravel / Sand / Fines
Gravels are between # 4 sieve and 3”Sands are between # 200 sieve and
# 4 sieveFines are smaller than # 200 sieve
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ExperimentExperiment
15
Coarse-grained soils:
Gravel Sand
Fine-grained soils:
Silt Clay0.075 mm (USCS)
Sieve analysis Hydrometer analysis
(Head, 1992)
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Commonly used larger size sieves◦3 inch◦2 inch◦1-1/2 inch
◦1 inch◦3/4 inch◦1/2 inch◦3/8 inch
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10 openings per inch
# 10 sieve
1-inch
Smaller sieves are numbered according to the number of openings per inch
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Commonly used smaller size sieves◦# 4◦# 10◦# 20◦# 40
◦# 60◦# 140◦# 200
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Log scale
(Holtz and Kovacs, 1981)
Fine
r
Effective size D10: 0.02 mm
D30: D60:
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Describe the shapeExample: well graded
Criteria
QuestionWhat is the Cu for a soil with only one grain size?
20
2)9)(02.0(
)6.0()D)(D(
)D(C
curvatureoftCoefficien
45002.09
DDC
uniformityoftCoefficien
2
6010
230
c
10
60u
mm9Dmm6.0D
)sizeeffective(mm02.0D
60
30
10
)sandsfor(6Cand3C1
)gravelsfor(4Cand3C1
soilgradedWell
uc
uc
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AnswerAnswerQuestionWhat is the Cu for a soil with only one grain size?
21
D
Fine
r
1DDC
uniformityoftCoefficien
10
60u
Grain size distribution
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◦ Use of curve Inside gradation envelope Uniformly, poorly or skip grading Effective size D10 Coefficient of uniformity, Cu = large
value non uniform soil, >5well graded, <2 poorly graded
Coefficient of curvature, Cu = D302
/(D60 x D10) greatly differ from 1, indicate missing sizes
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Engineering applications It will help us “feel” the soil texture (what the
soil is) and it will also be used for the soil classification
It can be used to define the grading specification of a drainage filter.
It can be a criterion for selecting fill materials of embankments and earth dams, road sub-base materials, and concrete aggregates. It can be used to estimate the results of grouting and chemical injection, and dynamic compaction.
Effective Size, D10, can be correlated with the hydraulic conductivity (describing the permeability of soils).
Predicting soil movementsFrost susceptibility
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◦ Limitations/ salient features Sieve sizes Statically representative sample Sample size Sampling procedure Shape
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4. Atterberg Limits 4. Atterberg Limits and and
Consistency IndicesConsistency Indices
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Consistency limits an Consistency limits an IndicesIndices
◦ General Property of soil manifested by
resistance to flow. Cohesive and not inter granular. Affected by moisture contents of soil.
◦ Consistency Limits. Atterberg’s six stages of soil consistency range
◦ liquid limit◦ Sticky limit ◦ Cohesive limit◦ Plastic limit◦ Shrinkage limit
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The presence of water in fine-grained soils can significantly affect associated engineering behavior, so we need a reference index to clarify the effects. (The reason will be discussed later in the topic of clay minerals)
27(Holtz and Kovacs, 1981)
In percentage
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Liquid Limit, LL
Liquid State
Plastic Limit, PL
Plastic State
Shrinkage Limit, SL
Semisolid State
Solid StateDry Soil
Fluid soil-water mixture
Incr
easi
ng w
ater
con
tent
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Liquid Limit-LLLiquid Limit-LL
Casagrande Method(ASTM D4318-95a)
Professor Casagrande standardized the test and developed the liquid limit device.
Cone Penetrometer Method
(BS 1377: Part 2: 1990:4.3)
This method is developed by the Transport and Road Research Laboratory, UK.
