Paulsens Geology and mineralisation. - aig.org.au · PDF filePage 5 Paulsens Mining Background...
Transcript of Paulsens Geology and mineralisation. - aig.org.au · PDF filePage 5 Paulsens Mining Background...
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• AIG - MEGWA Presentation Sep 19
Paulsens – Geology
and mineralisation.
can little old Paulsens really contain 1Moz
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Introduction
• Quick mention of Northern Star Resources
• Paulsens History (as known to me) and Mining
background
• Regional location
• Grids (MGA and local – rotated 41.50)
• Local Geology. Plan, section, stratigraphic column
• Mineralisation
• Structure and evolving ideas
• Morphology
• 50m spaced sections
• Genesis
• Gabbro offset
• Voy1 exploration story
• What’s next
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Northern Star Resources
• Formed in 2003 to explore the Kimberlies
• Bought Paulsens in 2010
• Invested heavily in drilling and development
• Requires intensive drilling, 200+m drill drives (4 to
date)
• Each year adds 100 to 150 vertical metres
• Currently producing at 80,000oz pa ~650m below
surface, 60 to 70m vertical development annually
• 400,000 ounces in resource, 500,000 produced
• Nearby Ashburton project
•12,000g/t
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Paulsens History
• Discovered 1930’s ~900 ounces produced from
Melrose mine (2,200t @ 12g/t)
• Asarco – 1982 to 1987
• CRAE -1987 to 1989
• Hallmark – 1991 to 1993
• Taipan – 1993 to 2002
• Feasibility, small pit plus UG
• St Barbara- 2002 to 2004
• Potential for large pit
• Nustar – 2004 to 2006
• Commenced UG mining, no pit
• Intrepid Mark I -2006 to 2008
• 895 Drill Drive, Voyager 1
• Intrepid Mark II – 2008 to 2010
• Northern Star
• Voy1 high grade extention, Voy2
•acknowledgements
•Stuart Owen
•Roger Majoribanks
•Bill Rose
•Russell Mason
•Brett Davies
•David Gray
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Paulsens Mining Background
• Underground mining commenced 2004,
predominantly mechanised, minor airleg production
• Longhole retreat stoping method
• 2011 move to semi – owner operator
• Recent increase to two development jumbos
• >500m advance p/mnth
• One longhole drill
• Three MT6020 trucks
• 40,000 ore tonnes p/mnth
• Three LM90 diamond drill rigs
• ~8,000m core p/mnth
• Two are mobile carrier rigs
• Mined grade ~7g/t Mining cutoff ~2.5g/t
• Standard CIL plant
• ~380,000t p/a
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Regional deformation associated with the Palaeoproterozoic Capricorn Orogeny
Wyloo Dome is a product of fold and thrust related uplift
Wyloo Dome Structural Setting (MGA grid)
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•Paulsens Mine
•60km by
25km
Wyloo Dome (MGA grid)
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•Local geology
Wyloo Dome Geology (MGA grid)
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Paulsens – Local Stratigraphy
Appears as a distinctive vesicular basalt. Also seen as very thick flows that can
be quite coarse grained. Occasionally showing very large feldspars ‘cat rock’
•Distinctive unit of angular fragments.
•Upper Melrose Argillite. Increasing number of coarse grained beds
including ‘fish eye’ sandstone
•Lower Melrose Argillite. Graphitic siltstone with
sandy interbeds. Structures indicate sequence is
right way up.
•Clean quartz rich sandstone
• Gabbro and ‘cat rock’ same gamma signature?
•Gamma logging
proved to be a useful
tool to discriminate
between the many
coarse grained mafic
rocks.
???
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Paulsens Local Setting – Plan view (mine grid)
• NW plunging folds in NW-dipping
Archean Fortescue Group stratigraphy
•Hinge zone of Wyloo anticline
•Bedding-parallel Melrose fault?
•Paulsens vein along the Melrose fault
•NW trending faults that offset the
gabbro, Vein and the host stratigraphy
Local
North
•From R Marjoribanks
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Northern Star Resources Local Setting – Section (looking down plunge)
• Gabbro
• Quartz – 2 stages
• Mineralisation
• UZ
• LZ
• Apollo
• Faults (not shown)
• Dykes
?
?
UZ
LZ
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Mineralisation – UZ and LZ (and UZ2)
• UZ
• Located in hanging wall of quartz
• Generally more massive sulphide
• ~7g/t in upper Paulsens, 5 to 10m thick
• ~15-20g/t in Voyager, 2 to 3m thick
• LZ
• Located on footwall of quartz
• More laminated in appearance, stylolitic
• 15g/t in upper Paulsens and Voyager, 0.2 to 3m thick
• UZ2 and “veins in gabbro”
• Gold if very fine, often intimately associated with pyrite but not refractory.
Also found as pinheads along stylolites and as rare coarse flakes
• Sulphide not always mineralised, gold after barren sulphide stage?
•Upper zone
•Lower zone
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Mineralisation – UZ and LZ (and UZ2)
•~1m
Grade is associated with
- complex brittle failure (brecciation) in Stage 1 veins, especially in fold hinges
- cyclic opening events on limb positions
•Upper Zone •Lower Zone
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Mineralisation – UZ and LZ (and UZ2)
•Upper Zone •Lower Zone
•Pyrite is the dominant sulphide but chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite also feature, at times quite concentrated.
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‘Typical’ ASX announcement
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Requirements for Paulsens Mineralisation
• Correct stratigraphy
Coarser more brittle unit over more ductile fine grained unit
Graphitic to facilitate slip
• Folding event
• Rigid body, oblique to fold axis
• Initial barren silica flooding
• Gold bearing fluids
• Graphite to facilitate gold dropping out of solution
• Position on Dome?
