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Transcript of Paul Lazarsfeld - Mecanismul votului.PDF
8/14/2019 Paul Lazarsfeld - Mecanismul votului.PDF
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r ; t i ingcle ocia le ot pi t rcb r r ics i aduci io contr ibupic mlx)rtantr i .
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It tna nuti p i i r r r ln lrrn irn< l ic r r r l r r ic an t t l r r i 1 .10, crrtrua ollscrva
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interviurile postclcctorale or verifica preclicgiilc oastre.
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t t t i r jo r i ta tct tnc r r t l r r i lo rtccstu igrttp g i -u r t csl)ccr i l t lcc l r r r r r t i i lc :5 ( . )
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rc l l t t l r l ica ru it i )s t nult nt i l iact ivd i nraie l ic icn t i ldccatcc i ldcmo-
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crrrcrriprrr i lor lc nf l trcrrgcl lcrsonalc arcatr :c i t nain r i t rc f ic ic t r l i l
i r r r r ro t l i f lc r r rci tp in ic i ptt l ; l icc, xarnir t :rrcai tua t i i lo r n c l t rc r r f l t t -
cntc lc f i- l r rrra lcrovcnitcdin rnass tcdia pars i iprocltrc i ic l t imbt l r i ,
t ( l i r tc rccstcrr l ,rntl l r0 l l lcn rc i l l icc l lcntru ccea cc noi l tn t n t r tn i t
cc rcc t r rrc i l oc ia l i i l i r r i ru t ic r l .
l ) i t r ccrcctt trc:r u sc i r rc l tc ic l r in i r lc r r t i f ic r t rcuck l r carc sc
r i lz .g inr lcscria irr l l r rcnlckl r c dctcrtr t in i l ccstc c l r in t [ : i I r i . rc t t r ,
l. lfirrrs ,ciscl, \'rit 't t ' t i l l. ' tuttrt.s,cw York, lrrrpcr tnd lros., 94 X( i i rp r to l r r l.
I'trlilrl h eiilh a rloua I l9
de ascnrcnca.sti $tim clirecgiile cestor chimbrlri:conduc ele la o
rc t l is t r i l ru i rcn t i i r r t l r l i l tor rc op i r r i i lo r , auexist l lun nrodel ccog-
noscibi?Analiza rer>rientdriiin prezentulstudiLr fit rnizat dspun-
suri prolinrinarc, dar relevante, a aceastdntrebare. [)cntnt uncle
subgnr uri specitice in interiorulcomunicigii,mod fi ciirile de atitu-
dine arrconclus a o nrai nrareunifonnitatc si ornogenilote:chimbd-
rilc opcratc la nivcl inclividual au adrrso nrti rnare coeziune ntre
nrenrbLi i cspcctivckrr ubgrupuri. ' l 'o tu i; i , )entrucornunitatca n
sinc,ca ntreg, schin-rbareatitudinilor a produso diversificarema i
nrareqi opo/nriz,ttry:chimbdrile ndividuale -auconduspe menrllrii
unui srr l>grupa r l ivergentrei mai adAnci rrmcml l r i i a l torsrrbgru-
p r r r i .Vonr analizrr ccst l)roccs n dcta l iu ntr- trrr tr l in sul lc lp ito-
lclc ult crioarc alc accstciprefcgc.Ceeacc vrcrn sil cviclcrtgicnr ici
este cir, prin tipul de cercetare dinamicl angajat in prczentul
studiu, problcmc prccum accentuarea livajclor ntre grupuri gi o
rrai lrronunglrtri ongtienti'are a intereselordc clasil ntrrl n rlonrc-
n iu l t lc intcrcs r r lccrcct i l r i lor ocia lc.
Cercetarea sociald ca provocare continua
Suntcrn dc rnultc c lr iavert izagi d rczultatc lcunui studiu spccif ic
sunt valallile nurnai pentnr timpul gi locul undc au f<lst ni;iatc.
lnsearrrn:laccastacd rezultatele unui studiu l.ru pot fi niciodatl
acclca; i n cazul rnu ia l t studiu l Ar trcbui s 'J c aptcpti irrra rczul-
trttcclif 'crite, hiar i atunciclnd existilconcligii inrilarcl ntrcb'Jrilc
de accst tip sugcreazd aptul cd termcni precunr,,repctare" Ei
,,coroborarc faptelor" trebuie luapi n considerare u mai nrult{
atenlic. De fapt, clnd douriscudiisimilare unt concomitentvalide
aualizclccornparativcl)oc ndcplini trci funcgii pozitive:
1. ( iornpirragialx )a tc ndica aptul c l rczultatc lcstLrdi ikrr rrnt
ide rticc. Vonr nrrrni acca,sra/unclia ecorvltorurc.
2. Oonrparalialx)atc ndica faptul cil, dc;;i rczr:ltrrtclcstaristicc
ale celor doLli studii difer{. anali'za onditiilor sDccificc n carc au
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20 / ,llrrunisttu/ ootului
f i rs t o l r t in t t tc re l . l l l t ; l tc lc va con(lucc l i r rcc lcrr l i corrr : l t rz i i cncre l lc .
\/orrr rr nr ;rcclrsa'J_f u / a ie .r rc f crt y.
3. I in rcz,rr l tat cgativ n pr inrrr l tucl i tr[x)atc i c la r i f ica tp r iu
ncrilc lcscr-rlrcriri lc cclui de-al doilca.Aceastare \t^ numi fili lftia
r/e r rtr i/irare.
S- : r n t i i r r rg r l i r ti r f)rczcnttr ls tut l i r r .sdoati i i co r r r l ' ra ri r tu unrr ls i r r r i l r r r .n r r ld o i l c r s t r r t l i t r ,l c s l r iSu ra tc o p c r io a r l r r l i s c r r r t i ' tl c
t i rnp , a fost rcal izat n t inrprr l anrpanic i rezidcnti :r lc in 1944, a
l l l l t ruan i r lu lx l cca r lc carcnc-amoc l t [ )a tn acest o lu l r - r . i rou l de
( , ' c rcc t i i r iSocia lc\p l ic r r tc , n c<xrpcrarcrrCcntnr lNagionl l pcntr l l
( crcct irrca )p i r r ic i ) r r l l l icc ictr . ln ivcrs itatcrrl in | )cnvcr, r n i ; ia t
r l< - rL tdn tcn ' i t t r i .pc un c l i i rnt ion c uproxirrrrr t iv . (XX) lcsubiccl i
dc I )c ntrcg rer i tor iu l cdcral: rn ntcrv ir r nainte r lc alegeripi un
a l tu l c lup l i . ,a cc concluzi i va con(lucc o contpamtie ntre cele
dorr i i s tudi i l Vorn sclectamai multe exeml' r le , entru a i lustra i
c lar i lca ro lu i tnrrI izcr l rcor lrl l l r ra t ivc .
[ ] r r pr int cxcrrrp lu urc in vcdcrc corol lor irrc ircz r r l ta tc l , l r .n
stLtd irr lntrcprins n distr ic tu l i r ie , cxistau54 c lcalcgitor i mo l t i l i ,
pcrsoanc arc ; i-au ransfcraco tu l de la un l la r t id a a ltu l.Se r id ica
c l in rro lr ntrcbarcapriv itoare a direcgia chirn l ldr i lor leat i tudine.
I - l t t t t r l t t sl ( : c s t c c l t i n t l l l l r i l c c i c z . i t i t n l i i r r t r - or t l r i n l r r c tn r ro r r i c
ctr i r l l i r r rc rnbria i s r r l rg r t r l lur i lo ri l ro ra c apargincrru,au sclr irrr-
l r t i r i lcatt unltat a l t l log ic l?( ) r t r l r is l r r t t r r lcn rl r lcc i rs t i lr r t rc l l i t rc ,rnr inrt tsc iur)r tlc t tn f i r l l t
r lc . j r t o r rs t i t t l t , i a r r r r r r rc r i s i l r i tc i i , lc r r i to r i lo r ragckrr; i ca to l ic i i
s t ln t n r r t ic l isptts i i . I - i o tcz.cl)c dc l ) l ( )c r i l1 i ,rt vrcrrtc cc oartrc:rr i i
i r ts t r t r ig i ,[ ) ro tcs ta t r t i i i pol lu lagiaura l i l c rcgi iscsc ra i recve t i n
ta l r i i ra cprrb l ic lnr i . )c baz-rrcestor rc i caractcr is t ic i ocia lepi a
i r rd ic : r t i i lor r iv i r rd l l) i l r tencnta a r l i fc r i rc grul lur i socia le,a fost
p r rs ib i l i i orrstn l irca r )u i , index e prc r l is l loz i t i i o l i t ice " . udcxul,
l l t r i r t t l t t l t r i , nc -a pcrnrissr lc lasi{ lcr inr r ig in i lcso t ; i l r lcl lc tu tu r t ) l :
i n t l i v i z - i k l rr r l i n t l r c l c v a r r t cl ) c n rn t o t r r lk r r r r s l l r c r r )l ) a r t i d a t l
r t l r t r l .l i c n t r r r r l i s c t t t i c r i r i c ta l i l t : l r s r rp rar r r l e r r r l r r iia t i p r r r r i l i r i
dc rnirlizii l)c citrc lc-a lcgitinrat,vcz.iCJallirolul II din prezcnrul
l)rtftfut la crli1itt lom / 2
s t r tc l iu . ) fbsrastfc l l los i l l i ls{ d ist ingcnt ntrc tkrud ipur i c lecc t i i -
tcni: cci irlc criror ntcntii dc vot au fost n arntotticctl l)ozilii lsociuli,
rcs l)ecrt iv azuri lec lcviante,a care ntengii lc ubiecgi lor u c l i l ' e r i t
tlc ccle alc grupurilor clin care 'eceatt arte.
(lind au fbst studiagicei 54 de alegritorimobili s-a tlcscoJrcrit
cil, naintc dc a sc rilzgAndi, 6 dintrc ci cxprinra.serilntcntriicon-
t r l l rcc lrractcr is t ic i lorr l rs<lc ia lc,rt vrcnrc cc. dul) i lschinrbarc, oa r
20 rn:riconstituiau cazrrri eviante. Astl'cl, tnra.jrrrrsa conclttzia ii
morlific:,irile le atitudine se petrec n direclia rnei mai mari consec-
vcntc pi onrogenitdgin inter ioru lsubgrupuri lor p. l tJT) .
I tcn t ru c l i s t t td i r r l in 1944 r acopcritnurnrr i c lc c i i tcv i t ' . ip t t i -
rn irr i d in l inalu lcanrprtn ic i, Andcci ncltot{r ig i sttnt p t r t i r r i , t l i rs t
dcllistat ur) nun)tr mai mic de astfeldc ceti;cni. Ivlainrult, rrn ndcx
al prcdispozit i ikrr o l i t iceeste mai prrg in l labi l d lc i e apl icatpc
un c$antionnationaldecit dacdse aplicdpe rcziden[i iunrr i s ingur
c l is t r ic t . i to tu l ; i , n pofida uttrroraccstor imi t l r i , rez . t r l ta tclce l t t i
dc-rr l o i lcastudiu rcprczintd corolrorarc proal)c f tn t io r ia cckrr
d in primul. in 1944, foscposib i ldmonitor izarea 36 dc nclrot: l-
r lg i , nainte de schimbar ,22 dintreei ?gi xpr imaserdntcngii arc
ntt sc incadrau in opinia predominantd n rnediul lor socirrl; upri
t r i t r ts l ' c r ,t t nra i r i lnras 4.
() c<.x:rparalicntrc sttrdii sinrilarc l)oiltc, rstfel, li nc sl)orcirscii
incrcdcrca in rczttltatc care ar llutca fi 1'rttsc irrcloiakl lar:tl r lr
s t ls l i t )utcd<lar c t tn r t ld in t rc studi i . i : I r i lo asenrcnca rlro lrontrc.
rrnui rcz.u ltat ) i lz .a t c 54 de caz.ur intr-un s t r r< l iu ; i1 lc36 i t r t r - lu r
rrl loilca -ar i pusil a ncloilli l validitatca. )fltoritil corolroriirii, cirli-
zat i i ) r i l l s t t td i i succcsive, oncluzi i lcsunt nraivcr id icc.
Analizele conrparative pot, dc asenrcnca,s'i conllrrnc con-
cluziilc generalc artitAndctr rczultate diferite statistic reprezintri
pr<ldusulunor condigii specifice diferitc. Ca str hrstri' inraccastri
f t t t t t ;1 ic lcspcci[ icarc, c vonr nto lrrcc a gru l l r r l nc lcci5 ikrr,r r r r r t :
l )e -a l ) r ra i cfcr i t . t ,s tc orbadespreccic lrrcarr lcc laratlr i l t tcn , i -
, t r i lc l l rcc lcctoralc i t lu \ /o rvota, larc irrc n f in ir lurr rrcrs a trntc.
in strrd iu l d in d istr ic tu l Uric, to [ i accst i srrb iccgi -r lu \ 'or i l [ l )c
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22 / llenui-sntul vorului
rcpu[)licani, n vrcnte ce in studiul din 1944 majoritatea acestor
alcgiltori -irr.r otat.;rc rlcnrocragi, a prima vcdcrc, lucrul accstaar
putca fi considcrlt contradictoriu.A$asd ie? n 1940,echipa elec-
toralil rcpul>licand,a nivcl local,a fost de departe nrai puternicd;
in l(),14, onritcttrl pcntru AcgiuncPolitic{ (democrat)era n mo d
cvic lcntn ra iacr iv1lc c r i to r i t r l n t rcg i i r l r i .Mai rnult ,accst omitct
gi-ac0nccntrirtl)r.rtcrca c convingcrcasul)ra antenilrtr u vcnituri
rcdtrsc,bazin<lu-sc c intui;ia cil,dacilvor vota,ci o vor fiacellentruclcnrocragi.j i t ic lc d i r rstudiu l dc atuncidcnronstrcaztr{ inru i; ia a
fost corcctil. )in 2()cleoameni (nrajoritatea in grupuri cu venituri
rctlusc ai crrc nu avcau <lc giind sil votclz.c, ar au filcut-o n colc
tJ i r r t r r r r i l ) ,rc i i ru ulcs abilr ir c1>ul>l icarr ikrr ; i7 l)c cca a r lc r r ro -
c ra t i lo r .
Astfc:1, nalizac<-rnrParativAunor stuclii elaboratc n condigii
sociirlc au storicc liltrite poatcconducc a acelapi ill dc concluzii,
asacunr sc intiirnplii gi n cazul repctiirii sondajelor.O comparagie
intrc dcciz.iilc inalc alc cclor cc v<ltcaztln ccasulal cloisllrczccclca,la rrigtcalcgcri n carc propaganda epublicand estc puternicd,cu
decizii similarc luate dc votanfi asemiinitori la nigtealcgeri n care
sunt.active fo4clc dcmocrate conduce la acceagi <lncluzie ene-
ralil: rn ultinr c[<rrt uslinut cle a-i convinge pe indccigi strmcarg,tr
la vot poatc fl dc nrarc ajuror lartidrrlui rcspcctiv.
in silrgit. () cornparatic ntre stucliisirnilarepoatc <iuce a clari-
f icarca ezultatc lor.n stucl irr l in 1940existauanumire semne cd
nclrotilril l i i crrrrr i cci nrai ndifcrcngi. {cz.ultatula first ncagtclttat,
c i lc i cxpcrgi i pol i t ic i a t t a l l rn r i r tadcsca t r l l t t r lc r l , n t impul rrnci
canrpanii,alcgltrlrul nrai ntcligent gi mai prer)cupat$i va deturnavotul de la intcnpia nigiall, pc milsurdce afl.J rai multe informapii
concrcte clesllrc;rlatformelc electoraleale candida;ilor,evaluAnd,
dcci, gradul dc rczonabilitatcal accsroran ceea ce privcgte rezol-
varcaut)or posi l>i lc r izc dc l lo l i t icdcxtcrnAgi ntcrnd.Dc vremc
ce rclatia dintrc cci nchotArligi i cei indiferengi nu era anricipard
tcorct ic ,progranrul tudiu lu id in 1940 u au purur avea nstrumenr.
tc lc adccvatcl )en t r t ta o cxanlna.
Itrtfukt h erlilta a doua I 2.1
Situagia l putut fi renrediatrin studiul tlin 1944.Atunci, tuturor
subiccgi lor arc i ; i -aucxprimat o intenpi ede vot in interv iur i lc
preclcctrlralc i s-au pus urmittoarele ntrebtrri:Sunt preocupa[ict l
adevilratdacil alcsul lor va c2gtiga au nu cursaelectorald?Consi-
dcril cil cxisti dil 'crcngemportante ntre cci doi candidapilAnaliz.a
r i lsp r r r rs t t r i l r l ri r rccstcn t rc l l { r ia arAtat dc lcc to ra t t t l,mob i l " (accitr
cllrc au v()tilt lr) t:trnrlitlat lullilce decIarascrrlrl ntengioncazil iI-[votezc 1rcccliil irlt)cra n mod considcrabilnai ltu4irtprcocupat dc
i r lcgcr idccit c lcctoratu l ,cap t iv " cei c ltrc au,$i votat dul ld curn
tlcclarascrii cii o vor facc):38%o intre cei carc-siiir*rdzgiindir.agdde
2lo/n .lintrccci c'orrstarrli,u spus cd i intcrcseaz.il 'rrcir r.rliu in c
va ciiptigir rlcgcrilc, irr65%o intrc cci ,,nrol;ili", tr1il c 46'/o Jintrc
cci ,,cirptivi", nll a .r tlsit nici o difcrcng',Inrllortrnt'J ntrc cci do i
candirlagi. i inrportant s{ observdm cd acesteexpresii ale indife-
rcntei ru c()nstituic ationalizirifo.r{actuttt le elcctoratului nrobil;
clc arr ost rtrcgistrate uainte a schimbarea ir se producii.
I)rrtcrn astfcl clarilica un rezultat din stLrdiul nigial. Oanrcnii
care-gi chinrbzi piniile politice nu sunt filartepreocupa[i de carn-
panie sau dc efcctul ei. ndiferenpa or esteceacare e ingreuneazri
dccizi:r,cilci surrt ttgor nf'tuengabili.O sinrpkl convcrsalie cu rrn
l l r ic tcn i in r l rca l l t l s l)rcun candidat, u l l i l cc o crrr is iur rc ar l io fo-
rricii i convinsese A-lvoteze pe contracandidat. u este mposibil,
dc {irpt, ca trnii dintre cctd;enii indiferengisil nu sc fi hotdriit cu
irrlcvr' lrrrtrici a intrarca n cabinr de vot.
Anr putrrt colr)l)aranrtnrai doul studii, i;i 1tc accstca rloar in
ciitcvirl)unctc,
' lirtui;i,analiza onlparxtivda fosc
ProductivLNc-a
sporit ncreclerca n rczultatele studiilor individuale gi a confirmat
unclc din interprctdrilc urai largi. n mod clirr, prin refirzul de a
rcpcta acelapi ip dc studiu, in aceleagi ond i l i i sau in condig i i
dilcritc, s<,rciokrgiiu ratilt o ocaziedc a spuri cuuogtin[clc l'uncla-
rnentaleale r l isc ip l inc i. tudi i le panels-aupretat n mod dcosebir
la asellenea reludri: ogica or es e clari, iar aspecteleconrltarabilc
alc unor situagiidif'critepot fi izolategi comparatecu uguringii.
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/4 / tllrnri.ctnul uotalni
Disctrt ia noastnldc p in i acuntnc-a ndicatn lcrode gi l l lanuri( lc ccrcctarcprin r : i r rclx ) t f i o l) l inutc ( latc rc lcvantc socio logic i
lrrccisc ;tiinf lic. [)ar ccrcctarca ocial?l u sc ()[)rc$t.ca colectarea
unor astfc l lc in f i r rn ta l i i . ls tc neccsari i in tcgrarcsistenraric ir
t la tc lo r ntr-rrnc()ntcxt corct ic .Nunrai a tu t r ( . i cl)utcnt
a$tcPta a
clatc lc i i ic , 1 lc lc o pirr tc, p l icabi lcn s itrrat i i oc ia lc oncrctc art
pc t lc : r l tdl r r r r tc , i l r rd iccd i rcc l i i lc l ) rc r t rc r r rc l r r r is i l c r rd rc l l tc
i t r v i i to r ccrcct i l rca.
irr prinraccligica cii4ii dc fat:iam inccrc..rr { ariiriim mplicatiile
nrai largi alc rcz.ultatclor oastrcconcrctc.Acrrnr se afli in curs de
r lcs l l i5 t r ra rc) ccrcctarc rtra i amelnrrnt i t i i l l ro l t lcn rc lo rspccif icc
citrc lcc r t rg l in s t r r r l i r r l r ig in r r l ,la r i ln r i i r rl rc i imultc dr: {r tcut.Ar
{j ut i l , dc irccca,sd dcz.volt i im tai cxpl ic i t car lru l er lrcr ic srrb
rrmlrrc la i in r ia;rrcz.entul tu t l iugi-aextrasconcluz. i i lc , recrrmpi
in r l l l ica r i i lc coret iccalc rczrr l tate loralc.
[)ute cmpiricc pi procese soci.ale
Sturl iu l d in r l is r r ic tu l t r ic rre-a orrdus a unele general izdr i e le-
\ , r l l ) tcl )cn t r r ror icc ccrcct i l rcl l r iv ind sch i rn l r i l r i lca sc i r r r ln ic l a lc
l t i t . t t t l i r r i l ( ) r l lu (x)n) l)()r tarrrcntc lor.ccstc lr ntr fr trnrcazrl,Otr r5 i ,
t tn sistcnrc()crcrrt . unt gcncral iz i lr i arc r r lc i i tu icsc l )un tc i r l t rc
l r rp tc ,a ; ;a r ln) au [<lst lc obscrvatc, i o tcoric mai s istentat icd, e
a$tcaptd ncil siI fic dcz.volraril. unt nigte a{irnragii lesprcproce-sclc socialc i rcprczintd, astfcl, gencraliz.dria nivcl inalt, dacd e
conrpari inr u ascrt iuni lc pr iv ind f i rp te lccrnpir icc, dar gi gcne-
raliz.r' iria un nivcl nrai sciizrrt, acri c corrrl)ariinr u furnrulzirile
teorcticc ciitrc cirrc asltiriiccrcctarea ocialii.' l '<xrtc
cor rc l r rz . i i lcroastrc lcsprc ltroccsclc socia lc r la to r i t r l
c i l ronr c l)ctrccsc l r in r l r i l r ilc r t i t r r t l incsrrnt tr i i r rscgatc r r t rcc lc,
in . l i l lcn t ru r lc r r rc rs r r llc a l i va f i s tr f ic icnt .Je d iscut.Jnrc l larat./
t \ t
. . 1 .) l t t P r i r t tP t tn c t c r c f c r r i i rs ta l r i l i t r t c ar t i t u t l i r r i l o r .u b ic c g i i
s t r r i i i r r l r r i ( )s tn tau avrrt cn t l in t l ( lc a \.ota ca irrrotc lcaunll r la l
Itrhrt h ulilirt n doua / J5
cxact rr$a unl au votat n leteu farn i l i i le ' l . l r .77% lintrc ntcttrbr i t
rrccstrr i fu l ' l t i ( )n t t lcc l i t ra t : i pd r in t i ipi l l r r r r ic i i o r votascri l o t l-
stant rnul d intrc principalc le art ide xr l i t icc . r t r i l t t lx is t ra t ra ( l i -
t i i le <lc f trrn i l ic : ; i a ' .r lcger i le l in 1940.Accast{ stabi l i ta te r l i rs t
pos ib i l i ipr intr- trn e l dc ccran protector id icat n j t r ru la t i t r rc l i r r i lo r
n rc r r t r r lci trr<lrrnrcnta lc.n pofic la { ' lL rx t r lu i t lc' t ropag l t r r t l i ; io t t t r r t -
p ro l l r rg r r r r r l i l: i t rc - i tr prrtca t t f l t tcn l i l )c l lcg i to r , i lcc i ls t t ll l t i r rgc
c lL ' t : t ivrr ixrr tc r r icd nJstt f t l .)u1 l ' . t cxa t t t i t t r t rctcn t i lsc ( ( ] t ls t i l t : i
ci cl accelltrisi se cxpunii doar proplgandci cu carc csrc tlc:jir c
acord, fiind opac fagi de propagandacu carc ar ptttca intra in
clczacord./-[ 2. O irscnlcnci l onsccvcnli l u lx)rr te i cx l l l ica t r ll l r i t t rc lc r i rc
l r r ) t i ic r ip ig i i l )a rce l "arr , inergia" a tu r i i un)anc.C)h ia r irc 'J i r l tc
l i rnc t i i socia lc attpsihologice r putca l t lcscrv itcdcr t tcn t i t tc rc r t
lr i tudin i lor c lcntcntarc, acest t tc r t l replezint i i < t sttrsd lc r t ra r isa t is l r rcg i i)cntnt i l rc l iv iz indcoscbi n cotttactc lc r r lc g r t t l l . ) i is -
tr indrr-g i convirrgcr i lcne ; ; t i rb i te , i s t lnt ca l ta l> i l i { cv i tc sa l l s i i
nr in inr izezc onfl ic tc lc i dczacorduri le t t pcrsoartc lc in nrcditr l
lor social,care mpiirt2igcsc cesteatittrdini. Astfel, atitudiltea c.on-
star l td stc o nrodali tatc e mcnlincre a sec t t r i t i l fi ind iv i r l r ralc .
, 3. ccstc tcrrr l inpcndiv idrra[c unt susf lru lc 1lc: roccsclc arc
sc i l i r r i lcs t i i l r ru ivc lrr lg ru l l r lu i . iu t irn l ' , c irrd iv idrr l i ; i n rc l rg i r rc
sccttlitittcrt lcr.cnincl oplc fa;il dc llropagantli cltrc ii attrcninlii
convingcri lc ,at i tLrd in i le a lcsLurt ottsol idatc c contactc lc tr a l l i
nrcn'rbri ai grupulLri.Allarpinlnd accluiai;igrup, ei vor irnprirtii;iatitrrclini inrilarcAivor manit'esta endingeascnrtrnatoarc c selcc-
q ic .Dar astdnu inseanrni i d togimcmlr r i i gntpulu i sc vor cxpunc
cxactacclcia;;i ropagande aucii vor fi influenta[i dc exactaceleasr
asl)ecteale exlleriengelor onrune. Iiiecare nclivid vA l\/cra,lrrt]rrl
l r r i p r iva t dc i r r lo rn r i r l i i i cata logul rr i part icular<lc cxpcrientc,
c l r i l r rdacl i lccs rc i l unI sc lcct ir tc ; i iu r lcq r tc cor r f i l rn r n )o r s t i l l l -
t l a r r l c o r t t u r t c .
in intcracgirrrr i leui cu cci l a lg i, lccarconr ftrcc l r rh l icco l ) i r r tc
t l i r r n f i r rmat i i lc i d in cxperientc lc salc privatc, lrrr rr t lcosebi c
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26 / llunui.ruu/ tolulrti
acclca orc1 l r jo l t r l ) ( ) r t i rt i tudin ic() l l tunc. s t fc l , < l t i nc l iviz i i un t
s l r l ) l l f i r rnci ; l la jc rnai larg idc irr f lucn;c sclccratc. ntcracgitrn i lc
con t r i l l r r ic a rrr trp l i f icarcaz ,o l i i r i in t l iv iz i lor fagri lc propaganda
arlvcrsd,n scnsulc i i c l i rnr iz-cazi irgunrcntc sup[ir trcrr tar eu care
s i i -g i r rs l i r r i i oz it ia . {cz r r l t i r t r r lina l al unor l ls t fc l lc intcra<:girrnr
i r t t rc rnc r r r l l r i igrrrprr lu icstc corrsol idarca,ntt lr ircrr cc i l trocd r
l t t i t r t t l rr i l o r o n lu l c .
( . l . . t i t o tu l i , r r r r r rc l c r r l . r r r ic l ) c r r c c ; i s c l r i r r r l x t r i ., l s t c r r rp o r -
t . 'n f i" accei l , r idctcrnt inr irn onc l ig i i lcn c irrca t i ru t l in i lc i ; ip icrc l
stabi l i ta tca,l)rccurn ; i l r rccsclc ) r in carc au loc schinrbir i lc .( in lrscrrrcncrrl)r()ccs cPinclc lc act ivarc ir xPcricngclor;; i
i t lc i lo rantcr ioarc. i iccarcorn lx ) i l r t r in s inc gcrrrrcni i unor olrscr-
v r r t i i5 i : r i r r r r o r x l l c r i c r r l cl ) c u ln i i t l r t c i t i l t c ,c t l r cs u n t . n r r - r r r r
a t r t t r r r i t cr)s., ,rcccsivc", c o l l icc i l )c r l t rucA nlr sc incaclrcazi in
t ra r l i t i i lc i ntcrcsclcgrupulu i c i i r r r iai a l)ar l in . ir trr9 i, n anunrire
circurtrstantc,n t i r r rp t r lunci cr izc strrr lc-a ungrr lunci pcr ioaclc
t lc l l ro l lug i tn t l r in tcnsd,c lc pot l l i r t lusc r r r r r . r r i r r i i .g lo i c lc l to tcontl t tcc rro rcstrrrcturarc at i tudirr i l r l r i, x)atc, rr urrc lc cazrrr i ,
la r . r chirnbarc af l l rcr i idc grtrp.
r. S.'Ascmcnea rcdispr-rz.itiia sclrinrbirre unr mai cles ntdlnite in
c"zil ,,,t,ncnilor upuli llrcsiunilor <lnllictualc.n socictatcatoastril,
r r t i t t l c c o r r rp l c x r t ,r r r l i v i z i i u a l ) r l r l i n n u i s i r ) g u r , r u p . i i s r r r r t
s t t l r r t ; i tnc i vrrr ic t i ig i c r r f in i t r tg iociu lcl ) r in ) r l rc : l i rsa or socia ld,
grupul ctn ic, af l l icrca cl ig io irsd, sociagi i lcn lrrrrnalc in care irc
partc.Accstc l toz . ig io t t i i r il is t i r rc tc r l r lc tcrrn in ir c r r t l in lccor r l l ic -
t t t i r lc n c i rz ,u l l tu l ) ) i to r r r t l iv iz , i :n c l l to l ic r rs t i i r i t , lccxcntl l lu , ar
l )u tc i ts i i lcscopcrc J a f l r r i t r i r i lcc l ig ioascl trag?ntr-o l i rc ,c ic ,n
vrcntc cc poz . i t iaocia lt i c l i rsc i a lc l t l r rcc n dircct ia ontrard. arc i in r l s i t r ra t i i lu^r ) t ) ( ' rc tc .[)rccun]o c. lmpanieclcctorrr ld,i l l rc t indo t lcc iz. icc r rn : i , l c ncvoit sr idccidd ns l t rccxrcgnlp sc nr l rca l l t i i
l l r i r l r i ta ro i lr l i ta tca a.
I ) r o l l l c r r ral c t c r rn in i i r i ic l r r l r r i i r r a rc u r r t .c z o lv u tc c c s tc ) r c -s i t r r r i o n l ' l r c tu a lcs tc rn a l i n t r cp r in c iPa lc l ca rc i r r i l c c : c r c c t i i r i r
socialc.LJrn.riltoarclcrrtrcltirrisultt rclcvante pcntnl aceastli ()nc:
x i r tnc : , . r . , r rc l in t rc dif 'cr irc lc r r ia l l l rc r idc grrrP csinrre n t j iv ic l r r l
Itnft*t h ulilia a doua / 27
astt'cl lc chcnrilri conflictuale?Existd reguli generurle entru er c
antic ipapc acclcacarc se vor dovedi mai l)utcrn ice?Ci t i to ru l va
rrfla :i nrultc clirrtrc czultatele prczentulLri tudiu sunt relevantc
in accitstel robler-nri,cginu se pot face,d<larllrintr-o singurii nves-
tigagic, encraliziiri ertc despreun subiect atatde complex.-fotupi,
l ) lc to ( l r l lczvo l t r r t r ln studiu l d in d is t r ic tu l 'Er ic ar putca furniz.a
nrijlorrt:clc lc a rilsl.lttnrlca accast{ ntrcbarc. Ce tip de compor-
t : ln lc r r t r t lo l l td n on) s r . r l ) r . rsnor l t rcs i t tn i r ln l l ic tu r t lc l m dcsco-
pcrit n aceststucliucd, n comparaliecu rcstul pnpulafiei din lirie,
celorcare au rcsimgitllresiuni conflictuale e-a uat mult mai nrult
tirnp sriajungri a o decizie de vot dcfinitivri. Dar o astfel de intir-
zicrc rru cstc sirrgura cacgic osibile.Alternativclc sul)t nunteroasc
pi cornplcxc,dc Ia cac ; i inevror ice ndiv idualc, um ar f i incapaci-
tateade a sc hotdripAna n final, a solupiilentelectuale arear putea
r:onducc a noi rnigcriri ociale,Multora din intreblrilc dcrutantc
r lcsprc c lagi a intrc at i tudin i lc ndiv iduale i mediul socia l i se va
l)r.rtcaiisl)unrlc ind lrccstcproblcntc lcgatcdc presirrniloconflic-
tLIalc5i dc rcirctiilc irlrtde clc vor fi c<lnrlllctgi corcct studiatc.
( e. Oe, cAnd vorbim despre un ont gi despre mediul in care
t rilcSt'c nrplilici' imp oblema,cdcimediu cr-rrinde gi algioameni.
( unrsc dczvolt i ia t i tuc l in i leo r l Sau , asd ne cxprimdm alt f 'c l , r in
r ;cnrccarr isnrc i r lator i td i l ro rcvolupi i pi s ta t l i lcAtc n gnl l) at i tLt-
t l i n i c o r r r t t n c ?
[)in norr, prr-rblcnta ccastanc duce sltre mai t)]ulte dirCgrl.
Srrntcrrr cvoi l i . n pr irnul r i ind , s i l - is tudicnt pe l ic le r i idc opin ie.\
in f iccarcgnrp sociu l, x ist 'J ndiv iz i mai act iv igi cu op in i i f t r rmrr -
l i r te r ra icocrcnt. i i sLrntmai scnsib i l idccit cc i la l g i a intcrcsclc
gruptrlui pi nrai ncrribddtoristr se exprinre n problcnrelc inrpor-
tantc. lste rclativ uporsd-i dentificdnrgi si cercetdmprin ce difere
ci clc n'rajorit.rtca ten)l)rilorgrupului.
in stucl iu l lc agd rnclcscoperit I una dinrre uncti i le iderikrr
r lc opirr iccst,c lccca lcnrct l ia tor intrc rass rc t l ia ; i n rc r r r l>r i inr -
puri lor or. Sc l)rcsupunc. lcobicci,c: loamcnii obt in infornrat i i lc
c l i rcc t l in z i lvc, dc la radio5i d in a lte medii . l {ezultate lenoasrre
r r t t on f i rnx iaccst ucru. v la ior i tateaamenilr lr u dobindit o marc
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Zri / tllrtaui.rtuul totului
l )artc in nfornragi i lci dci lc rrprincontacte ersonaleu iclcri i
dc o1>inic i grtt l l t tr ikrr. cc;;t i l l inurnr; l rrrni lrcrrunass rct l ia
mai nrrrl tdcci i talgi i . ; luxul n doi paq;i l infrrrnrati i lorstc dc rr
cvidcnt{ nrpclrtantri)racticd)cntrlr l r icc ttrdirr l l ropagarrdci.
Conccptul lc l ic lcrcleopinic nu estc ncru. n numcroascles t t r t l i il cspre , ,1x l te rc " . , , i n f l ucngd"i , conc l r rcc re"i sea l r ) i n tc$ tc
cil irt ficcarc cotttltttitittc: xistli ciigiva rttttcrri rrai lc sc:trnii, rtrc
s t i t l> i lcscr<lda r i s t r r r t n r i ta t i lc cc i l i r l l i . )a r invcst. iga[ ia ( )as t r i i
s t tgcrcazi i i l acest onccl) t r rmi l ia rrcbtr icntodif icat, ntrucet i t in r
i tc t r r lc i i n f lucn;arcao1>inic iuncgioncaz.i itu rr t tnrrr iert ica l, c la
v i i r f s l lrc bazri, i gi or iz .ontal;x is t : i i t lc r i dc opin ic n oricc p l \ t t t r r i
socrllll./( 7. Ihr l lucnfarca pirr ic i dc cdt rc l idcr i cstc doar unul d intrc
--/,nrccirn isnrc lc r in carcsc fbrnrcazi l t i tur l in i l cunrr ignrl ; . Jn a l t r r l
cstc cccacc s-anu ln i t , ,cnrcrgcrrga"a t t ,c r is t l r l izArc r r "p in ic i . ivc -n irncntc lc pu l l l icc .socia lc, unt r tr i o cunrpanic lcctoral i l ,l ) re t i r ) ( l
i n r r ro r l o n s ta n t l c c i z , i i r r u n i l c a ro l l i n i i . i r n c r r r I r r i i u n r r ir t t l lsc
suPunaccstor cr ingc, h i r r r ; ia tuncic i in r lnrrcx is t r i r ic iun incl iv i<l
anunre pc carc sii se poati bazirpcntru urr sfat. Clci dinccllo dc
l ic lc r i idc opin ic pi dcastrpraor cxist i i n tcracgiuni cc iprocc ntrc
nrcrnbri ig r t tp t r lu i ,apt carc ntr irc l tcscrrr ir ])cntc leagia lc ieci irrrr
i r rd iv id . )c rn i is ttr i i c au krc acestc rr tcrr tct i trn i,c cr ista l izcazi i
n o t rd i s t r i l r r r l i cr ,p i r r i i l o ri a r t i t r r r l i n i l o rl r t i ( : u l i l t c .
in cscnlLi,1' lroccsullccstaclc cnrcrgcn:ri cstc () rltil az.il 1lr<i-
ccsulu idc consolid itrc l iscutat ra istts a l lunc tu l (3).C ' l i r rc lx is td
prcjtrdcci lp i,ntcract iuni lc c vorconsolic la r r rgi s irnphr; i indcxistd
dt.rar rnclc scntimcntc vagi, ar nu i l t i tL td i r r il l roprirr-z isc,ntcr irc-
l iuni lc rcciprocc or c r is t i r l iz r lccstc cnti t))cntc n opin i i fcrnrc,
Ascnrenca n)crgcntca lc a t i tu r l in i lor au actiuni lor u fosts tL t -
c l i i r tc , lc cg t t l l l . r t t rn i t in lcgr i tur i i rr cnorrr crrc lclc l lan ic l i i l l tcl l
i r rccrc l ir i l c lc a intc lcgc ,,conl l)ort irrrrcrrtrr lr r r r l l i r r r i l r l r " .cc lc r r r ; i
l ) roccsc c l)cIrcc, ( ) tus i ,n nrultc altc s i t r r r r t i i i nrr ott lcaunadrrc
lu turbulcnqi sau a vio lcrrgr i .l lc sc pe rcc or i t lc c i tc or i un cr r rc i r t
dc propitg:tnr lr ir r r tn t l r i co r r r t rn i t l r tc ,' i r r r l rrrc:o t ; r r rcvcnir trcnt
I'nhkl h alilia n dtaa | 29
irnpurtant au irrclurmcazddse ao decizie egrtrp. $i, in cattza
gcrrcrrrl i t i l l i ior, stc nrl)ortantI studientn cc condigi ii in cc cl
se lczvcllti l ccstc rnergen[e.
liste inrcresant le notatcll, crrmulaten acest cl, ntrebdrilc
dcspre ormarea pinieisunt similarcproblcntelor u care econ-fnrnt'ide mulgianieconomigtii. e exemplui ivdd recvent tabili-
zarca )returilor :ape o funcgie intcracgiunilorintre ofertelepi
ccrcri lcunui nunri l r c indivizi .Accst ttcruestc, n mocl ogic,
sirnilar u considerareaistribugiei l l inii lor ntr-ungnrpdrcptun
rcz,ultrt l interac;iunilor intre mai nrulti<-rameni.rr nici ur.r il z
rczultatul lnir lnu poatc i expl icat rin acgi irni lciopini i lcante-
riourcrlc rrclrviz.iloronsidcragicparirt.n anrllclc azuri, czultatltl
f inalcstc czi l l tanta nor nteracgiuni,are u ca lrodtts ectlndar
ccye-cc u a cxistat rutinte,
( fl.lai
cxistiiiun alt actor are ctcrmim'ichimbareaeopinie.
tlpniii" par sI fie organizatentro icrarhic stabilit ',tl i i.n ctrrstrl
rrnci irrnparrii,clcnrai lcxibilc cadaptcazilivelrtri lor aistahilc.
li iccitrcp'.rrticloliticdcpinc n setdc principiipe cxre trccarcild-
I inrpundalegtitorilor.a inceputulunei campanii,mul;i oameni
diur dspunsuri,republicane"a unele ntrcbdrigi ,,democrate"a
altele.Dar, pe rntrsurii e campania vanseazil,xist'trendin[aca
stnlctrlrrl pinieicf,tnraimtrltoroanreni i dcvinildin cc rt ce mai
omogcnri. Andstudiem chinrbirile, Lrbiecteleot fi ordonaten
[urrclic lcgnrdrrlor cle lcxilri l itate.ntcngia c vot e.stc eamai
stal>ili i;tituclinile supra norsubiectcmaispccificcind sddevin:I
conrpatibilc u Poz.igiaartidului.Printre lccste ubiccte, c asc-
nrenclr, xisti unele carcpar sil fie detcrminate e cclelalte.n
carnpanialirr 940, e pildri, piniiledesprc ersonalitateaandida-
t i loratr ost clariv tabi le,n tinrpceopini i le supra nor eme pc-
cifice, recrnn olrrl rrvernrrluin problemele colronrice,lu putut
fi irjrrstatcn lirncAic c evirluarcitlcrsorrirl itri l i lorcsl'rcctivc.
