Pavement Design - Environmental Science & Policy · Warm mix asphalt • Additives to asphalt...
Transcript of Pavement Design - Environmental Science & Policy · Warm mix asphalt • Additives to asphalt...
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Pavement Design
TTP Orientation Seminar2010
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What are Pavements?
• Engineered structures in contact with the earth's surface built to facilitate movement of people and goods–Pedestrians–Personal vehicles–Freight and freight handling–Trains and trams–Aircraft and spacecraft
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Pavement Types• Asphalt Concrete Surface
– Granular bases– Subgrade
• Concrete Surface– Various bases– Subgrade
• Surface Treatment– Thin sprayed asphalt on granular bases
• Permeable Pavement– Open graded asphalt or concrete layers, open
granular layers, on uncompacted subgrade
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What are Pavements?
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What are pavements?
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What are pavements?
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Why Build Pavements?
• Provide all-weather mobility for road users
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Why Build Pavements?
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Why Build Pavements?
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Why Build Pavements?
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Who are the Stakeholders?
• User• Owner• Builder• Society
–Internal–External
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Natural Ground Level (NGL)
Cut
Surface Drain
Subsurface Drain
PAVED ROAD UNPAVED ROAD
SurfacingShoulder
In situ material
BaseSubbase Wearing Course
Selected Layers
Subgrade
Fill
Pav
emen
t Lay
ers
Mat
eria
l Dep
th
Pavement Anatomy
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Pavement Life Cycle
• Infrastructure Life Cycle– Deployment– Maintenance– Rehabilitation– Reconstruction (Abandonment?
Reuse?)• Goal at all stages is greater efficiency
– how is efficiency defined?
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Where Are We Now?
Years Infrastructure Pavement Research
1948-1980 Deployment Materials, Design, Cost Allocation
1970-2050 Management M & R Scheduling, Condition Assessment
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Years Infrastructure Pavement Research
1995-2025 Reconstruction Reconstruction, Materials Optimization,Traffic Considerations,ReDesign
2010-2050 Sustainability Materials ReUse, Vehicle/Pavement Interaction, New Materials, Information Technology Integration
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Is There a Pattern?Continued expansion of the system boundaries in
which pavement problems are defined
Materials
PavementSustainable
TransportationInfrastructure
SystemTransportation Facility Network
Pavement Network
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What Causes Pavement Distress?
• Traffic• Environment• Interaction of traffic/environment,
construction quality, materials, design
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California: 1912
Australia: 1914
the “good old”days?
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Traffic Variables
Highways - it’s the trucks
• Loads• Tire pressures• Speeds• Dynamics (interaction with roughness)• Which are most important?• One fully loaded truck pass causes same
damage as about 5,000 passes of an SUV
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Traffic
• Measurement of traffic– counts– load measurements
• Prediction of future traffic– growth factors for vehicle repetitions– will load limits change on highways?– are your loads controlled?
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Big Truck - 1960
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Big Truck - 2001
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Super Single Tires
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Australian for “truck”
“Road Train”
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Local Government Pavement Design
• Some agencies– Standard cross sections and materials– Little or no construction inspection (particularly compaction)– No money for testing and analysis
• Other agencies– Design for particular traffic, environment, soils– Good construction inspection– Testing and analysis (is there a net cost savings?)
• Standard specifications and design methods– Greenbook (mostly in S. California)– Use of state specifications (much of N. California, joint powers
financing, federally funded projects)– Use of consultants
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What are Pavements Made Of? and will this change?
• Most pavements are made of engineered soils and processed rock
• Asphalt concrete is 85% aggregate by volume; 10% asphalt; some plastic, rubber modifiers
• Portland cement concrete is 70% aggregate by volume; 11% portland cement; up to 25% of cement replaced by fly ash; some steel
• Nearly all of these materials can be perpetually recyclable into the same infrastructure
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Pavements: will the demand for them increase or decrease?