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Paulsens – Evolving ideas
• Basic frame work still valid.
• Gabbro oblique to Wyloo Dome
• Folds parallel to Wyloo Dome
Ripple analogy
• Effect of Apollo Faults (shears?)
• Paulsens overturned fold
• Voyager 1
• Voy 1 high grade hinge
• Flex and flattening in Gabbro unit
• Position on Wyloo Dome fold nose
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Plan view – (mine grid)
Wyloo Dome Axis
Voyager 1 fold axis
Paulsens fold axis
Voyager 2 fold axis
Local
North
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Oblique view (looking up plunge - SE)
Brett Davies – Renaissance Geology
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50m cross section location looking North West
•High grade
Local
North
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Apollo
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Melrose Mine
Apollo
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Lower Zone
Weak Upper
Zone
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Upper Zone
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Upper Paulsens
becoming
recumbant
Voyager 1
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Voyager 1
high
grade
hinge
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Zone Z
Remnant Upper
Paulsens
Voy 1, high grade hinge
Voy 1, weak UZ
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•Voyager 2
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End of Dyke
interps
Odd flat dyke
Pluto
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High grade
Voyager 1 Ext
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•Patchy but extreme
grade in Voy2
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Gabbro disappearing?
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Paulsens – Genesis (with minimal Melrose Fault movement)
• Deposition
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Paulsens – Genesis
• Extensional event leading to
dyke emplacement. A non-
planar gabbro dyke intrudes
the succession.
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Paulsens – Genesis
• Onset of Regional
shortening related to the
Capricorn Orogeny. District
scale Wyloo Dome begins to
develop with folding
accompanied by rotation of
bedding and the gabbro
dyke.
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Paulsens – Genesis
• The Wyloo (Dome) fold
amplifies and tightens,
inducing greater rotation of
bedding and the dyke.
Failure begins to occur in
the ‘kink’ position, which is
probably accompanied by
vein formation.
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Paulsens – Genesis
• Further evolution of the Wyloo Dome
sees increased tightening on the north
limb and yet further rotation of the
gabbro dyke.
• Discrete zones of bedding plane parallel
shear become established.
• Brittle failure of Gabbro dyke begins
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Paulsens – Genesis
• Continued shortening
• Tightening of Wyloo dome
• Development of NNW
vergent asymmetry
• Steeper NNE dipping limbs
• Failure in kink zone of
Gabbro and initial
deposition of barren quartz
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Paulsens – Genesis
• Bedding plane shear well developed as folding
progresses
• Produces high permeabilities
• fluid flow and vein formation
• Gold mineralisation developing along bedding plane parallel veins
• Veins are laminated
• Continued pervasive, irregular failure in gabbro ‘rafts’
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Paulsens – Genesis
• Failure developing within the barren veins in gabbro kink domain
• Failure is driven by attempts to accommodate strain through buckling (folding)
• Failure located in apical positions with respect to fold hinge positions
• ‘Upper Zone’ mineralisation
• Apollo ore body now established on the moderate to steep dipping NNE limb
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Paulsens – Genesis
• Probable ‘out-of-sequence’ thrust elements develop
• Dominant reverse displacement
• North vergence
• The ‘Apollo Fault System’
• The current model sees the last significant event associated with the Capricorn contractional history manifest as the development of the Apollo Fault system
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Paulsens – Genesis
• The ‘Apollo Fault System’ controls folding of the barren and mineralised vein elements
• Observed in the Paulsens Structural Domain
• Probable affects the domain external to the trap site
• Offsets gabbro dykes?
• Displacement on AFS elements is minor: they tip-out close to the Voyager positions so far exposed
• It is likely that the vein deformation gave rise to local
structurally induced upgrading of gold contents in
some Voyager positions
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Paulsens – Genesis - continued
• Post ore late stage dykes
• Post ore late stage faults
• Down plunge the gabbro orientation becomes flatter.
• Due to position on fold?
• Questions:
• Mineralisation timing
• Basement thrust feeder or Apollo Fault system feeder
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Gabbro offset idea
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Oblique view (looking up plunge)
Brett Davies – Renaissance Geology
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Gabbro offset – oblique view (looking up plunge)
• Drill testing ongoing
• Technical success
• Sporadic high grade
• Prime position may be further
down plunge
• Effect of Gabbro flattening
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Voyager 1 – Exploration story
• Taipan 1998 –first intercepted
• 17 intersections before 2008
• SBM,Nustar,Intrepid v1
• Re-Interp using UG ideas
• Apparent success then apparent
failure -200 holes in 2008/2009
• Spotted Dog and last chance
• 38,000m total drill metres
• Resource at Jun 2012 -200,000oz
•Pre 2008
•2008/2009
•200 holes
•Only 6 graded well
•All drilling to
2010
•Hinge test 2009
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Further Potential
Regionally:
• 30 years and 9 companies, yet still under-
explored
• More geophysics to be trialled
• Close spaced aeromagnetic targets still to
be followed up
• Paulsens appears a unique set up so non-
Paulsens style trap sites need to be
identified under cover
• 8 years mine life so far
• 500,000 oz produced
• 400,000 oz in resource
• On track to produce 1 Moz?
Locally:
• Continue down plunge
• Feeder structure?
• Gabbro offsets – need time
• Voyager established after 38,000m
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Thank You - Questions
Page 71
Not Paulsens
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Thank You - Questions
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Steep limb Voyager1
High grade hinge
Barren Quartz