Accstcas;uut loarcitcva dintre proccsele arccontritnie la
frrrrnareai nrotli l icarcapiniilor.Darelc ne-arputeaajutas{ r',Is-
l i t tn<Jcrnao ntrcbare usd ntcrior, ianunre lacl clr inrbi lr i lcc
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.J() | ,l ' lnanisuu/ t:otrtlui
atituclincsc mi$cii ntr<r dirccAictrccisii.Cllci, ic crairoccsul chinr-
bdri i rnp l ic r i czolvarca rcsiu i lorconfl c tualc, nf lucrr; ir dcr i lor
t lc op i r r ic : ,vcrr irncr.r tc lclr icct ivc rruntcracl irrn i lcc<:iprocc,czul-
t i r tu l sc l r in tb i l r i il l rcsu;lunco c()crcn;i l ra i n t i l rc ,atAt n intcr i oru l
g ru l> t t r i lo r ,i t gi n priv in la ndiv iz i lor ngig i. )e nr i lsrrr i l e ?rceste
[)roccsc rorlc lcaz,d; imodif ic .t l l in i i lc ,s l )o rc i i tc i corrscnsuln t ro
r t rcn ) l ) r i i r r rp r r l r r i ;vcrn,as t fc l , nt i$carc inru ltarr i lr l t rcorrrogc-
nizarcadin intcriorr.rl rupului gi ciitre ltolarizarea rcscindil intrc
grul lur i lepc care c-amdescrisnai nainte.$ i , corelat iv , e mlrsurd
cc incl iv idrr lsc onf<rrntexz.draiprofundmediulu isdrr ocia[,ezol-
I ' i n r l p r c s i t r n i l co r r f l i r : t r r a l c ; ; i c r i s ta l i z in d u -1 ic n t in l c n tc l c u g i r r
( ) l ) l i u n i c r r r r c ,n r r l t c l i n t r c n c o l ) s c c v c n g c lcin c a c l r r r l s c tu lu ii l u
dc r r t i tu r l in i o r d ispi irca.
in s l i rs i t , degi accstegcncral iza ' ir iuantcazd ezlr l tatc le t l l -
r l iu lrr i dc fatd,estc importarrtsd c rccunoa;tcm caractcru l re l i -
r r r i r r i r ri cx lrcr inrcntir l . nvcst igrrrca l tor s i tua l i i s l tcc i f iccp<latc
co t t t l t tcc r t u l igc t tc r i t l iz ,d r ii t t r x r l tc i r r r l ic i rrcvoi ir lc r c nro t l i f lcapc c c lc s c l r i g a tc i c i .Nu t r c l l u i c u i t a t t l c la ; i r r i n t r c : rn s tu d iu
l)articulitr;i tiptrl clcgcncralizirrca carenc refcrint. Accasta ezunt' i
in f t . r r r t r tg iar lunat: l r inJacunr,dar nu este nurna i a r i i t .Gcncral i-
. r . ; l r i lc1>crcirz 'J,c ascntcncit , i c t un g l r i t l r l ro i lorccrcctr lr i ,i lc i ,
l i r r i r rd scanla lc c lc , ; t i rn dc la inccput cc s i l c i i r r t i l r t r .i lc srrnt,
totu$i,prcagcncralc.Conccptc le pe carc c iml t l ic i l rcbu ie acluse
la rcpcrc s l lcc i l icc ,acla l l tatc a s itutg ia oncrc[ i I .Nurnai p r in no i
ccrcct i l r i i pr in intcrdcpcndcn[apcrnrancntd l in t rcclate i gene-
raliz.iiri c [)oatc caliza rn [)r()grcs istcrnatic.
Cutre o viitoarc cercetru'e
S t tn tl r l t r t l n t r c l r i i r i : i c n l i i r l cr t r c r c c c s i t i ln ro r r l i r r r r ; r r cr r v c s t ig r i r i
gi c l r r r i f icd r i .
NIa i r r t i i ( lc toatc,anr lor i sr i c l tc tr lrn rcz.cntrr l r r rc l i t rn c<ln-
t l i t i i pol i t icc l i l ' c r i tc . ) i i r r r l t lcgcr i lc c corrccnrrc i lzr in j r . rn r l no r
l'flaPl ll edilia a doru / .l l
dczbatcri intportartte,se ajunge a decizii de vot prin intermediul
unor [)roccscsllc:cifice?n recentelecampanii prezidengiale, tlnl
l r t l cc le s t r r t l i r r tcn 1940 i 1944, u fost pu[inc controvcrsc l l t rc
cclc clouilpirrticlc nrportante.Ca atare, raditia ltoliticil ;i echipelc
dc ciurrl'rirnie u fosr l'actorii rordritori in luareadeciziilor de vot.
Acr r r r r .nsiI ,cx istr i ot n)ai nultc dovczi c 'JPart idul Rcprrb l icanpi
I )a r t id r r l )crrrocrat e ndreaptdpre un confl ic t or mai accentt lat
in cecacc privc;;teprotrlemeesenliale,cum ar fi legislagiamuncii.
in a.ettc condigii. ,iitoarele ampaniiprezidengiale e-aroferi posi-
bilitatea cle a stuclia um se cristalizeazd titudinile fagd e proble-
nrclc lcz.biltr.rtcicunr suntdctcrnrinatcaccste tituclinide tratlil i i lc
t l c v o t g i r l c r r l l r r c n l c l c c g ru 1 l .
Ascrrrcnca nforrnal i i pot fi obj inutc gi pr in cfccturtrca tnor
studii sirnilareasupraalcgerilor ocale,$tinr ctl, de cele mai multc
ori,atcngiaestecentratei e problemele ocalegi cd, n multe dintre
accstcr l ,in ia par t ic l r r l r r is te nci lcat{ de combinagii le emporare
alc gr r r l r r r r i lo rlc ntcrcsc. n ascnrcnca ond i t r i i , c t iv i t i lg i le a r t i -i r r l r r i t tp t l i rn itatc. nainte ca indiv idul s i l a jungrl a o deciz ic de
vot, cl trebuic srise hot' irascd supraopiniilor sale privind proble-
nrc lcsi po l i t ic i lc ocale.El poate i deschis uf luen;elorprovenind
tlirr livcrsc sursc, ur proccscleprin carc pi va edifica hot'trrircit to t
ll ditcritc cle acclcacare au funcpionat n rccentelecampanii prezi-
dcrrg ia le. - --
in al doilca riincl,arr-rrea sd afltrnrmai multe despre pcrsonali-
tatcapi nrcdiu l socia l l celorcare gi schimbdatitudin i le. Aceasta
ar l)rcstt l)unc t r rd i idc cazdctal iate, tatasupra o tan I i lo r ns ta l l i l i ,
c i t gi asul lra e l<lr ,ca1>tiv i".n studiu l c l in d istr icru l Eric au fostrealizatc nrcrv' iuri speciale cu prinra categorie menfionatil, da r
lbndrrrile inritate de caredispuneam nu ne-au permis sAmergem
rltet lc dcllarte pe cic am fi dorit sau pe cAtera necesar,
( ) r r rc i l p ro l l lc r t r i \1>r i r rc ; tccgrltrrra irr trc rr fhcngclc lcz ,v i l -
luite prin analiz.a sat)tionului ostru i re;eaua lobali de inf' lucngc
gi clc clccizii din irrtcrionll con)unitrltii, I{cz.ultatclc obgintrte I) e
ci;irntioanc Ll )ot fi inlclcse decit atunci ciind sc ia n considerarc
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.]/ / ' l lertni.rtuu/ wttului
cadnrlgcncrala l cornunit : i1 i i . Inadintrc inr i tdr i l c tudirrhr i e f trgd,
dc llildil, a rczultat ;;i drn c;;ccLrl ostru n studicrca apro[trnclattlr
in t rcg i i conrunitr l t i .Abia c : i t rcs f i r ; i tu l in tcrv irrr i l or m af lat dc la
rcspotrr lcnt i c l t dc ir t tPortantdr fost cc lr ipa rcPLrlt l icani iocalr i
pcntru lornrarca pin ic i. in accl r lontcr ' r t ,ns i i ,nrr nra i cra posib i lsr ls t t r t l ic t r r i t r rag i i t; lo l i t ic ' Jrr n ro t l r<lccvut.
( ) dc l ic icn l i l r tsc l t t r l r r i t r)u rcl ) r ( )vc r r i t i t l i r r r tp t r r l r l n r t i - r r r r r
s t t rd ia tn ra i ndcaproal)cl )c idcr i i dc opin ic local i . . l i indsubiccgir
s l) l lncau cd pr inr iser: i ncle infornraf i isau sfatur ide la a l tc per-
soAr)c, ccst ir[)t cra inrcgistratgi cr:r clctcrntinatri ntreuga razricl c
a c t iu r ) c i n f ' l r t c n tc lo r c r s o n a lc .) r r r r t r ra r r r n c c rc a t l I - i r r t c r -
v i c v r in r c l i r l c r i i< l co p in i c n g i ; i .
Accst r rc r r t l i rs t rcnrccl iatntr-<l crcctdrc r l tcr ioar d, lc c i ircr
rczultatevor f i publ icatc crtrAnd. i a ic i ,s t r r< l iu l -a cc l t t ra tl )c un
clantion de subiccgi, lc datauceastirin t r -ocontunitate in I l l in< l is .A ic i , i r rs r i , ic lc r i i r lc o l l in ic au bcrrc l lc i ir t<lc o atcngiespcciu lu:
o r ic i i r t r i ndiv id carea f i rs tn lenl ionatdc vreunul d intre subiect ica
c,rcrc it i ind in f lucn t i i s- l cerutsJ rr ispundiii r rn sct dc intrct lArr
spccia lc,nrenite sd deternt incsurscle nfrrrntat i i lor i opin i i lor ui .
in ic lrr l accsta, m putut o l l ; ine o irnagirrc ra i c lare i f l r rxulu i c lc
i r r f l r rc r r lcl irr accast: i onrrtn itatc. tr l -a r r r i i ; / . l t t unla i l l r in oclr i i
ind iv iz . i l t - r rl in c l t l rul c fa r ) t ionulu i , i arn l )u tu t s t i l u rn r i i r in rdc-a
Iungul unci ser i i dc rc lag i i crt ica le ;i or izontale.
A pltra l)rovocarc stc de natrrrd rreror lo logicd.ic i v i r lo l r rc i r ,
n ic i l i rn itc lc mctoclc lor o lositc ru rru ost ncr icxp[<tratcn i r r t rc -
g itnc. )c r:cpcrioacl i l c t inrp poafc i cx i r r t ini r t r ranrrnt i t $ i ln t i()n?
(jc sul l icctc p<lt i abordatc orc.s l)unz-i i torn in(cn ' irrr i c l lc tatcsi
in caz.u l r iror u l r icc tc cl)ctarcantcn' irrr i l r l r a i r r f l r re r r t l rrr{ i l rnta-
gi i lc Lr lcscrr ntcr v iur i t l tcr ioarc i onr obtinc oarcl)ers l)cct ivc rrr i
prolitndc rlacil vont lrtaliz.rr cz.ultatclc lrcst.iolrrrrcl()rollstrc cu
a j t t to r t t l c l t t t ic i l r l r r r r t tc r r r i r t iccof lst icatc lczvoltrr tc r irr a r r i r l iz t r
sc r i ik r r cr-rr l lora le?j i t dc nru l t c re r l i t l ) r t tc tn la cxl lcr inrentc lor
actt ta lc, lc a lrorator,n priv in la or rn i i r i i l l i l r ie i . n urrnas tuc l i i l r l r
r lc tcrcn lrrrz. l tc c intcrv iur i cpct lr tc?
I'tt'lakt lrt eillia n lttut I 'l'l
I)in f'ericire. vem ltositlil itateade a str.rdia nele dintre accste
ip t rcb i i r i .Or l r r r i tc tu l )c l t t ru EvaluarcaOl l in ic i l ) t tb l ice ,a At i tu -
t l i r r i lo r i Dgrin le lor Cjonsttnratgr i lor,nf i ingat c ( lons i l iu lNarional
r lc ( lcrcctr irc ;i t lc Cons i l i t r ldc Cercctarc n f i t i in lc lc Socia lc 'a
olrtinut f<rncluri lc la littndagiaRockefeller llentrtrI sttrdia eoria
; i r r p l i c r r li l c t c l t n i t : i l o r a n c l ,
( l r i r r r l i r r r r z , c l cr c l i r p i r r a rel c s t t t d i t t l r r i i p t l i s t r i c t r r l' l r i c , r
t lcvc l i t c la r c i i tc l tp ica nterv iur i l t l r c l)ct 'J tc t t t rc l l t t ic c i t t t5 i lc
[ ) r t t in estr insara str td i i lepr iv ind propaganda o l i t ic i i . la cste o
nrctodii gcncralil,aplicabilnoricdrttistttclitr stll)ra titudinilttr carc
sc lilrrrreitz.ilntr-o itl)ttlt.lit l i erioadd lc tinrll. De eXcmlllrt. clltcii
rcnl srl ('()rcctiln atittrclirtilc tttcrctnicc, srl nrodificiltlt tltlrirtlclc
cotrstrnratrtr ikrrart r i r tc t t ra j i ln rl tgelegcreaa nivel ntertragit ln l l ,
t rcbrr ics i i faccr-u ta i nrult decit sd descriemn i ; ; teat i trrd in i.N' la i
trcbrricsii stuclienr i mgclulin careacesteatittrdilise (lezvolt?i at l
cilnr [)ot fi clc irrflrrcntate. oate acestea ttnt llrollleme carc po t
{ l rczolvatc r irr ip tr l dc cercetarc ocia l ld inrrmic i cxemll l i t icat n
Iucritrc:t lc fagii.
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Accststudiu a fostposibilcu ajutorul inan-
ciar -rfcrir lc iundapia{ockcfcller, c con-
sultanptl l l i roului dc Cercetdri asupra
l{adioului l Univcrsit: lgi iColumbia,api prin
conrribu;ii le peciale atoratc cvistei ry' 9i
l r r i i l rno lopc r .
D<lmnul {opcra i-rsto-spottsorttlccsttti
proiect, onrnia agiechipa usiinoui la dis-
pozi;ie iind dc celnraimareajutor n planifi-
ca ca i cxcctrtarcatudu u . Doam aCarolyn
Crtrcitrs ucratnrpreunli u noi a edactarca
chcstionarulLrigiapregiitircachipeidc tercn.
L)onrni i tobertWil l ianrsi lLobertPrattau
stl l l i l i teganti<lnul.ornnul i lnr<l i lson -rr
strrbilitn Sandusliyirnp lc aasctrniEia coor-
donat oatdmunca fectuatite eren. nellui-zabila aputerede muncrl dtrs a depiipirca
ncnunrdratclorlificrrltritiehnice, ar nume-
roascle clei cu carc a contritruit a stucliul
nostru Pc rilIsttrrl cc cl avirnsltatt Prcligttrut
rolul mllortan pc carc lrrcil i i l joacc ultcrior
in cercctarca pirr ic iprr l l l ice a nivel gu\rcr-
nrtnrcnta l.l rr l l tuniri
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.Ji / ,l ltzuistrttt/ uolrt/tri
I)onrrr i5oirr ir Ic lcrr Sclrucidcrr cal iz .at nal iza tat is t ic i i i nc -
a g l r i r l r r t rco l>os i t i i) r i t )accst natcr iu l ov i i r fto r ,cr lrc lcccsitr l r l ) tc
cartc lc Io l lcr i th l )c l t t ru ccarc L l l) icctntcn ' icvxt.
I ) rcz .cn t t t l i t [ )()r t ()nt inenrrnrai onclrrz, i i l c rrc i anal izc c irrc
ctrpr inclc r : r i nu l tc n r i i t lc ta l>clc i mai rnrr l tdc o nr ic c lepagin i
r lc i r r tc rp rc t i i r i1>rc l irn inarc.)cntnra- l pulr l icu rr <lrnra c t r r t l i i , r r r r
i t v r r t r c v o ic l c r r r t t l t r j r r t o r .
[ ) o rn n t t l N [ . [ 1 .Sc l rn r r l ) l ) c r ,c c rc t i r r r r lx c c u r i v r l ( ] o n s i l i r r l r r i
r \ r r tc r i r ; r tnl)cntru Af rrccr i rr tcrnc, t srr l lcrv iz.atrr lr l icarca ranrrscr i-
str lu i. i s iu r - l tcn tcc l l l t ( )sc r i to r il )cntnt c(x) l)crArcl li tconl lrctcnt: i .
l ) o r tu tL t lI a n s Zc is c l , l c r rN Ic ( r r r r r r - l l r i c k s o r r ,a s r rp ra v c g l r c r r t
rcrt l iz .urcal i lg r l tn rc lo r . A l i rs t as is t l r t :u conll)ctc l l td dc nnll
I l u r t l n ra n .
I)ract ic , iccare nrcrnl)rual I l i rou lu i dc Ccrcct ir i asupra tacl i-
ou l t r ial [ ]n ivc rs i t i t r i i .krhrnrbia,carca dcvcnit inrrc t irnp o sectie
i r l l i rou lu i c lc Ccrcct irrc Soc ia l i iAp l ic r r t i i , n runc i r e fcc t iv , lrr Lrn
rn ( ) l . r ) c n Il i r t , i raccs t t r r t l i u ,n s l l c c ia l1or r111 i5111111y i r r r r ; i l r l r n n i i
l ia r l lc r , ;osbcrg ;i I lcnrr ig.Aco l< t n t le a l i)st r ' tcv() ic , rn lv r r tgi
c(x) l)crarca l)ro lcsonrl l t i Douglas \ \ 'a1l les, a cl<-rnrni lor csse
NlcKniglr t , A l f ic t l Jonc.s, , ' r i tzSchrcir gi a prol 'csori lor , l ichacl
l i r t lc ly i , l {o lrcrt Nlcrton pi ( i<-roclrv inatsorr,
Autorul nrrr iv irstn ic cste cu dcosclt irc n< la to r i r to lcgi lor s r i i
t lc la I)cpartanlcntu l c lcSocio logic l [ ,Tn ivc rs i r r i l i io lrrrnbia.
l 'tul Ln:.rrrsftl
IIutttrl IIrrr'/.sottIlrtx'l Gaurlrt
lJ ir<,ullc lcrcctarc oci ir l i i pl ic irt i i ,
U n vcr sitrrtcirolrr r l r ia
vara nr r l r r i 944
Accustaestc o iu l i r l i : / . i i oon)lx)r t i l rncntult t i
politic ilmcricrrn lc astrlz.i r)raicxltct. 1l ltri-
b t r i r i ivotur i lor n t inrpul unei carnpaniiprc-
ziden;iale. La flecare pltrtt ani, Iarir noastri
dcvine scena unui experiment la scaril argri
in ceca ce prive$te propagilndil politicr pi
opin ia pub[ic{. St imrr l i i sur]t eprczerrtr t t ilc
tot ccca ce fac cele douii l)arti(le astfcl ncit
candidagii or si obginii victoria irr rrlcgcri.
Comp<lrtamentuloamenilor n cursul acestor
canrpanii e l lrezint i l cacl i i lcdcscriscpi u r r i r -
liz,aten acestepagini.
Suntenr intercsagirici lc torttc rcclc 'otl-
r l i t i i care determindcollr l)ortanrcrtt tr l o l i t ic
i t l oaltrcrr i lor.)c scttr t , roblctn it r ( ) i ls t r i lst cilrrcirsta:sddcsc,,1,crinrcliil i l..lc-..iih,,t---]rii--
----+-
cctdgcnii Nvotezc r r r r - t tnanur)r i t i ' l . ( l i r rc
att fost influentele nril.iore xercirittc astll)ril
lor pe parcursulcampanicidin 1940?Cretlertt
cii gtim unele riispunsuri;srtntcnr siguri nsli
cr inu le $t inr pc toatc. St t rc l i ii r r i la rcaslr l)ra
turrci erii de alegcri mportiurte. ttirialcsdacii
Ic vom coml)ara ntrc elc, vrlr crlnfirnra ezul-
tutc lc val ide alc accsttt i l l )ort . i v r l r corcct: t
0
CAI ' l ' l l , t r l ,
Irrtroduccre
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.J,9 /,llrt t t rt r.sntu t.ttlu tt
11c{ic icnlc lci , i t r gcncrl l , v t r rc lar i [ icx ; ivor c ( )n ) l ) lc t r lt l t to l t in [c lc
actu i l lc asu[)ra i tc tor i lordctcrnt inangiai o l t in ic i l)ubl ice intr-o
t lc r r ocragc n to t lc r t t i i .
l , lx is t r i i tcva n tod l t l i t i i l i lc a i r r t r r l iz r t) r ( )ccs t l lt lcgcr i lo r .) in i i
rc l : r t i r r ccc r . r t ,t t rcg is t r l t rc r rf c ia l l l t v t l t t t r i lo rconsti t t l ia ingttru l
n l r r t c r i r l l' , . r l l r l r i l c t tr i v i t c l t r l c g c r i .' . r : r r rr t i l c ) c t t t r t t t r r t l i t r l t l i s t r i -
l r r r l i c i c o g r r r l l c cr r t i t r r t l i n i il o l i t i c c ro r t t r r c n i l o r ,l r t r t t t ) ) a i t ) t t l tt lcc i r t r t i t . \ ; l r - r i .tn grttp lc cc rcc t i i t ( ) r it rovc t t i r r t ll in zon i r ; t i in -
tc lo r po l i t icc ,str lrcgida I ln ivc rs i t r i [ i i in Ohicago, intr t ld tts ce a
cc s-ar )utcanirnri rnaliza cOl0gicii votltrilor. Exantinind vottlrilc
i r l rcAis t r i t tcr r t r l r i t i ig i t r ic i l i t t t r - t tno r i t i s l t t t l i t r r r - t tn t l l t , v ( ) t l l r i
l )cn t r i l c irrc l i l l i rs t t l is l l< ln i l l i lc rrr n t i l t l i l r t lc t l i t tc gct lcr l t lc ( t lc
rcccr rs i l r r r i l r t ) ,i i r r rl )u t . t l t , / .o lar t t r -o t t tu r t r i td t t i is t t r r ' llcctc lc 1t c
crrrc c-art r \ /u tusul)ra cc iz ic : i lc vot fact<-rr ia rc l ig ia, la I ional i-
t r l tca au stat lr tu lccOr]orrr ic .)egi au rvut l)andic lrptr l lca l t tc rz t t l
r rnc lcc t< l r i t ti r i r r tc ivc rs - t lc p i l t l i i ,nu to{ icc: i arck rc t t i l t t tn t r - t t l t
r l is r r ic tprcr lorn inrrnt r lant lczcrrL l r lan(lc - , c i a t t c r ln t r ib t t i t a
intc lcgcrcaunor lactor idctcrnr i l tarr t i i dcciz ic i pol i t icc.
r \poi r r r rn l i r ts()ndir jc lc c opin ic pLrb l ic i i ,ar accsteat t ts1 ' ror i t
cunoaftcrcanorstr i i Pr i r rpunerca n rcla l ie a < lp in i i lo rl lc l l i t icccu
t : r r r : rc tc r is t ic i lcr r r l iv i t l t r l t t i : t rcvotcaz:i , l r ri p r i r rso t t t l ; t rc l tr r tc r t -
l i ik r r t lc vot in i r in tc t lc a lcgcri lc l l ropr i t t -z . isc .s t fc l , c lo i tu l i ic t r t
n r r r l t n i r iprccis i l ; tuc l icrca nor l i rc t<-tr ilc tc rn r i r lurg i i vo t t r lu i r,
p i r r r i i a rtn i r r r t r r r r i t[ )L tnc t , u fdctt t l los ib i ls tLrd iLr lvo l t t I ic i vott t-
r i l o r r r i r r r p u l r r r c i a l r r p i r n i il c c to ra l c .
ins r i o r :n l t i t ic i nr s - i l l ) i in t t ncccsrlr : i i l rcrgcrt) r i t i dcp i t r tc ,
l l l c c tu l c o n rp lc t l t t n c ic ru r r l l : t n i it l ) o r t t ci i n v c s t ig a t o a rp r i r t -
tr-o scric dc sorrrlajc caliz.atc tr lit 'crili <-llturcni.ccstcaarutii lortr
tcnt l in lc lc nrajor i tarc, l l rcsu l r t r c f i r l l t , cz . t t l t i t t t r lcz . id t t i t ll c l ivc r -
sclor i1>trr ilc sc l r i r r rb r r i cr i trcs irudinsl)rc nt lcc iz icpi dc l ' l t tn
p r r l tt l l ; r r l t r r l ., l lc sctrnt l nsdsc l r i r r r l l i i r i lcr in r l rc iuc sc arrt t lcaz. i i
rcc iproc ; ic l r ia runcle sclt in tb i ir imajore,daci iacestea unt contra-
crrratc lc curcnte o l) lrsc. i , nra i t lcs, le nu arat i i inese chin\b i.
Nrr rrrnr: ircsc nconsccvcntc lc ndiv i z i lor dc-a l t tng t t l t rasc t l l t t i
Irhvrlutut | .J9
c{tre lrnc, )cntnl a dcscoperi, stfel, fecttrl pecific rl ivergilor
factori e nfluengdsupra otului inal.
I)e scurt,nicioclat{ And cumnu s-aurntdritevolugia otulrri
pcrsonallc-aungul intregi i arnpani i lectorale,e la ati t trcl ini lc
t l inainteaonvenl i i lor art idelor,reclndprin eac;i i lendividului
laolcnsivalropagandci,are onstituieampanir ropriu-zisil,;i pirril
la votrrl cal rlin ziua legerilnr.Numai prin rrstf'el c irrvcstigltl i ivonlputeilstalli l imai ndeaproapeolul actorikrrare nflucngeazil
Sdexrminiinrpc scurtplanuI ehnicde nvestigare;schigri accs-r.rriastc prczentat'Jn li igura L
Ccrcetarea foscntrcprinsdn districtulErie,din statulOlti<-r,
pe malurile aculuiErie, ntre Cleveland iI'oledo.
Acestdistrict',rlbst alcs )cutruc{ cra suficientde mic cttsil glermitii upritve-
ghcrca tcntrla cclor ntervievagi,cntnl cilcraoarccurnipsit dc
prrticularit{;iprcamarcatc, entrucd nu cradominatde nici un
ccntru lrban nrportant, egioferea osibilitatcaomparagicintre
opinia ol i t icrlrrrakl icea intr-un ric cntru rbln, dargi pcutru
cil,in l)atruzcci c ani - adicrla fiecare lcgcre rezidcngiaLlin
sccolrrl X -, nu deviase ai delocdc la endingclc al ionit lc c
vot.Din cauza liversitriti iti luluide viat{amcrican, u existii ec a
ce s-irr trteanunri ,districtul mericanipic". Dar e.sceo.sibil a
Ilric sd fie cAt de cAt reprezentativ entnr rcgitrnilenordicepi
vcsticc lcg{rii. n oricc az, oian)studiat -to/uliaotunlor, ar ru
distribupiaor .- i 'r mai 1941, iecare patra asri in districtulErie a fostvizi-
trtd de unul dintrenrembri i chipcialci i tui te in l2 p0nA a 15
. - \
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FigLrr.r:5,.;:irr ie proi,tt
J
I\ garinad,a
iI
tulai l u n i e lu i ie Augrst Q o n l s m h r i o I Oc:cc'brie Noien,lbrie
Conven:ia l Convenii-| |
o l
Repub car:A | Democra:a;;tl
i
Numarl i
I rn lerv ru iu lz ? 5 o 7
GruPtrri
de suaiecii
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.lJ / ,l lutttr.run/ tttltt/tti
in Pr iv i r r t l rccc l ) t ivi t r i i i l r Ia prul l l r rgancl irrcdirr t ic : i can)l)xnie i,
Pr i t rPrcsr l ,i r r l i ' , :o r r t r rc tcl i rcc tc ; ia l tc r r i . i lo : r . " .r r P l r rs ,rr tcru iu-
r i lc rcPc t i t tc t t t ; icut los i l l i l r i 0 lcc[arca ]orcct i l r rnrr ivoltrrn inos
c , rP t lc i r r l i r r rn r r t i ilcsPrc lceurc r r l l icc trr Pr r r tc : aractcr is t ic i c r-
sorra lc, i losol lc socia l i i , sr<lr icl to l i t ic i l , r r is : i tu r ilc pcrsonali tatc,
r c l r r l i i t r r l t i r r r r r c l r i ,p i r r i il l r i v i r r t l > ro l t l c rn c l cc g i l t c l c r r l c g c r i
l ) c : i c r t r t ,r r l i r r n r i r l i il c s p rc( ) t c l r l ) u r c i r ( ) n t r i l r r t ir r r r r r o i r $ t c r c i rl i r r r r r i t r i ir c { c r in t c k r rr r i t o l i t i c c . r
Vorn cxcrnlr lr l ica f 'cctu laccstc i chnic i r lc c lrcst ionirrel)c un
c r r zr r t l i v i t l u r r l .c c s r x c r r r l i l t r s t c r r i l ) i c .n s c n s u l t ' i i u b i c c tu l s -a
t r rzg in r l i tnrr i r lcs t lcc l i t r r rc r l i i rr lcg r l to r ik r r ,l i r r r l i rs t r r lcs nt.crr-
l i o r t r t t ,r r r i l l r i l t i l n l u ln s c l ) ( ) t t n n i l r i c l r i r r r l r i i r i l cr i r r n t c r v i c -
varc rc[)ctrtii.
r\ccst iirrzir.ndccis n lrrnamai, -avotat pe Roosevclt n noiem-
bric. [) irr ar f i i r rcorcct ii ) rc.supunenri i ntr-un anurnit n. lon]cnt
r t l : i r r r rPr r r r ic il s-a ro t i i r i t l t t r gi s i r lp l r r , o t l l t .J )cntnt totc lcarrna.
l ) c la p t , l t t l r t t t r t t t l r i t r c l r n i t l c v o t ,c l i r r r r r nr r tu l t l i l r ; c u c o l i t .[rrrr rn alcgri tor r r cc l r rc r rg ictredicai crr rrn nivcl sociu-cc<lrronric
l )u ( i l t )cstcnrc t l ic .La incclt tr t , -a ltre{ 'crat tc ' l 'a ft a candidatura
rc l l t rb l ican i l ( ) r .[ )c t ] tn rc i i accsta cnca cl in Ol t io . Pc de alt : i partc,
c r r t r r t ; l i r r i r tr i - i , ( ) tc / .c1tc lc r r t0c r i r f i ,.pcrrtnr l r lLrn icLrll tcu cstc
r rc rn l r r r ra l irccstrr il ) i i l ' t i (1 " . ccas t i i c r r r l i r r fi r r l l rcv i r l l r t n iu l ic ,
c i r r t l r rnur ) l t t i l l v i rv ( ) t r l[ )c {ooscvclt , t s i l- i rrcd1lc t lac ltrn i-
c t t l r r i . ' l i r t r r 5 i ,r r r r r g r r s t ,l ( l v c r s i t l t t c r rr r i i r l I t l t : 1 to z i ; i i rl t r c ; ; c < [ in -tc l t r i i r r f i rvo r r rc i rccnr t r i r i lo rr
irrv ins5i s - l r lcc l i r ra t ic partc ir r ri
\ \ ' i l l l i , ic , lcy i t i r rPr r l i l rc t rc r r r l ilcsPrc"1 .
rr rcc.tn ) ( )n l ( : l l t ,r r rcn t ia
I t t i lc vot rc l)rc l.cr) ta r ' r ot in r l l< l t r iv i rc r rn r t i r i i i a prcsitrn i lor uil{ooscvclt r r accasti l l i rcc t ic . n acc la i ; i inrp, e l a transforntat
accirstii lcz;rllrotrarcr ncrlrPordriirrtr-o dczaltr<lbareotald. n luna
u rn r i i t o i r r c ,- i r i i z .g i r r c l i tl i n n o u :1 lu r ; ; i s in t l l l t rnu g t ia d c s t t r l c
t lcsprc Wi l l l i ic c i r s r i - lsur i I i r rd i a rcvcrr ir a srrrrca c indcciz ic,
r lcc l i r r i i r r r li r ru va rnrr ivota dcloc. Accirst i at i trrr l i nca 1>crsistat
Pi t r r r in u l t i r r rc lc . i lc lc : r rn rParr ici .inc l a af lrnr ir t i I ezultaru l ir le-
g c r i l o r - i r r c i c io in l l ) ( ) r ( . u l t i il ) c n t ru l . n , r t r g , r r t i i n s c l l t c r r r t l r i c .
Innxluen / 4.1
crcderr ri \/il lkic va ciptiga,dar mai tirzitt tttt a ntai f<rst igur nici
dc asta.n partc l)entru c t l publ icul unui c incnratografl hLriduisc
pc candirlltul rcpublicancu ocazia paritrici ccstuiantr-un rnatcriul
r lc rc:tual i tJgiu c i tcv i r z i le n urmd.Totugi, n z i t t r ta lcgcri lor -a
\'orirt )c Rrlosevclt. .-usesc ezgustat, hiar a sflrpirul campanici,
r lc ccca cc c l a r :onsi<lcratf i o ccr lctor ic dc vott lr i d in partca u i
\ \ ' i l l k ic 5i r r i rs t g r t t tc rn icrt f lucnpat lc colcgi i ui dc lrr rz. i tra i t lc -rurgicdunrle crrrangrrjut. ovcstca ristalizilrii otttltti srltt lttstrcazi' l
t ipL r l lc r la tc carc nu au fost d isponib i le p in i i la introducerea
tchnic i i n tcrv iu i lo r cpetate.
Itcz.rrnriind, lcci, cpantionul a fost clescnrntt cil o Inct(xltI nlai
c l jc ic r r t , tlc i r r j r rngci r n t rc l ; i r i lccscrr l i r r lc lCrrrc: t tccfcctu lstatu-
tului socialasu[)rx ,<rtului? um sunt nfluengagiatneniidc congrc-
sclepartidelorgi de candidaturi?Ce roljoacd propaganda ormalil
Dar prcsapi radioul?Care este nfluen;a ami l ie i gi a prieteni lor l
Lintlc i;i curn al):lr controversclel De ce ttnii oamcni se ltot{rutsc
nrrr i lcvrcrnc, rrr r l l i i rn i r i l rz . iu l )c sc [ t r t , t t t t tcvol[ tcazi l n tc t ) iatic vot? )c cc v()tcirzA amenii aga,ar nu altl 'el?)rin dcducpic ogicil
5i lrin raportareadirectii la cei chestiona[i,vonr itrcercasd ariitiint
ce nfluenge -aumanifestat irnp dc gapte uni pentru a deternr i t ta
\ ' ( )nn i lc x l l r i rn r t tc lc5 noicntbr ie1940.1
inirintc q il irriit.l cz,rtltatele x+4uip_'zisc,li rczturtiittrprittci-
p.t. " .:i,niffi i :rlc ch'icii ci;a'ti.'Lrrr\
l . l )t t terrr l l rr incsr. lntotanl i i , t t tclbi l i "i rt i rnptrl atttpi tnici
tr i c pLrtcrnturl iu i trrctcrist ici lc.cl ntaibttncxctrtpl t t stc igl t t l
t lc rnal iz,r lctrr l iatr reitpirolclc l 5i Vl l .
2. Putcmacrrrnulanfbrmagii lcrivind ntreagaanrl latr icc larunnterviu aaltul .Dc pi ldd, utemseparaamenii iu ttnc[ic e
rnodulincare u urmirit cu prec{dere ropagandaepublicaniiat t
l)cccademocrata,c baza tatisticilorcztrlcatelin dspt"trtstrrilcor
in arrrrnri tclonrcntc lcsondajului.xcmll lclc ror pi lrcart crtpi-
to l c l c , X l iX IV.3.Cind un srrbicctgi chimbrintenti i lee aun rrtcrviuaaltul,
i rr rc[)Lrii - l l l trterrrncadrantr-oanunritd volutric. u sigttrrrt t t 'J,
\
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.ll / tllr,ztttt.srtttt/:rt/utt
l ) i l rc ) l r l i r l rc lc\ '1 lnt d- l r r t rc t r il )c un ol l t c l lrc - r l 'o tat o i l t i - l i i l t i l
l )c rc l ) t l l ) l i ( ' r ln ilc <'c l prc lL ' r i il )c lc t l r i lh l l r r r r r l i t l r t tcptrb l icrrrr .ns i i ,
t l r t t : i it l t r r , l i v i t l i n t c n t i ( ) n i t tr i - i r r t c z c c r l c rn o t r r r l ir r r r r rr c c r r t r i
si i r t ' r . r r t rrc i r s i i - i ' ( ) tczcl)c rc l l l t l ) l i ( : i r r r i ,rOt ivc lcl)cntrLt arc s-a
r : iz .g i r r t l i t c Pcrn t i t s ; i c in t i i r i rn c f lc ic r r t r r
l l ro l lrrgantlc ii a rr lror
i r t l l r r c n tcr r : r r r cr ( ) \ ts l r l ) l l s . s t l ' c l l c r r l i r r r r r l ; i i s r rn tl i s c r r r i r t cr r
c u P i r o l c l cV , V l l l , I X 5 iX .