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Liquid Limit DefinitionLiquid Limit DefinitionThe water content
at which a groove cut in a soil paste will close upon 25 repeated drops of a brass cup with a rubber base
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LL Test ProcedureLL Test Procedure
Prepare paste of soil finer than # 40 sieve
Place Soil in Cup
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LL Test ProcedureLL Test ProcedureCut groove
in soil paste with standard grooving tool
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LL Test ProcedureLL Test ProcedureRotate cam
and count number of blows of cup required to close groove by 1/2”
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LL Test ProcedureLL Test ProcedurePerform on 3 to 4 specimens that
bracket 25 blows to close grooveObtain water content for each testPlot water content versus number of
blows on semi-log paper
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LL Test ResultsLL Test Results
Log N
water content, %LL= w%
Interpolate LL water content at 25 blows
25
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LL Values < 16 % not LL Values < 16 % not realisticrealistic
16Liquid Limit,
%
PI, %
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LL Values LL Values >> 50 - HIGH 50 - HIGH
Liquid Limit, %
PI, %
50
H
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LL Values < 50 - LOWLL Values < 50 - LOW
Liquid Limit, %
PI, %
50
L
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Plastic Limit DefinitionPlastic Limit DefinitionThe water content at which a soil
changes from a plastic consistency to a semi-solid consistency
Defined by Laboratory Test concept developed by Atterberg in 1911.
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Plastic Limit DefinitionPlastic Limit DefinitionThe water content
at which a 1/8”thread of soil can be rolled out but it begins to crack and cannot then be re-rolled
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Plastic Limit w% Plastic Limit w% procedureprocedure
Using paste from LL test, begin drying
May add dry soil or spread on plate and air-dry
Occasionally evaluate 1/8” thread
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Plastic Limit w% Plastic Limit w% procedureprocedure
When point is reached where thread is cracking and cannot be re-rolled to 1/8” diameter, collect at least 6 grams and measure water content. Defined plastic limit
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Definition of Plasticity Definition of Plasticity IndexIndex
Plasticity Index is the numerical difference between the Liquid Limit w% and the Plastic Limit w%
w% LLPL
PI = LL - PL
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Definition of Plasticity Definition of Plasticity IndexIndex
It represents the range in water contents over which a soil behaves in a plastic manner
w% LLPL
PI = LL - PL liquidsemi-solid plastic (remoldable)
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Liquidity index LILiquidity index LI
For scaling the natural water content of a soil sample to the Limits. contentwatertheisw
PLLLPLw
PIPLwLI
LI <0 (A), brittle fracture if sheared0<LI<1 (B), plastic solid if sheared LI >1 (C), viscous liquid if sheared
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Definition of NonplasticDefinition of NonplasticIf the soil has a PI of zero, or
either of the Atterberg tests cannot be performed, the soil is said to be non-plastic
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Definition of PlasticityDefinition of Plasticity
Plastic soils plot
above the A-
Line on a Chart
Plasti
c Soil
s
“A- Line”
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Definition of PlasticityDefinition of Plasticity
Non-plastic or slightly
plastic soils plot below the A-Line on a Chart Non
plasti
c Soil
s
“A- Line”
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U-Line SignificanceU-Line Significance
“U- Line”
Correct tests never plot above U-
line and LL values are never < 16
Unrealistic
16
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Criterion for Organic Criterion for Organic DesignationDesignation
A liquid limit test is performed on:◦One sample that is only air-dried◦On another that is oven-dried prior
to testing◦The liquid limit values are compared
by computing the ratio of the 2 values
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Organic DefinitionOrganic DefinitionIf the ratio of the oven-dried
soil’s LL to the air-dry soil’s LL values is < 0.75, the soil is organic by definition.
If the air-dry LL is 50 or more, it is a HIGH liquid limit
If the air-dry LL is less than 50, the soil has a LOW LL value
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Shrinkage Limit-SLShrinkage Limit-SL
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Definition of shrinkage limit:
The water content at which the soil volume ceases to change is defined as the shrinkage limit.
(Das, 1998)
SL
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Shrinkage Limit-SLShrinkage Limit-SL
53
(Das, 1998)
Soil volume: Vi
Soil mass: M1
Soil volume: Vf
Soil mass: M2
)100)((M
VV)100(M
MM
(%)w(%)wSL
w2
fi
2
21
i
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Shrinkage Limit-SLShrinkage Limit-SL “Although the shrinkage limit was a popular classification
test during the 1920s, it is subject to considerable uncertainty and thus is no longer commonly conducted.”
“One of the biggest problems with the shrinkage limit test is that the amount of shrinkage depends not only on the grain size but also on the initial fabric of the soil. The standard procedure is to start with the water content near the liquid limit. However, especially with sandy and silty clays, this often results in a shrinkage limit greater than the plastic limit, which is meaningless. Casagrande suggests that the initial water content be slightly greater than the PL, if possible, but admittedly it is difficult to avoid entrapping air bubbles.” (from Holtz and Kovacs, 1981)
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Typical Values of Typical Values of Atterberg Limits Atterberg Limits
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(Mitchell, 1993)
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