Pavements sorted by transportation mode• Streets, roads, highways, freeways, parking • Railroads, switching yards, intermodal yards• Runways, taxiways, aprons• Land-side port facilities, container yards• Bike paths, sidewalks, other hardscape
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What is the impact on pavements of efforts to improve sustainability?
• Vehicle fuel economy and fuel type will change
• Fuel type change impact on available materials?
• Fuel economy change impact on functional and structural requirements?– Smoothness requirements
• Impacts on product life cycle and waste– Pneumatic tire loads and inflation pressures– Operating speeds and suspension systems– Repetitions
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How can the environmental impact of pavements be reduced?
• Understand the pavement life cycle• Identify environmental costs• Consider environmental costs in decision-
making• Identify how to reduce environmental costs
considering interactions with other systems
• Determine how to make new methods standard practice
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Some basic good practices
• Minimize the annual use of new materials– Perpetual reuse– Make materials/pavements last longer– Thinner pavements
• Reduce the environmental costs of new materials and recycling– Local materials– Reduce energy needs– Low-impact materials
• Reduce the delay associated with construction
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Caltrans Funded UCPRC ResearchSustainability Issues:
– Nonrenewable fuel depletion– Greenhouse gas emissions– Global climate change– Local air quality
Projects:– Modified Binders– Deep In Situ Recycling
• Foamed asphalt• Pulverization
– Warm Mix Asphalt
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Deep In-Situ Recycling
Cracked ACrepeated overlays
Granular layers
Subgrade
New AC Overlay
Recycled Layer
Remaining Granular
Subgrade
grind
Currently developing project selection, mix design and construction guidelines
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New pulverization and in-place stabilization equipment
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Warm mix asphalt
• Additives to asphalt concrete – reduce temperature for effective compaction
of asphalt concrete• Advantages:
– Better compaction in cold weather– Reduced energy costs– May reduce emissions
• Possible disadvantages:– May increase risk of rutting, moisture damage
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Asphalt paving with conventional mix
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Same project with Warm Mix Asphalt
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Caltrans Funded UCPRC ResearchSustainability Issues:
– Congestion– Low mobility– Fatalities and injuries
Projects: CA4PRS– Faster construction from
innovative scheduling; • Shorter closures• Less traffic delay• Fewer accidents
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Los Angeles Basin Freeway Network
405
5
60
710
215
10LosAngeles
Riverside
San Bernardino
Ports of LA,Long Beach
concrete pavementsto be rebuilt 2000-2015
project lengths 2 to 50 km
SantaMonica
San FernandoValley
Orange County
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I-710 Traffic Detour Plan -
SimulationBoundary
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Simulation Before Construction
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125 mm, 5 % air-voids, AR-8000
75 mm, Rich Bottom
75 mm PBA-6a
I-710 Reduction of Pavement Thickness Using Mechanistic Design
535 mm thick asphalt concrete
8 % air-voids,same mix design
throughout
Conventional design
Mechanistic design
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CA4PRS: Case Study on I-15 Devore Reconstruction Project
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TotalClosures
ClosureHours
UserDelay
AgencyCost
TotalCost
One RoadbedContinuous (24/7) 2 400 5.0 15.0 20.0 80
72-Hour WeekdayContinuous 8 512 5.0 16.0 21.0 50
55-Hour WeekendContinuous 10 550 10.0 17.0 27.0 80
10-Hour Night-timeClosures 220 2,200 7.0 21.0 28.0 30
Max.PeakDelay(Min)
ConstructionScenario
ScheduleComparison
Cost Comparison ($M)
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Caltrans Funded UCPRC ResearchSustainability Issues:
– Life Cycle Analysis
Projects:– Long-life pavement design– Comparison of life cycle
environmental costs for 20, 40 and 100 year pavement design lives using PaLATE
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CO2 Payback Period Using Life Cycle Analysis
• Savings are not immediately realized– Payback ~30-45
years in the future• Future is highly
uncertain– Technological
advancements– Uncertain demand
• What’s the right analysis period?
Break-even point