4. Intcn ' irrr i l c rcPctir tc lc l )c f ln i t s r i r r r r r i i r i r r rta t is t ic fcctc lc
l lropagantle i.Dc l l i l tL i , )u tcn tmon i t r l r iz i r crsoarre lc are au fost
i r r t lcc iscr t t t r n tcn ' i t t . la r au dcjrro o l) i l ) ic i r r r r r r r t r ia r r rn t i i t r ln r l .
( c c i t c t r t l l c r t t i r t l l l t i i r r r l i t ( : c s ( i) l n t c r r in r r ro r r r c n h r ll l r i r r r r r l r r ii r r t c n ' i t r r c t : c r l r :r r o rn c r r t r r ll c c i z . i c i .t r r r l i i r r r lr c c s tcl i r t c ,l ) l r t c rn
t lcr l t tcc cc anln ltc i - i r i ic t r tsr i sc lrot i ' r rasci ir r t r - r rnan t r rn i tntod
l \ccs t t i l r t lc in [ i r rn ra t i i s tesernn i t lc l t i r , l i f ' c r i t lc acelca rrrn iz.atc
t lc sonrla jc lc rz . r ra lclc ol l in ic prrb l ic i i , r l i r : i ile cclc carco fc r i ianrr-r tr i tc larcc ( )n : , i [ l t i t tclr trrn to t t tc r t t lu t . r r c lzul l l ( ' c r i t ( ] r ll l t l )u fc ln
l l rcc iz . r rr l rc cstc carrz lt i c i l rc cstc c fL . t ' t r t l ,n t i r r r l l < ;c rrtcn ' irr l
rc l )c ta tnc pcrnri tcs r i t lb i l i r t r n l i in tu irc crrrporalr ji ,l t r in r irnrarc.
l r rc i l i tcaz . i inu l t ru ) i l l i / . i rarrzal i i .ixcnrplc alc accstu i ip dc analiz ir
sc \ ro r cgi is i n t ' i rp ito lc lc I I I , XI I i i , iV.
irrdrr-rrrrtil ' ipentrrr cititor
i r r r r r l r l ,rscurtr i lcscr icrcro rg r rn iz i i r i irccstc i i i r t iporrtc:crv i l rc l ) r( ) r icn t i . t rc .i r l l i to lu l I , c r r rc lcscr ica r i i r lc rc lc r in ; r i r s t r r r l iul t r i r
c'rrocrirrontcntrrl rr carc s-a rlcsf i;trrar-tccstil, ,lrcornplctu intro-
drrccrca. I rn r r i to i r rc lcrc i capito lc, cfcr i toarc a rl i f 'crcntc lc ocia lc
1i ic lcologicc l i r r t rc :c lc dorrr il la r t ic lc i l i r g rac l r r l lepart ic iparc r
c lc t : t r r ra (u l r r ir r r r lcgcr i, i r .c ' , t r . , lr r r i lc tc r is t ic i lctra i mrr l t surr n r r r i
p t r l i r r ; r l r l r i l cr l c r r l r i c c t i l o rl r c s t i o n i r t i .r : c s t c a p i to l c l c n c c l l r r t
scrvcsc l l tu i ( lu l ) l r r col l : lc cx l)Un cz.tr lratc lcl i l l )o r ta t r tcI)cntrr ls fc r i r t r rb i l i t i i i r lcscr irr ontcxtu l n carc rc l lr ic [)crccl)ut ntrcgrr l
s t r i r .
Inlruiu,rtt f ' ;/1
O t l i r t i icc anl s t r r t r i l i t r inc ipalc lc l i fc rc t t lc< l i t t t rc t ls t i r l r i to l ' i i
t ckrr loul i ) i t r t i ( lc ,,o l t t t tn t i t ' t t tx ,t l ca [ ) i to lc lc/l l i VI I , c r ro atra l iz l t
r l ' ( ) t r t l t i l o [ . 1 tg I t i I i " g a me n i ic a rc5 i -a t t c l t i n t I a t l t c l l i i l c t l c
\'ot, t)tr-un fcl srutaltttl,1lcparcrlrsul antllanici lrtll lritt-zisc. stf'cl
r lcorrrncni )c n tc rcsc i lzl in ntod deoscbit ,)cn t r t l
a t i s t l l l ts ing t r r i i
crrrc lc r : i r lc t tnt s i l , () tcZc hiar r t t i rnpul < lcs f t i5 r r r i i r i ia l l ) l )a l ) ic i .
l r la i r r t l i vonr c()ml) i l r r taracter ist ic i lc t rc i t ip t r r idc a lcgi i tor i : ci
cirrc sc h<ttiirdsc tltlr s;i voteze inainte si inccap{ camllattia.cc i
cirrc sc dccid irr clecursulei gi cei carc ntl sc clccitl dcc'lt ftrartc
t i rz iu , la s f i r ; i t r r l cantpanie i.Apo i vonr rr j t lnge a ttnclc oonsi( lc-
r l i i r lcsprc ip r r r i lc l i fc r i tcde r t leg : i to r i ob i l i ,dc cxctrtp lt t lcs l r rc
n ro t l r r l i t r l t i lc) r in ci lrc orut)cni ic t l i t t tc l l t i i l l t rc t t ta r t tc ,t l t r - t t r l c' l
sau r l tL r l , j t rng n cclc d in r t rn r i i a t t lcc iz. ic lc r 'o t c lc f i t t i t iv r i .
Urmcazi apoi o secl iunede patru capito le capito lc lcVI I -X l )
cirrc analizcazriefcctul canlpaniei astlpra clit 'critclor grttllttri tlc;r lcgr i tor i lc l i t r t i ta tcurtcr ior. i iccarcd i t t t rccclc rc i t ip t r r i lc c l 'cctc
i r lcc r r r r rp i r r r ic irr l t l isc t r t i r tntr-un ca l l i ro lsc l ) r l r r l t ,r l r n l l )o r t r l l l t r l
Iorvrr i s tu( l ia t i i onr l)arat ivn CapitohrlX l .
Accastii ectil.lnenigialii a discutaefectclcdc ansarllbltl lecalll-
parr ic i . apito lc le in i r lc or dc f in i ro l t r lmai ntt l l tor nf luettgc l leci-
l lcc l i r r i rnp t t lcu t ttp r tn ic i . apito ltr lX l l vrr t t t l ic l ro l t r l l f tc l ) t i l r i lo r
1r pcctr lar i i lor r iv i t t t l tp t ig i to r t t l , t 'cctrr l c ra l icrc tc . Olp i to l r r l
Xl l I clcscriccot]linLltulpolitic al z.iarelor,evistclor5i llrogranlckrr
rrulio trnrriritc lc strbiec;ii hcstionali n tirrrptrl ampanici, ar Capi-
tolrrlXIV cxlllicri rolttl acestornrijloacc itntttlc tlc cttt.ttttnit'rtrctt( lc tcn)) inarca trtc i< lcc iz i i in r r le a n ivel indiv ithra l.Orrp i to l t l lX\/
t' it.ctvt.tlolLrl n prrrilor ocialen maxillizarcilacordu[uiqxrliticlintrc
rlcnr[)ri, ar capitolulX\/l va ptrne n relalicaccast:llrtlogcnitate oli-
ticii i cfectul cotrtactelor irecte, dc la ont la onl.
Itc scurt, lrtcrarcltdc fag:ievolttcil;/.:i lc la caritctcristicilc lc
r r r rs i r r r rb l t rlc c lcctr lratu lu i i i t rc o ltnal izr l t oanrc t t i l t l r l l rcsc rr iz-
g inr lcsc n t inrptr lcanrpanic i, jL lngint l i to prez.cntarc in f l t tc r l -
ic lo rg lotra lcalc c lrrnpanie i i r l iscu t i r t< ln f in l r ls t t rsc lc tn ( ) r s t t i ' l
t l c r r l l t t c r r t c .
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C A I ' l ' l ' ( ) t . U l , l l
l ) istr icttr l i r ie,
Ohio, 1940
O scurtil rezentare regiuniipi a eveninren-
tclordc funclal ascrvi ricntrlri i le nsambltt
asu rasttrdiului ostru.
Discrictul rieera, n anul 1940, regiune
micd, estul e prosper{, opulatil e un grup
pa;;nic ;i mogcn e anrericaniativi,angajagi
intr<rprolrorlie arecum grrLln iudustrialc i
in agriculruril.ga rtmsl)uncar)rncal>itolrrl
precedent, u era ,districtul nrericanipic",
dar pentruscopurile cestei erceurinici nu
eranevoie d ie. Nu eram nteresagie modul
irt cnryvotca;l,alfcctiv oarncnii,ci ,Jeoouzc/e
deciziei or. Nu anr ntengionat i prezicem
rczultatul legerilor,i s'Jdentificam numitc
l)roccse are stau la baza fornrAriioll inici
publice in conrpr.rrtalncnculuixllitic.Districtul Uric cste o rcgiunecu asl)cct
nrdrlos,e dealuri, eschisrlnspre aculUric,
situatd n parteacentral-nordicA statultri
Ohio. Beneficiindde o situare favorabiki,
i r l )roapcdc junri l tatcadrurnultr i dintre
Cleveland ifoledo,
districtuldispunedc
cxcclcntc trcilitatlic transport ruticr, )capdgi pc calea eratrl.
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' l, lf ,l lrt ttrtisttttr/'t rt / t r/ni
l l .c l r t iv s ta l r i lr i n t r l r in r i i ) i r t ru ; / .cc ilc a r r i ,lx ) l )u l i r t i r tl i r r L , r ic
I ) l r r ) r i r r l ,r r 9-10,4.1.(XX)r lcocuitor i . ) r lp r r lr lc rc;ccl ingri ,anr l r ts l i l
s i r r ; i t t r t r lc r ) t n r r r l l i r nr r c lu s t r i r r ll l r s t r i c tu lu i ,r v c a l )o l )u la t i cl c
aproxin) ir t iv .5 . (XX)lc oanrcni. . ,oc t t i to r i i l in L , r ic c r i lu a [ ) ro l r l )c
t< l t ia l l r i ;il r ig inari
< l inzon;i .l r rrn
rns[L ' rc l i r rrrc i crrrr t rnru.s i ig c r r r r t t r i k r ri l r c - r t u t i r l r i l i tt i c i c l i t l i i l o c t r l c c o lL t l t t il X IX - l c l ,
t \cc5ti o i r r r rc r r ii icc r r r r rrr tc rt l l r i r r r t t l in r l t l i r r c lrrsrt r trrrc itorrrc,
a lr i tur i dc o l l r i t r r r i i c t l t rsa c conrerc i irn l i nst i i r i t i , art izarr i au
l)ract icantir il l ro fcs i i l r r ri l lc r r r lc ., lx is t l r r ) r t t inc l rn r i l i i ogatc. arc,
or icttnt, tu lo t t t i r t ru tcgirrr tca.: r r r t r i { i t r r r i l i i l inc lasclc c jos .c l lrr .
c r . r x c c l ) t i i r i i t o r v a i r r r r i l i il c c r r l o a rel i n .S i rn r l r r s k y ,u s c r r t l r r r r a r r
i n g r r t ; r t r r i .J i t r l c s p rc r r i r l l r r l r t l c ,t r l r t ) u l i n c o c r r r i r r r c r r i p r r t r r t
[ l t lc f in i tc c i t t i r rc f nu cxistxu r)a l)a l i l lcr r ra lc .
V i i l t r c r t l t r l ra l iqi socia l i a r l is t r ic tu l r ri r r c ra ,probl l l i l , a t ip ic i i
[ )cntru r r r ic i lc irguri sarr cgiuni rura lc l i r r \ l i< lr vcst. anrcni i nrravci l t t a l i spozi l icdccit p l i iccr i n l iruntc. ianri l i r r r ' . r i r rrpor tarrtr i
t t r t i ta tcsoc i r t l ; ipi l lo l i t ic r i , l t tp r i t tn r vonr vcdcir) ; rcrrsr ic r lcs l i i -
grtra consic lcnrIr i l i ilc t iv i t i l tc o t : i i r l : i .arrc lLrskl,crarrnoscir t a ln
, .o r i ls - l ) isc r ie l i " ,r isc r ic i rc; lrczcntirrd, dcsclr , t iczu lv ict i i socia lc,
I ; ic :crrcbiscr icr lpatronao n)ulI in tc r lc r l rgun iz . r r t i icntru l ta i rba l i ,
l i ' n r c i i t : r rP i i .) r c o l i i ' r r r t t o r t s c rv i l t ( ) r i :P ro Po v r i t l r t i i r t rr r v i i fi t r r r i l c
l r i l r l i r : ci n t t s c p rc i r r r r p l i c i t t tr r r c l r t t r i l c l o l i t i t : c a r r i v i c c . i n r -
pr ir i lc lc intcrcsc 1i asoci l t i i lcdc a l i rctr i crrruactivc, n t lc l l l i r r in t l
[ t t r r t ' l i l t lc f i r r r r r r r t r r isi lc gnrprrr i lc c i iscLr t i i . is tcntrr l ^colurr r
corrt lr tslc c lc lr tcntccon l l )c tc l l tc ,l l rogrcsistc i ro r r -p l r r t iz r t r rc .l isc -r i t : i t l i t to l ic : i in lc r ) l i l )c i r i tcva gcoli i r ro l r i l lc ,l r r r iccvcrr larr col i lc
ptr l l l icccra canlc lczcccori rra i nrarc.Nl r cxis(urrcolcgi ir r r l is t r ic t ,
< l l t r d t tc r r t iart scns rrrrr ra lr i rc r ri isc lrrcurr i lcs l t r i j inu l o ltu lar ie i,
i : r rpro[ 'csori i r r r r r cspccta i n s i i rr tr l o r r run i t r i t i i . ivc lu l cdrrc ir-
l i o r ra l l p o p r t l r r t . i c ic g i r r r r i ir r r c r r rn i { k ra t i vl c l s u l ) r : r r c t l i c i l i r r
S t r r t c l c r r i t c .i r r g c r r c r r r lr r r l r i r r t l ,i r r r r c t r i il i r r i r i c l r i s a t rn rp rc s i l r
runrr i nrcs{.cc <lc ia l irr i , ,corrpt i ingr ile c lasi i"putcrn ic i l .
l rx is t r r r rrc i z . iarc rcalc n Slnt luskv - si putinc orascclc r r i r r i -
t t tc r t t t i r t t t t t i t< , ' , t, i . t r oc t t i to r i i l is t r ic t r r l r t i r r r i i tc r tu i ( )h ' t : r / tn t t i
I)i,;hirtnl .tir,Ohio,940 '19
PlainDcalerpi, cazional, ialte gazete eautol'ltone. intrc ziarelc
localc, rlul avcl o putcrnicil rientarc epublicanil,nttlcra, ficial,
rlcrlocrat.dar n csen(A eutrur ar ttn al trcilean virat tt$or, u
tinrlrrrl, ;itredcmocragi. laxlandPlain DealerSi-achimb'.rt rien-
t:rrcxdenrocratJn lrl40 pi in timpul alegerilor-a pronrovat e
\\ ' i l lk ic. )ostttr i lc lc radiodin Clevcland i loledo, acoperind
roatc clclelc in)portrlnte, encficiaude o tlttn{ reccpli<lnarcn
districtulir ic.
l lcorronria ist ictului
l ' .corrorrrial isrrictului' l r iccra dc t ip nrixt, t tdustrirr l t li gricol i l
Industria raconcer)tratdnaiales n.Sandrrsky,ar agrictt l turara
principalrrndelctniciren ot restul cgiuni i . rmlntulcracult ivat
rlc nrult imp gi recoltele ralrde obiceibune,clemulte ori nrai
btrnc lcclt nrediadin ntregulstat. n comparalic tt meciia agio-
nrrli l, ollulatia e fcrnrieri in regiune radcstulde prosperd. cl c
L'iteva rganizatii e fermierise declicaurrdcoscbi rol;lemelor
agricr.rle,roblemele olitice iind rareori bordate.
Indrrstrirrcgirrrr i i ra destulde neobignuit 'J,n sensrt l; 'J ra
risipit:in vrco (r0de intrellrindcri, ferincl tt totul canr3.(X)0le
lrrcrrri e nruncil5i producAnd ganrd ivcrsificatil c bunuri. lc,a
n)aimareuzinl din zonilaparfneaunui concern are roducea m-
lrrrhjc icarcavca (X) lcangajagi.arrdLtskyraul) port nrl)ortantin z-onitVIarilor acuri,princi;rala tarf,l pcratrli ind cdrbunclc.
Atit clatoritrl arictilgiintreprindcrilor nclustrialc, l it Ei di n
cauza cpendenpei cnerale e agriculturrl,ceastdonda scilpat,
irrnrarc artc, lc violcngachinrbdrilorconomice in timprrl rizci.
[)irectiaafircerilor ra, n general, onservatoirrei llrecaut{.Celc
lrrr i rrrultc tzirrcq;i utrcl l r indcrierau dcl inutc dc localnici ;i
ol)erau u relativpntini bani provenitidin surse xterne.Tiparul
con'runrl acestorntreprinderieracel al unor afaceride familic
.rdnrinistratciguros. otugi, n ciudanrrmdrtrluionsiderabi lc
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50 / tllnttt.enu/ c'o/rt/rti
r ) r ic i r r t rc l ) r inc lcr il in ( ) ra f , ontro lu l su[)ra l i rc :cr i l orirscsc ta l l i l i t
i n t : i i l i n a n i i d c c l i n a i r r t c au i 1 9 4 0 . ' l x i stu s cl r i a r r r r o n { l i c t n
nrc ,c l i i lclc a lrrcc:r in l l r iv in taoPr l r tun i t i i t i i c a atrage oi invcst i f i i
in zon i r , a r l i rc t iunc i r l loz i { . ic ir avut ru l nrarcsucccs n b locarca
c x P i rn s i t t n i i i n n rc r rg in c rc i rn c i s i t r r r r t i il ) c P i l t a n r t t n c i i a res i
le convin: lpatroni lor. )cntru c i l o f 'crta lc l i r r l i i lc rrr t tnci l ra d inl rc l ;u ; i . r i l ' c : l t r lnc t l i r r lc s r r l i r r iz . i t rc: ra c r l t ts . l r r r t l r r t :c rc i ti r r r l ica -
tc lor ocalc r t t cu5isc r i c n r l l t tn i l au s l r lcv i r r r l r i l icncrg ic l , lu
f i l ia lc lc locrr lcnrr crau act ivc n cadrul urganiz.a l i i l orincl icalc a
n ivc l t r ls ta t t t lL t i .. 'or;a lc rntrnci i u avcao in f l t tc r . r t l in r [ )o r tan t i in
i tccs r l is i r ic t ; lorn inatia atroni lorls iu l ) rar t tn r , i to r i l r l r1a 161:c:ptat l
r l c s c l r i sl c r ; i l t l c i r l c r i i i r r r l i c a l ir c r r l i . t t r r r i r ir rS r t r r r l t r s l<yx is t i u l
organizat i i i r rc l ic l lc ,rrsJ lragtt l ra . r r gcncnrl, ) co l lun l i t l tc c i . l rc
ofcrca ocuri de rnunci' l ccondirionatc lc afilicrcir a vrcun sindicat,
f l ' l r rncit< lr i i u a fonnil t rrn b lc lcpol i t ic n sinc ai n ic i urr gru l l) au
i r rd iv i t l nu a l )u tu t atragcvotul lccstr-r i cgl lrcnt. )c ansarnblt t ,i r rragincuLri lo l l ; r l r i r i r nu i lcg r r r l r i lt l )a t ic I< lcc i r t r r l r r r i l .
I)istr-ictul gi politica
i r r ' , r i c r r t x i s t i r t t r u p t t r i p c t i l i c c l c i r r t c r c s c ,u l cs i lc x c r t : i t c
i r r l l t r c n t i il l o l i t i c i t r r r l l o r ta n t i l .i c i r r r r r r ll i l l t r cAn r l ) l r r i l c tn i c c
rtcgri ,gc r r t t l t r r i i r5:tr r i t i lc l l l t r tc n l r l i l r r t t l t t t tn i t r t tc rg : tn iz, l t t l
i r r ccc:rcc l l r ivc ; ; tc o t r r l . )a r t i t lc lc r r i r ro r i t r i ; i lo rrucrau pr"rtcrrr ice
s i nu c x is t r r t rr r i l c r l r i l c i r r c r c t n d i s t r i c r r l c ; i c x i s ta rn i l u b a l' l ' i n c r i k r rl { c l l r r l r l i c a n i ) ;i c iv o tu r i l c c t c r i t r r i l o ra t t l c v r c u n u i l l t
Hrul) nu l ) i l tc i . lU i at l ju t lccatc l0 l ra l ;or icrrnr, l \ ' c i rul ) rc i r ) i l l i l ) l
nrernlrr il )cntnr i r f l in f lucnte ca rrn it ' i t i .
( )anrpanii td in 1940a gdsitorganiz.rrg i ir) irr t i t lu lu i {cptrb l ican
l r i r r c r r l l l t r r r t r tn t r r t l i s t r i r ; t t r l ,i r rp c t c r r l c r r r , r t ' m t r1 ,i r r r : lo r r r r t r l ; r
n ru l t n r i r i ) r . r I i nf i c i c u t l . \ l a i r n t r l t i r r c ro r i r r c o n t r i b r r i ta a c c a s t i
starc le ucrL r r i . ' la i n t i i , i r t l t Ia nivcl local, i t 5i stata l, cmocrat ir
sc c o n l r r t r r l i r u c r r r t r l t r r i i c t i r r n i r r i r r d u r i l cl ) a r t i d u lu i .n l l l r r s .
Disrirrul li,ic, ()hio,194() 5l
rcp r r l r l ican i irvc irua c l ispozip iconduri mai mportante. l i n t l I ' n i t i
l i rscscr i i lc r r ru l t a putcrc, aga d rcs in t le r t t tnrperios cvoia lc a
sc rcgrul)a.Anrbclc organizagii c partid avoaucontactedircctc ct t
orrrrrcni i , lar cpublicani iatt fost ura i b ine organizagi i n ta i c l i -
cicrrti. xrziinclu-sentr-o nrarenresurd e forga ropriilor organizapii
t lc fc r r tc r .
(-lorrtcxtul de unsarnblu
l)c 5 rroicnrbric 1940, etlifenii Statelor LJniteau mers a urne sii-q;i
r r lc i rg . lrn prc lc r l i r r tc r r rc i l - iconclt tc i ln u r r i i ruc i r t l i l r i lz . l l< l i t r l t t i .
i r r l l r r ro1 , , r ,i iz . l ro i r r l - l i r lgc rlcc langat lc l i t lcr c r i t r t to i . At tst r i i t ,
l )ohrnia i C)choskrvaciauseserd cja ocupatc, lr in t irnpul peri-
oatlci prcclectrlralearnratelegerurane au cucerit' farile
dc Jos ;i
l ; r r rn ta .Cl r ia r irr i t i r r tc c a legeri, ta l ia invadaseGrecia. Statc le
t ln i tc v i int luscrr i lar i i l r i tani i navemi l i ra rcmaivechiin schimbul
rrnor xr/.cnrrv i l lc ; i acr icrrc l in Atlant ic . nccpuscri lc lc ja atnprt-
r r i i lcdc rccnltare.Abolirea bruta le a dreptur i lor c iv i le in s ta tc lc
totrrlitarcl)ul)casub reflectoare nraginea avorabila StatelorUnitc
t:rr nt iurrc carc p i a legca onduc' i tonrl n chip denrocrat ic ; i l r in
t lcz l r r tc r i i c ,rc ' .
( ) i r rnp i rn i r rl in 1940 s t i rn i t in tc rcs ; i pr in pcrsorra l i t i \ ; i lci r i r r tc
l l inc con(rrratcalc l l r inc ipa l i lc l r ancl idat i . i iccarc ' . lvcaantccc-
c lc r r tc :cnrarcal l i lc . nLrld in ei candic la )cntru al trc i lca nranclat;
cc l ; i l r r l t c r id icasc rnctcoric 1i dcvcnisc cancl idatt t l )art idulu i
irrrpotriva ilrtrilr otirscl)c al)roirpc ot l)ilrcrlrsul aricrei saIc.
l lvcnir trcntc lc rrra jorc l<lcalc, agi<lnalci irr tcrnagionalc
carc - i lu )etrecut n Perioada ampanieipi a stucl iLr lu i ostr t t t tnt
rcprclentiltc in liigura 2. Ele ne-ar putea ajuta si nc reamintint
; r ( r r r r ts l ' c r i tcrrcra lr it <: lr trpanic il in 1940.
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52 / tllanri.e ntul votului
liigrrra 2: Lverinretlclc cntnltnnici rlin 1940 in r/istrictu/ litie
. EvonimenleloHenoada
locale
l)itrtitul l,,tie,olio, 1910 / 5.1
Al doi leau I rm a
lnlervru culumatalo
. sur)tecl t la tut unto
osanl tonutul
Knox9i Stimsonnumif i ncabinet.PadidulRepu-blican otoazdplatlormapontrupaco.Willkio9iMcfJary ornlnalizaliacandidaturA.
Evonimentelonalionale
Evenimenleleinternalionale
RooseveltemneazA
LegeaRecrutArii. tatele
Unite nterzicexoorlulde
fier vechi n Japonia.
Turneul lectoral l ui
Willkie rinVostirlMiilociu9i ndepArtat opt
discursurlmportanlo)
incheiereaalianlei
militared€
zece ani intre
Germania,Italia lJaponia
Franfa ere pacea.
Francezii emneazdin lormonii ui Hit lor.Sonrnnroa rrl isl i-
f iulul ranco-ltallan
A douajumAtate
a ui
septernbtie
A cincoainlervievare
a ogant ionulu i
Prima
iumatatea lu i u l ie
A treia
intervievare
osant ionulu i ,ldoilea nlorviupontrucJrupulde controlA
Doamna ]oosevelt seadreseaza amenilornLakeside,Ohio.Roosevell eclarA d nuva trimito oldaliamgricani
inEuropa.
Churchil l nuntacd grosul lotei ran-ceze a fost capturalsau distrus. avalInst i tu io la tu l
, ,corporatist"
Prima Willkie orbegtenjumdtate Sandrrsky. lt ima i
a lui de nscriere e
octombrio l isteleelectorale
Roosevell iziteazaOhio
?ntr-unurneu ,non- Crizapolit ic" e nspecfie din Balcani
sistemului e apdrare
A doua
lum6tatea ui u l ie
Roosevelt i Wallacenominalizafia ConvenfiaDemocratA
Conferinfapanamericand
la Havana
SandttskyNows lsuslrrro e Roos€-velt.Al gasoloa
interviu l e$antio-
nu lu i , l do i leapentrr t rupul e
6entvr>l. Gerald .
K. Snrilh orbegto
in laia a 3.000deoameni in San-
dusky, u ocazia
turneulu iui Wi l lk ie
Conssmnaroaocnll i lor.
John L, Lewis l suslinope Willkie.Willkien
VestulMijlociu i n Est
(optdiscursuriimporlanle). rimolore i
discursuri olit lco lo ulRoosevelt n cadrul
campaniei
A doua
lumatatea ui
octombrie
Italia
invadeaze
Grecia
PrimajumAtate
a lui augusl
Al patruleainterviu u
egantionul,
al doileapentrugrupul
de conlrolB
incop lozbatorilo rivind
incorporArilo;indberghindeamnAa cooperare
cu Germania acd orteleAxeicdgtigA. ooseveltreitereazi: oldali iamericani u vor f i trlmisiin afaragranilolor
Prima
i(,matat€luino iombrie
A gaptoa
inlcn/ ievare a
ega r r l i onu l u i
Ultimele iscursuri le
campanioi: oosovoltnBrooklyn l Cleveland,Willkie n NewYork.Ziua
alegerilor,e 5 nolembrielevelandA doua Plain Doalerjumdtate incepesd-lI lui august suslinA o
Wil lk ie
Willkiesi f inediscursulde acceptaroa Elwoocl,in Indiana.Wallacedemi-sionoazd in cabinol.Recenzarcamiqranli lor
do alte nnlionali lali. e-
natuladoptAun proiectde legeprivindn-.crutArile
Primulmare
bombardamonlbritanic supraBorl lnu lu i
Pr imajumAtalo
a lu i
septembrio
Discursul e Ziua Munciial ui loosovolt,chom{\nci taloloUnito Aso unsascaDgnlrLtapdrare ota16. ongresulvoteazeLegeaRecrutdrii
MareaBritanie
oblinonavo ameri-
cano, n sch irnbulunorbnzonoriono
9i navale.Primadi ncele l4 zilede .raiduri eriene
asupraLondrei
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( ; A l , l ' l ' o l . l l t .l l
l ) i l 'crcrrlclc
sooirrle li l 'r(rc
rcpublicani
si denrocrati
Orice l lo l i t ic ian lragrnatic arc ; i n rc r i t i inrr-
nrelecunoagte ine strat incr lrcalcctoratrt lu i
anrcrican.Printre uneltelc salc cotirlicnc trc-
btt ie sd se numcre cunoafterea iprtr ikrrdcoarncnicare sunt pasib i l i lc a f i reptrb l i crtn i
innl ig isrtu lcrnocra; ipr in t r i rc l i l ic .Nt t i t r rc -
zista prea mult in politicli clac:lnu trr sinrti
instinctiv carecetil;eanestesau nu sensil>ila
argurnentc le nrr ipart id snr a ltu l.
Astdzi, mai pcste to t in Arncrica, l lo l i t i -
c ianul poatc cor)ta1lc banchcri,pc o i r r r rc r r i i
clc aftrceri, e episcopi pi pe nrultridilrtrc cci
a f lag isub inf lucnga or ca votanti f i r lc l i r ri
rcpublicani lor.Dc asclncnci l , l g t ic c i \ n r i -granl i i , n r l tnc i to ri i , . l ) rco l i i , a ;i r r r r t jo r i ta tc i r
ccl<lr din 1;arohiileacc.stora in spccirrlcc i
d in urage consti t tr ic baza Par t idu l t r i Dc-
nrocrat, u exccptiaSudUlui radit iorr l l is t .' I 'rrisiturile
prin carc rrlrpoliticianditl 'rcn-
l i i tz r l , cc i , t r r cp r rb l ic : t r rlc rrn lcnloorutl ) i r rsri ic statutul cconornic, rcligia, rcz.itlcnla i( )c t l l )a I ia . a accstcrt c l)oatc a t l i i t tg l rtn nl
cincilca 'actor- virstl. I,lxpericnlanc aratri ri
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5h f 'llrt tuttltrt/ t,o/rt/tri
t i r rc r i i i ic rv i t r il )c col)scrvrttor ir - r o l i t ic l i , ga l ln t o l i rcai n nratcr ir
t l c r r r t t z . i c i i ,r a r r t c i r r r ) a l t i c l c .
in rrrarc) i r r tc , tu ( l iu l ottrr i lor l in I , l r ic ,n 19.10,orr l l rnr i l cc irs[
cx l )c r icn lr i . )a r f ircc nrai rnult r lcc it sd conf 'crcstatr lr t i in t i f l
u f r ( ) rcunolt in lc dc lx rn s i rng .Sistcntat iz . in( l ccstc cun()$t inte
t l i i r t t ln r i is t t r i rcrr l i l n l lrcnlc i l icc : i r r r i i rl i r r t rc cc ; t i I r rc to r i r is t ra
t i l lc r i r i i , t t td iu l i icrar lr iz .cazni Ic cvic lcn; iaz.{ntcrc lcpcndcnta.
Itolr"rl stututtrlui socio-cconornic
i r r , r i n t cl c t l i s t : t t t ; to lu lp c c i l r c t r l t l t t u l o c io -c c o r ro tn i cl . j o r r r : i lr
r t l c i i t t r i t c i tt r l r c t t t r r r l r itc c k r r l o t t r ll l r t l t i t l c r l l l o r t l r n t c , r l r r r r r l i z ln
n ta i n t i i i r rc lcx t t l l r rp : l i r rc rr i lsrrn inr cc i l r i t i lr rr irc tcrs t ic r i .
( . lcrcctarca pin ic i publ icc f irkrscgtc lc obiceicva l r r l i r i lcntcr
v icvator i l<lrl l r iv in r ls tatutu lsocio-ccorrc lrn icl subicct i lor. .c vo n
rr t t r r r in corrt inrrarc s t i l ) l i i r iSl l ,S' . ntcrv icvator i i unt in : i t n l i t i s ,
c r " . r l r tcz .cocrr inpclc. unrrr i lc , 'c lu l lc a f i qi r lc a vorbi a lc srrb icc
t i lor chcst ionxt i ii sa i - i las i t lcccon{brnr pozi l ic i lor in intcr ionr
cornuni t i i l . i i , o t r iv i t unui [rarcnr. )amcnii cu ccle ntai tunc locu
in lc , n r< l l r i l i i ,ra inc ctc., cu cci nta i rnrr l ; i rarr il t r in r r r r t ra rc . o r I
t ; i t t r t l o g i r l iu n , i r r r o r r r r r c r r i il i r r c r r l : r l t r ix t r c n l l ,c r r ) . i n t l i s t r i c ru
l,)ric,1rr<rccrrtirjclcrr vrrt allroxirnativ tnlliitoirrca listrilltr ic:A,,3%.
Ll, l'I(/r,;C' , 33'/o; )-, 30% Si L), 2{l'/o.l
l ' l x is t i l n n r rn ) i l r lc o r rs ic lc rr r l i icrrcra lc rrrp l icatcr r t r -oastfc
r lc c l r ts i l ic i r rc ,r r r ccs tc i rx l t l l cu grcrr cz,unlt l tc ic i .z )r irrr irr r t rc
lrarc se: c{cr: i l crcdib i l i ta tca rrrc iast l 'c l c proccrl trr i lc c las i l l
carc. Ar conrlrrcc lorr i i cstc inr lc l lcnr lc ntc a acelcapi czrr l tatc
Avcnr citcva pro[;c n lirvoirrca nrri risltuns ltoz.itiv rraocustarr)trc
lrarc. L)x l lcr irncntc lc lu a r r i t t t c i dorrr isc tu r i t lc e :va lu i i r i .cpre
rcntin( l rrprccicr i lc rrr lc l lcnt lcntc alc rrcclorrr ; i ubicc; i t le c i i tn
lcc ia l i i r r tcn ' icvator i , lar a t rc i s i i l ) t i in rAn i isran ; i i , u < lcorc larr
< lc 0 , i i . ( l in r l acci irs i trb icc i i au f t)st obscn'at i <lc ckr i oAn)cn
'.Sl.,S - .rrtrio-a nontirslulu.r t. tctl.\.
l)iluzrlrlr.totiah iutrr tvpultlinni i rlatrunt1i 57
dif 'cr ir i , ore l 'J t ia coborit la 0,6 sau la 0,7.rDeq iexist l io ar)unritd
vrrrirrtic,hrpiicrrrnsc vc(le, estimdrile urnize'azA clasificarc elativ
s t r l r i .
[)rrroarc clrrsillcii rccstc valurlrio'arncnii stf'cl ncit rczultirtul
sricorcsl)unclii xpcricngei gcnerale?Din nou, cxistti probe care
r r ra t r l: r icva l r r i i r i lcSI jS sunt intr-o str lnsd'rc la; iccu posesiuni le
nlJtcr id lc c ir lc a lc cclor c lrest iona[i . u cit cst irnarea st e mai
i r ra l t r i ,r r l t ' i t nl r r im i r r is ttntvenitu l rncdiu,nunli l ru l de art icolcdc
t rzcitsnic cttrnpc tc . {
Accstc cvaluiiri SES unt strf,ns egategi clenivclul de cducapie
r r lsubicct ikrr . stfc l . cc lc mai inalte estim{r i se rcfer ' tra oanrcni i
t lc , t l i rcc r i i l l r spccir t l i5 t i ,n vrcntc cc acclc ir )ra i orrsc t ln t i lc ( ) r -
( l r r tc l i r i t lcsn)rI l lc i tor ikrr i uc r : I to r i lo r gr icol i .
l )c sc r r r t , t r rd i i lc l r r ar i l tac i l accstccv l lu i l r i c l l i ta t ivc rc l ) rc -
/.intiiun [el dc nredie sau cle hctorcomun al estimrtrilordit'eritelor
strrtuturipentru grupLrrile ocialespecifice ;i <liverse u crlre sLlnt
rrsocirr t ianrcrr i i . is tc b ine cunoscut,dc exenrplu, aptu l c i i , n
rn r r l tc o r . r . r r tn i t r ' r t i .n nl lntc dc fanr i l ic arcdateazi i c sccolccon-
lc r i i r ra i 'mt t l tl ) rcs t i { i r . rcc it bogdgia. Inom ; i cu bani, ;i cu statut
lrrrnilialva 1l cirtllogat de cdtre cei carc-l chestioneazdca fiind
su l )c r i ( ) rtnrr ia arc se cal i f lcddoar pr in t r -un t r l inrre acestedouii
asl)cctc.ar pcrsor.trr iri r r trnr i l , a rendulc i , va l i l ) las i r t : llc t ts t t l l ra
cclci celrc r.r ro nici lrani,nici un nume vechi. Dvah.riirile IiS po t
li consitleritteo cuantificare a numrirului dc calificii ri pc carc Ic
.ob l i l rc l icc i t rc s t t l r icc tl )c scari lsocio-ccononricr l . .srt accst scns,
; cstc lcSl iS rcprcz. irr tr ln indcx gcncraldc strat i f icarc.
in cc nr i lsurr i u d i l 'creugiat cestcnivclur i SI iS votur i lc? n cc
nr r is t r r i ir rurcni i l ) i l r r ir)endi{ 'cr i tc lor ivelur iau spri j in i t unul sar l
, a l t r r lc l in t rc)art idcl { irspunsulcste ? i u ostc ledou i i < l r i ta i nrLr l l i
I rcpublicrni cotupi a nivclul A dcclt Ia nivclul D (vczi l. ' igurrr ). Sjr,
. cLr lccrrc las r r os l)c scr lra valur lr i is tatutuIu i, r< l l lo rg iac l )u l ) l l -
. canilordcscrcgtcpi pr<.rcentajulenrocragilor re$te.
, LIn astlcl dc indcx gcncral,dc;;i barteutil pcntru stabilirea cla-
lii lor generalc, rrdcscaascundc l'ruan[e ntercsante. De pildri, un
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I
5'l / ,l lr, tnr.surt/ toltt/ui
Irigtrra 36 ()arnt'uii (u stdtut .rodo-ecoilotlic rtiucl S'li,l) irlicat
au lettrlittln rle a-i uofutnui rlrpulti 1tt' rltubliraai
rltait 1tt rlnnrtrruli
t-: Republicani --l Democrali ( ) Numar olalde cazuri
socio log ntcrcsit t dc conccl l tu l dc,,c l i ts l i" ar l) t t tca credc cd un
astf'cldc indcx al stratificiirii ocio-econonticc rainlult iltctlrcl pro-,
lllcnra tlccit o dcsctrrcii. il ar puteasttgera ii ucnt careconteazi cu '
r r t lcv l l r ; r ts tc poz . i l i r roncrctr l i obict: t ivrI r r r r l iv i< l r th r in sistcnrtt l ,
gc r rc r i r l lc l l i tcc r i 5i t lc pror l t tcgic.)c t t t r t r t t t r i lsp t t t ts t r t t is t ic i r i
accastillrroblcrrril, stc ncccsartl sttbclasificarc sul)ieclilor u inn-i
riorztl difcritclor nivcluri SII S. Depi nu este scopul acestui studiui
s i l cv ir luczc n dcta l iu sistcmcleclc strat iFcarc, u l exenrplt t satr ltl<rtril lc ascnlel)ca subclasificiiri rlr arilta ci indcxul genem/ SES",
nu ocultcazi prol l lcmclc nra isrrbt i lca lc s t ra t i f ic i ri isr- ,c ia le,i nra i i
dcgr i r l r i i j r r t { l r rstudicreaaccstora. i()rro prinrii bazii pcntrtr a clctalia lasificarettF'igura4), ptrtemi
t i r rc scur r r i rlc octtpati i lc str l l iccgi l or lrcst ionati . )c f iccarc n ivcl
S I iS . g r r rp r r r i l cl i r r [ ) i r r t c i l. s t t p c r io r t r r l "s p c c ia l i q t i i i n d i v c rs c
rncscri i , l r r r rc r r i i lc : r f t rcc r i ,lcru l ;i conrcrc ianti i cratt r ta i cptt- i
b l icunc lc t ; i t gruprtn lc l in [ ) i r r tca , , in fc r ioar ; i "mccanic i a l i f ica lr ,
r t r t t n c i t o r ir r r l u s t r i : t l ii l t t c : r i i t o r ig r i c o l i ) . 1
I ) ar np le .r ti a r r/ ttt tt'p u tli n n ,r r/c t on u f
I;igtrra 4: tlluruitorii ii aoreaz,tt e npublirzrti itrlrro rttri.strrzi
nrai ttir.i rlrit fuur.tionarii, itsrl, rhti nk:elul ,\'li,\,
arferut:/rt.ci, ctrpa|ia detennind rlifen,nte tcsernnif calit;eA + l l C + C -
Funcli- Mun- Funcfi-Mun- Funcf_ Mun- Funcli-onari citori onari citori onari citori onari
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(101) (6) (721 (6 )c:: Democrafi r-r Republicani ( ) NumAr otalde cazurr
t l i r trrgi ,o clatir eoanrcni i untclasif icati.pi i inrlcx.lgc.erir lsES,clasif icarearr rrnctie e oc,pagie u aduce ist incri ir,por-tante n cad^rlgrrrprlui . u altecuvintc, ame ii crracclapitatrrtsoci.-ct 'ononricru, rr nrlrrc,rcclca;i l l ini i l l . l i r icc, ntl i l 'crcrrtlcor;tt1ra1ic.)aci incl icclc l is gcncral i l rni ine onsriurr.rrf ' l rrcnraocrrplgici sul)ra ccizici e vot estenrici l .
Dar l)oate :i fhctorul senfiar u esteatAtocrpagia ficcrivd
tunci ersoanc,lt <lpiniaadesprc ro;lr i tr l tatut ocial. Jn run_citclr, c cxcr'plu, poatc i saupoatcaspirit ii ic acfdc echipdpi ,dc aceea, e poa[e tlcntifica u o frncrie de c'ndrcere. in caz.rrracesta, l poateaveasentimentulcii prosllcritatcaui llersonaliicstc cgatiinrai dcgrabii e prosperitatcac ansrrnrbluralaccrirdcciitdc concli;i i le c rnunc'.I. oate li scntin)cntul .cle lasri,,rlutui i 'di ' id cstc n f irct 'r arc-inl ' lue'tcaz.d,c f i rpt, ' t tr l rrtr-,rrilsrrrrl'ai r'are dccit ocullagiacalii. a si strrciicnrccirsriil losi-bi l i t :rte,n oct 'rrrbrie i . noicnrlrr ie fost ).si lurnrtrt,arcarrtrc-barc:8,()inria l intrc rrnri trarcrc nrprrri i rrrt i r i ii i rrPlrrt i 'ct i l , .
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60 / rllnari.rur/ votttlui
I )cn t r r r c i carc nt l s-at l c lent i f lcatct l r ic iL lntt l , -aPt ls l r l l r , t toa rea
ilrlrcb;rrc: .Carc lintrc clc vil intcrcscrtz.iiel ntili mtllt?" l{ils1.ltlrl-
s r t r i lc )c c : l rc c - i t l t . la t t r l l icc l i i i t r t t ;csLcn t rc l l i l r i t l l l i l r l l iz r l t l l l
sct r lc t lutc 1lc xtzacr l r t l ia -a i lc t t t t tc i lo s r t l lc l i rs i l ic t t rc .
As t fc l , idcn t i l lc i l r i lcntcnta lc ale oatncni lor c t l t l l l s ta t t l t satt
a l tu l s r t r r t u r t i n l [ ) ( , r t i l t ' t tccn t r l l dcciz. ia c vot <lccir< lc t t l " ra t iaor
c l ' cc t iv i i i ig r r r r r5). ,rrcrrr ltccs t i l l l cstc s t l l ) r i l lz r l t1 l r ,lCvrc l l lc cc
i r r t r l r l t t r : c r r rt i c i t t t c l c t t t c l t t r t i t t t < l i r r r r l ,i t r i l l s c g l l t l c r r l l i i t t ; t o t i
a r i t r r t l i r r l l i i l rc n l l t tc l lgcazr io t t t l .Dc l i tp t ,addttgarcit ccstt l i lc-
rrrcrrt lc ic lcnt i l rcarc lx)rc$tc c)nsi( lcrx l) i ll rc t l ic t ib i l i ta tca p I l t l -
nilor politicc, aiit clull al)arccil n ttrnra clasillctlrii loar pe l)ivclurl
S l lS ( l ; i g r r r r r . | ) .c o lo ,a l t t l c s e t lPc r i tl c r l o t r l l r l l l i t i l l l l l l i t c : l ) t l -
l r l i c : r r r ir r r i v c l t r r i l c l iS s t rp c r io a rcA+ lJ , ) ,l t c o t t l p i t r a l i c t t c c l c
ipfcr ioarc.Dc drta accasta,ncluzi i ld 5i autodcl in ir i lc socia lcal c
Iiigtrra 5; itt litttp cc ocu/)d/ia rcalri rort/riltttit ittlt'o ntrisurri rnicri
lrt nualizrt rrh/iti rlirtlrv niurlttl.\'/i,l ,ri uoltt/ rtlrilrrt'nilui, olttinerno rlift:rvtttioe tttrti nutr it futr.lie r/cltplrr/
cd un .subiert lrcsliotat,rc on.rirlcrri1v .rine c apat/ittitd
,,c/aseinurtciloa:e" .rau ,r'/a.rtidc afurci"
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Clasa Clasa
de mttnci-
afaceri toare
l)ifrnrleh sodabdinm npilllnni ,ridnnorm/i I (tl
oarrrcni lor, lcoscbirca -a accentuat and a un raport de aproape
t r c i r t n r t t .
l ) r :st r r t , n r lcx t r lg,cncral [ iS lxratc i ntranlat t r i r t r r l lc l t t l i r
rrltc rrritriri lc nrilsrtrii ocial' tr,unl ar fi, itc'I, dcntitlcarca tle sirrc.
( i r r c i t caracter iz.areaocia ld subiectu lu idevine mai amdnun[itd,
t r r r r t i r t c l ) ( )1 r tct r rb i l i t t n ra i n - tu l t i i l rcc iz ica f i l ic rca t r i po l i t ic r i .
Oarrrcrr i i r r r r ix ) r { r l f i ,arcyroscclr tt tnuri nra i r ) t t l tcq; i lco c i r l i t i t tcl l lx i )unrl, :rnrcrr i i u intcrcscdc aftrccr i l lcc$t ia tn lt , dc rcgtt l i l ,
rc[)ublicani.Oarnerriin]ai s'Jraci, le ciirorcase auhaine sunt rlc ntai
prorrstri itl it ittc, clrrsanrttrtcit()' .lrett consrjitlti tig-s|le ii votcitz:i
pc r lcnrocragi,,rr rdsi i tur i ocia le i f ' c r i tc , ,o tu r id i fc r i td \
Apirrtenenlu rcligiorrsrl gi virrsta
in d istr ic tu l l r ic i r nra i existatgi rrn alt factor,nu n)ai pul in i rn -
l )o r t i ln tlcc i t rr ivc lu l S l iS, Accstacri l rc l)rczcntat lc a l) i l r tcncn[a
rc l ig io r rs r i .
(r07loclintrc protcstanli pi nunrai 23o/o lintre catolici itveau
intcnt ia r lc a vota crr rcpublicani i n lLrna ra i.L ir pr ir)ravcderc,
accsta r Prr tc i r i i rca ln rezultatnesemnif icat iv . a grup, c r l to l ic i i
lu , in l lcncral.u r ) s t i t tu tct;on<lmic t t t isc i lzu t lcc i t l l ro tcs r r l l l I i i i
r rccs t cz r r l t i l t )oatc cf lcctaprtr qi s in r l l lu n ivc l t t r i leSl iS. [ )a r rr u
cstc ' .r$r l . ,a ( lccarc n ivc l S l iS, a f i l ic rc ' . rc l ig ioas{ oacd uu ro l
i r r l ) ( ) r tan tn dctcrrn irrarca f i l ier i ipol i t icc Figrrra ).
Accirstildil 'crcrrgri intrc protcstlngi gi catolici )oate avcrl nrai
n)ultc cxl) l icapi i . )oatcc i l ca se datorcazi l i f 'crcnlc lordc <lr ig inc
ctn ic i ic l i r r t rc r t tp r r r i lc c l ig i<lasc.n mari leorapc, r l i tndezi i , o lo-
ncz. i i i i t r r l ic r r i i , in t rc cxrecci nra i mulgi sunt catol ic i ,au strense
lcgi i trrr i Lr )a r t i t lu l )cnrc lcrat. ar accst r tcrunu cste relevant n
c x p l i c a rc a o n . r l x ) r t rme n t r r l u io l i t i ca l c a to l i c i l o r i n g in r r t r r |i r i e ,
rrnt lc rrr x is t i ldcclt r tn s ingrtr ruI ctn ic c l i f 'cr i t lemrrrc ir rasd r
anglo-s irx<ln i lori caresr inter i te,pr in dinrensiuni le a le, i f ie l r ra t
in consit ler i tr c: c l gcnlat) . Orlrnpozig ia cl ig ioasd accstui grup
cstc acccapi :a i a restu lu ipopulapie i in d is t r ic t r r l i r ie .
A + B
Clasa Clasa
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r:-l Democrali r--r Republicani ( ) Numir totalde cazuri
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6/ / , l l * t t isunl ut l t lnt
l;igrtra (r: /llutlotc'ttla rrli,qionvi itnparle aolurile frtartc clar" Acest
/rrotr tnr /xtolr /i alihuit [up/rr/rri rri, irt '\lmdt (/tite,
rrt/,t/irii .tttttl, tt nrrlir, .riluali naijrts rlu'il ltrotr.rlaulii
pr rtiuclrt/ ,\li,\'. llcla1ia rlitlrv t'rt/trri ,ri ufartutt ttla
tr/i.qioa.vi rc trttlittt amasi h feratt nbel ,lFStl
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r---r Dcmocrali E=l ( ) Numarotal ecazuri
l )a r i t r ;c i ts t i ic r t ta t i ' i i lc cx l l l icarc, ncs : l t is f l ic2 i t t l i t rcn stnc,
c o r r l i t r cAc l r l c t l i i l l t t c i r l l t c l ) ( ) t c / . c ,r l r c , i l r l l t r t l o i ; t l r l ,s t c t l l a i
v r r l i r l r l .l l to l ic i i r lu t )s t t t t t to t l r : t t l i l ion l l l ta la t i lc )a r t ic lL r l)enro-
c r r r t , r i r l v r t l t r r i lc c i t r t ig ra t t l i r la r rc lcz . i ,ta l icn i i poloncz.i . ILr l l i
l i t lc r i ai I t r r r t i t lL r l t r i)c ttrocrat u f t)st ato l ic i d t rp i ic l ln l o l)scrvtrm
[)rrrcurgin( l is t r r Prcgctl ingi lor ecctr l i a i Conritett l lu i Nalional:
l{askob, I ia r lc l ' , i lynn , Walkcr, I la ttr tcgan , ia r A l St t r i th , andi-
c la t r r l cnrr,crat l in 192u. stc singttru l ato l ica c i t r t l icandidaturd
a l i rs t na in t r l t i i )cr) truprc lccl inr ic .As t l 'e I : i s i r r rpa t i i le ol i t ice a le
r :a to l ic i lo r unt, ntr-o a t ) t ln t i t l i l l r is t t r i i ,x l l l ica tc lr in tr-un simplu
l i r p t s to r i c .
l : ,s tc los i l r i l , lc l tsc r t tc t tc r t ,a accastdc t r< l i t l f l i i l { ic s t tsp i l t t t t l i
si r . lcncl inat i i lc rar l i l ionalc lcc lc r t r l i r i a to l ic i i t rc )a r t id t t l )ento-
c r i l t , ur unlr i trc a is tor ic i inrrgragic il i l ' c r i tc lo rna t ionx l i t i i f ieuro-
pcrrc. )c5il ) rco t i i
nu vor l j cxcrc itatncr t [ ) i i r i l t ; n f l t tcnld direct i ,
cstcprobabilca pref'crinteleor sd se fi rdspAntlitn intcriorrrlcon)u-
rr i t i t i lor c l ig ioase. rr cstc cxclusca uni i cn.r ia; i , in sPc t i ic :c inr r
[ rn r tc ntcrcsrrg ilc l lo l i t ic i i , r i -p i i urmat contlrrcr l tor i ic l ig iosi. a( )cxl)rcsic r so l ic la r i t ri t i ie gnrP,a ta tde dcs n t i i l r r i td rrcat0 l ic i .
( ) a l t l iposib i l i ta tc stc lccea l vocrr l rcc lorni lrantlc :n ro t : r r r trlc r r t o l i t : i k r r: l i c c x l l r c s ia rn r r i r u ; ' r r r i n o r i t l l r .u s f i n i l r l r r r r1 l : r r t i t ls i l t t i l t r r t r l i l i o r r i r lt t o 1 to z , i1 i c .n c c lc ln i l i n )u l t c : q r r r t r r r i t r l r i1 1 ( :1 -c i lnc , u t ( ) l ic i i r r r r t rr r r r i r ro r i ta tc ,l tc i l i c .ornpanlnr,1 lc: r rs i rn r l l l r r ,
c lr [)rorcstanti i , ar n nrajor i tatea onrunit i ig i lor in Norr l t le r ro -
criltii el)rezintiiun partid nrinoritar, n poficla rrcccscloror reccrrtc:,\ 'o tu l ,nornla l" i i rn in ind ccl rcPu l l l ican .Catol ic i i - l r l l r r tc i r otrr
Pc lcr locrat i i ; i ca rt irrnarc r t lcn t i f ic r r i i or crro r r r i r ro r i f l r tc . , )
I) i f i : rcngclc r l in trc i r rc l ina ; i i lcp r l i t icc ; r lc ccl.r r l . r r i i g r r rPr r r i
re l ig irase j r r t r l a ngclcgcrea nei noi re lag i i , ca c l i r r t rc i i rs t r i i
Prcf 'cr in lc lc lc vot. Sc spune cd <larncni i nai r r v i i rs t i lsr.urt nu i<:onscrv ' ir tor in roarr:l l r iv irrgcle,nclusiv n p t r l i t ic i l , te t l)cntnr cr l\ ' o rs i i -$ ll)cr[)ctnczc rccutul.pc carc- l t lca l izcrrzd,i t pi l . rc r r r r r r. ila tr n r r i rrukc r lc i r lx i ra t .Oarncnii n ra i t inc r i s r r r r t ,n rnocl ircsc.
nrai ibcrali, nrai rcccptivi la schinrbare.Dac.j sc acceptli srcrco-
t ipu l corlrrn l lo t r iv i t c r i r r r ia art idul {cpurl l icar) stc nrai , tx l l rsc r -v l r to r " , r r rcc l [ )c r r ro r : r l t ti l r t i , l i l l c f t t l " ,atun( ' i lcc l i tc1 lrcstt1 l0z. i1 irp i t r s r i c: onl lrrnc [ )c l r tn l l is t r ic t r r l i r ic , i r r r rn r r l 940.
I r r r r r r r i , 07o<lintrc ci a f lag i u l l v i rs ta lc,r5 dc ani ntcrrt i .nrrusii-r otezc Pc rc:publicani, .nrparativ ctr55To lintre cei
llcstc4- 5
t l c r rn i . ' l i r t r r ; ; i .r c c s t c z u l t i t r u s e n rc r r t i n c i l c n tn r ) r ( ) r c s t r r r l r i5i ca t r l ic i , luat i scParar l i ig r r ra 7). Nunrrr i ' [ ) rorcst irnr i i i rs t r r ic i
crarrnrajor i tar depti ai reprrb l icani lor. r in t rc c l t . l ic i , rc: la1;nr ,rrrvcrsri: ci lrritriini i prcfcraLrpe dcrrocragi.Accrrstri luan(arcarc la t ie i l in t rc i rs t i i ; ; iPrc lL ' r ingelcol i t icc rrc, robalr i l . lo r r r ixp l i -t l r t i i . \ la i in t i i i r lc t ( ) i l tc ,n cazrr l i r rc r i l ( ) r t i . l rc r rn t lc rcqr r l r i r r r r i
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lcl srrr rrlt tl,clc ajrr rgc'.rrra lihotnrnia ,onrbogat orn sdrac". lcle-
la ltc argurr-rcntc l l au avut un caractcr lcc lasi v iz ib i t .
Au cxistatn)rri )lrltc rno<lalitdpie a afirrna ozigia c clasil. ugu-
nrcntul unui , , ( )n ) l i lac "l loate i aprl lrarca cu t i r i lo rde inrpozitc
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70 / llntni.tntt/rttrulrti
1i r j t t to r t rc lc o r : i r r lc ,r f ' r rn r l t t i l ri Wi ltk ic ar rrvoriza rrrr i lc ont[) i l t ] i i
( ) r i i ( lcca c i i s i r l i r r i i lc r sc r i t lc i r l i rc i i t r l a lcs.Argrrrrrcntc lc u ) l r i
, ,onr rogir t" r r f i c r i Wi l l l i ic va in r l l r r r r i i t i i t i l i r r ra t r r llc afaccri , l i
I {ooscvclt ' : r l is t r t tgc f rccr i lc i r t t : i iur l s r r l r r r r i r ru tnclcpcnrlcngir
l n u n c i to r i l o r r i r rl l o l i t i c a r r ip r i v in t lSo n r r r j r r l .Argttrrrcntc lc irrc Lr t. incur.rlc co r rSt i i r r t i rlc t : las r l -atr c l 'cr i t
l r rl l ro l l lc r r rc lcc r r r r ic r i lo r .rr <:rcStcrcl l t t ic i l ) : l t i irl l rospcr i t r l t i icrrc-
t i r lc l l r t r l r i t i lt r tn i r t r r t t r ln t ia l in t rc ;a r r r l i t l i rg i ,r r rn t lc r :v l r rcll ) r ( )g r i l -
n ru lu i s o c ia l r l l l r c s c c l i r r t c l r r i ,u d r r to r i r rr r l r l i c i i i l a c l r c l t u i c l i l c
cxi lgcr l l(c cncrxtc<lcpoli t i r :a crv [)cal '? ,r l r l t r r r ilc l ivcrsc :ontcr ' t-
t i t r i i l i v c t s c l c g cr r r r l , p o l i t i c r rr r i { o o s c v c l lt s c l l f c r l i t l c c l r t s r l " .
l ) i r r t r c ( ) i t n l ( ' n i i l r r c i l u n l c n I i ( ) n i r t r r g n r r r c r r t c l cr :o l l o r r r i c c
a t t t r rc i i r r t l s-utt i lzg i r r t l i t n l i rvoarca c l lu l l l icarr i l r l r r . . 19r to fc r i t
argun)cntc lc t : l r rs i i ,ar 4 lJ . l tc t iPrrr i lc rr grn)tcntc.) r i r r t rc c r r l ro -
c r r r t i ,73 au f i ic r t tcorncntar i i asrr l)r lrlcz . [ ta tc r i lo rcolt<' lr l r iccar cavcit t tun c:trrrctcrlc c lasi s i n t rn r i r i 2 nrrurrproc<:drrts t t ' c l . ccsr
I t t c r t t c l c v i io t l i t t l i r r P l r r s i t p t t t l : i i l c rn o c ra t i i a ui r s r n l i i r r c l i l r a t i
sr ig irndcasci i i sI d iscrrtc n tcrnrcni lc r : las i i . ccasta u nsc i tn l l l i i
c l i c i l t r i av r r to..col)$t i in tr i lc c lusr i" ta i rvultsat i i .i rn lr idcgrabir
c i i n t t rcs i t t t tc l r t trrcs it tn i ocirr lc i l rcs i i lc tcrrn inc l is in r r r l i r rc r rr r tc -
rcsclor or t lc r ; l i rs i i .
I t u r r c Iu l c l l t r i r l l r l i s c u g ic il ( ] i l : i t r cs t cs t r r l r i l i r c r rt r p r c c i z i c
r c la i i c i l i r t t r co t i t l l i r r i5 i r : o n t in r t t t t lr r g r t r n c r r t i i r i ii r l c t : o n o l l r i c c
( ' l ' l r l>c l r t l) . \ t r r r tc i i r r r l r t t rrrrocatrrgtrnrcrrtc lclcc lus; i ,lcrnocrag.i i
' l ' ir lrclrrll ' . t \ trt t trt t t / t t lr ' .gilot' i lor' , t t t , t / , i / i", t l tult l irtrt t i 5i rh'notrit l i ,
ftill (ilt t 11L'/)/'(t/ltyilDl(ttlt' r/c t /a.srj
l)ifernlt/e klrologitv intn rtpultlituni fi denutttli / 7
le-'.urirl<lsit, le <lbicci, xclttsivpe cele ale ,,onrttlui rlrtlc"'Rcptrbli-
car)ii,l)c tlc altrl l)artc,att afirtrtat n principal l)tll ' lcttll lc verle c a l
,,onrului rogilt". Clci 4 rel)ttblicanicareatl afirnrarcxplicit c'.1'all
rlzginrlit in tlvoarca ltri Willkie pentnl cal ccsta -ar i favorizitt1t c
r r r t rn r : i to r .)e olnul de r int i , consti tu ieo exccplie nteresantr i .'l is-uu rrstilicitt, n nrlrc, in tcrttteni gcnerali, purrlnd qI Willkic vrr l
r r r r p r i . i i r r,1)cntr( l r t t t rc i to r t t le r in t l " sat lc i l va ngelcgc rcvoi lc
c lrrscinttncitourc cntrtr i lp i -a ro i ts ingurt l l l r t tm n v i l r1 l1 .irr l l r i -
v inta accstu i r l t i r l r ls l )ec t .cfcr i tor a provcniettga oc ia l {n t< lc lcs t l i
lu i Wi l l l i ic , s - l f r ic t r tn r i l rccaz. c-a lungul cantl lnnic is{ lc ; vo l l l
rcvcrr in ) r r i i r ' l . i l l tsuPrr t t i , )
l )cntn- lv i i toarc lc arta l izc stor icc, lc ta l i i lc ccs t t l i i l r t lc l t rg t t -
nrcntarc vrlr fi dc nlare ntcres. Elc ptlt fi clasificate ogic n llatrtr
grupc: l . Candidatul pc care lvoi vota este pcntru.. . ; 2. Cc l r t l r r l t
canr l id : t teste pcntru.. . ; 3. Ccld la lt candic lat ste in lpotr iva.. . ;4. ( lant l i r la tu l ncu cstc nrpotr iva.. . nsi l , pr intrc ccle nta in t t l l t (l c
o sutl i lc conrcntar i i )c c irrc c-anradttnat, t t Rcx is t i l tn ic i n lt lc lrr
un singur c^'L( lc i l lu l 4, in careo intentie de vot s r i ic just i f icat i i
lrrin 1r<rzilianui crtndid t itilpoltiL,(t tnui ltlcrtl. I)clnocragii ntt at t
spus niciodatii cii l{oclsevclteste inrpotriva n)ilrilor cotttpattii satl
rrror.ropolt tr i ,i t r cp t tb l ic iul i i r t a t t a f i rn - l i t t r iWi l lk ic nr rc l r l l l l [ , ] r t
scutir i lcdc impozitc, a a jt t toare au h altc cgi socia le.- lc lpul irr a
i lccstc r lcgcri , arrrcrr i i u rrranif 'cstatc I i l lc rc r t r tr ib tt irca r ic l ro r
tc ntl rrtc ir rcs vc:crr td clittior ltrefcragi.
( l i r r r r l i t la tu l l loz . i l ic i fost, cs ig t t r , c l tz . l l tt t t t t t l t l l i rcc tc i icstc
pcricrrkrsl)entnr rrnuln itc r t t l tu r isocia lc,h a rg t t t t tc t t tclc t ip r r l 1.
n lcnt io l lx tc rna i s t ts .Dar aic i tre l lu ie amin t i t i io dist incpic tr tp<lr-
tantri intrc cclc cloui tabcre. Dernocragiis-atl ustificat prin pro-
granrul social al liri l ioosevelt tle douit ori ut'.tin' ltllt declt s-rltl
l ) ronunlat impotr iva sLrsI incr i i r ra r i lo rafaccri <lc cdtrc Wil lk ic.
l{cprrb l icani i ,pe t lc a l t r ll )a r te , u tbst ncl inrr l i i l prtnctczcpo l i r i -
c-.ilc corronticcpcriculoascalc lui l{oosevclt ccl llulirt la fcl tle rlcs
pc cit au rlcccntuat bencficiile l)c citrc Willkic intcntionit sii lc
ofcrc o : r r r rc r r i lo rlcafaccri .
Tipulargurtrcntului
Arqumentul muluisarac
Argumentu l mulur oqat
Tota lu l rgumontcloro c lasa
Repttblicani Dernccrati
1 4 7 3
3 s 0
49 73
' t \ r a ,l ) n l -
t ) r ( ) g r i l n l u lt : g r s l . r t i vi o t l r r r i r r i s t r r r t i vr r i l i : r t l c l ; r ; r r r k l i n ) c l i r r r t r
l l oos t : l c l t r r u t i i3 ( ) .
r ' i z i r r r l l c l r r l r i r c , rl l r r i i r r z r - .l , r i r r l c z ro l t r r r cc ( , l l ( , n ) i c i l : l s i s ( r ) t i l
1 ip r i n
r c f i r r n r : ri \ ( ( ' n lu l l t i
l t :p ro t c r ' 1 i c
r ,c i , r l ; ln.
c t l . ) .
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72 / lla.,tni.vttul oolalui
in concltrz ic. r i dc ci i tc or i nc-anl rcfcr i t la problenrcecono-
nticc i; i sociirlc,an'l l)utut oltscrvao r:larii tructrlr:l lc clasiia argu-
rncn t : l r i i i rk ls i tc lc p lr t izani i cc lor doi ctrrd ida;i .
, ,1xtrovcrl i re lr" p< l l i t ic r i
A dotta J i l 'crcnl icrcr ta j r , r r i lr r a t i t r r r l i r r i lc l rs l i l l i l to r i l r t rc lor cknrd
l)art idcpoatc i in t ro r l r rs i i c l rnaib inc l t r in rcfcr irca a o intrc ltarc
pc carc am aclrcsat-o i;antionului dc srtbiccti n august i, apoi, n
octonrbric: ,I)acitar fi siialcgcgi n llrci;cdintcdintrc ur)ont carcare
o mai rnarccxpcricnfii n ccca cc privc;tc guvcrnarca5i rrn ltul ca]c
o arc nrai nrultii cxllcricn;ii n alirccri,l)c carc -a;i alcge?"
in octonrbrie4oo/o inirrrrcgulc$antiofrlu ol)tatpcntnl cxpertrrl
ir.r ttvcrnarc $ 477opcntru cxpcrien;a in afirccri,ctr 3%a ndccigi.
( ln august, i fre lc au ftrstascnti ln i lroarc 417o,45% Si, csl)cct iv ,
l 4 % . ) l l g a n t io n r r l c in rp a r t c ,p r i r r r r n ra rc , l l ) r o x in ra t i vg u l n
accasti i roblcrnJ, ar apardifcrcn;c acutc n intcr ir lru lcc l< l r o r r i l
tabcrc pol i t icc l i igura 9) .
l .Lcpublicarr i iu \ ' ( ) tat,n nrajor iratc ovirg itoare,l)entru onlu l
clcalirccri,n tirnp cc dcnrrrcra;ii-arrllrc[crtt, cu acccirgi cgtrlaritrrtc,
l,'igtrra (): Ilrltulliratii ltttrtLi un ltrr,rtrlitk: ru rxpoiuttrl it artrcui,
irt urt'rue c ltnrrxru/ii otr/ ti /tru/rtt utt ltrt;,teiitlc e.slc
uai irtt/tothtuhi */tt'rittt/tt r/r gtruuttatr
Republicani
(233) Totatulde cazuri 1172)
l)i/rrutlelc itlnhqic rliutn n'2u/t/itnni ,ri dtutottnli / 7.1
1>c rrn r l i r l i r t r r lrcz i t lcn l ial r :o n 'ra imareexpcriengti e guvcrnare '
l ix is r r l p robr r l r i l- r lo i
i rc t r l r i i r re re l ) l t iec ledtr$ i l in interpretarea
irccstrr ic l .u l t i r t .r r p r ip r r t l i tnd. tp t t lc l in trc ancl ic lat il ; i cor lstr t t isc
o caricril lc orrr lc :rf tceri, arcehlalt avca n spateo caricrilptrblicli.
intr-o anunritli nrrisurii, rin urnl'.rre, usliniitorii or au fost siligis' i
r r ( )uc l ) tcl ( ;c r rs t i ll is t . i r rc l ici s r lg i -o nstt; ;casci l .
I ) r r r r t r s tc o( ' ln1l ir r r i rnp l i l to ri r l l t t t lc i l c i lo i c i tr td idati vc it t tur l trccrrta t i t c lc l i lc r i t , Dc la l { r lzbo iLr l iv i l incoacc,prei;cdir tg i i
dcnrocrrr l i s irn l lo l izascr{ t t totdeauna mportanIa g t tvc r t t i t r i i ca
scop iu sine. (irover Clevelalrd este asociatcu primul sttcces n
rcfrrrrnrr erviciilor llrrblicc. Wo<ldrorvWilson fitsese trofestlr de
stiirrtc rlc guvcrnririi, ;i politicrt tti, ,,Nar lirvcrlout',acccntttilse tl
r leosc l r i rc o l r t l guvcrnLrlLr i .n s f l rg i t . pol i t ica Nat t Du l a lu i
l{oosevclt ntro<lut:ert conccpfie conrplct nottilasttlrra nstittrli ikrr
grt ,crttarnc ltalc.
l \ t ln r i r r is t ru to r i icpttb l icani,l r i inc l t t lor, i rscscrd i l t totdcauna
rn:r i rcoct-t1)at ilc l l roblcntc le cononrice. rrpr lRr lzb t t iu lC iv i l , iitrr first sinibolLrlexpansiunii critreVest. IvlcKinlcy a rrebuit sii sc
couccntrczc asul)raproblenrelor nonetare i t lscale.Toate cele
r re igrrvcrnzir icprrb l icanc c duprl {dzboiu l r4<-rndia lt t osta lesc
gnrl ic p l ir t forrrrc lor o l i t iccc t l rcv izau 1>rospcritatca,' l r rd irrg i inc l
r rn ; l r r r t l ic la tl l ) ro i l l )c rr t ig ttvcrnamctrta l.4rx l l idgccrcdcacd , ,a f i t -
ccrilc srrnt afirccrcaAnrcricii", iar Ho<lvcrcra consitlcrat ,,NIarcle
I r rg i r rc r " , rc l ) fczcnt i l l r t al rrrrr i lor contpanii t t r in ic rc . l )c sc t t r t ,
l i ig t r r i r / larc sr i r :prczinte fcctu l rcz iduir l l u r tc i r lc l ig i i s tor icc
clcstrr dc cclrrscct,cnte.
lc lcc i tpoatc f i gcneral izatd r in nogiunea e inrpl icarcsocia ld.
Nc-arn prrtca g indi la o t ipologie a ,,cxtrovert ig i lor" o l i t ic , ca re
considcrei uvenrilrcanrai mportantri decat rfhcerile i careacclrd{
rnri rnlrrc grc[rtatc prrlblemek-rrnternagi<,rnalcecit celor nagio-
rrtlc. irr nriltcrillul nostru,sc obscrvil cnclirrla a clif 'erenjclc lirrtrc
cclc tlrrtii p'.rrtidcsti nreargllp' lnil la acestnivel tle ansambltt. n
octornl>r ic, ubiccgi iarr ost ntrcbagi: ,Vorb ig i u pricteni i dum-
ncllv()rlstrii ai nrult rlcspre :izlxli, atr lesPrc legerilc e vor lnlrit?"
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7,1 /, l l r ,nntsttru/ t ,ott t / r t i
lii gt trit l 0: i rr r om'rrst/ i r ru /trirtr tt , rr'ltuhlitrnt t,o h(u l
tttrri ttttr/l rl'.r1trr rtutltrrnir .ri tttai pulit r/t.'1trr tiz/ni
r/n,jI lt tttor'ritIii
Republicani Subiectu ldeconvcrsal ieprefcraternocraf i
RAzboiu l
- . .Campan ia
Tolalulde cazuri
I ; i g t r r r r 0 i t r i r t r l i l s p t t t r s t t r i l cr t t c c : r s t r lt r t r c l x r r c ,l ) c n (n ro t t r n c r r i i
c u rc . i r t c c i t l t t t l i ,t v c l r L rr r t c r r r l i i t l co t d c rn ( ) c r l r ( ct t t r c P t r l l l i c i t n c .
I )c rnocr i r t i icr i tu v iz i [ ) i l n t i l i i l l tc rcs i r t idc rr izboidccit rc l lL r -
b l icani i . As t lc l . conl()rnrdltc lor noi ls trc,avcau tc l lc l in taclc a l l
c x t r ( ) v c r t i t ip o l i t i c ,cu un p t rn c t r l c v c ( l c r c n ra i , , i r r r 1 l l i c a t " .i i
t o n s i t l c r r r r t: i i r l - r r c c r i l cl ) r i v i l t c u l t l l t l i t i l ) u t i t l n ) l ) ( ) r t : r r r t cl c c i r
t l< ' r t tc l r i t t l t r l r l ic i cnlr t rc l r r t iv ) t ' . l it ) tc rcs r r t ilc secrru ntcnlu l io-
n t r l : i l c c i t r l c l l r o b lc n rc l c n tc rn c .
t \s t lc l . an t s r tgc rat lo r r : ll i fcrcn;c dcol<lg iccn t rc r ;c lc lo r r i il : r r -t i t lc : ( ) atrPoz i l i i ) l ) l rscrs r . r l ) r ' r tl l ro l r lcn rc lo rot r r lc i (2)sc <li lcrcrr-
t iaz i i pc (, sc i l r i i l lo tc r ic r i1l ,cx t rovcr t i r i i "pol i t icc satra i rn l l l ic i l r i i
soci i t lc .s
I t : iz lx r iu l d i r r l i r r ro l r l
Accstc t lcosclr ir inc r rJu t i i r icxPlicr irrr i l t tc i i r l i lc ' rcn l r '1 .o r r j r tn t : -
t t t r i l l i i ,n [ r c c c l c t l o u i i i r l r c r c l i r ra r r r r l( . ) 4 ( ) :t i t r r< l i n c i l( ) r l t r i < l c
r r iz . l ro i t tr l i r r i t t ro r l r r .
)ifttrrttr/r' iletthttirr litt/rz tt'1nh/i'tni 'ti detnottttli / 75
Cit i ro r r r l i5 i n r r i rn l i l r tc f tc .Pro l lab i l , l i t r l l t t t r l l isc t t t i i lo rcsplc '
r r l z l r o il i r rv i l r r rt t t l l l l l i ( ) . 1 0 . , , 1 { l iZ l ) t l i l r li t t t l l r r " ' l i r s c s cl r t l ) i t t l c )
\ c r i c ( l c v i c to r i iz t l r o b i to l t t c :t l c i c rn ta r l i c ' i .t r t l l r l c l t r r tl l t c r v c t t t i c i
il l ltcriciutc lcvc:nisc lin ce n ce nrai .tctrtrl.l,cgcll lccrtl(itrii {irscsc
l,otirtii, irr Progr,ilrrulpcntnt indtrstrit<lc rrl);.lrrrrctrccPttsc s:i ia
r rv i i r r t . cgci l i l l l l ) r l ln ) t l t t l l l l i ln t rd - l - t ' a t t ) " r l t r i r l l l l r t tsc l rc i l ' d l t r
in tc r r l i r r r r i l looscvclt t lc a- i a j t r t i r1 lc Al i r r l i t lcvcr l isc: v it lcntr i ,
lus t l ' c lne t, i r r ccrctrrr lc o l i t icc , tn i i t lcc l lc r t t lsl sc t r t l lo t r ivc r tsc r l
IrccstUi urcnt c l i r r lo l i t icacxtern ' i , Pr0 l l lcn t r t zo l i r l ion is t t t t r l t t ia
posib iI i t t tc ;i crta lcgcrcco l ls t i t t l ia hcst iurrc it ' i lc i '
Ayr:rrr lo r r r l c l r r r i lc r l i r tc r l rc lc a ra t l l i a lcg i i t ( ) r i icp t t l r l i t : : r l l i
t i lc lcurr s l)rc () p ( ) l i t ic i )z .6 l i rp io r t is t i ll l i l i n l l l l t t lc t : i t t lcn roc t i r l i i '
IJn i rd intrc sr lrsccstc u l ' rscorPc carc - l t r t l t t t tc :al t t t r r i , i r t t lcx rl
r lc r iv isn luh l i tro-Al iagi" i care cste constrtr i tpc bazacun l t t lx t iv i i
l i r l0s i t r i )cnrru inr lcxul prccl isPOzi; i i lor l<r l i t icc i t r l l rccc t lc r t t t r l
c r r l l i t . l .S- t r r rrrs t l . r r i i r r t rc5 r l r i :, i r t l ) ( ) I t )c t l t t l llc l i r lL I ,c i t r rL r l ) t r l
s l l i rc i t .St r r tc lcl i l i tc pcntrrrAr rg l i i r - t r t i t i l t r l i r l lcc i t l r rcc r r rlc t t l l l ,
ccctr c flcell tlctlll l satl 1)ai )tllt ' t larctt cxccpliir ntrlirii tt trtzlxri?"1
, , ( )cc rcclc l ic lcs l l rclcgc l rec rt t t i i r i i -o l t l l r t l l l i l t isa l lodezaPr t l l r t t i? "
AProxirn irr iv .5% ir r t rc ep l l l ) l ic i i l l i - t l l lo l ) l ls t t i t Progr r r t t l t th t i
r lc i l r , r l i r rc , i i t5i rco rd i \ r i ir r ru i r j r t to r l to r i tN' lar i i l r i tan i i , n v rc r t rc
cc nUnlai I19.1,l in c lcrrrocr i tq iU afi$ataccastl i l< lz . i1 ic, iz .o l l t r io -
r r is t t i " 1 arrr lrc lc l rg l l lc t l . lc .{c l r r t ia lcy i t tc i r i r r tc la r i i l t cxtrcrt tc '
I) in trc cci 3 lt r lc o l t t t tc l t i : l l rc l l l c l< l r i t ir St l t tc lc i t r i tc s t i tco r t lc
In i r i r l t t i t . l l j r r r r l rAr rg l ic i , lT% cr i t t r rc l l t l l l l i c : tn i .l l r t l i r r t rccci 42
cilrc: lu tlczirl>rOl)lrtcgca rrrolilrii dtrPii cc a lirst \'()tiltl l ' l t t t ttotl
lJ l ' l . cl r t t t c l ) l l ) l io i t t l i '
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nlzl roi ( icr l rt . t rr ic i t l rr l l r t t t r ' . t t l l rc: t \ r lorr iei , i rrsl
l r t l t i r r i n : \ t t t t t t t i r s t l t l t c l t t c l i r c c t ( r l r c t l ' ) '
s i N l , r r t : : r l r i t u r r i c , t l t ( l ( ' ( l l i l l ; l t
nu s - i t i l r r r g . r j r r tt c c t i v i r t os t i -
'"l , c ; i c :p r i t t c r t rcS t r tc l c I Jn i rc '< l cs i li l ) r l s t r i l l l t c t t t r t l t t
r r r r l n r l i t a r l r r r r i l l r i t . r r r i i c c t c t l t t (n ' r c t l ) '
r t c : l t , i t r t t i z i t tt I t t l t t t - ' -
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( u in t c n t i i r l cvor lu c t r r r r r r r c .4 t3 ' z l ,l i r r r r c l c g i i t o r i i c i l r ci - i r u c h i r r r -
l r r t t r r tc r r t i : rn f lvorrrcrr lcrrror:r ir ll r l r ; i 26() 'o l i r r trc r : i t : r r rc -u lr
r r i z g i l r t l i tl t l r t v o r t re l tc p r r l r l i c l r r r i l o r- ru r c l c r i t r r l i z l r o il r c 6 r r r c r r -t r r r i i l co r . ) r r r r r i r r r r r l tl c u r r x i t r r r cl i r r t r c :o r r r c : r r t r r r i i l cro - r l c r r ro -
c r r t t c r r ru r l l r r r L r t i ir l cP r l r c r i i i i r r i n r c n i tu sc I ) ( )a (cl i s Pc r r s i ll cc x l r c r i c r r l l rr r i { r x r s c v c l tr r n r r t r , ' r i cl cc r i z r i r r r o l r c ' i r r r : 1 ,l c ; is r r l r i c t : 1ir c s l l c t : t i v il l l t t v c i l t l l t t i t t t r l i t t c rc r r t r l i r r f l r r ,< r r r c l rl l u l t l l ) o t r i v l l
i n t r ; i r i i r u r c k r r r r i r c r r i ' r . b t i .
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c x l )n n | l l t r c c a s t r il o r i n t r i u rg u n lc n tc l c , , r r o r r i z 0 l r l t i 0 n j5 1 s "s - r i l l< l ' r ' c r l i t< l c i rP t , r r c c r r r r r r i r r l r r c r r r t c . l ' r r r r r i c . r r 5 t i c r r l i l crc r t l i t l tc l r r iPr r r t ic i lx r rcua r r iz l r r r i r : r r rcv i r r r l r i l r ii c r lc i t a r t rc l r r r r
i lnL ic i [ )a t i ilc rrn progranl ()nstruct ir ' ,rra i lcgrabi i lcc it 1>rin t lo l l -
t r r rc i r nci l ) r ( ) t ) r rn ta tcoz . i f i i lc ntcrvct)t ic .
t \ ic i r lcv inc v iz . i l r i l r tl i fc rcn l i r l i r r t r r : c lc t l< r r r i ia lrcrc ' l ' a l lc l r r l
I ) . { r ' p r r l r l i r : : r r r i ir r rr r s i s r : r t .r l ) r o i r l ) cr r l l o t : ,r s u l ) r i lr r , - . l r t i r r c r i ir r r c -
r i c i i r r t l r t n t i z l r o i t r l t r i .) c r r ro c r r l t i iu r i r s t ,n r r ro r lz l l i t o r , r r r ip rc -
t l i s l r r r s ir r . p r i vi s i t r r i r t i r rl i r rPc rs l r c c t i v ao s ib i [ c ir r t c r v c n t i i .
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r l l ) r ( )1 l lx 'l r t l r r ( ) r c l r l r p t argltmer' t tet t rn iz ,a tee cele dotl t l a l .)ere.6
[)c r lc i r l t l l ) i r r tc l l)roxirnativ 5o/o l in trc usl inr l tor i tr i lsL c lat iv
l ips i l i r lc cn tuz , i i r : .i r rrrg 'J c argttrnentc lc1 l ro1>r i t r l t l ior ; lnrt ic l
l {c :pLrb l ic i rn i i;i r lcnrocragi i -audistr ibuit n nrod egal pc accastd
s t r r r i l . ) t , : i ( ' r r r t . l r :x is t r r t t r l r r j i l rnrrrc lc to lerunl l l lo l i t ic r ic l i r r
l ) i t r tc r lr lcg r i to r i lo r .ccst trcrucstc q;i r i t i lcr 'nn lc atcnl ic d itc i l l
co l r l l ) iu r l rn u l ) r l r t iz ,a r ra tu lf i i ; r r t c c l i rcc t r l r i i lc ca r t tpa t r ic , t r
prcsti sau in clcclaratiilepublice. Aga cunr vonr ariita n Capitolrrl
Xlll, propagandadin tinrpul campaniei a fost nrult mai radicala
dccit rrrarctl rasiia oiuncnilor.
() r r l t r i ov l< l r i r rccstc i t i tudin i indulgcrrtc t rg Ic lc c irrrrpanic
o c( 'n r i t i t r . l icc l r i r r rb i r i lc c opin ic alc unor rcpttb l icrn i u pr iv in ; r t
Irr i tooscvcl t , nrccl iat rr l>r l lcgcr i . .a aproxinrat iv s iptr lnr ind
de h ziua alegcrilor, cdnd ecourile canrpaniei nici nu avtrseserd
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l) ircrc r r r r r ir t tnr i lcsplc l{ooscvclt , l r rc uscsc calcs ) rc lc ( l i l l tc .
insr i rrrr jor i t i l tcxcl)u l) l icani lor; ; i urcnl i trc ir tr l l in i i lc d in i t i t t tc lc
z iu ira lcgeri lor.
1\ccustri olcrantii rclrtivA in materic de partizanat politic se
cxplicii, in lrrrrtc,prin faptLtlcd cxisti c0teval)uncte in argunrcn-
tc lc:c r r r r rP l t r r ic in t ;r trc c lc dott i l r tbcrcs - r r t . tl ) r ts lc acord t t t r - t t t r
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tiiti lc cirntliclatikrr.ntr-cl isttr e opt argunrente upusesprc cxar-ni-
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rlc llcrsonalitatc: ,, Looscveltare o cxtraordinariicaristtrii,o nrrlrc
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carc, lcp iprovinc d intr-unor{gelprovincia l, -a lescurc at ingur rrv ia t r i i ; i -a c r< l i t ca r ic r i i , ato r i t i l cn iu lu i sdu n alaccri ."
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c lc rrcorr l l r l jo r i t r r tcarc lvcrsari lor.h ia r rcpub l ic i r r r i i u i tc l r t r is i l
I looscvclt cnr irr tc l igcntqi n runc i to r, l l t inrp ce democrargi i u
rlcccl)tirt li Villhie cr'.I ln onr dc sllcces. nclif 'erent e crecloamenii
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l ) ( ) l l l i l ) r l l i l i l t il l c t t t r t t i r t r c r i r t c i l n ) l r i n u l t i i r r s ta ts u n t o i l t l c n i ( l c
v i t lo r r rc .Accstrtcstc l t t r l l tc to r i lnp ' r t r l r ) tc i l rc l l tc i l i tcazr l t t t ( ) rc -
g lr trcapos tc lcc t r l r l l r i acclor ir arc - r r r r otut l )c nvins.
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l lsu l ) r r t c rsona l i t r i t i i an r l i r la t r lo r . Lr nai cx istat ncai loul i i t r r r r ir l c r c r r c t i i r r P r , l l l c r r r c l c r r r r rP i r r r i c i .r r p r . l r l c , r . , " l "
" , . , , , , , , , r . t i . " ,s l r s t i n i i t ( ) r i ir r r i r s t r l r s o r l l i t i t l co c r r l u rg r r r r r c r r tu t i c il l r o Pr i i . i c c a rc
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i t rg t l l l lc t l tv 'a l i t l ,1rc i t rc - i t lcccn tu i l t ..$ iiccrrrc t r l r i i r r lt rcou t ) ( ) : i (: l t t
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l l rc {c r r r t i i grr ' rc Pr . l r lc rn l r . n sclr inrb, lcnr 'crat i i s-nr c.rPrinrati r i lPo t r iV r ru rc s tc i c r r l c , r c c c r r t t r i n r l i r n r c ( c n r lr r r l i s l l c r r s r r l r i llcxPcricrrtc i rr i {r ,oscvclt r r r r -o trrnca l l i r t r in r r i , r , lx r i .r r ra ic i rc lru-l r l i c r r r r i it t l r t t t c t t s i t r i l c r tu r l r i i s l ) u n s .t l i r r r r t r r l i r r r r i r tr io i r s c -r i l c n c i r rp c r i c r r t ; i r uc l r r l c lo r i t , l u n c ( . c \ i u ; i: r r r t r i{ o o s c y c l ll t r
i t r i i n ' r r t - . , y r r c l c o s c l l i r c l c \ \ ' i l l l i i c . ) u r p i s in r l l l r r r r v i t r r t r r -l r i c c t t t l; i r r r rn c c rc r l t l i l c ( )n ) l ) c n s c z c ,t c c c l r t t r i r r t lc r i c o l c l c r r r r r ir r l r c i l c : r l t r u t ( l i r t ,r r r l r l c r c r r tl c c x l r c r i c n t : iu t r l c ip s r r i .
/ \ccst l r rc r r r i t l ic r io i r r t rc l r r r rcl)c curc o \ ' ( ) ln r r r r r l iz r rn corrt i-
l lu l r rc :c it r lc Prr tc r r r ic - i r r r. in r l l l ic i r t l rn . rc r r i in accstcalegcri?
'l ) c ; i l i r s t t rP r r l : r t i lr r i o n s r i t r r l i ar ; r t c lo rJ r r r r cr l r i ln 1 9 5 1 ., r i r r t r _ r r r r
i t t t t c t t t l ; t l t t c t t t ,r i l t i t : t r c r r r r ; r n t l t r t c l o rl r r t t tp r c l c c l i r t t c l t t tn t t t r t r r : l r l c < l o t [ 1 tr c l ) r c z c l l t i t t t t : t t ( t t t t t ls o l i r l . t , r r s t r t r r i t i lr r l x r l i t i c r rr r r r c r i c u l r ll c ( i c g rgc \ \ t as h -i r rA t o r r n . r c r l . ) .
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de caracterizare oamenilor,ca si pregritim
tcrcnul pentru disctrg iat l ter ioard cs l l rcc f i -c ierrgr ropagandci t t c r t r r tpa l t ic .
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ascultil ccea ce sc entitc, [ii l ltxrte tltlitr a; -
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l )c l l i t rc t t rs t t lt t rc l i l t l t r iun rn:r l izat)varictrr tc lc nd ic i r t< l r i ' r i r r( ' i r r c i il ) r t t c r l l r r ' l t i r i c r rl r r c r c s r r lr r l l i c c l i l ' r. t c r v i c ' i r 1 i . ' l i r r r r . -p r i r r s , c c rc c ( l r r cr t c a t i i r t r r r o r i s t . c r r r c l , rl c r c l l r t i il l c t t i r r c r r c , : i rs : l lc t : i< lc r r irrrc r r i cc ir r r r r r i r r r r ic r r t l l^ l t i l tc dc l r r i rs r r r r l . r. r r -c l r rz i : rrccstc i r r r r l izc r i r .s t ccca l i rr toci, i l r rarca t r r r iccg i l . rst cccl rLr i l r rr i r r t l ic i r to rl r r tc rcs r r l t r ior. r r r rc l la rc i rr ost: , ,s_url , r r tc i rs l ) l r l lc r lcs l l rc c l r r r r rnc t r l t r : rs t r i lA i rvc r i rrrr grat l rnrtrc lc i r r tc r .cs
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l l r i v in c l n t c re s u l l ' r i n t r - ' a n r rn r i t . J1lr ' l r lcrrrrr d ic la r ' c l lc va la l r i l l ca 1i rczrr l t i r tc lc b l in r r tc r ) r i ' t r_os c r i c l c t c s (cc r r r r s i s ( c ^ rc1 i v i r l i r l c ,r t a r c i i t : r i i l r t c r c s r r tl c c c v r r
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c i lreur prutcai caralc l-g : l tc r l rc l ) t , ,con.r1)()r tarrcntntcresat". De fapt, putcnr a r i i taci ioanrcni i cu un l r ivc l n ra i r id icat lc intcre.s a) arr avut rna in r r r l tcrp i r r i i lcgrrtc lc Pr.rrrcrrrcrc rcz. lx irLrtcrr c i r r r rPr ' ic , r r ) r r rpurt i-c : iPr r tr r i r i r r r r l t . c 'crr irrrcn(c lc lcct<rra le i (c) aLr i ls t r r r i r i r tcngrla I l r rx r r I orrrunicr ir i lorl ro l i t ice .
( la sd arr i t i i r r r:c ln r r r i i 'c accst r rc . r , ' 'nr [ ' r .s i < l i . .< lu chnic.l i l r r r r r i r i ir r r . r r r r lcx r r r i r r r r r t r l r r t ivci r r r l l lc : ,i l rcA. l i rs t ' t r 'c lrrsc a
l'artidpatm lanlcgai / 8l
s f i i rp i tu l lp i to l r rh r i I I , cAndam vorbirdesprepredispozi l i i lc o l i-
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l r r i2i , rstfc l ,cxc rnPl i f ic i l nul d intrc avantaje lcehnic i i n te rv i r - r r i l . r
rcl)ctutc.Accstc irrdcxrrrilloc i folositepcntnl lr rrlspunde a ntrc-
barca:crrrn se diflcrcngiazti amenii cu niveluri diferite de interes
la l i i lc c i r rnl l i rn ic l inpuncttr l c vedcrcal anvcrguri i r izontrr lu i c
opin i i , r l Par t ic iP i l r i ia alcgeripi al in teresulu i eneral ag{de pro-pagandzl? c nrelsurrie nivelul de intercsscade, a) clince n ce ntai
lrecvcnt sc r i lsPrr r rc lcu , ,Nu gt i t r " a anurnite ntrebdride opin ie,(b) Plrt ic iparca i urPlicarcan campanie unt d in ce n ce mai sc.r-
;/.utc i (c) scadc nivclul cxpuncrii ll comunicitrca politicrl (l;i-
g u r i r l ) .
Astfcl, cxisrii o relapic ogicri ntrc autocvaluareasubiecpilor
chcstiorragi i cc lc la ltc conrponcnte le cceace noi nurninr , ic()nr-
1>lcxul lc ntcrcsc". Tocrnai de aceea, st inrareanteresulu icstcrrn nrccrrnisrrr rrliclde clasificare.Ca s'tr anriliariz:Imcititonrl cuirccsr.c ivc lrrr i lc intcrcs, i l rcvor t rca rn o l rnajormai t i i rz . i r r ,cvorn ntoarcc rcunl a unclc apl icapi i rc l in t inarc.
Iiigrrra ll: Ca nit ortnetii sunt nni intercsaJi lea/egeri,cu ak?t rru
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s c p o t . l l t i r r c r c / .u l t : l t c r i l t i s t i c c u l l r , J ia r i l s p t rn s r r r il rs Pc c r t l a ; i i
P rc l i t l r i r t a r c .) r i r t r a o s i l r i l i t ; t t cr i r c la g i l l i r r t r c ta t r r t r r lc ( )n o n 1 c5i g r r rd r r llc irrrcrcs:r l crsorrnci.n c , rz , r r lnui n ivcl dc t ra i sc:r ; / .ur,s c l ) ( ) r r t c) r c s u l ) t ' l r cr i n < l i v i r l r r lr l c z . r ' o l t i r tn a ip t r r i l c c i r r r l l r r r il ci t t t c r c s i l l : r t c l c .c lu cs - i r u l c z v . l t r r r r r r r tr r l l c r i c , l< l c : r l i s D l l r c i rt l i t rc r t t rz ; tlcz . r r rn i ig i r i l r ) rc l ) ( : ta tc .)c r tccc i r .c - i l l l . t l tc l ) t i l l to lrr lcrr i ic l l u lr rr iv 'c l ocio-ccorrorrr icc t l r rss l i frc rn i r iPr r t i t r r r tc rcsa t i lcl r lcgcr i . ' . t l r r r : r r t i r ri r r r r r i r l i ls tc , lcs i l { r r r ,rn i rc to r arc nflucr)fcaz: ii r t r r r r t l l i r c . r r i ' c l r r l r l c r t c r c s . )1 r r t r l n r t l r l r : . n r ' r i c s i c < l r c l r r i i rs t t r r f t r i r r r sc l l i r t ( 'n t r c t : l c . ; r r ( r l r c ,l ) c n tn ta c v l r l t r r ( ) r . c s l )u r l -z r i t o r l t : c 5 t ir r t : t o r i ,l c l r r r i c ; i c s t r r t l i c r r rn l l r r c n ta f ' c c t i v i in rn o ds i r r rr tan .
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arrr Irc lc r rn t i r l ic i r tc , t rc i r l rc l i r r t rcoanrcrr i r ran i l ' cs t i ir rr ntcrcsr ) ) i r r cl ) c n t r r r ; r l c g c r i ;l r r c i i rD l r c l c r i l ) t : i c i i / . i l [ c .r c c a s t r il ) r ( ) l x ) r [ i ccolroarr i i ro cirrc irrrc.,r 2 , , , . ' , lc : ry l j l ly . ,c i r lo i i rc t r l r i c conlt)cn_sca/. i i l [ ) r ( )x i l lL l t tvr r r r r l1 lccc l j la l t .
[ ) i l i ' r c r r l c l c l c i t t t c r c s t t t r c o t r r r u r i r l l i i c c l r r r l r i r r r i i] l s u n ri l t i l t c lc r r r i r r iPc t : i t r rc - i r r r rl )u rc i l l f tc l ) ta la.r inc g i r td in r l i rs tcrco-t i l r t r l l ' r r r r i c r r r l r r iz o l l r . r r r r. i ( ) ' i i ,l i r rp o p r r l r r r i i rr r l l r r ) i i i z . \ , ) ( , i nc c r rc i l r c k rc r r i c s t cr r l c r ru c s r r r rn l r c i r l i t i i l i l c r r o p o p r r l i r t i c ra i
r r r ic : i lc 2..5(x)lc loc r r i to r i - l r ru t ( )cv i l l r r r r tr r :c l r r r r r ir r i r l tn ivc l r ici l r t c r c s . \ c c s t l r r c r r r . : r t c l i s p c t ; i { r cl ' u r p c r r t r r r l i s t r i c t t r l i r i c .L . c : r r i t , r i i c c n t r r r l r r ir r l l r u r . s r r r r r r r r s l i , ; ' n ut r i r s r ,n g c n e ra l ,J i f c r i l rt lc vcc in i i lor t lc l i r fL . r r r rc ,l ) ( ) i r tc ( )c l .n r r il lcntnr c i l santlrrskvnuc.stc )n rc t r ( ) l ) ( ) l i i ,l r r .n ; r t lc tL.rnrc arc nc<rnjoari iragrr l s tebinet cz,r'oltlrtrl.
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l l t t r i lc crr nct l ic r lc v i rs t r i t ra i i r l ica t r i .
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l iceu
t-- Iloo*lttlll s 6 % l
llLJ( 1 3 2 )
Firb
liceu
l-.'"-l
lltllno*ltlI ' lL l(66e)
Culiceu
rtull'_rl , ltll*"1ltL_l(s86)
vorvota
o pcrsoarr i s tc t) tcrcSatl l ,l v l l v1 ; ta l t l i l -c lc t l t lc n ivc l t t l lc c t l t t -
catic. Pe tlc altrl parte,dac.inu este nteresarii, stc foxrtc Prollallil
cii nll va \'ota n nici un caz'
() inragincs imi la r {a re ie$itpentru oanrcni is i t t ra l iPc c l i t ' c r i te
r r ivc l r r r i ocio-ccot)<lr l t icq.)c l ] t r l t ci c t t ip r r r i l i fc r i tc lc rcz i t lc r l l r \
sr lu r l ) l l r t in in t lr t t to rgn t l t t t r i rc l ig i r t lscor i t lc v i i rs t r t l i l ' c r i tc ' ) r r r
rc l .u l t l t t t t l s tcc l t ( ) tU la l t t l l lac i l t tdm?r t otrs it lcrare cXl l ls t t l l icc -
g i lor l tcst iorragil i ig t r r l l ( r ) .
I)il 'crcnf a tlc sc:xestc sillgtlra lintrc triisAtttrile crsotlalc:: i l rcal'cctcazita[sclta la vot inrlepetdctt /c iltt:rYs. ]rrciit llll grtll) estc
inrcrcsar lnai l)lrlin cle alcgcri, cu atat l'r ' l i l i rareva fi llroccntajttl
f 'enreiklrprintrc cci care rlu vor mcrgc l' l ttrtre.D'lc' i tl t 'cttrcic tt t
cstc l l t te rcsa t i i , i t considcr i Ct int l arc n iCi tn scnSSi ivotcZC. l tt
ltirrllrrt c allii srtlr l prcsittncs(x:ialiI li l i nlilrc ;i, tlc itcccrt,ril ' l lcrgL'
la r trncc l t i l r r lac i ln t l CStc , i t l tCrcSi l t "c cvCtr i t t tc l l tc lc i l l l ) l ) i l t l lc l '
Nrr rrtrnraicii lcntcile ntl sc sill ' lt constrel-rseii votc7.C. itr ttttclc
t l in t rc e c chiarconsiderr l i l rczen'a or cstc o v i r t t l tc .Sc nti lncsc
arlcsca cmilrcc clc tiptrl cclor de mai jos: ,,Ntl tn{ intcrcscazils: l
FArA
lrceu
(;;t
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ulirbali
t - -- ,2%T-l
tlill""lt l
L__l(7Be)
Barbali
r-ttltlIeeraI
tltlLI(44s)
ll,9 / tlluntisun/ wtltlui
I;igtrrrr l6: ,\lr.tu/ t-slr.ritgurtt /t7j.ti/u,ri r4rr n/rrleazti th.rrnfu ht uot,
r:/titrr,ri nluttti riur/ it/t,tv,.str/ .slanen/irtul (ortslnil1.
lJ ri r /t, r .r n t t /ri ru i n a r z..tf t o t.rrthi / , rh r. f|u u, t,
.tull Dtai ft)u.t&vtnlc: r/arri tttt .vtltl ittlc/?.til/e, dc tiri
,lu 1_,olftt2,/i
Fomoi BArbali l:omcl
t 3 %
87 %
(r;tt : l - l
Vorvola
r.__lNU vor vola ( ) lolalul de cazuri ( intorviuldin mai)
votcz.. otu l cstc l )cn t r r r l i i r l ta t i " ; , ( l rcc l i i b i i r l ta t i iar trc l)u ic s: i
rrtcarg:1a vot, iar lcrncilc sii stciracrrsii;;i i i-q;i aclli lc trclrltir <lr,' ;
, ,N t r u r r r . t r r t n i c io t l l t r l . . $ ir i c in r r v o i v o t i r . . .L o c r r l l r r c i ' c rn c i
cstc i lcasi l . d a is ln r o l i t ic r rn sc t r r r r r rld r lx r1 i lo r . "( j r t a l t c c . v i ' t c , t l c a i r c s t r i c l i i l c c g r r l cp r i ' i r r t l l ) r r r t i c i l ) : l r c r l
l ' c t l rc i lo ri rv i r r l r rl lo l i t ic r l r t t i rs t t l ro l i tc rc r r r r r.5 lc r r r r i ,r t i t r r t l ipc i r
rrccst()r1 lr r l i l lc 1>o l i t i t ; r lr r c - r r r t l r rsr rc i i r r con t l i t i i r lc cg l r l i t r r tc
t lcPl in l ctr t r i r l r i r l i i .c l r i rnb l r i lccg is l l t ivcuu rrat-onl l inrcr l c l r in r -
l rd r i i ncn ta l i t r i t i lo r .I {cz t rn r i in t . l ,fb r r t r r i lc lc a cxt intJcl )a r t ic i l ) r rcao l i t ic r il r rc l)u i
sii nvingd inrlifcrcnra gencralii ftrpii c viata prrblicri, ndifercnti
carc l ) r t rc i rn rc (c r is t ic i ll )cnt lu o l ) r t r tc r ;roprr lagic i.)c usc:rrrcncir ,
i tccstc l i r r t t t r i rc l> t t ic r l cs l t i r rg r it lccucorr r r rn i ll l r> t r iv i t r i rc i l r ia t r r
p r - rt l c r icstc ( lor))cnir cxcl rs ival b i irbatu r .
Itarticipatta la alrgai I 89
Cetr rrrli rrrure irrrplicare in campanie: liderii de opinie
Cc i ir lrscnti c l l t t r t tc c l ) rez in t i l unctu l de os al part ic ipdri i o l i-
t icc . I ) r tnc t t t lcc l nra i nalt cste i l t ts tratde oamenii cei mai act iv i
rlintr-o carnpanic prezidengiald ,,liderii de opinie". Observapiile
conrulrc 5i l t t trrrr : toasc t t rd i i socia lc a ra t l lc t l in f iccarc z t l r t t r i
l )c l l tn rlc t ; r t rc ,
ro l r lc t t t i \r f ' la t {n dezbit tcrc x is td tn t ln ] i ; ioanreni
irr tcrrs) rcoc l r l ) i l l r ,i l l ind , totodat{,gi cc i crtrc u <l p in ic dcja art i '
cu la t i l . )e accptir ti numim , , l ide r ide opin ie".
L i r lc r i i t lc opin ie a i unci comunita[ ipot f i ce l mai bine identi-
{ rca l i i s tudia l i in trcbtndu-i pc oaltrenicLt iar cere sfatu l ntr-o
i r r ru rn i r i ll ro l l lc r r t i i i ap<-r invostig ind ntcracl i tr trca l in t rcs f i l t r . r i -
tori si cci sfatuiti. Este evident c{ intr-un studiu efcctuat pe un
caantionrelativ redus,cunt este cel de fapd, ceast{procedur{ ar fi
cxtrcnr r le r l i f ic i l r i , acdnu imposib i l i . de vrenle ce putin i l ider ig i
. , t l is t : ipo l i "t i ol s-r trn t i rn l l l l saIic c t tp r i t rg itr tprcttnd n c;;antion.
( r rs r r l rs t i t r r t ,otuf , )utcn) dcnti f ica
ic lc r i i c op in iePi ,d iscipol i i"
din intcriorul csrrntionttltti ostnl flrl sl considerdm il stlnt n leg{-
tu r r i l i rec t t iun i i crr a lp i i .
Oaur pe la nr i j loculcantpanie i, ubiecgi lori s-aupus urmAtoa-
rc lc r r t rc l r i i r i :,A; i nccrc lt rccct l tsdconvingcAi e cinevade idei lc
c l ln)rrrcrrt 'orrstrJx) l i t icc?"; ,V-a ccr t t t c irrcva s f l tu l , c lc curind,
t ls r r l ) r r lrcrtrrc i ro l l lcntcl to l i t ice?"i lg i accia areatl r i lsputts ,Da"
l r r r r r r r i t t t r t rn r l rc lc rr trcbdri 2 l7o t l i r t r t t rcg t t lg r t l l ) - au f ( )sc
tlcscnrrrirli rr itleri rlc opinie. It{sptrnsurilc or la alte ntrcbttri ds -
i r r r r r l l r lsc r ic i t lc i t r tc rv iu r i , a gi vcr i f icarca olu lu i or obicct iv n
ca<lnrl rrLrrnitor rttpuri,au stabilitvaliditatea dentificrlrii.Pe scurt,lidcrii tlc opinic sunt in chip substangialcprczentativi pentru seg-
lllcntul agresival cornunitd;ii - sau, mai dcgrabd,pentru segmen-
tclc agrcsivcdirr cadrul mai multor subcomunit{gi ; ei incearcdsd
i r r l l cn lcz.c cst t l co t t t t tn i t r tg i i .
i r r lcgd tL r r r u acestdin urmA fapt, trebuie sublin iat ' t r pro-
blcrrr i i lnport l ln td: idcr i i de o1:in ienu sunt identic i cu oamenii
procrrr irrcnqi,l inpunct dc vcderc socia l, i comttn itdgi i cspectivc,
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90 /' llutni.rrntluotultri
cu oantcntioci lx l i l rog r r t i ru c t l idc r i i c iv ic i . l , isc g i iscscn toa tc
g r t tp r r r i l c ro { i ' s io l r a l c' l ' a b c h r l l l ) .
[ ) in to r r tcplrnctc lc c levcdcrc, idcr i i c lcopin ic au (lcnroftstrar
r t r t r r l t i nrrrrc ntcrcs l )cn t ru Po l i t ic t . n t i r r r l lcc nult)a i2 . l l ( . , l in t tc
, , t l isc iP< l l i "ruar i ' l t i l t n
nlarc ntcrcs rr ; i r le a lcgcri, r n procc:nt c(tl%t rlintrc litlcrii dc ollirric ri-iru ut()cstirrrat a atitrc. ,a l'cl s-a
i r t t i r lp l i r t i ; i n pr iv ingrr r rn r r l r i r i i :ornrrn ic i ir i loro l i t ice :pc f iccarc
nivcl c lc ntcrcs, idc r i i de opin ie citcarr i ascultaumatcr ia lc lcdc
canrpanic nu l t nra intu lt dccat cstu lcctdtcnikrr ' I 'abclrr l V) . N{ai
rrru lt ,chiar si l i t lo r i i r lc opirr ic carc;; i-atr i r l i f ica t radr r l c intcrcs
ca , tnor lc r i r t " i ru ,rcr lus" r r i t i t ; i a r r t rn t i r i tco r r r t r r . r ic i l r i lclo l i t icc
mai n)rr l tc lcc i t non- l ic lc ri i leopirr ic arc c consir lcrau, t ix r r tcntc-
rcsa[i" . n 1 'r lus,i < l iscu ta t r o l i ric l n ta intu lr c lecit a lg i i . 0%o l in r re
'l-alrclul
lll I'roportio /irletilor rle r,piaieSia relorlohi iu rliferitelepofe.rii
Prolcsii
Specialist i
Proprietari,uncli ide conducere
Clorici
Como(, vanzari
Muncitori alif icali
Muncitori emicalif icali
Muncitori ecali l icafi
Fermieri
CasnicoSomcri
Ponsionari
' l'itlrclrrllY: Inrlirclcgrttr/trluirle tttur-ra/ /irlnilorr/e rlpinie5i nl
rrloilalti orttrreni u/i de ncrliilr fontmle de conutrirarc
lnloros sponl lnloros scittul
Cazrtri Lidorido opinio %)
1 7 3 5
28 25
2 t 3 3
1 6 4 4
J I J 5
J I J Z
47 23
4 6 1 5
230 13'r3 1s23 35
Ar l i i
12,3
12,3
1 4 , 1
LO
t 4 ,B
13 ,0
1 5 , 8
Ziaro
Radio
Revisto
t o1 5 , 8
1 4 , 6
20,6
I'anirihatva la ah ili / 9l
l i t lc r i i r lc opir t ic l isc : t t t rsc r i llespre 'Jnl l)anic r tcc i d i r rcc rc l l l o l ,
c l r i : t rr l t i r t t c l c r r t c r v i t r ll o s t r t l l i l )o c to l t l l ) l i c ,n v rc t t t c c l l t l l l l i t l
-58%,intre cc i la l t i z ic ttserdcest t lc r t l .
i , , r , r . t . i l r i l )cc tc lc sen t i i l le , cc i , l idc r i i t lc , l l i r t ic ' J t t f i )s tcc l
nr ir i sc :ns ib i l i a cvenimenrelecampaniei.s n.pt" f ina l r r lacestei
ccrcctdri, lc \'()ll) lltoarce a rolul specific )c carc ceqti litlcri dc
opirric [-atr trc'.rtn cttisttlcampaniei.
I)rrp.J e ant su l ) i l i t lac t< l ru lntcrcsulu iPc l ) t r r l lcgcr i , i l rcvi l
fi tbl<lsit rccvcrlt in urtndtoarelc capitole' nc putcnl intoarce la
scgrnclttul tlc llopr-rlagic are sc afiti ?n centrul atenlici lloastrc:
oarrrcrr i i urc a i - l t t f<-)rnratntengia in r r l i c lcvot c l l ia r [)c Pi l rc t l rs t l l
c a rn tx rn i c i .
Atlil (9/")
65
t a
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56
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( ^ t , l ' t l t l, |
l\'Ionrenttrl
dcciz, ic idcf in it ivc
C)rtnrcnii ot lua dcciziadc vot pe tot parcurslrl
campaniei e lectoralc.N{ulp i d intrc susl intr-
torii tradipionali i unrri partid $tiu, cr.l oatc
accstea, u mtrlt ?naintepe cine vor vota. Ar
fi posibil, de pildrl,sd preziccm acurnctr cine
v()rvotil cci din Sud u 1960, lcpi cnrcle elcc-
torrrlc ;i candirlagii u vor fi cunoscutc tlccit
atLtnci. l t i i se hotelrilscn tirnpul unui nlandat
daca l vor mai sustine pe delindtorul unei
funcpii qi partidul acestuiagi la urmdtoarele
a lcgcr i .VIu lp i t iudin lunanrai, h iard irra inte
dc a f i dcscnrnal i ancl idapi i ,Lrn l or vota n
rro icntbr ic.
Intcrvittrilc rcttlizatcnc-iru [)cn]risstl dis-
tirrgcrn trci tipuri rlc alcgiitori, clrrsilicagin
firncpic<Je ontertu/ derizicidefiuitive dccizia
I)c carc au susiinut-(-r tit dc-a lungul ciln)l)a-
nici, cdt i ; i n cabinade vot.
,,Ahgr;torii uttii nai": Aceste ltersoane de-
cisc nc:l din pcri<,radarc-electoralli ;tiaudi n
I t tna na i , r rc i l lc lu pr imu l nostru intcrv irr ,
curn vor vota, i-au l lrcn[ inut lx l t i l r i rca dc-a
Iungul campaniei gi au votat in noiembrie
contirrmaccstei roti' iriri.Votrlrile lor fuseserd
hlt i l r0tc din luna nrai.
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9'l / tllr,tristnnl tttt/rti
,,t\h'uri/ot' iiutiorrrlri iuilir,ttu.qt/.t1":cctti ()runclli s-irtr l()tiiriit
a s t t l ) r atn t t ic u r r t l i t l i t tn t i l ' r ) l ) u l c r i o a dc i l c s c n t r r i i r i ir t r r r l i t l a l i l o r
( i n t c r v i r r l ( ) s tn r l i r ra t rg t r s tl f t ) s tl ) r i n r r l r r t c r v i r rl c r l r r p r i : r n r l ; c l c
c()nvcnIi i) , i -arr rrcnt inrrt lcc iz ial)c t ( ] t ) irrcrrrsulantl) irn ic i ; i r rr
vo t i l t c i l l t i r rc i r r r ro ic rn I r r ic . o t r r r i lc or tru i ls t . lec i. s t i r l l i l i tc r rI t t n i l c r r r r i c .r r l i c u r r u g l l s t .
,,tlh;4ilorii pt'riorrr/t'itrpknluir-uoiaultri"': Accltirr nu ri-tru rotilriit
t l c f l r r i t i v i t r t i ir r t l t i r n c l c ru r i r l c a rn p r r r r i c i .r r r r n i i l i l r t r c i n - x l l
f t ic t t t -o p in : i i r r t r l r i rn i r l ip i i , n z i r r r r lcgcr i lo r .VotLrr i lckrr s-rrrr
I ro t r l r i t n cc lc t l i r r r r r r ru lr r scptcnrlrr ic , ctonrbricsau .ro icnrl lr ic .
( i t rc r t t t osr t l i l 'crcntc lc scnrrr i f lcrt t ivc l i r r t rc lccstcgr r rp r r r i?
I)c cc t trr i ioanrcnis-att to t r l r i t crrc irrcs l votcz.c ' irrc i il i r r r r in tclc
ir tcc l lcrca c i tn r [ ) i r11 ic i ,l l i i in pr inrc lc un i , i ' l r cc i d in u l t i r ) ) i l x tc -
gor ic . a l r i r r r rs f i r : ; i t r r I r tnrprrn ic i?
l \ rx t l izu< l i r r tccs tc i r l l i to lvl t lc ta l i i r o i fuc to r i rn lx ) r t r ln t i l l rci r r l l t t c : r r 1 c ; t z r ir o r r r c l r t r r ll c c i z , i c il r r r r l c .t i r i r r t i i , o i r r r r c r r i ir ' : l r o r '
<fcciz.ic lirst irz.ic rtt irst rtrti ltrrtitt rtlr 'rt ' .rrt.tirlcrk'gcri. rr lrl loilcrr
t i t r r r l , c i c i l r c u r a l c s n t r l t i r r r c l c i l c r r l c a r r rp i r r r i c ir a L rr rd i v i z i
sttlrtrsi tttti rtultot' lttz.riutriotf/ituole. l)rin astfcl rlc ;rrcsirrni lrtc-
lcgctn cor r l l ie tc lcsi iucorrgntcrrtc lc l in t rc f r rc to r i i r r rc n f l r rcn -
gcazri lcc iz . ix c vot. t i r r i i d in t rc r rcc i t i r lc to r i i r rc in dc rrrct l i r r l
a lcg i l to r t t lu i l pot ir tragcc i i t rc rc l lubl icani, n vrcmc ce a l t i i po t
( ) l )c f t tn l i tvo i t rc r tlc r r t r r t : ra1 i lo r .l r r r l tccrtv intc,Prcs i r r r r i lconfl ic-
tu i l lc cxcr ( i i t i l tcasul)ra lcg r l to r r r l r r il cr-rnduc n l i rcct i i d i tcr i tc .
Irrtcrcstrl gi rrrrxne rttrl deoiziei
( iu c it o i t rnc r r i i u f i ls t nt i l i n t ercsati t lc lcgcri , u i l ta ts-au ro t i i r i t
t t ta i r lcvrcrrrc u cirrc vor vot i t .Aproal lc lotrr l rc irn i t l in trc alcgrl-
t o r i i l i r : r r t c r r t c r c s i r t ic l r o t r i r i s c r Jl c i r r i r r r i r r r r r r i r l r r i s i r r r r r l t
t t r r r i r r t i r r l c i r r r r l r i t r r t cl i r r t r c ' c icUu n in t c r c sn t : r i c r i z t r t l l i c t r -
sc r i i p in r i l r t t r r rc il ; ig r r r ; r J ) .1 )orrr o l ) t i l t )cdintrc cci l i ra r tc ntc-
rcs i r l i ur t l tc l ' | ( r l t i r r l ic ; i t rc l iLp i tu l a r l l>un ic inairr tc lc u sc ro t i i r i
,llnttrtrtul nixiti rh/initk'r I 9;
(hrtrtttii ftrttlt ittnv.tali rlr ah'gtti iou hotrit'iirca./imhirrt'
t,ttl ttttti dtz'rcnr dafil rci nrrtipulin inlrtr'wli
lnteres
ridicat
lnteres
Septembrie-noiembrie
lunie-august
NumAr otalde cazuri
(aleg6torii fectivi)
cu <: i t rc ( ) r vot i l ; c le l t l t t i o r i nra i n t t r l ; i , l l r in t rece i
rcs r r l i .1 i -rr t l t t t t i t r i t t lcc iz. ia l i l t l l i r r l lcc l l t l ( ) l r l c l ' l t '
' l ' c t r t l i r r l lgct lcr i l l i l ' i l l r co t lcc iz ic t i rz ' ic pc c l r rc
cci ctt intcrcs sctlT.t lt fost virl l tbil i l l lctrtrt t l l l lr l)clc
r n a i) l l t i t l
n ( c -
l r t t t t i t t t i l ' cst i t t<r
t i tbcrc ( l i i g r r ra
Iu). I)ar, Penrnl ficcare nivcl dc itrtcres. icntocrllii atl ll l i lni{-cstilt
tendinl'.tclc a sc hotiiri nuti grcu dccit rcpttblicrtnii'
Antrrrritcaltc ntanif'cstrlri lc intercsuhti c clittlitrrtertz.iin grttPtll
a c i iru i c lcc iz ic ste anlanatd lnr i n t r l t in lc lcstadi i a lc canlPanic i.
l , i r rrn 1r ( )p tc l . l t l r t , srr l t iecqi i r r r ls t n t rc [a f i d i lc l l cra l l , , f< ra r tc
neftilrtlitori" srl-;ivadl canclidatulales,<lacilPot sptlnc cil , , l t t tc tl
trirrcdic rlacii nu sc intAnrltl{ apa, lcpi lni-ar Pltlcca sil-tni vrfulcirlrrlirlatrrl tlcs" siltl lrtc:\ ,ntt contc'.1/:l trc r;tic cc"'
I)crsounclc cirrc Crau .,loarte ncrillrtldt<xrrc" I-1;ivrttli l l lrcl'c-
r r r r r r l i ig t ig in , larr ostc l i r r t rc elc ho t i r i tc t lc l i r t r t ' cPt t t t t c i l lc si i
\ 'o tczc ( l i ig r r ra19).Acelca$imotivc carc e- l l l i r l tp inssr i -1 ilc r tg r i
c i r lc l ic la tu llca clc l i l tcep t r t t r l < rcu l t t i lcc t t l r r t l; i s r i - ls t ts t i t t r ir t
r .o r r t i l l r r rc c - l t t tdctCrlrr inat i s l i iC trartc ) l ' c ( )c l l l ) i l tclc r t l t :g t ' r r '
( ) r r rnc t t i i i l rc tL l t t t os t rxrtc i l tc rcsa i lc IeT. l l l t i l t t l lr lcgcr i lor r rr
lirst clintrc cci cc s-arr rotiirit tirz.irt n catrtpltttic. ii rrtr 'orrsitlcrrrt
t ; r in t rz r t ' l t t t l l i l rc$l xr l l$ tg l t t l t t i i lcc i t l l i )c t r t r r l i o i t r t i in rp l r l rcr l l l
( r26 ) (27o)
96 / tllnrti.rntu/ wtlulattlltnnilu/ letixiri th/initite I 97
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I;igtrra 18 (it l4tt ua/a/ti/ 1rcntruontb(/c tulrrt'; cu rit irtklrst/
tsk ntti ,ldtt, ut alil r'.rlcltro/n/ti/ .rri s:ea o lolrjrfirr
ltni r/n,ttnr
FIEPUt]LICANI r)EMOCnA'f
Seplonrbrio nolonrbrio
.--.-- lunie-august . .-. . . . - . . . . . . .
(76)
l i i g u r a l 9 :
(152) Numar otalde cazwi (50) ( 11 4 )
ilI'griturii fti|( sttttt ,,.footlr rterriltrlrjlori" sri-,riaar/ri
rrtnlir/alrr/ rt/c.rre otrirrj.sc u cite sd t-to/€zea irtrcpttlu/
ritutlntiri. tltr'ia rarr tu .run/.[oarlr prrrx u1n/i r/r rint'i-'rrrii,r/i.qtr rht r/ nttri litzirr
Sep emb ie noicmb i o
lunie-august
Ma i
, ,Nu stooxtraordinar
do important ' '
37o/"
, ,Suntoarle
nerabdator",,Nu
conloazil"
NurnArolalde cazuri (260)
prictcni i . l )c n r r is r r r r lc cal l t l )xnia pi trrntacursul. sut l iecgi i rrrc
r r i s 1 l r r r r t l c a r r , , n l rt i u " n ra ia d At rg a u; i , n u -n l i As i l " .
l ) i rcc to r i i t lc cunrl lunic -auconfiuntat l)ermanentcu s i tu l r t ia
r lc rt i r t ' cl l r r l l lag i rn r l i lu nunla i pcntru un scgtucl l ta l c lcctorrr trr l rr i
crrrc c rctlrrcca n mod constant, i gi pentru un segntcnt dc poptr-
l r r l ic r l ; r i r r r irr(r , :rcsi prcocult lrc l )c l t tn t r legcri c c l irrr irrur rui cl c
c ( )n f i t r ln t . t r s l i r ; i tu l c iu lt l)xnic ir i rcc to r i is-aus t r i i ( lu i t l i r r r : Isprr-
tc r i s r Ic i i ; t igc t :c lc c itcva votur i a le oanrcni lor c lor rrra i lcz intc-
rcsaIi rre iurp l icat i .
Prcsir.rrrilccorrllictuale $i momenttrl deciziei
i r r (J i rp i to l r r lI l l a rn inc l ica tun nurnrlrdc factor i carc i i c l i l -crcn-
t icaz; i pc alcgritor i i c l lubl icani de cci dcnrocragi.i iecare dintre
rlccsti ftr(jt()r' i oirte l-rconsideratca o ,,1)rcsiunc"asul>ra cciz,ie,i
l l r r r r lclc vo t .Ant cvi( lcni iat dvotul protcstnnI s tc i lv ( )n r l ) i lc l t r r -
l l l ica r r ik l r ,ar ccl cato l ic ste t )a idcgrabd crrx lcrat. nr t lcsc<,r1 lcr i tcir ndivizri cu ult statutsocio-ecoltotnic rai idicat incl spre un vo t
rc l)u l) l ican,n t imp ce vecin i i or mai sairacii prcfer: ipe dcmocragi.( l r t i r l tc ;rrv ' in tc, c lcc iz ic lcvot gto ltc i consic lcrrr t i if 'cctu lc lara l
r r r r c i i r r i c t r l l i l c l l r c s i r rn i .( lc sc in t i i rnp l l i c lac i lacci; t i ac to r i in t l i r . ' i r l r rul i c I ioncrrz.r in
r l i rcc t i ioprrscl ) r tc i l n i r rc l iv i t l s tc , r i loga t ,,c i rr to l ic?}rnr sc vr r
t lcc i t lcc l i Sa t r lac t rr t r la r ; inec l ig ic il)rorcstante, l r t r i l ic ; ; tcntr-o
l)iiturii siirrrcii conrunitiigii? are dintre intlucn;elc confliccualcva
avcir ig t ig dc cauzl?Oamenii supupi a nfluengc ontradicror i i c
t i l )u l accsta e a f l i lsub o dubld presiune.
( l r c i t sr lnt l )a icchi l i l t ratc cesre resiuni orrf l ic tuale, u atet
Irotririrclralc:glitorultrir-rtlrzienrai nrulr. Vorn trcce in revistdgase
s i t r r r r t i ilc Prcsirrn i o r r l l ic t r ra lc ,l)cntnr rvedcacc cf 'ccc t r r r nt ir ' -
z icrca r l ro r r rcn t r r l r r ilcc iz ie i .Primele tre i c lrzur i r in dc caractc-
r is t i t ' i lcpcrsonrr lc lc a lcg l t< l r i lor , rmii toarc lcdouii , t lc rc la t i i lc
r l in t rc r lcg r i t r l r ; icc i l in r . r ru lu i, ar u lt inru[, lc a t i t r rd in i lcpol i t icc
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IiigLrrr 20'. Otttncnii titft saill ^pu,ii prrsitni/ur t-ortf/irtuat iit:t dri:iof au ,i ltir:itt. Ares/ :rrrt st ttplinihntod t/i1;,'i7plttfi'lt arlrnelrii infc'tz'-tttli r/c o ,g'ti :i pr,rtlttt ortrlt'r:ii c:t u1 irrl,,rz,s i.i:rl1.
F.iirn/prcsiunii ro':fi.|'tuaI'e:lc i/tt-;lrtt/ inr\crcrt pc:'it,ite r/r'bart. .l,ert;hi r/ia.qrttni ii ;.t'p6irtt,i
pt cti crtrz trtril:ifc-;i,i u:: itth'r.ts t/ ;t.,-c <.ttl/- taL,jri
I n ; luer : :ac i i t , ca
'Cp i rune3: r : :e: ; c : -
a r.elig,eir iei.JStatutul ccial Voiulpe'scanei
tr.-,r io Aieniiaesie taniaa:aceri;ci ,' s
de ce i a s :a : :_dec ta ; : i i je ra in 1936
" , , , , ; i i . . 1 , , , , ^indr .eptarAAt ie exper re : tai . ve . :a-
. r t r r i ^^^^ - in . de ce l ee l a fcs id i ie r . tu 'v ' 'a (a u ' r ' ru
cea ja l taaba: j menla cor t i 'a : e, u ' u , c r v , . u , , i r u
a f i l i e r e a : a - l n p a d j d . .
N u D a N u Da Nu D a Nu D a Nu Da Nu D a
.F
E80) (13) (58)
i--- Seplembrie-noiembrie
.--- lunie-august
(s ) (81)
r Mai
/ \ T n t a l r r l r l a a ; z t t r i
(20) (61) (s2) (48) (1.;) (78) (27)' ProtestantiAraci au catolici ogati." Republicari arecredeau a un candidat re nevoie e experienld
de guvernare pe carewirlkienu o avea)sau democrali areau consideratca experienla
inafaceri stenecesarARoosevelt eavdnd ceastaexoerientS).
Figure l0 - conrinuare:'Diagronta i rtprnirni pe ceicu un ntcresedusa1adealegei
Inf luenJaolit ici
a religiei iferiStatutul ocial Votulpersoanei
FamilieAtentia ste
Opfiuneantre mpor-
tanla afacerilor s.
expenenla uvema-
Il)r) / tl lnrui.trtu/ tvtltt/ui
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l i t t t t l r t t t tc t t r l t lcr lc lcg i i to r r r l tr i .: , l ' cc tu l res i r rn i i onf l ic t l ta lc ls r r l ) r i r
r r r r r i r r r l r i il r :c iz ic ilc vo t , l )c l l tn t o i l tccclc asc t i l )Ur i t i rb i l i tc , stc
l ) r c r c r r t i r tr r i i g r r r r r ( ) .
l. lir/iuirt ,ti rtirv:/rr/rar'i,-u,,rtotttit-.l,stc llrinra Prcsirrrrccorrfliti
t t t i t l r l c ( : l r rcln t nrcnIionat-o. )rotcstanti i rr n ivc l SI IS sc t iz . r r t( )-
1 i l ) ) 1 i r : r r t o l i c i ir r r r i v c lS l i S r i d i c a t n , l ] , ( i + . ) r r r i r s r r r p r r s r
I r c c \ ( ( ) rl l r c s i rl i .
2. I'rrtJc.sia;iuloirlttttifmrea: n intcrviul din noicnrbric. sulricctir
au fost n t rc l r l t i cu cc gnrl)rrr i lc comunitr ig i i c iden t i f ic i i :mari le
satt r r r ic i lca f i rcc r i , l r rsa runcit( iare tc. in t inrp ce nta jor i tatea
oarrrcnikrr -arr dcnti l lcar u Pdtrrm ocia l i i r l rc ia i aparl incau r i r r
octrp ir l ic , rn i i rnrrncitor i sc r r r ic l l i l ica l isau l rcca l i f ic l r l i ru r rvu t
tc r r t l in l r rlc a sc ic lc r r r i f lcar rc lasa arncnilor c al irccr i , ar c ig iva
functri<lnari -atr aut<;inclusn clasa muncitoare. Din morncnt ce
oanrcni i c lc afaccrigi c lasamuncitoareau sustinut n mod tradi-
l ional Par t i r lc l i fc r i tc ,s-a dczvoltato prcsiuneconfl ic tLraLi,ntrc
prolcsirr b icct iv : ia r lcg r loru u t r i dcnti l ic lrrc:r t r icc t iv i l .
.\. llotu/ lir lt),)6 'i :/ rlitt I9./0i Nl.rjoriratcarrrncrrikrrarrv'trrraccla;; i part id in anrlrc lc alcgcri. I )csprc a lcgi i tor i l carc ai-auschinrbir t rc l 'cr irr tc lcnrrc a lcgcri lcd in 1936 i cclc r l in 1940 in
pr inc i l l i r l ,l )crs() iurc arc I - i r t r ( ) t i r t[)c l{rxrscvclt rr 193(r, lur -arr
s t ts l i r r r r tPc \ \ / i l l l i i c i r r l9 '10 sc l )o i l tcs l)unc c i l lvc i i l r lc r lc ; l l i ; i t
o t r r r ( l i l ic . )rrrnrrr l < l r r f<rs t , i r r l lunc t dc vcdcrc 1>si lrokrgic,rrr i
oco l i t lcc i t i r l cc lor c l l rcau votAtcorrsccventl)cntru accla; il la r t idl i r o t tc lr lcgcri lc cccl)rc.
4. tlksitrnu/ ,ri anilia.rn: [)uPii (:urnvorn vcclca, trnrili. arrrcri-
r :unr inarr i lcstr i consit lcrabi l i io l ida r i t l r tcPr- r l i t ic i i ,ogin rcnr l r r i i i
ad t r l t i o t in t l l : r c l .c ' i tcc ldatd,orrr$ i,. rn i i rcrnbria i r rn r i l ic i r r l l icc -t t r l r r ia tr l i rs r n c lczacord u c l sau au lbst nclrotdrft i . n oricarc
c l i r . r t rcccstccaz.ur i , ubicctu l s - i raf lat sub l lresiuneil onf l ic tual i l
cxcrc itatr l lc vc t lc r i lcpol i t icc d i [c r i tc alc rrnor r rc rn l r r i r i t r r r r i l ic isulc s:ru l i rvu t r lc a lcs 1 l r 'Pr i i lcs ir lc 1 l1 iuni gi cc lc r r lcccl Pr r l inu n u i a l t r n c rn l r r t r l f a r r r i l i c i .
5. tlh,qri/,ttt/ ti rtttr/itt/ rriz: )rictcnii crccazii, ca i;i lirnrilia, rrn
t t tc r l i t tPo l i t icc: lrc IX) r l rcl l l inevoitorsau ost i l . n in tc rv i r r r i lc l in
Ilonattul detizii dcf ,tttiL'. I l0l
ot:torrrltric, rrbiccgii tt osgntrcbali dac'lobservascril chimllrlri 1
in tc : r r l i i lc lc ,o t a lc t tn t t roameni c l in t r r t r l o r . I {e ; l t rb l icat r i i ar c
I r r r c rp t t r t la tt t )c t t rc t ) t n favoarcirt r iWil lk ic Ai dc tn1 ;c r i t t r i it t rc ' . l t l
cop$l.icnriz.irtrr prirlttl rf;1d virajclc cltrc Rggsevclt s-att aflat
i l t r -o s i t r r i rp icle cornpati tr i l i ta tc. eeace au v i lz t l t petreclrrdtt-sc
in j r r r t t l or t co i l tc is t r1 r r< l l l r i i lclrc l 'cr in1c. ccia clrc attsc t l r t r i t la f
lrii;cilri irrsllrc l)ilrtidul atlvcrs au fost sLlpl-lli, impotrivtl' prcsitt-nilor conflictualc ale asocia;ilor or'
(t. Irttettia dc aot rlix 1940 Si atihdiilca fa (i de afacei 5i guacmotvi
in final, prcsiurrca onflictualdse poate manifesta ntre intengiadc
r,ot rr rpci I)crs()lltrc iatitudipca ci fatl clc<l cnril fttntlanrenta[i t
irccsror lcgcri. 1 intcrviul din octgmbrie,slbiccgii au fost cltcstig-
nali cg ;lrivirc la pirerile lor referitoare a aceast{ em{: considerau
cil estc mai in'rportantpentru un prepedintesi aibd experien;d n
afacerisatt n guvernare?Majoritateaoamenilor cu inten;ii de vo t
rcprr lr l icrrncl l rv l t t t t l l l rcaeditr te r tcXpcricnl{ n afaccri ,n t in rp
cc rrcciir irrc yr-liau il-i votcZe 1tcclctt' tocralilrel'crarrcXllcrictlgagsvernameltald ir canclidatului or. Au fost, t-rtupi, nii subiccpial c
c i i ro ra t i t t td incpi ntcn; ic de vot s-audtlvedit confl ic tuale rcPu-
lrlicirni crrc clorcauexpcrientrA ,Uveglantcntalii etttru c'.trtdi<latul
lor l l rcz ic lc r r l i l lpi t lcntocrt l i carccolts i( lcra l l x l )c r icn I t l r t l f icc r i
l r i r i i r r rpor tan t i i . cc i ; t idcvian;i a t l f t )s tgi c i , l l r in lrr l)arc, s t t l t r tP i
runuianumit t ip de presiune onfl ic tual i .
lll'cctul lrresi trnii corr{licturrle
Int l i f 'crcnr lc s t t rse lc resiuni lor onfl ic tuale eneratcdc statt t t t t l
secialpi dc idcrrtificarea parcenen;ei e clas'i,de traditiile de v<-rt
pi rlc atittrclinilecelor apropiapi, ezttltatttlcfcctiv a fost ntArz.icrea
dcciziei linalc de v1;ta alcgltorului. Ai;a cunl an) ariltat tr I"ilit lrit
20, rlcgatorii arcau fostsupttpiprcsiunilorconflicttrale -auhotiiret
mai tiirzil clccit cci pentru care diferi;ii f ictori dc infltterlp{ s-au
s ls I in l t r r r r r r l tc c l t l la l t .ar,d iptrc to l tc p rcs i t l l l i lc on f l ic t t ra lc le
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ItlZ / )lu.ari.sttrt/ tntttlrti
crlrc c - ru l l t lc r r t i l lc : r t , ca r ) t i t i n l l r rcn t : in in t l rz ic rea
vot a lost l i l lsa ot akia rrcorc lrr lrr irr anri l ia .
I)c cc arrurnirr:rto; i accpti urncnirrarcarncidccizi il )erso-. , . t
nulc pr iv irr t lvrt tr l? In Pr in r r r l i in t l , c - ; . ros t d i f ic i l sd sc hoti tr asci l
gipcntrtt
(' i ' |U lvut, pUr 5i sinr;rlu.arguntcnte rr firvoarca rillrilor
culr t l idapi. rrcori , lccstc notivc au ftrstatet dc ecl r i l i l>ratc,nc i i r
dcciz irra t rc l r r r i t u r r r i l n l r r r rc t icc lc urr a l trc i lca factor. )u l l i i lc
lcgir tc dc t l i rcc ; iacca rrra i rrrn i l votu l pcntru rcpublicani sa u
[)ctrtrudcnr<lcrati, corrrltinrrtc lr procesul .rrrtojustific.irii,au detcr-
nr inat anl l inarca cciz ic i f inalc de vot.
, in a l doi lcrr i in<1,n i i r l in t rc cci suprrp il l rcs i r rn i lo rx r r r f l ic t r ra lc
p i - l tua i r r i i r ra tlcc iz . ialc vot l)cntrr r : i la ; tcp t i r r r vcnirncntc carcs{
lc rczolvc corr l ' l ic tc lc ntcr ioarc. n caz.rr l i l r t icu la r i t ip i lo rndiv i-
t l r , ra lc on f l i ( : t r r i r lc , ascmenca cz<llvare ic i nu cra posib i l i , da r
in a l tc cazurio rcc<lnci l icrc intcrcsclor onfl ic tualcl l r r tca i chiaran t ic ip l l t i i . ) pcrsoanliI)utca spcra c i i , n t in t l tu l canrpanic i, a
rcupi sd-ic()nvingi l c a lg in rcnr l r r i i l i r rn i l ic i a lcsau,n ra i n t r l t , c
putca acordd oatc;ansclc lc a o aducc;lc ca rrs dpi e fagapul An-
dirii lor. .ti. dcscori. ftrnriliachiirr a fiircut cest ucnr, Satr,din nou,
ar fi prrtrrt stcl)ta ca clcsfiigrrrarcl anrpirniei d-i rrrnizczcaltc datc
in spr i j i r r t r l lc r : iz ic i a lc . nsr l . n l l r f i t la rcndirrgci lcconsccvcngilr. r
i t t i tuc l in i , rncori contradic l ia nu a l i rs t rczoh,atd i subicctu l s- a
l ) rcz .cn t l l tu rrrrra lc vot cu eonll ic tc lc ntcr ioarc nc l l ncrczolvatc.
Astfc l r lc prcsirrrr i ac r l in acc$ t i l lcg l l ror i prar l i l l isprrratr ln
r t to t lcgaldc r l i recror i i lc car r r l l r r r r icr iurrr l lc lorl ) i l r t i ( l i j , i i r f l inc l t r -sccrr c itc rrn Pic i r r rn ogradl l lccr lre i a[)crc. unt srrpugi rnor actor i
carc ii intlcarrrlrJ sri i vot,cz.c c rcltublicilt)i, lar, l)oatc in egalel
nrdsurrl,gi rrltora arc i indrcaptil spre dentocrati.
I ) in accstl l t rnct dc vcr lcrc, rr tcnsif icarcaampanic icdtrcsfdr-
i;itrrlaccstciil stc () rrvcstilic )unil l)cntnramllclc Partidc, n rnlsurir
i t r carc xratc i c f-rc icnt i . orn rcaminticz i ameniicarese hotdrdsc
t r l t in r i isun[ cci carccrc t lc r ia lcgcri lc i v r r rafccta el rnrr i ut in.:Sc
poatc r r t in r [ ) l r ca cnrarivc lccxpl ic irc alc c : r r r r t l i r l . . r t i lo r; ia lc d irec-
t r r r i l r r r lc carrrprrrr iclc a lc dcnronstra d alcgcri lc aor ar/ucc
rl e
,l lontntlu/ tlrzizii rl l inititt I lrl ')
schirnbarc entruci sti ie maieficiente leciit isculii lc liri sfirrit
lui l l)rit rl vc rsclo proll lc ntc. EX stri potCZ,a otrlornt Cll eilt pcrso:tni t
sau l)l lrt iclul carc il coltvinge pc alegiitortt l cz. it i tnt (le it l l [)()rt i l l l t i l
a lcgcr ikrr l )c l ) t r i l cl l lcrsorra lin t c r r r rcn i i i r ccca ce vrc i l cl i r t t t ro t l
( : ( ) l rcrct i i oht i r tcai
vot t t l .
Grrrdtrl tl c pi prcsiurrile cotrllictt rrlc
Carc cstc rc la l ia dintrc intcrcs gi l l res i t rn i lc o t t f l ic t t t l t lc i ) i t t r i l tc
llint.lirrr cii <l controvcrsil ace, adesea, ezllatcrilc ttrai Palllitarttc,
r )c , r l l r r) l l tc i l l l tc l )1 t ; r t t t :c i i t)c t l t r t ls11g lc :c iz . i l ls tc l i l i t l t lc l t t r r (
sii lcvitui cci trriti nrlll icagi i nlli preocttprtfi lc alcgcri' I)ar accitstri
ip6tczzi p ia 1 cgpsic lcrarct r t ipa rc lc r r tc l t ta r c rc i rc lc psihol6-
gicd.Ciind clantcniicloresc i, n egalanttlsttrii, espingccvil dllttll lc'
irdcscaci rru sc lrrai 6t.iriisc nici 1tr9,nici contra,ci tttri tlcgrabrl
schirnltl sullicctlrl sru cvittl prolllema. ln cirZ,rrl elor tniri ntttlrc
conll ic tc dc inrcrcsc, rrodtr lcornocllc a csid i t t t r -os i t t r l r l ic 1c :PL i -
c l t i i cste l t r r rgi s i rn l t l t lacela le a- i c lcsconsit lcrar r l l l r l r t r t t l l i ti tl c
a renunta a contl ic t ,ca 9i c ind n t t ar tnc r i t l e fortt t l '2
l \s t fc l , ru l lp i a lcgri tgr i t t l l r t ; i l rcs i t t l i f t l rc t r t r f l ic t t t r t lcl t l i tv t l t
tc t r t l i t t la lc A t l i t l i t t t : t l izat r t rc lg t t l ro l l lc t t t r i .i i l r t r c i ip i r t lc o r icc
c r lu l l ic t rcal pr in picrt lc :rcatt tcrcsulr t i i r l i t e: a lcgcri.Nt t r t t t tv t l t
rnt l) tcrcs intpcdcpcntrt lv ic tor ia ic i r t l r r ial i t l t re a l t l i t la t i 'As t tc l ,
ci rrrr iirnirs clrrtiv ndilLrcntri ir; ' Idc rcztrltatttl lrral, lrr llcgcrrilcrt r
t l c v c r r i t r r i r i r r 1 i1 t l t c r c s t tn t c i i t r t p o r t l t t t t c) c l l t r t lc i . ( ) r t t r r c l r i i
clrc llu atl ti)ststtpu;i presiUnilor onllicttralcatldertrolrstrat:cl ttrti
rn irrc ltcrcs l )c l ) t r1alcgcri; h iar ; io S i l lg l t r i l crccltc lc prcsit t t t t
copflicrrrlle a tilsr n ntasurds{ crcascd ullstanlilrl lroporti:r.tlcgri-
toril<lr aregi-aupierdttt trtcrcsttl at'Idc alegcri.$i' t:rrcit trtttttlrttl
l t rcs i t t t r i lo r o r r f l ic t t t l t lcrc$ tc . rl l ta tg r l t t l t t l lc : tr tcrcs t r i t t l i l i ' s t i i
tun lcc l in n ra iaccentutrt l " ig r r ra l ).
I)ar fiind cricei doi trrctori e aflil tttr-o rclrtlic ttttagotticri.tt t: c
nr<ttl a irfccta rczult' .lntil or nronrcnttrl tlccizici firralc? rstc t l l r l l l
rnai rn ltortant lcc i i tcc l i l la l t i
104 / tlln,rnrstrru/ outulttitllonutlnl r/tt'iziei linitiru' / ll.5
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Iiigtrra 2l: (h uir sprtr'r /trr.riuti/e con/il /ualc, t-rr trril iarrLutr/p0t/,1t ah-g'ri .vur/e
Numil ul prosiuni r conllicl ato
Ma i
multe
Intores edrrs
Intoros idtcat
Numer otalde cazun
I r r rrrot l i rcsc, r r r r rc r r i ir r rc - r r r rro t r l l i i t r i r r r i i u l i rs t :c i : r r rc
rtu/ttrlttlintl-tilca ccuti irctorictr uprrrinlil i carc lu ili/ut toatccon(li-l i i lc pcrrrrLr ccasta, c pi ldd oanrcni icarc nu au lbs t supusiunei
l l rcs iuniconfl ic tualc au carcau ftrst upugiuncia singrrre,lub la tcdc un n*re intcrc.sl)cnrnralcgcri l i ig r r r l zz ) .Trc i s fc r t r r r i l in t rcc i r r r r t i t r t l i r r r r r u r r r r i r r r l r ( r r / o t r rr r ro i c r r r l l r i ci r r r r r r r r r i/ r , t r r ra ltc l)(aI r l t in rc lc ip r i r r r i in ia lc c : r r r r l l r rn ic il)cnrru clc a-pi t i r l l i l i z . r r ,o dati l l )cntru to tc lc i r r r r ra ,n tcn l i r rc lcc t r l ra l i l . i r r :ca la l t i i x trcn)i is- lru r l la t rrrncni isrr l lLrp ia dourl au r ra imultc prcsiurr i orr l l ic tualc
si l : i r : inr irrc ntcrcs l )c l ) t rualcgcri.Nrrrnai rn sfcrt < l in t rc i s - r r r rI to t t i r i t r rc : i l in l t r r r i r ra i i cc l l l r r t in ) rc inrc r [ r l l tc l ) t i l tp . l in . jr r
ttltinra ctirpii a cirnrl>anici a srlsc llotiirascil.
Dar cc sc i ' t in rPl i i cu oarncnii ' f lue ' fat i atet de un fact.rl lvorabi l l t r i r i i r rnci c lcc iz . i ia l l icJc ,i t gi dc urru l ne f t rv . ra l r i l , lcp i lc l r lcc i suptr; i rn r r i r r t r l t . r t iPr r r idc l l rcs iu r r ic r r r r f l ic t r ra lc ,arl i r a r t c n tc r c s a g ic a lc g c r i au c i c r rn i c i r n u ls a u u u n s in g r r ri pr lc Prcsirrrrc onl l ic tual i i , la r lcz irr tcrcsagi?ccgtiantr c l i { ' c r : lr r r i ir lc a l l i i i r r ccclr cc Privcgrc )r()n lcntu l cc iz ic i . ( j r r a l tc crrv inrc.
Nici
un a
tlI "o r "
tlnl*"L_,](6s) (200)
lii gtrr r 22'. A it p '.srr i e rorflirtua le, cil,ri lipsa rle rt crysa trittri
tttotttrtt/u/ rlu izici. Iifer.ttr/ or r:or /torutesle.[oarepulcttrir'.
l.,urr/r.tr 'ltrn'tr/, /e au o illuafti trproxinalir.t q4n/d
Alegdtori cu doLtd
sau mai multe presiuni
conflictuale
lntoros Intoros
ridicat scAzut
Alegalori cu nici
o presiune conllicluald
sattcu una sinr1tttA
l n l o ros
r i d i c a t
l r t o ros
Septembrie-noiembrie--
.-. . . .-.unie-august.-. .-. . . .-. .-
Mai .. .----. . .-. .
Totnlul o caztrrl
(alegAtoriifect ivi)
ciirrilcci cloi actori intcresulgi presiunca onflictr.rale actiollcazi
i r r l i rc t :1 i i l )uscic i srrnta l)roximativ gal ica f i r l rg r i .
( l r r r rp i r r r r l i r tr r t rc lrcs iurr i lc on l j ic tu r r lc; i I i l lsaclc ntcrcs ntt
cstccxl)r in lrr t r i c t lc-rr-ntregulr r accstc f irnrrtg i ian t i t r r t ivc .ix is t l i
i; i l i lL'rcrrlc rrlitltir,c. )acii alcgiltorul c a{lii ntr-o sittralic inrllcclc,
l ips i t r , ilcprcsirrn i orr l ' l ic trra lc,ra t lu l c intcrcsva i cc l carc lc tc r -
r r r in r ' ti rp i t l i t i l (c i i u c i t rcvA ajtrngc a o dcciz ic cottcrct i l .Conq;t i-
cn t iz i r rc i r nr l)()r t i l r ) tc i lcgcr i lor cste r l r rb la t r l lc rccttnort l tercapozit ic i salc ,naturalc". )aci se ntinrp l i i caa lcg i l to rul l i ie s t t l l t ts
Prcsiunilorconflictualc, ltunci interesul ui acgioncaziintr-ut' l nr(xl
t l i f ' c r i t . l in t l in tcrcsulnu cste a ta tc lcJrutcrn ic,endirr lacstc clc r
rcspirrgcrrtrc:rgrrro l l lc r r r i la ncf i ind c lcvrrrr t i i .in ia rn i r r in rc icz is-
tcntc cstc t lc ir ntt vota cle locFi n ru l t i as t fe lc lc oanrcni chiar r r r r
r'otcitZii. I t l i lttcrcs llttternic 1'ltlittcnyirrgc itrll ltrlsttl <lc I cvitil
problcnrc lc, nc l l t in i ndu-l pc a legrltr lru lnclccisntr-o pcrrn rncntl i
(34)
s;caziJl
( r / )
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106 / rllattirun/ t:otr,ltti
r l i s c r r t i c r i r t r i r t r i c t ' r i c r r i r r c ' s r r ; i g ic , r ) . c t c n i i ,P i ' i i c i ' d z iu ar t l c g c r i l . r l ' r r ' l r r i g i rs i i a . l r . t i i r i r c r , , , , , , . , ' c ' l r - l l c l r t r i r r i r r . r rP r r_r r i c r ' ; r r r c l i r r r l r r l i r r r r . . . i r r c) t r c c i z i c a r ra r ta . r . g ru r ln r i r r c l ci r r tc rcs i r r t lcs i ic .r11111c,ii r . trcc iz. ict t . r i t tc ,ac ' r ' r rn t rcr iPsa;lrcs i_t t r r i l r r r rrrr f l ic taarc r r r rcc <rcciz. ict tr tn;,arca u' trr 1>: r r t ic rarrac c l r i l a k .
( : A l ' l 1 ) l l l l . v l l' l ' iptrrile
de schirrrbtiri
( ) i t r r rcn i ig i-au r r t i i rz . i l t lcc izi l r r r r i r l : i le vot
I rc l lcntru cJ nrr rrr i rs t r r [1 : ic r r tlc ntcrcslr t i
cle alcgcri. fic pentru cii sclcctarcirunrti carr-
c l ida tsau a a ltu ia -a ptrs ntr-o s i t r r r r t ic i l l -
c i l t i , cx ist l ind c lcnrcntc lavor ir lr i lc rnr lrc ' lor
p r l r l i . ) r r r l l ror:csrrI n r i i r r i r i i r r t t f r t r r r :1on l r t
l a l ' l 1 ; c r r t r uo p i . I r r i i l us l )u s ,Nr r t i r r p i r r t
in tr-r tn arrunrit nof.r ' l c l l t l c lrnpanic: i , ' i i r rr l
ruu t tat o hotirr i i re lc f in i t iv i i .A l t i i s-arr ecis
<lct,rc lne srr l)ra ntr i :r l incar r r l i t la l i, u lvur
:rpoi pcr io i r< l ; llc ?ntlo irr la l .' i r r t l r t r i rs t rc lro-
tJr ig i satt chiar au trcctr t <lc ) i t r tc i r cu l r r l t r r .
pcntrt t ca ?n inrt l i l cv inJ l tu lcgcrc i t r r i t i l rL i .
A l t i i c l t ia rg i-au"^chirrrhatlcc iz . i i rlc h rtn p lr-titj la altul. I)c scurt, cci ctrc flu s-au hotririt
r . ls t l l ) r i lo tu lLr i < l r l i i l r i i r t t r - t tn r t r r t t r r r i trro-
rnent al canrpanic i lcctr lra lc -atr l i fcrcnt iat
p r i t rmoclu l n crtrcau ajuns a dcciz ia l c :f iru-
t iv r i . n acestscns,cclc trc i t iprtr i pr inci lrrr lc
dc nelrordr ig i r t ost trrrrr i i t ourqlcc r i l rc lcn-
c l ic r i rocentajc i r r rnsur r r l r l rr llcg r i t t r r i lo r:'
28o,/o i-rkt/i:.rtlarr: Sttrrtoirrtrcnii ortre nrI
a t l r tvut n tc r r t i i lc vot i r r l t t r r . t r r : r i . l r r rs-rrrr
It)lt' / l lr,trirnu/ uotnhi 'l'iputihde.u/tit,tbdti I 109
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I r . t i t r i t r r l t c r i r l r ;i r r t r r l r r r i t l c l . ,N r rp t i L r , ' ; i u r j u u .sa rc P t r l r l i -c r r r r i . l ' i6 )s i r r r r r lc r r roc r , , t lito t l t l , )b ) .
l59h o-rrilurtti;unt cci careau Plccat rirdrtrr.rr u. i' tcrrtic tlcr\ /o t ,au dcvi:r t lc la acc:rstrrf c l l r in ,,Nu gt i r r . ,
f ic l t r in trcccrca lcc l i i la l tpa r t i t l ) ar nrai i rz i r r s-arr r r t ' rs la a lcgcrca ' ig iaLi.N l r r . i r -n t i r t c u r r r l c c : r t l c l l r r r r ) r r r t i ( 1 ,r r r r j r r r t sl r , ,N r r ; t . i r t , , p irP ' i r l i l rrr<rurr r r r r t i< l r r lr lc :sr r i l i r r l l ( / r , : c ; t r i l i l ic r r r r i ,5..5.%;lcrnocrrr l, s ,s , / , , ) ,
i ; r r r l t i i < lc . t r . part i t l cdtrc ccLi l i r r t i up , i i r r i rPr i . Pr i r r r r r l4 /%:rc l ru r l ic r rn i . 96;dcnrocr r l i ,3Tol.
87o rrlinltitrtry:Srrnt irlcgiitoriicarc au Prlrnit cu o irrtcntic tl cvot gi r i r r r i l i rz i t r rrr rcc l t t il cc l i i l l r l tPar r i r l , u c i l rc r r r i vo t l t . J) cl r r ' c l r r r l r l i . i t r r ii r c r r r . t r ; r l i i r ur c c r r t , ) i , , r ; , rc l i r l c n r . c r i r t ir r c Pu -l>licnui {)/n.
Arn l lutca. lrscrva acurlr ,l )c r t r t r r r . l ' s i accst ucnr nra i i rz i i r .c i i t ( ) r l tc c l r i r r rb i i r i lc,c r is t i r l iz .a to r i lo r "i rna j r l r i t i r tca;c lor r lcosc. i_l i r n ; i l o r r r r rn l l l i c i r t t r r n u i r ru rl i r r i r l r c r c ; c l i l a l r l s l ) c c t r l c l r i r r r -b l r i i r r i ) s tu n , ,N r rg t i r r " . ) c l c r r l t i ll x r r t c , o l i c c i c i r r c r r r c l r i r r r b r r t
part idul, ca gi r r ' i i d intrc .sci langi, -auaflar ntr-un mo'cnt sarra l t r . r l c baricadrrlec i i r . i l la r t id ;sc r r i rnb i i r i lcor au irnpl icat . ia l i -tatca apri c arnbclcpar t i t lc ,n arrunritcmon)cntc.crr a ltccuvinte,3<)1b l insc l r i r r r l r l r i lc f 'cctu i lrc lc r lcg r l to r iru i r r r l r l ic r r trn s ingrrr
1 r : r r t i t f; i r r r r n r r i2 % td in c l c 1 lc r . r l l c l c . .Sa u ,r r l , r . i . ( l c o n s ta n tc l ct l i r r r ra il l ind in rro icrrrbr ic,r r tcng i i lcrc ro t i rggr / , t l ip t rc r lc :Ar i r . r is - r r r ti r r r i ta ta un singrrrPart id, rc int l in ten;i i le lcv.r .rmtnuri z , /odintrc alcgrr.r i rrr rrc lrrsn r l lc lc l l r r r t i t lc ,r r t r - r rn r ( ) lnc l ) t l r r a l t r r l .
[ ) i r r t rc r ,s<: i l r rn l i iurc 1 i - i r r rl r i r : ls i tr lcgcrcu r r i t i r r l r . trr lrrv6rrrcrrindcciz. ic i , c l p r r t i . t lz%o - i t , i . t ' rs la ca. I ) r r r rcc ia carc s-aut lcPl i rs . t . i r r rccc l i la l t l la r t ic lnrr s-au rnai n t r l rs a fe l dc rcpcclc;n r r r r ra i 2?h u rc ' c n i t l i r l l a r r i r r u l r i n r c i . r rP t i r r n i . ) r r c : i ' p c r -sor t t r r ll r l r r ir : lsc51cl r r r t i r l r r ll i r r n r lo i r r l r i ,r l ) r ( ) r l l )cptotr lcarrrrac yr rirr toarcc a c l r r r r r ii rz . iL r ,r r r l rc r r Pi ir irscptc)cntrtr r l l ,z , i t ic irrcor isc v : r t t l t i n trxrrcc.
l\lorrrcntttl dcciz,ici dcfinitivc si electoratul rnobil
(-ie iprrri rlc alc-gtitori obili incd nrai rebuieconvin;i, o datdpcntru
tott lcarrua, c parcursul ampanic i?
( lc lc trc i t ip trr i de a lcgi i tor imo l t i l i - cr is ta l izator i i , sc i langi i i
s t : l r in r l rJ to r i i s -u t t r r r t i l r i t rsr.r l)rao t r t l t t i h - rp i lt tna nrai, dar ntr
to l i i r r r rc :c l i rp iirrrp. )c f i rp t , cr is ta l izutor i i -au dccis rn t t l t r t ta i
tlcvrcnrc tlccit ccilirl;i; 680/o5i dcciscscrilvotul pirri in august,
Lrtii rlc nttrnai -18%dintre cei carc au schinrbatpartidul, rcspectiv
4(flh tlintr c osc angi.
I ) r r r n r in r l r t l osci l i rn; ikrr- ameniicarcau p : I r : is i t a r t i ( lu l2 r lcs
in i t i i r l , l r r r r r cvcnit r r l tc r io r i l -au votat existaun gnrp aparte,
l)cntrtt r:rl, rlir ounr lllt obsorvatnrai srrs, vcnr dclltil iptrri difcrite
clcosci lant i : c i crtre u osci lat umai c t l t rc ndeciz iegi cei cares-at l
t lcp l t rs r r tu t ( ) rr l c l " r t rcc l i l la l tpart id.Accastl l , r r )a r j l I " lc osci lagic
cstc scr r r r r i l l t ' r r t iv r lr t i i t pcn t r t t nrorncntul lcc iz, ic i i r ra lc, c l t ; ; i ,
t l r rp r t t rn rvoln l ,cc lc i l , cntru rolu l gradulu idc intcresEi al l l rcs i -trnilor conllictuale. Oscilantii din indoial;i s-au hotdrit definitiv
nrrrlt rnai der,renre decdt oscilangii ntre partidc (57% pAnI in
rilrgrfst, .rgii lc 14%). Atunci, dacd i inrptrrgirngre nchottlrAgi n
tk r r r r l r r rp r r r i - cc i a i trnui s irrgurpart ic l c r is ta l iza t<r r i ii ; i osci lrrngi i
r l i r r r r t lo ia l r i ) i cc i careau existat ntrc doud part ide schinrbitor i i
pro l>r iu-z i; i ; i osci langi intre part ide) , descopcrirn A oarnenilor
cA[c 2ur rrtcnl ionatl)c l)arcursul antl lart ic i i l v() tczc pcntru ar n-
bclc purt ir lc c-a r r r tmult nr a i mult t i rnp s i la jungil a un vot f inal
r lcc i i tacclora arc au osci lat oarintrc un par t id ; i p ro l l r ia ndcciz ic
(1,' igrrra 3). Aproape doLtd reimi dintre cei care au oscilat ntre
cclc clorrilpartirlc r)u s-au hotelriit lrccis pind in pcrioada finaltra
crurrprrn ic, i ;l ) r ( ) i r l )clo r rJ rc in r i t l in t rc cei nchoti \r ig i n priv inga
rr r r r r i i r rgLrr l r r t ids-atr r< t r i l r l t lc l ln i t iv l i in i t n august. )c nt i lsur: l
cc c i tn r l ' r r r r r i r rntrx irr u l t i r r rc lesdpti inr in i,oalnenii care nci l nu
ajttnscscrria o clecizie inaldcrau acciacare usescr',In tabJraopo-
z , i t ic i u ccvAvrcntc naintc.
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I l0 / llunni.sttu/ t:ota/ui
Iiigurrr 23: ()oaetii u,efluclucdx/i r/oar futrr tut ltartir/ ,ri ttopria lor
iulrixia .sc rotuini.sc ai rqrr/e r/ecrit u:i ute o.erikupi iulrt:
rlouri purlir/e
Osci lan[ i i nu is ingur art id Oscilanli intredouaoarlide
Momonlul docizioi linalo
Sol ) lomt ) r i c - o i om br i o . . . . . . . .
. lun ie-august- . . . . - . .
Totalul e cazuri
( irudul dc intcrcs, prcsiurr i le confl ic tut lc ai r r lcg r i t ' r i i m. l l i l i
carc a f.st r r lu l in tcresulu i Penrrualcgcrigi al prcsiurr i l<lronfl ic-
tu i r lc ,pe fundalu l fcn 'nrcnulu i c lcc t . ra l , n cazrr lacestor rupuri
dc a lcgdt.r i c irrc au ajrrns a deciz ia inald clevor pc cr i i d i fc r i te?
I -a t t l i fc rc r r l r i r t c i r l . i fac t r l r i lc i r r f l r rcn r ll)c l( 'c f i r r lcg i i t , r i lz
s i t t t l t i l cstc c l r r r : i .)c l r ru lcg. l tor i i r rpt iv i a r lcg i i to r i i r rob i l i i
t tnui s ingrrrPi r r t idpi p in i l l r ra lcglror i i rrobi l i arc au osci l i r t r r t rc
cc lc r lo r r i lpart idc s-aobscn'ato sclk lcrc ( )ns t lu l t ia irr tcrcsulrr i i
o sporirc a L' l lc c ( ) t ls t i l l t t r lt l t rcs it tn ikrr on l l ic t r r t r ic .)arrrcni i ar cp i -a r r c :h i r r r l ) i l rIX)z . i t ian crrrsrr l amllanic i, i r r r r ic ioda t i ln tr-at ir
inc i t s i i c()c lrcrezc rr anrbclc part idc,s-au situat ntre alcgitor i i
c o n s ta n I i ; i c c i c a re u s c h in rb a t[ )a r t i d u l . l t f e l s p u s , r r l i ta t r f o s t
nrai nrarc intcrcsul gi mai rct lrrseprcsiurr i lcconfl icrrra le supra
t t t ' tc iPcrsoallc , i r ta t i t l rcc i rs ta a ' , , r r tc l r r l in ; r t lc r sc r lcc i<lc lc l j -
n i t iv . t lc l i r rrccprrtrr l l r r rP i rn ic i ,i l r i r sc r i lz .g i rn r l ir l tc r io r l ; ig r r r i r
24) . Daczl rrra lcg i i t . r a nrani lcstat ra i putin irrrcrcs. i i . rr supus.
in a c c la g i i r n P ,n ra i r r r r l r ' r r c s i r rn i , t u n c i l s -a n d r i t n r i r im r r l t
9i nra i t icc l ' c r r r t lcc i i t c l lg i i t , r i i c i rPt iv i , lar a < lc ' i r t c loar prc o
'l'ioaihdcsrhinrl'd'i | | I I
l;igrrra Zai C;u it e'temai mic nterzsul antenilor icu cit su,t rnai
L n,,,,,rtlose ,e'siunileonflichtalcdroru /c runt ttptt,ri'u
atit nai aaiakle suil inre4iile or deaot
AlegAtori Oscilanliiunui Oscilanfiintre
captivi sincrrr arl id dorrAart ide
Oouesalrmal rntll lo il)urldo proslunl
a(rta0onic€ l nlerosmal scezut
Doul .^r, mal mlt l lo i t 'ur i e prosl t lnl
antagonlco l ntBros ldical
Niciun lip de presiune onllicluale
sauunul singursi ntoresmai scazul
Niclun tip de presiune onflictuale
sau unul singurgi nterss idicat
Numirtotal de cazuri
tcr)tat iv.Jc,,Nu gti t t", a l r {si l trcaci l l 'cct iv rt ccalalt i laIr ir i l .
Nr.rrnaiei carc uavutmult prea l l f in ntercs entrt l legcri iur r
lostsupugimult nraintultorpresiuni onflictttalett luctuat fectiv
intre cclc dou'.i artidc.'1
Accst irpr lustrcaz.dazuloscilatrli lorntre celc dottri )arti(lc:
ei au fostoamenii fnsiatiin irecaii ontrarei f'trrtr n ntercs ca l
pcntru alcgcri,care -ar i ajtrtatstr czrtlvcaccste onflicte9i sr i
l jurrgil a () lccizicserioas{ isolidl.Dars-atl i lsat nflucnfrrfi lc-rr
lrrngrrl arnpaniei,sci lAndntre celcdou'J art ide. tl nunti t i rl
au ltArz.iat rrai lult decit oricealt grup uarea nei decizii, lar,
arunci nndau acur-o, u ostdispupi { se ase onvingi,n accastil
l lrivin;ri,dc cinevadin anturajul or. Acegtioameni, are, ntr-un
fcl, au fost pi singunrl egmental electoratului area rccttrs a tr
sc[imbarc ir{icir[ ] ,rrr <lst cl mai )u[in ntcrcsal i lcalcgcri , cl
rnai lrrgin rctrcupirl ilc rczultatul cestora,cl nraipl lr inatcnti il
matcrialul ol i t ic i fuzat emccl i i lcormale c comttnicarc,t l t i t t t i i
care -au totiirAt sttpragtulttigiceinrai rrfltrcrrlabili,ntr-rtrt lnal,
l l r iptr-un()1tact ersonal,arnrtclco anttnri t l i, tcnl i" a rt lcgc:ri16r.
(45)
( 1 4 s )
l /] / )lantt.ttttu/t.vttulri t'iputile rh.vlitill)nn / I l3
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I)e scrrrt,cci carc 'Juschir)tt)at1)artidul persoancle llc calror
v ( ) t r r r i r r : ln las c l lo r i i r i i tcPAn i l r r r r l t in rc lcs t r r< l i i lc carnglanic i.
o a l l r c n i i c i r r c g i -a t rl ) l r t l l t s c l l i r l r b a l i r c c g ia o l i t i c i i n u l t i r n r r l
tn ( )n )c l t t l t r r irs t, a sr i PrrrrcDrpa, l isp r l r r i l l i l i >cntrtrr l t in t i ll lc r -soarrdpe ci lrc a l t in t i l r r i t -o inaintcrrz i lc i a lcgcri [or. ) i i rc rcac: i
O r t rDc r r i ir r r c c h i rn l l i l r r r t i t l u lr r t i r r r p r r l; r r r r r p r rn i c ir r r r c cp l r t c ,
in Pr inc ipa l , l i l rc ir tcg,r irr c lor a l io r r r r l i ,c l lcx iv i, cr) lr5t ic lr1 i5 ii r rc
sc : tsd onvin; i r lc argulncntc lc l irr arn l lanic stc cu totrr l rona t . . l .I)c lirllt, cci rlcsprc carc vorbirrr cPrcz.intii rraidcgrabllcolrtrirriul.
' I 'rtisziturilcde persorralitate alc ulegritorilor rnobiIi
I )crsonali tdgi lcl i fc r i tc l ' r t i l lu r i t lc r lcg i i t . r i p ' t f i c ' rrrp irratcl )cbazrr valudri l ' r f icu tc dc intcn, icvat ' r i i r rog t r i .DuP. i a l l la tru lcaintcrv iu, nrorncrr[ n carc anclrctatr lr i i evcniseri idc ja conpticnt i
c lc r i is i i r r r r i lcPcrsorra lc lc s r r l r icc t i l r l r,iccarcmcrrr l>rurl c$rrnt io-
nului a fi)st cvaluatPc o scarrl rali cei lc cvirIuarc,ac<lpcrinrl .ccctrdsilturide pcrs<.rnalitatc,{iordc obscrvat1tcparcrrrsul arnpanici.
I-a apr0a1>eolttc c i lracter ist ic i lc .lcg r l to r i i ( )ns ta r ) [ i u avut
c s t im l r i s t t p c : r i o a rcagd c c c i n rq l r i l i . t i a r r f i r s t l c f i n i t i p r i n t r - '
nr ir inrarcs ig r r ra r r l i lc s irrc, i ind, dc asculc l lc l l , ra i l inc in f i r r rn : r1 i ,
nra icoopcranti i i cu ar i idc intcrcs r ra i a rg i .l '0arc
acesrc r isr l tur i
corcspuntl9i rr tcrcsulu i or lx r l i t ic ,nct suPcr i< l r . ' l i r l i sc i lang i i ,c
dc a l t i l l )artcr u r lcrnonstrat garrrdi r r r i ta t t lc intcrcsc ; i lc c.n-
t i lc tccor)runit irrclc in arrtocvalu i ir i lcor, ic l l r in i r l tc nstrrrnrcrrtc
t lc t t l i ls t t r l lr r t l ic i r tcl r l tc r io r . ccst rrcnr r rb l i l r i i rz , i li rp t r r lc r i c in l t -panic rc l lu ic rcor ic l r ta t i rc l ) ta t
[ )c l r t ru-i c i ; ; t ig r r
1 lc:c inr ir iprrg in
intcresagi; i r lP l ic l t i , Pc i r rd iv iz i i , retragi ' , , u o r iT.o l . l tu r ix istcn-gia lcnrai n 'Jrg iu itc.
o s c i l a n t i is -a t r i s t i ' s p r in r r - r r g ra t lm r r i r r r l t < l c , i r r r p a r t i a l i -tAtc " ' carca rczultat,probabil ,d in cz i r i i r i lc5i c l in rczcrvelc r . r r .nplus,oscilantiiarrP:irursiisufcrc?ntr-o nainrarcn)asLrriilc nadaP-
ta l l i l i ta tc .prol lat i ll l r in t r - t . rta rcspor i t i i c ncnruItrrnr irc i ips i idcincrcdcrc rr s inc. l ,src r .rn iParPs i l r , l .g ic r i l rc c lrno:icut, n crrrc
discontirrtrtlarc rcpercusirrni n Lone carenu sunt in directi legA-
trrn ic l r rn ( ) t ivu l t t fc r i r t tc i .
l,lstirrriirile crl'cctuatcastlPra alegiltorilor mobili propritt-zi9i,
c i lrc l l r rccu t r lc l i r tn l lart id a altu l, au indicat a l l t t r lc{ t re l l t l ie
l r ra t r ln considcrare i d irect iaschimbdri i .Nu att existat rds i l t t t r i
tlc llcrsOrrrtlitlrtcilre sil <lcoscbcascilccastil {tcgoric ca atarc.Cl a
t i l l rlc llcrsorralilttc, accStia u dovedit n ttririnlarc ntilsttrilascmA-
nriri crt sirrtpatiz.arrtii artidtrlui spre care att virat cleclt ctt cci alciiror larticl -arrallrrndonat.Dup'Jcum vom vcdca, acest tlcrtl este
valabi lpi pcntru a lte variabi le ocia le.
(jiit tlc rrrobili sunt alcgaltorii rnobili
Dacriantrrrriti irctori -au determinat pe oamenisd se rdzgindeascd
o clatii,poate ci au contribuit pi la alte schinrb{ri ulterioare. Exact
a$a -il pi ntirlplat. AlegAtoriicaregi-auschimbat o datd nten;iile
clc vot au first susccptil)il i de a se rrlzgindi din nou in orice mo -
nl"nr. in ansanrblu, 59Vo clintre schimbdrile decise de aleg'trtori
rlc-a rrngrtlinrrcgii campaniiau fost ntreprinsede doar 38Voclintre
alcgr'rtrrrii totrili (care, a rlndul lor, au reprezerltatdoar l9Vo di n
ar rs i r r r r l r l r r llcc(orrtu lu i) . ceast{ oncerttrarc unci scr i idc sc l t im-
briri nrrrltiplc ntr-un grup relativ mic poate i ilustratilgi ntr-un al t
nrocl. I)cntru ficcare interviu, putem clasificaalegdtorii in dourl
grrrprrri:accilr c:arcau rccttrs a o scltintbirrcde orice tip, intr-tttr
anunrit rnonrcnt, pi acciit care ntl att fdcut<r. Aleg:Itorii cilrc s-iltl
rilz.girrdit tlrrtrl rr irst de trei ori mai dispui;iclc a-gi schirnba lirr
norr ntcn; i i lc la rrrrrrdtorulntcrv iu, conrparat iv tr cc i carc ntt o
ftrcuscrti cloc.
Accastii nrobilitatc reprezintil nltmai tl exterrsie a inflLterrgci
irr tcrcseler i presiuni lor onfl ic tuale.Oamenii c: lrora i s-a prirut
dilicil sI distingrl rrtrc calit{li le celordoua partide ;i carc,?n acelaq;i
t in rp , nu au fost suf ic ientde interesa[i e alegeri a s{ a jr tngd a o
deciz, ic rr ost mai supugicurenl i lor de in f lucn l : la i campanieipi ,
i r r consecirr t i i .nai nstabi l i .
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I I .l / ,llu ani.run/ t,o/ttlni
l vo l t r f r r rr lcgr i todlor rrrobi l i
' l i r1 iacc5tir ttu u r l t r lcc iz. icln r r l i ln trc uni lc r tn ic i rro icnrlrr ic .) r r r ,
irr accstc ron'rcntc li{'critc, i nflrrcntclcarr irst lifcritc. )rirrra nllu-
cn [ i i ts t l l ) r i t lcc to r r t t t tl t t it rob i l n i t r rsanrb l t ts r r ryc l ] i trr urxt t tn ic,
o t l r t t i t t t c r r l r i t l l l r rc r ri r r r r r lc i .{cgrcrctrs irut i lcrccstor vcnin)crrtc l i l l
r i lz . l ro i t t lu r ( ) l )c : lnr r t i )s tcxtrcnr lc l i rv r l ra l r i lclc r r r r rc r r r l i lo r .) i r r t rc
cci carc; i-art lcc is otu l irr l t rnu rrrrrc,l ru i i rc in r iau i icut-o )c l l t ru
dcrrt<rcragi,n llrinrul rind <lirtoritii aptulLri ii o crizdcuropcanli re-
ccsitr t rc r r t inc rc l ra )utcrc r nrc igrrvcrn: ir i x l)cr intcntate.
Apoi irrr l rnrat or lvcngii l c ,arc lcctor i i urcs - i lu ro t i r r i t lc l l r r i t iv
in i t r l ic ; i r t t tgtrstg i c latorc ltz.tr( ) tu l in spccia l rccstor vcnirrrcrrtc.
A lcg l i to r i i c l rc s- i lu ro t r i r i t t l t rp r i )o r rvc r r l i i r{cprtb l icutr i r u l i rs t
ittru.sitt nrasri lc \\rillkic, rt vrcrnc ce oan)cniidcci;i dupii ( onvcntia
I)crrrocrat l i -arrr lp i i r ; i t n r r i cch i l i l l ra t ntrc cclc douirpart i t lc , lc ; ; i
i -a t t prc[crat tot ])c rcp t r l l l ican i .Agadar, c r io l r t la ongrcsclor -a
r r j t t t a t c r c p t r l r l i c : t n i ,) c l co l l r r r t c ,c p r r l l l i c r r r r i ir t r i r t u t c o n v c n l i c
sl)cctacuoirsri,rr curc \/illkic. slallsrrstinut inil irtrrnci. -il cnt'.lrcilt
pr irr tr- trn l iscrrrsjnal c locvent, n t imp cc dcmocrati iau t inut un
c()trKrcs onsit lcrat<lc o l r t i i tu r rcao adtrnarc )rost ) rga l t iz l r t l i;i
1> l i r : t icoas l iarc i -1 r i .s t i r rsa; i l lc cvcrr irrrcntc l crnrcr icrnc )rccc-t lc t t tc s i 0tt t0 logc lOi rrl l r i r t lcccr l : i la lcscrrrrr i t tr r t an t l id i r t)c l l t r t l
t rn a l trc i lcan l tn t la t . l r c , lnscc i r r l :1,lcg i i to r i iu f i ls tscdrt5 i lc < , rn -
grcstt l c lr tr lr l icanikrri r lc c r tn r l i t l l tu l <r r .rr <lctr in ' icntu llcnrocnl-
t i lo r . ln l i r r i r l . l i r r t rc ( ) t iorutrcni i i r rcau trccut a u:r a lt l la r t ids i r r r
t lo l r r ar t p r i r r is i t l . r nunrit l )a r t id ,n ic i n r i ic r runul nu a inv<rclt icp l r t t t i r r r r ral ) r r r t i ( lu lu i r r c ' . r t rz . i i ,lc c ' . r r r t l i r latu ll)cntn l postul rl c
v i c c p rc s c t l i r ) r ci r n o t i vu l s c l r i r r r l r i i r i i .l t r c i l c i r r r r i n c l i r ti c a n d i -
d a l i i i r r g i y i. r ) r c 5 c d in t " i cu i r s t . t c rn c l c " i r r c u c o n s t i t u i t t o t i -
v c l c s c l t i n r l r i r i i .
i r r t i r r r l l r r l r l t i n t c lo r i i p t i n r in i c l c c a rn p u r r i c u i ru l l v u t l ( ) c
cvcrr irrrcntc onrpirnr l l i l c ;a n l lrrcnt i l< : t rrr l i ingc:rc lr i r r rn tc i i cr r
corrvc t or l ) t r t dc ( r . r r n rpr rrccstc i.c r ioa t lc i rz i i . cc lc r lorrr l
l)ilrti(lc 5i rtlor:ltscriilcjir, rr )1rlrc. uantlulul \'otrlrilor.Si-r c ntorrr-
c c n l a c l l n l r t l r o c c s c lc ' i l r c ruu fc c t i r tl i s t r i l l n l i r r c c s l ( ) ra .
( 'A l ' l ' l ' ( l l , t 1 . t tl
Bfes111l
tlc activrrrc
Capitolul preccclcnta difcrengiatciltcl{oriilc
de oameni care gi-tltl schintbat intcngirrcl e
vot in t impul campanic i.Ce p t t tc t t t spt lne
insi despre naturo deciziei pe care itu lu?rt-o
in final? De ce au sfar;it prin a sc declara
republicani satt tlcnt<tcratitAici ajttngcnr la
unul d intre principalc lc ezt l l ta tcale s t r t t l i t r -
Iui nostrtt.Ceci, n timp ce oamenii czitil, nrc-
diteazrl9i 9i imagineazilcrl vor hotiri in ntttd
ra[ionaldrttmul mai lrttn pc carc l vor ttrnta'
1larc,ttlcsca, xrsillil srlprczicctl.tdc ht nccltttt
ce vor hot{ri ei sA acd n cclc din rrrmrt'Cltt-
nosciind cAteva dintrc tr{siiturilc lor spect-
ficc, putcnl s[)tlncctt destulilccrtittl(linc cunr
vor vota nfinal: se vor ahtura grupului cdruirr
ii apargin.Camllania nu titcc altceva dccit sri
le activeze predispozilii le politicc'
Sri explorirn mai intii deciz' ii lc ttittc tl c
acci oamcni pc carc i-ant nunrit ,,cristaliz'a-
to r i " , a t l ic i ls t l l l iccg i i r0rc,a l l r i l l l t t l i t r rcn ' i r t
d in luna nrai, t rc i l t t t t sc I t t l t r l r isc r ic tt c t t lc
v()rv()ta, lar att f' lctrt-o tt:ti ti irz,itl ' n tinrprrl
campanici. Prctlispoz.ili i le or politicc stttrt
c l tnosclJtc r i r rann l iz . l I ) l ) - i r r t lcx t l ls t r r l r i l i t
/ l6 / ,l l4,,,,1rnrrt/ t.tt/tr/ni
l',frr/u/
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i l r Ju ' i t r r r r lI I I . : - r r rc r i t r rt r l l i ccg i r . rr t r i l ( r i r i ic ' t l r i l r cr r r r l t r r i c i_natc i r l f i i t i l tcr i cc i t rc i I ' i rc tor i ,r i l . c l l r lsocio .rlcrrr,'-uur'r'ctrirt.riinscgulir" ,,,.',ri,,r'"t;:l'i:',i:';:l,lji,lili;c:r ; rcrs ' r r r r r irc cr ig ic . tor icr i ,t ,cr r i r r r rr r , r i r ' r r r r , , . i , , r ir r irr) lrrtir i i ,)(rrr '*ir irti ii r r fcr i<xrrcrsr:rrrcii t ,rs., . ,r ,r r t i ,s i tarcr)(ri lrr i i; t t t t c t t t t c : il c t - i ' , t r t l r c l c r l r ' t : r r r l i .)P r r s r r l ; r< ; c s t r r ii r r r l i v i t ll r i r r r t : 1 i cl c r c c i ; r 5 il c i r i r e r , r i r - i r. r r s r i t r r i t , r r c , r , r t , , r . tc t r : c l c , r r r il l r r r c r r r i c crcr spoz.i l rc
l lur l ic i l r
c: i : r rncr 1 , r , , , " r , , , , , ,)r()s l)cr.s r i ' r c s r ' r r r ) c l r ) l l c l r r ) c r i r ' r i c r i r r r c c s t r r c r c x r i s t i r r i z . l r t . r i l r rt : l r r cr r r r r r r rr r r r i r i r ' c r )o t l i r i t i , , r , , 1 , , , i\ , ( ) t ' r r r i ,r a r r r . i i i r z . i r r- l r r rl c c i s ' r r r ' r r r r r i ir c i r r r i r l i r r t r c . . i. , , ' 1 , , " , t ; r 1 , , , r i 1 i il c ' r r r r l i c r r r r cs _ r r r rr . t i l r i r t ' i r r r r i l r . c r ( ) r ) ) r ) r i c . s r - iv ' t c z c 1 , . r "1 , , ' t r r i a r r . i; i c : r ' t r c is l ' c r t r r r i inrrc r :c i crr p rc r j i .s lx rz i r i i< lcn r , , . r ,rlc r.crapiiigu*ril. nr,f"r, nrr_u,,," ,t:l:,. ::::: i:';l:1,r)rr(:rr rczicc crl ccrt irrrtr inccrrnsidcral l i r, irczurtatrrrel ibcr, i '_i lor.; lc crrrc ie clt i :rr r lcgri trrr i in1i1ir r r_tt;a1i;rccsrrrir't c'srcrurir.)c .'r, cztrrtrtJ,,':i:,ff;iJi]"J;]li:ru ir
cor)s;t i rt' ( i rr 'r:rrcir rc roi ' i rt i i , ci 'sc()atcrca asrr'raf i trda cc*rrvcclri , rccinclrr_lc1r"rr" r., ,g.1uufi ,", . ,r i r i r i i9i al clccizici .
Iiigttr:r 25: l,rtr/i.t1trt_:i1iih,.,rttri.rrtrrtlr/r.rrtrtt ll,l,, ta lu,rttti/.t/i /)t?xt(ult r/aixii/t: ril, ool rr r/crrtry r/iu tit,
iu ntz,u/ oanu,ni/rtr.rinr .runt /rt ittr)prrr rn,irtlrirti/iCristalizatoricu
prodispozil i ircpublicancCristalizatoriu
predispozil i idomocrale
l;;i;l(87)
.. t-auvotatpodemocraf
---.-. . . . . . .t_au olatpo ropublicani
Totalul o cazurr
rfuailh,an / / tz
(Jarrr,arri i lcclcct,rarc u't inrportanter; lr inrur rind pentruc: irn/icvrt::.i 'rcrrislr.zigiirchrc'tc. Dc lccc:r, c vorn .rrrc'tir clltrc'irrr:rfzrr rriri lctirri irti lrcccir eseI)ctrccen accstr)roccs eadiaare.
Itl 'occsrrldc nctivare
(' l i i tcr ' ' :rrrrr.r.gi i' r c.rrtr ibui acruri f icarcacr. ' i r icul icic 'rrcc'_tLrlrri c acri'irrc.O fbt'grafieseaflddejape u' negativ xpus, arcu rr al)arc /i ' i i cind ccrcare<-revcr'pcazri u o scoatc ir uminit- t tr i r i rrt i i o. rrrrrgi lrcl lal icl i l , l l r_rin toatrtrscupintctontrrstelors ; r l c ' ' s : l ccr l r rc ' t rcvc r 'pc i i r tr ,a , cxc rc : i ta t . i c ii ' i r t rc '1 l rr lnr'rr)r 'n,rrt i rrrrtului,ragini i . au sd nc gi indinr acol l i i i c lrrc e';.acii ' rrcriri, cu ' bucatd re hrrtic gi o rnonedii, nrllrinriindu-iaccs.reiarr lr6niecapulsaupajura.Nici o inragine u n, fi iegit aIrrrrira lirctrsrr'rafagaoncdeinu ar i avuto structriri i. ar slrnr.c:rr5111'gl l fc l)cr ' i tc,gc ca si lscoatcrrr, str l l raf i .rgi t, , , , , , ,r, , |
-u .
i t t l i trci t t lc ')r,PrtgatrrlrrJi ' t i rn;rtr l anrl ;alr i i l ,rrcccvi l . c 'r.rrrrcrr rcriu'cu btrgrafirruiau cArbuncruic deselr. aaclucc rccris-p'z'iti i lcalcg:rr'rirora iverrrlvizibiritagiiiarcxpresiei.'I.ransfbrnratcntl i rrtclc ol ir iccatclttentr_ur.rot manifcst.
l ;o r tc lc r lc l tc t ivarc )c (, : r r^1r. , r . , . . , r ; . . . . -
rcir r , ",r,,,,r;,ff. ii,'i"Tul,'',*::ffi".:111,;Tfi,::i:' r ' r i r lc: zi i rrclc ' c ' istcrc;i racri .ul .n al tr. i rcn d'd, i ' frucngcrc'c:rs,rrrrlc:rirct;tc irrc, $a 'nr von)vcdcanttri i irzirr,l lot fi l 'aiirrrlrrrrrrrrrrcfccir;rulll icitateapult/iciryl
fr" ,.rr,i largi. n cclc ccrrr)lci lzrllc i ,()r.ocupan l lr inci 'alcic ' .dtrl i ,r , ,rcnnr,r,,*a,rU*l irrrrr ir l : ilcz"rrr l srrrr ct ivcazrt.cri 'at i i rc atcntc rearcgi l to.rlrr i .
(-icipnLru pu;i ai rrctivarii
l ixisci 'at.r llasi trcccsivi'tr-u'proces 'rornrare uctivare.i uornc.. ' i r r)cscurtgi 11,i ()nrcxpunc'rai cretal iatProbcrc,r",. ,rr, ,t iccarc l inrrc i.
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I /ll / ,llutrrti.tttttr/'otrr/rti
l. l>rr4n.gtrtr/rt /rrx',t/t, itt/t:rt:.ru/'. )c rrxisrrrri cc cantl)ilni;l ia l)r()-
l ) ( t r t i , ( ) r l t t )c t t i i ' r t rcnt t i l l r l i )s t n tcrcsrr t i nccp s i i - i rcorr lc rr i n t l t l t i i
: l t c n t i c . i n r t < : c s tt l ( l i u , l ' o l r r r r r u l r c s c i r r t la l l l r o p l r g a n < l c i s t c c c l
crt rc: t l : tz i i s r : l rrDIXr rc l r .
2. Inlrtr:tt/ rtt'.rrtt/ rottr/rtr,, h o rt'rt'/t/it,ilrtlr nni il,lu?: Vc nrl'lsttrit
t c o i t l t t < ' t l t l r ' rc c s t c s t i n ) i t i r r t c r c s l r l r i v i r r t l i i r t r r o l i t i c i l , l t c l ) l i l
lo r s l tor i t l i i i t lc tcrrn i r t i l s l l r r r r t l i r c l rsc r l r t t r -o rn i isur i in . t i r r l l t rc ecca
cc l i sc o lcr i i . ln i t i l t iva a lcgr i rr)nr lu i cstc nra i cv idcnt i i iu accst
s ta t l i t r , ar rc l r r t i i r src circular: i . tent iasp . r i t r iducc lao cx[)uncre
n)ai ntcnsi i ,carc sr irr)cprc i rn i r inru lt i r r tcrcsrr li a tcngia i ducc
l r to c x p t r r r c r c; i r r i r in t c r r s l i i a s i r n l r i l c l l a r t c .
.\. lltn/it r,.r/t 'rr ' /tt/it,rj:)c rrrilsrrrii c irrtcrcsrrlcrci;tc ;i irlcgli-
t r r r r r le<rngr ic i l i / .c ' , r / ,2 \lcs t i i i ; r r ra rcavcninrcntc lor. nccPsii ntrc n
jrc prct l isPoz-it i i lcL r i . ) in ganra argri propagiln( lc i l isP.n ib i lc ,
cl irtcc:1lc ii sclccLcz.c. a prc[cra trrrclc lrogrirnrcaltorrr; ril n)crgcl r t l t t c l c r r t r r r r r i r ir l t i l c g r r t l l i il c c i t r r r l t c l c ; i r r r t c l c g c r r r r r u rn r i t
I t t c r r t l i t r t r - t t t tl i s c t t r sn t l c t l i r r r c r r t t r lr l t r r i a ,l i r r t r - u r rr l t l i s c t r r s .
As t { t l , i r tc t r t i r l r r i sc lcct iv{ consoli t lcrrz ir rcdispozig i i lc Lr care
in t r i i in carrrp irn ic.n accsts ta t l i r r ,n i t i r r t ivai lrpart incaproapc n
i t r t rcg i r t ic r lcg r i to r r r l r r i: i r rcl)rosl)cctcr lz l ic rc l )u i . i nrra cc l r l rc l r rc
l r t c Pr rPu ; , , r t r r r l r l .r r r l i f r c r r t l c r r r r j l . r r c c l cPr r l l l i c i t r r r cusc r r . r : ,
a t c n l i r r c l c c t i v r i i r r t l i v i t l r r l r r is t cccac a rc - i l c t c r rn in i t l c g c r i l c 2 .
4.l'oluih, .reoisla/irertz.ri:n firral, au icsir lrr lLrnriniidcstule
d i r c c t i i l c g i r r rd i r c i r u c r ) r i n r c n tci r t c n tc ; is r r f i r : i c n tcl r g lu n c r ' r t c
r l t l io r r : r lcrrr i rs r ) rc l l r i l lc l i r rc:rrrrprrn icl)cntru l sc . lungc i ro dcci-
z. ic . L ir tcrr lc lc tru r lcvcrr i t r r r r rn i f ' cs tc ;csigrrranta l isparc; lcg i i -
toru l cstc gr r t i r i i - ; i lc i rv r l t r r l .
| ) l r rpu{ r r l r r l r rsporc;te r rLcr r l ia
I)c t t t i is t t r : i c tot t t ta i t t t t l t l ipro l l l rg irncl i i- r t cv i l r .s t l t)cstc l is t r ic tu l
l ' l r i c , r r r l c P l i s i tx r r i c r c l c ro r r r r : r l cl c c z i s t c r r t t : ii r ra t l r r sr l c g c -
r i l c i r r i r t c r r l i r ru tu r ( ) r . ) i i l i v r r l r n r c r r i ,i r a r t cl l t r t i r r i , o r l i r r l r n i r s
I,.ftrnl rk rrtitnn I ll9
inscps i l t i l i ,d r r r ,pe ansarnblu,n d is t r ic t ,antp l i f icarc antpanic i t
{ i rs r u l l la t l l lc r :rcgtcrcantercsulu i. ntrc l r rn i lemai ; i octomlrr ic .
prgportria ulliecpilorneinteresafide camparriea sctlztttdc lrr 3'/6
la 7o/o,ar Propor;ia cclor ce au nlanifestat un interes puternic a
crescut <le t ZllVoh 38Vo Figttra 26).
Accastl crcf crc gclcra l i l a in tc rcs t l l t ti r l ) l l tcx i a t r i l r t t i t i lkxtr
apropicr i i z i lc i rr lcgeri lo f,nsd avcm l ' tos ib i l i t i r teae a s t t r t l ia t ru i
indeaprotrpe elaliadintre explnefea la propagandi9i nivcltrl inte-
resului. VIetoda a fi explicatdaici mai am'inun[it, cticiva fi firlositii
c lcmai multe ori n acest tud iu .Numai pc baza nterv iur i lor cpc-
rarc, c1 accia;i indiviz.i, stc 1-rosibiltr naliz.rltnltent rclalirl<.linrrc
i l f l r rc r r lc lc cxcrc itatcasl l)ra contunit i t i i 9i sch i r l rb i i r i lclc op i r r ic
caresurvir l n t i r r l l ; .
Sd incepenr crr oantenii care au exllrinrat un gra(l ntctlilt dc
inrercs alli clecantpanie n luna august.$tirn clit ' ; propagandri oli-
t ic . . l u c i t i t s l t t ta t t asc t l l ta t ntrc l t rn i lea l lg l ls t ; i octornl lr ic c l t l l ' r l l
i r r r l i t : l t to r t t lt t tc rcs t t l t t i cncr l t l t lcsc r is n Crr l r i toh l lV. At : t t t t t , i1
irnpdrlin'r ace$ticetdleni nre{itr intcres:r;i tr fltltt ' .1 nlllttri - tccia
cares-agaratatntai reccptivi lccit mcdia pi cei cares-aucxptls nlai
ptt[in. S-ar tutca incerca9i o clasificarcmai ntlal][atil, lar aceasta
l.-igtrra ?6'. rterrsul Pcnhil ahgci av,rle iluotiohil, 7v nti.ttrrii
ceuubatia fi)ailsenzd
Nivelul interesului August
Mare .. .
Mediu .. .
Ma i
FInl""ltl@(2.7ss)
Nu l
Oclornbrie
r-ll"*lt-tl.'.1U(e46)1 . o 1 7 )Num6r otalde cazuri
I J0 /' l lar,tni.rnrn/ r.yt/tt/tttl,Jrrtu/ lr ntnwtr / lJ I
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c l in r t r rn i inu r r r l \rca vantaju l in rPl i t r ig i ii al 1 l : is t r i i r i i unr irLr lu i
dc r:azrrr intrc r r is tc i rn i rc czonalr i lc .( urn s-a n . r l i l lca tn ivc l t r ldc irr tcrcs l cc l< l r l . r . r r ru l l r r r i n tre
htni lc august ocron)l)r ic?l i r t i
sL r l> icc t i ir i l r t r r r iscar rrn rrtcrcs
nrcdiu n i trrgust;otrrg i,l l i r r { in octoml;r ie, n i i pi s l to r isc r t l ,ar a lg i i
i ; ; i P ic rd t rsc r i ll i r r r r tc rcs . )c t lc i r l tdp i r r tc ,gi t : : r r r t i t i r tc l rlc Pro l l r r -g r rn r l r la c r r rc r r r i rs tcx l l r rg ia t lc tcrrn irrat r l i l ' c rc r r I ic rc c r r r r r i l l -
cat iv i l r i r r tcrcsrr lu il)cnrru alcgcri ( l ; ig r r ra27) . l) in trc <:c icu ocx[)Lf crc n l i r t n larc decAtnredia,2 lo/o 'att lcpr ip it ive lu l mediu
ciitrc un grad rllrc dc intcrcs. lr vrcnte ce dintre cci cu o exprr-
Ircrc mai nr ic i l lcc i i tnrccl ia umai t lTo u evoluat<Jc a rrn ntcrcs
nrcdiu la unrr l nrarc.Nrr nrrnrai rccerca inr l lLr lu i r ust i f icatcreg-
tcrca ntcrcsrr lrr i , r tc i inrpul r { irst rcc la i ; il lcntru urrrbclc rupuri.
.5 in ic i nu putcnr cxpl ica difercnrc le din octombrie pr in cl i feren-
tc lc d intrc nivclrrr i lc n it ia lcdc interes, i ic i . runcic i ind a c leburat
corrrparrr; ia( ) r rs t r i l ,ogisrrb iecgi i c s itrrau rracclagin ivcl ( t in i ind
liigtrra 27: Ateo.rtu lirtgtuttrri se .eferri oar.la oaneaii cu utt itfere.r
uediu in luna au,qust.Cd ran din augustpittri in octon-
ltrie rik.rc Sia-rcultri infornnlii rle.sfrt canrlnnie, nai nu/t
rlrri r u rrl a rc i 1r' o . rrti ;s srp r n a-,r .s1 o ir n vsu ,
r.ortt/tarrtfiu tu rvi utrv sc 6pul .rubarca.stuincr/ic
Nivelul inleresului
Mare --..-.-.-.--. .
Mediu
Expunere
deasupra odieixpunere
,b modi6
f8% I
rltll*':itlt-J( 1 5 2 )
E
Sl
Nu l
(127r,umAr otalde cazuri
4V"
scrunll lc trcl)tclc destttldc largiale sciiriinortstre) n )rivitlta preo-
c r r l l i t r i i r rcc l i ir r l r I lc pol i t i cd. n pcrioada ttgt ls t-{)ctontl lr ic tv t t t
lo r :o cxptrrrcrc nrr i rrarc a l lro l lagandd, arca c lt ts a t t t r r ivc l dc
i l l te lcs s t tbs t i tn t ial ra i r id icat n l t tna octotn l)r ie. O corttparagic
s i r r r i l r r r i iI )c ur) ntcrvalde t in r l l l t ta inrarepi antcr ioraccs t t l ia , l i l i
cx irct l i r r rn l t i p in i l in i t t tg t ts t , c l r r t cc l lg i rcrz.u ltat.)
Crc;tcret intcrcsului conduce la o exputrere tnui tnare
( ) clatii cc i-a fost stirnit interesttl, cetdteanttl ncclte str cattte
i r r l i r r r r rag i il in propric n ig iat iv l .Ant v i lz t t tdc ja , n C)a l t i to l t t l , ci l
<,anrcni i t t tn intcrcs n l i lnarc )ctr tru r lcgcri c cx l ) t t r l n t r - r lnra i
rrrarc niisurri ' ltrxului propagandci.Dar prrrentoarc tlenlonstra cd
r r ivc lu l n i l ia l n ra i id icatal in te resu l t t i t rage upai ine pi o cxpu-
ncrc rnr'ti ubstrrnlialtl?nterviurile repetatcne 1'lcrmitaccst tlcnl.
S i i r r rn l l r i ru , l in rrorr, rctodanoastr i l i i t t ta i trdeullroaltc.
\'orr.r nccpc crt llcrcchi dc grulluri care n pcri<,radaltgtlst-()c-
tornl>ric c sitrrrrtr e aceeagi ozigie agradde expttnere a tlli lteria-
lc lc propaganrl is t icc lc catnpart ie i l cctorale.)ouri se sit t tatt a t tn
r r ivc l n l l r . r t l tc lo t t i l i t t t t n ivc l r t tcc l i t t - i t tal t .o t t t l a t t t r t ivc l t tc -
c l i r r -sc iz t t t i , r r s i l15 i t . ou i l a un nivcl scalzut.n l t tn i rattgt ls t, l tc
u l l gru l) r l i r r jccarcl lcrcchea nr i l r tu r is i tur ntcrcssu l ls t r t r t t ia lt t1 i l
rlc elrnrl'riirric,l)rc rleosel;irede ceLillrltgrttl),carc a aritltt li; lsri lc
irrtclcs. )roblcnra cstc urn){toarea: c s-a tttirttltlat cu cxl)tltlcrca
la rrratcrillclc carnllaniei n cazttl accstord<ltt:igrttpttri ltcrcchc,
s in r i l i r rc in ptrnctrr l lc vcdere al expuncri antcr ioare, ar d i fc r i tc
din pttnctu l c lcvcdere al gradulu ide intcrcs?
irr pcriolclaallgust-{ctombrie, cel ntai nteresat rtrpr in flccare
pcrcclrc a c i t i t 9i a rscultatmai multc in f< l r r rug i ir iv inclcanrl la tr ia
(liigrrrit2l' ' i). ' l 'crrtlinla cncralala carcnc-tlnla$tcl)tat,lcccllcil l)crc-
c l r i lc c r t ( ) r)rare xl)rrncre n rtra i-augtrst i l - l i mcn [ in i i n ivelu l c lc
irrtcrcs gi in rtttgttst-<rctonrbric,stc viziltil i i itr curttit rrtrcgii dia-
guunc. l)ar pc uoi nc prcocupil nici dittrcnlclc rliulrv ltivclttrilc
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| 2/ / t l ln tttvtn/ i.wlulttt
l;igtrrir 2u'. (':rh'/n/t upruli rh ttirv,luri slrt/ti/t.t./ifttn.vln tt/rc
o,rrtt.rtii ru grrtr/e r/i[r,it. r/r alttttrctr: ht l,tprt,grttr/ri itt
f/7ntil p/t,k lt rntttptrrtit,i. Li .s_aunryrirlit h firtrfie degritrh/ lrtr r/e itkrcs rliu luna au.qu.sl.Cri nni itttr:te.sa/iautilit,ri au a.sruhrrl
trtti rttu/lc rttrtletia/epriuiloarc /nrt,ttftarir itt r/aur.rtt/ rt/ti r/r-a rhua /tdrli a arc.t/t'ia, ltterlt t.rlti r l,' t t't,/ t r th, o . r/r (..\| u n (.
Expunerea inmaisi n otcursuluniiauqust
Mediu-inal ld Mediu-scAzutA ScSzutd
| 4 , 5
(186 ) (186 )bf
74 ) (33)
L-r Interes are n august f::r Interescizut n august ) Totalul ecazuri
l l c c r i r c iPc rc t : l r i .I r r r r i r i r r r r r cr r t c r c sa r r r rg r r s t r - r s c r r r r ra ti n ra rr ) r i r rc x l)uDcrc i r r ) l i l tc r i i r lc lc : r r r r ;x r r r ic ir r urr i lc carc: rr rrnrat.
r \ccs t l .c^r rrc pcrr. i tc s i i rcrrr ' 's tr i inr ccl dc-al < l< l i lcaPuncta l p r , c c s t r l r r il c r c t i v l r r c , ; i r r r r n r cr l , ' t l r r t l i t i n r i t
n t c r c s u l , l s ev r r n u n i l c s t r rr rs c r r s u lr r r c i x p r rn c r i l l o r i t c . ) c l i r p 1 ,c i h r i t r c to r iln tc r r tc t r ( ) l )c r rz . i i .- lc lc t lo t r l i cztr l tatcl)c c i lrc ( )c rn i l ic-arn lcscr iss l l l l t I )artc l i r r t r - t t t - tl ) roccs i ( ) t ) t in l t t t .I)ropagirnt l l rl r tcc a rrr l te rcssP.r i t ,c i r rc , a r in t l r r l r r i , i f rrccPcoanrcrr i ru i lo r r r ic i i isc- xpuni.i t t c , r r t i ' r r r i r rc ,l)ro l)agrr.r lc i; i a ,s i rr ra i rc1l.r tc .3)^r , arr lcrur.r o ' rv c r l c i t r r : c l c : c r r r r r c l r z { ,r rc r r r s t t l c c s tu il ) r ( ) c c s u t ( ) f i t t r r r c r r i is l l n t c x l )u f r r c c l r r i a l ii l t t l c p ro l l l g l r n t l i l .
l ;./ittul lr nlx.tttr f
Atcntirr cslc sclcctivti
At lcsca, ntr-o t:anr1 ' ranictrezidcngia l 'Jlrcr icani l ip ic i i t t t t cx is t r i
tunec[i l ibnl l lc r fcc t ntre ntatcr ia lt t l avorabi l<lctt locrat i lori cc l
fav r l ra l l i l cptrb l ical i lor; otu$i, ine vreasdsc in lbrntczc lcsprc l
tab i l r i i tnunlc lx ) i t tcgi ls is t t f ic ic t t tc atc. Si tL ra [ i l o l i t i t ' r i l i r r l is-
t r i t ' rr l i r i c , i r r u l r r l 9 4 0 , c s t c { c s c r i s ' J i l t ( ) i r p i t o l t r l X l l l ) .) i t t o f l ' r t i r
r r r r rc l r t t ic cc l t iva l i r t : i: t1 Xl ) t t t tc rca ..h r t rc t t i i t t tsc l t :c t r t tt t r t tc : r i r t -
lc le l lo l i t ice n cr-rpcordlnIz lu l t ro l t r i i lc or g r ts t t t r i i l l rc t l is l loz . i l i i .
(llrilr si cc:icarc ntt lttaserii ttcii o lttlti lriirc s-atlcxl)l-lsacclci l l r r>
l lagurrt lc t lcc r . ' : t tcl rc t l is lx lz . i ; i i l r l ror lo l i t icc t r t : l i t t l r t ' t t t ls t ic l t tc .
Accs t f i r l l t cstc l lor c lc cn t t l t ts t ra t . ) i t r t rc t t i ica rct t i l t l f ' , l l : i lt t l
irveauo itttctttic fcrrrtti c vot stttttclasillclti dttlx-tttrlcxttl prctlispo-
z rg i i lo rpo l i r icc ( l l )P) in doui gnrpLrr i : :c icu caractcr ist i t : ioc i i t lc
carc -ar i trc l ir ta prcclctnttcrat ii ce i c t t r i is i i t t t r i: r t rc :l l t l ic l ip rc t l is -l t r l z i l i i c p r r l y 1 1 , . . t 1 r . .r i r c . J p l i l l t i t l ' i i t t c l l i 6 l t t t t c t t it t t t ' l t 6 t , t t i t '
scrr i nc: l i lsu l ) t r t' o t t t l t t i .Apoi nc \ /o t l l t l ( l rc [ ) t i tl fc t l l i i ls l l rc L ' l t r l i r r
carc au fbst cX[)tlf ctlntUniciirilrlr ttll it icc, (lilr cl volll fitcc lttlltt tt n
i r f c r i tc r i t r . jc nc i tr tcrcscaZ. act lm ntt n ) i l icstc ' i l l l t i (a tc i l ,'i u lnrt '
rcapolitit 'ria rnaterialclor a care au fost expllli ' ' I 'oltc tliscttrsttrilc.
i l r t i ( ' o lc lc l i r r rcv istcs l t l rc la t l r i lc < l inz. irrrc)c calc r t f i r t t l r i: i l c - r t t t
c i t i t s iu r c - r r r rrscultatr tr i rs tc l i rs i t i t ' a tcn f l lnc l ic t lc co t t t i t t t t t t t lor
l lo l i t ic .As t f l , r l ln l)Lrtut las i f ic r rip t r l lc i t t tc rcs t l f icc i i r t t i s t l l ) icc t
c r r i in t l prct lorn in irnt c l )ub l icx l l , rc tk r t l i t r i t t t tlcrr tot i t ts : t t t tc t l t r l
( i n r r l t i r r r r r l' r r l . .l l [ ) i c ( ' t u lt t a s c t t l t r r s ca l r t t c i t i s c t i r r r i t ' s r l l tl ( ( ] r -( l i lsc rtcnt ic r r r t todcg l t l t t t l rc lo r l ) i t r t ' i ( lc ) .
l)crsoattc lc t rc i i t r r lcc isc ii c t l t r r \s i l t t t r it ' o t to t t t i< 'c .c l ig irxrsc i
rcziclclttialc arc i caractcrize'ttidcollicci pc rcpttlll ir:itlti -rll l xl)lls.
r lc rc :g r r l i i ,r r r r ta i ta rc t . t t is r t r r irr tpagattt lc ic l ) t l l ) l ic i tncl ; ig r r r r r ( ) ) .
( ci r r lc : r i r ' ( ) r. ' i r r r lc tc r is t ic ic t ' r t t t r t t t t i t :c ,c l ig . io:rsci lc r . . ' lc t l i t r t t i-
: lu ins cr i t r .cle rrocrx l inurnu l i r i tProp l rg r t t r t l r llo - t lc t t to t : t i r l r it t t t t r t t
r r r r rc r r i is t t r i lcc i t l)c cca l t ro - rc l t t tb l ic i tn r i .
l ix is t r i ce l pupin kr i { 'actor i arc dc tc rn t i r t i i tccstc l i l i ' rc r r t i t : r i .
I lnul cste cxtcr ior a lcgitort l l r t i .Accsta <tctt icstci t t r t r ii . s t fL ' l l
lJ.l / tl luutr.ruu/ uolultti l.Jntul de rntirvuv / | J5
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liigtrrrr 2(): )uttcttii (iltr.,tu.t-ou i(i.r inri asu/trn :otulrri ortr (.,\'lu,t ttui tttrtftltrnlta.qunlri partir/n/ui rzjltr nrr
ii prt'r/i.t1tu ttnr/iu
Prodispozi l i iopublicano
Au rrrnr?rritn modaoalpropaganrlaropublicani i po coa democrati l
.. nri urmllrit n principalpropaganda emocratA
Au urmnritn principal'propagandacpublicand
Totalul e cazuri
(Subiocli iari i o decizie e vot n lunaaugust)
Predispozil i iomocrate
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c r t c f t c z l r l r cl ) c l r t r i l c r r r r i c r i ,' i l r c lu r tn l i r i l c :g r i r l ) ; lc p r r l l l i r : r r r r c ,
sr lu ()cuicftc i ro r i r ; , r ; r r i l : rLrc lcl r r inru lt ,c l isc r r t i i i r r t rc olcgi is i l in lunc i t ( ) r i .crrrc sl,nt pro-s indica[c;i pro-r lcrrrOcratc. nturajrr lsc lccteazi il ) ro l)agan(laa carcsul) icctu l ste cxl) i ts .
I )a r r r r r r i x is t i i ;i r rn clL 'ct c l l rc sc drrtorc:rz i ' tl l rcc l is l loz . ig i i lo rPs i l t o lo g ic ct l c i l t t l l c o r t l t i c n tc l c a l c g i i t o ru l r r i .) i n n t r l r r c ro r r s c l cI t r icx l lcr icrr tca . tc r i . i r rc ,l)c carc c rru ; ia lg i -rarrc ' ii i , grrrpLrlrr icc.nonlic , rc l ig ios ic . ,n r r tn i ta r ,lcstc prcg l i t i ts l iacccptc numitcIucnrr i r . i r i r r r r r l t cc i t pc altc lc. s itual. ia ui, ater n tc rn i i ,c l i t gicxtcrnii, l oricntclrz.dntr-rrn cl satr rltul.Alcgrlt<lrriz.butcsc unrvasi l : ic lcctczc l i r r l r r . r r r llc s t i r r ru l il )c lcc i : l lc carc srrnt nai nc l i -
'a [r s r isc lascc' 'v i 'g i . Ast{ 'c l c int inrp ld c i i , c i t inc lpi ascLrlt i inddi ' cc n cc nrai r ru l t , i c lcv i rd i 'cc i. cc rna ic 'nvin; i tJc .,stetcapr.pr ic i l ' r 1 l .z ig i i .i i accst tr1 lt c c ' lrdrrce sr)rc r )on lc . tu l f inal:Iu lrrca lcc iz , ic i .
Vot trrilc sc cristlrlizcazti
l i i i r r lu rn ra r r i i s tc ,d in punct dc vcrlcrc r iokrgic,l rcg i t i t r i )cn t r l l
a rrcr ion:r. rrcori ,g i i r r t l i rca i cmo; i i lc P<l r i c t r l t iva tcci l scoP n
sirrc, lur r:cl rrrai trlcsca unt folositeca siiglridczcacfittnea. {czul-
t r l t l r l o ln l i l l l procrrsrr lrr ic act iv l trcx r l i t ic i i s tc lc tt t lc l c tvo t r t . ;a
( :un l rn l v i l ; , r r t ,i r ccsitr t c jungc r lc o l l icc i n trc i cta l)c: l ) i t r lb r -
rr)rr i i lc lcsprc anrl lanie; i propaganclat irncsc n tc rcs t t l ; 2) ntc-
rcsrrl, a rlindtrl lui, declanqeazlceutareanrai multor informagiiq; i
s t irurr lcazi i l isponib i l i ta teae a urmdricu nraimu l t i i a tenpic veni-
rrrcrrtc lc, lar 3)atcngia lcgit t<lru lu iestc i r i ja t ' ic lc prcdispozi l i i lc
l r t i . r t l ic r l l v r t lcs r :o l lc rinai t lcscccitcc va c<t t rs i t lc racccptalr i l
l )c l r t . ru l . ( lc i r :rrrc la l;oroazi l ratcr irr lc lc c c iur l .ranic t t sa rc i t r i t
r lc - i l l r rn iza rnulu i ,ra; ional" rot ivcbttncpi acccptal l i lc r in carc
cl s r i -1 i nst i f icc alcgc'rea, c tc rmina t i i ,u nratrel ) i l r tc ,dc a f l l ic r i lc
sot lr lcs r r l r i i rcc : r r tc .ntr-un anunritprrnctal ccstt t i rascu, lovcz. i lc
r r l i r r g r r r n i v c l s r r t i s l r t c r l t r l r ;r r d i v i r l u l s t c c o n v in s ;a l c g c rc i t : s t c
dc f ln i t iv r r t r in nrod con$tient.
in tcrnrerr i s ihologic i, c tLr l eciz ie i nchcic coln l)ct i [ ia r - r te r i -
orrni. ln sistc-'nrlc virlori i cle oialitati sii z.icern, clc dctnocratc
- - r , : lco r r r lu t ; r : ,l i r t : i l s tc l ) l ls n frrncgit trrc,lr o an t t rn i t r i in ic r lc r
ru t ;1 i r t r rc .c l r i l r r l t is t r : t t tcc l rcpul l l icr tn) rnPl ic r lt r r t tod l i lc r i t t lc
lupriv i ; i r lc rrl)crccl)c ampania. t i t t i rnp c i i t tot ir ircrt cste ar l r i -
natri, anriinckrrrii1'rot i recunoscutc ca valitle, unii alcgiitori chirr
nrutin(lu-sc rlc la rrncaclru lc efcringzia ccLllalt. )ar oarncnii sunt
inr lcrrrr lr t i rrs istcrrt i i votczc, gi fa l l tu l de a rttrn i incblocagi rr trc
t lo r r r l . r r l rc rc ,lc a urr sc t lcrr t ihca u n ic i una, c crccaz' . I n scr)t i-rrcrrt rlc disconfbrt.A te hot' iri l)resupunca liisa cleopirrtc cca ce
1>in r in rnorrrcntrt l cc iz ie ia consti tu itun cadruposib i l dc g i i r rd i rc
5i t lc l lc , rcc l l t ic ;i i lc f iona n conforrn itate u ccl i la l t .
Ar r rv r lz r r t unl rrrgulncntc lc i t i tc ; iauz. i tc lc s r r l l rcc ; i l rn t () t
n r t i conl irr t trcP1ofi l11[111r t t l l t t r i l< l ror socia le. rgttnrcntc lc surtt ,
irr f rrzri lnitlri rr tlccizici, mli dcgrabii ni$rc urlintari clcciit rrii;tc
inf/trrttlr. i,l c trnlri, ilsclncncir nclicrrtoarcloruticrc, drlrrlrrl carc
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I Jlt / ' l lt, atr'trttt/ tttlu/rtt
t r c l r r r i c rn ) r : l rl ) c n rn l r r j l u rg c i r l c s t i r r i r t i al ) r c s ta l ) i l i t i i .s t l c l r : i i ,i n t r - r r r r c l , r ' o r r r r i l c c s t l r l l i l c s cr r c c s ta l l ) i r t n r l c u t l r t l i r r .) r c r l i s -p , z . i t i i l c . l i t i c c g i a t i n i t l i t i l c l c n r l ls t l b i l c s c . t c r r r l i n t r i ;( ) r c cucc cstc c it i t 1i atrz it lcv inc r r t i l1i cf ic icnr lrera i l r rpc i i t l g lr ic lcazi i
Pc a lc g r i t o r: r t r c l c s t i n r r r i l rPc r :u rc l c ju , ,a l l c s -o " . ) c i r c c c i r ,r r r
r t r l l r tn rc l l t : l lc ic r r t r r r : l rc l i r r r t ;1 i r rlc i t - l t .0 t t t , i t tg rrc r lc l i : i to r rli r ( : l( ) n c z c . t : c s t r r; i g r l s c ; t c i r r g r r rr ro l r i l r r l .r p r r r r r c r r t r r lr r c lo r r rlirnctia dc ir r/uilil irzl l)cnrru cl rn.drrl dc a girrrli i; i lc a acfionil l) ccrrrc stc dcj ir pc urn r i t i r tc ongticnt : i ; i - ldorcStc. ]anrparr i . .lec-trrraliinrr rrscamnal scric ;tc o ta/tu/a nsnrczrc aratiloarrrcnil<lr r\ ' ( ) t r l r i l c o r s r r r r t c x ; l r c s i cn o r rn r r l : i ,o g i c r l i r n r r in r r r l t r r r r p r r i
l )u t i l l incv i tab i l i i r cnt l in fc lor r r r : r r rcic r : r r rc-u rrscr is lc 1. )s r r tc :c r i t t tc lc l t ts t r r i r i o ttorctc or r t r t i lcl)cntru : lar i f lcurc irc lo rl ) i l t11s t i r t l i i l c l l r o c c s r r l r r il c a c t i v i r r c .
( i i tcv r r i l r rsL r . r i r ir lc ac t iv r i r . i i
i r t rcgu l I)roccs lcact ivarc stc lcsrrrr lc .nrp lcx,si su l r icc t i i .s t r rn u a u l ) l i n r t r i c c o r r5 t i c r r t il c c l . T r r r l i t o n r l l z c s tc rnc rc rn P l r r( iP i c . r r l r t l i r r t t t c r v i r r r i l cto r t s t r c ,i l l r c r r r r t i l' r n n - l r r . j r t l sr r x p r i -n lrrrc.rPrc r l isPoz i t i i lo r o l i t icc . is tc vorlrrr lcs l l rc ur] l)r() tcstant,pro l lr ic tar r lc nragrrz, in.u l r r r r ivc l soci ' -ccorrornic jc t ip l l s rloci l inr l i r r tr-o z .o r l i r r r ra l i i . r r l l r in rc lc r r r r i r l t : ; i r r r r1 l r r r r ic i. , , , - , ,
l ) l r tu t l l ( , t l i l i l su l ) r i rn ic i t rn r r ic i rn t l i r l l t . sc gi irrdca d l{o<lscvclt
l i rscsc rrn lxrn Prc ; ;cd in tc , i ic trsc nrrrtc cf ' rrnc i rn l l ' r tan tc ai, .nc - l l ' c r i t jc rcvo l t r l i i r l r tc rn r i , i l rcsc s l)urrc lr : r I r r rcn i r r t i iara,, .l r l i r n i r i r l l r r r r i r tr i , , < l i r c i i : r ri : r l r c in r l l r r r i ,v i l l k i c a r i l r u n , , . ) a r
Prcd is l loz i t i l ru cl lubl icarrr i-a nrpins n rrrodnrr t r r ra lr i t rc[)ro l)a-g r r r r t l : ruvor i r l r i l r i)a r t i t l t r l r r i{cprrb l icrrn.s i ,p inr i i r r l r rn r r c l ) tc lu -[ . r r ic .cc t l r r i r ()r)sccvc|rt i lr r r r r r r i i i r rc i r r r : - l rrst irrcu c \ \ r i l l l i i c l - i rr t l i r r i r r tr rcc i l r r lg i rc r r l l r i i r i g r r rp t r l r r ir iu rc i i r l : ,Ac t , t r , i / l l , i / / t . i rJa ic-sit turtftri ,ria .r1tt.r tn/nr n, /uplri - ulliirarcaestc lrrcrul ccl rnaii r r ) lx ) r tan t' r r r r i i . t lcsc s i i - l . tcz 1lc l [ . . .1 . . r i p l ircc; ; i l r .g ra r r r r l
l,./tttrt/rlt ttrlittttt / /.l/
I t t icco t r6 t t t i t : .i i t t t lc : i nccarc i l { t ru se antestcccl l n l i r t : t : r i i s : i r tL
rrc ir)r1r<rvrirc/-cu taxc. An ritit rlisrur.rtrih'politirt'nlr /ui Wil/l'irin
C/rt'r/a ur/ Pln t Denhr."
IJn a lt nt ocl dc a u rm. . i r i o l r t l ac t iv l i r i icstc t lc i t vct lc l t c ttr t t
in r l t lac r i ln argltnrentc l i { ' c r i tc t r r t t re , )c l t t r t l s t l l r icc t i le l l r r lvc -
I r i c r r t i l l i l ' c l i t r ,L In t r l l i r r t r c l o g a n t r r i l cr r v o r r t l r i l cr r i \ i i l l l i , i c r r rcc l < rrc: l ) ln lc : r :i l l rcp rcz , in t ' .1c lc l l r r I t t t rc r ic i t t tl l r i i i r r t r t l r t ir r r r rc
c i t rc e a j t t t rs lc l la r tc . .Jrmitt tarc lc rc i t : i t i r tc l t rs t tc i tz l ll to t l t t l t t
carc inr irg inca ui Wil lk ie reprezcntapr inc ip i i d i fc r i tc . n l i rnc l ic
<lcpcrspcctiv l t antcni lor:
,llni.rtrtr r'rrtttiarin.tkiril,pru.tiotnt'.,,lt]stcnzr h afarrri, ('ccil cc \:11
l l r t r rc l in t ro r l l l t i t l t )c l t1tc t ic ir larc. i ,rxrscvc: l ts tc ( l ( ) i l r t r l i t . ic i i r t r
5 i ,o r i c t t r n , t r l $ o t i l1 - r cr i t t t c l t i ) c t l t r l t r t ta l t r c i l c r r t t r t t t , l r t t . . " '
;lluzimttt .eriftt(,otner. ,ll/illl'ie lirtt ru oancnii rttnirtili [...l. Arrr
c i t i t cunr a fbst i cl un b iet copi l la o t ' c rn t i l;i n t l r t t t tc i t Lt75 t lc
ccr)t l)c z i cr vr icar i ' r tnr - i ts t ts l i t r t t t c s i i r i tc i . rr j t tnsl l rc lc t l i r l tc [c
r r r r c i r x t r i o t t t p i t n i il o a r r t t t t t c i l t t ll i t rg r c t l . . t ' [
l' 'ctncier,slririlti,lttoprielari rlefenuri:,,Stttrt trtllrttriva c:cltti lc-:rl
tre lca rnanclat i, tlc cincl anr citit dcsprc vilgir I tr iWillkic in I'-rrrttr
.lountrt/, unt (lcstll rlc ltor' iritrisd-lvotcz.. ttr a;tclltltt allll)(:lccol)-
vcn l i i i l l i l i l r tc : rln r r i ro t l r i lsc . r tn t txrr tc r r t l l rc :s io t t r t l l llc t t t t t r ( i to l
din l'rtrttt lourLta/,irt ilrc sl)unc crrrrr \/il lkic rt porttit crt litirt tslirrtc
5i r tc r t rn c f r t l ru fcmrr t t v l t loa rc lc UU X)0t lc t lo l l r r i . "
Sc prtrcc r l t t r rc t i : t ocia lr i t tnor rstf t l c lcs lc rc ( ) l ip t r r i ort tc r
r r r : r i i n c i t t t c l c : t s r in l t r t t t i t t a c l c c l i c i t t l c r i t t r t r c i s t t l r i c t : t i v ct
i r r l ' l t tc r t tc lo t . .Tt r rg t t t r tc t r t l c i tn r l la t r ici i t Avcr t r l l a t i i r t r i t i t t t t l t
s l t ( ( ic :srr c it v i r l lu tca i i r ) tc r l ) rc tatrr r t t l t i n t t l tc c ' l l t r i . ) i t t acclts lr l
i rnuginc a t tn t t i ( )n l c i l rc t port r i t lc i< ls ri a rcrrp it tr v i l r t r il l rx t tc i
a<lrrsn Pr iu r -Plau ricarc i r r t rc trrn i i tourc lcrc i c lcrnctt tc : t r . t t t r t : t t i i
srirrrci ot t:rcrlccii trtt-iva ttitit,cci ltogrrti1'roti coltvitr;i c:ivlt lltrrtt
t l c g r i l l i n t c l c s c l r r o r i r ra l c g l i t o r i il i r r l r r s r tl c I r r i i l o c o t i r r t r i t s i
t lc in rp l ic r r l i i lc r r t rn t : i its idttcq ; i lc c l r i l rz t t i t t tc i .: i t rc : t t r t t t t i t t lc
inr lx)r tantc i n l l roPrl r t l r t lco logic. c )o i l tc r l rb i lc s tc rc ro t i l r t t t
s tructr lratc i lc s tc rco t i l l t rr i cs t ru t ' t l r r i l tc .) r i r t tc lc ,t l r t t )rca ) i l lc
| ]3' / rlfutut.ttrtrt/ t.,rtttrhtj
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r lc l ln i tc l )c ' t r t r r rr l r r r i lc . lc lc la l tc ,ins;I , rrnr i l n i i i tc lc l>oz . i tcr r
c i lrc lcr: l t rcr lcy i l to r i tc i ; tcsc r rs r l r i lclo r i tc .
U r r r l t i r r r x c r r r l l l r rl c r c t i v i r r co r t t c i l r r r r t : l r i r r rl i l rp ro c c t l r t r : r
r)oastr i llc rr tcn ' icv irrc c$ iu r t i ( ) r r r r l r r i .n tcrv icvetor i iarr cvcnit r r
rrrcnrlrr i ic iant i()nulu it lc asc r i , ccct lcc il (h l)^ a s1l<rr ircuntcrc-
s t r lu iat:cs[ora. ivc l r r l or lc irr tcrcsr lcvcnit ()arccunl r r i r i i r l ica t
c l c c i t c c l i t l g r t t l t r r l t r il c c o n t ro l ; i c l r i i r r n c r r l r r i ic f i r n t i o n u l l r iu l
t t t r t r t t t r is i ttccs(c[cct, in t : i r t l r r r l l r ln t i ( )n l r l l r i ,l ) ro ( :cn t i r . i r r lc lor
carc au vo t i l t a f i ls t ccva nrai rnarcdccit acclaclc a rr ivc ltr l rr trc-
gulrri clistrict. )' tr rli.rtributirt otnril<irnrr a losr rrfl 'ctatA. ntcrviL^-
vator i i lu r tct iv i t t rct l ispozig i i lcrrrora l in trc s r r l ; icc l i ino;tr i r tra i
c z i t r r r t l i ,c c l cc nu x r r l c c t x t ,r r s r l ,l i s t r i l r r r l i a,o t r t r i k r r .( jcca cc rrscarrrrrr li i si c la l i i lcl te rs r ln : r lcLr rst t lc tc r r r r i r ran tc
i r ract ivarca rcdis l loz ig i i lorrr tcntc lc alcgri tr lr i lor.nsi l , naintc lc
i r nc ocul)a rr rnor[< l i rcc t lc c lc , s i i rc n t l rcPt i i | r ) l tc l ] l ia i i t rca l tc
c l c c tc a lc c a r r r l r a l r i c i .
C A P t ' l ) l l 1 ,l \
l ife cttrl
de intririrc
in rnod l)ilradoxtl, propagart<la lcctoraltr a
ilvut un clcct trtajor, 'Jrilsil clcclatt;cz.c tici
un cfect evidcnt asttpracomPortirtnentttltti
clcctoratului - dacd ntrclcgcm in nrod traiv
lrrin ,,cfcc " <tsrlin/nn a votuIui. Jttntiitate
r l in t rcoarrcni p t ia t r l in l tna r tN i , ir ta intcde
c i t tnp i l t l ic , t tu l i l rv r r ta n t t< l ic t t r t r r ic
; ic lr iar
au votat astfel. Sil inscntnc tlarc cI pro[)a-
gandapoliticd nu a avut nici un eflectasupra
lor? in nici un caz. Pel)trtt ei, comunicirilc
pol i t icc at l serv it t t t t t iscop l l l l )o r ta t r t , cc la
r lc a-t i nrcnt inc clcciz i i lc n ig ia legi de a nu
i r r ig ia cc iz i i no i .Propaganda a j t t ta t a nte lt-
1 ncrca idclit 'rtii prlrtiz.tlrlior il )tt p'rrtid prin
f r r l l t r r l r l c -a confirntt t deciz ia.A av t t t ,dect,
el'cccrrl lc ?nt:irirc clcciziei nitiale de vot'
lrnportangantrlririi dccizicipoittc i allre-
ciatil la adevrirata a valo'lre dacil nc irnagi-
nilm ce s-ar i itttimplat in condilii le in care
con I i r l r . r tu l o l i t ic a l pr incipale lornredi i cl c
t:oruttrtictrrc r li f irst ttrtllroltolizat dc rttrtrl
clintrc partide. L)xPerien[a llroPealrila c<lt' t-
tLolrrhr i( ) ra l i ta r s t l l ) ra o rn t r t t ic i l ri i t tgcrcaztl
cri, n anumitc condigii, pozigia >oatci rcdusil
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l .Jt) / ,l lrttt.rutu/ z,o/ulni
l r r r i .c rc ,l ) i r r l i r )u l l i r i r r i l r ) in r lcc i t cc i cu c()nvingcri x t rc l r r lcl c r r r r c . t r r r t ,l l r . l r i r l r i l , c l i r t i vP r r t i r r ir c c i r ri r r c i i - $ rl ) ( ) a t . rl c , l t n l cc t t t c n a c i ( r r t cc t l c r i l cl l o l i t i c c r r [ r t r r r n r r i l r r xc ( )n t i n r - rul c a rg r r -n)cntc ost i lc . \ l l r jo r i ta tca urncrr i l r l r or - pi urr ncv' ic - s i i i scsPrr r r i i r i a r r l rcPt i r tc ; i sr i ic s ig r r r i . lpi n l l i oanrerr i t rn tc lcacorr l
c t r c i . I )c r t c c c r l ,l l r r r t i r l c l c; i ; u r t l i v c r s i ft : a ro p i rg : rn r l r rr r l r i r i r ro r r . , r r j r i: o n s i t l c ra l r i L il c r i s c5 i r r i c io r l i r t : il i r r r o l l r i c r r i r i r r t i y r j .pcccl l cc lrr ivcstc r t r r r r l i r r r llc r lcg r i to r i , canrl l i r rr ic rc rczrr l tatc rua t i t i n c i l t i g a rc i r rn r r r l r i u r l c r c r r t i ,' i i r .r r P rc v c r r i r c arn . r p i c r l c r it l i r r r in r l r r l a lcgi iror i lor lc ja lc r : i i ; i .
Ac ' l ' r r r r t l c c x i s t i i . c ' r r tPc t i l i c r r t r c l x r r t i r l c i r r ; lo a l l ) s - i li r r t i r r r l l l i r rn roatr tanr$i, lcc i,pi r r c l is tr icru l , , r ic n 1940-. lo i i r l r -t ip i lc f i r t r i lc Par t ids t l t l tcx l) trsc ol ls tafr t c r ico l r r l r r i r lc r l r< lz . i r1 . rc .I)ro l lrrgalrc larnui part ir l , [e r i i un arscnaldc argurrrcrrtcl lo l i t icccirrc scn'csc la in l i i t t rrarca l t rb i i lo r art izani lor; ; i la c0rrrbatercal r rg r r rn c n tc l0 rPo z i t i c i i r r c r rP r r t c r rr i - i r r l ) t r c r r t c z . c ;I ) cs c l l r t , r r crrrcrr ircrr ri asigrrrc. riso l i t l i l lcc , i is ta l r i l iz .cz .cr r tcn t i r t c vot 5i si i. t r i r t luc r i rrra lrncr.r tcntr-rrn 'ot rca l . ln l lLrxc"t inrrrr t lc argu-n)cntc l )a r t i : / , i rnci pcrrn itc ir lcg i ' r toruhrid irr tcrprctczc n t r - t t l rr r ro r l< l i f ' c r i t vcrr irrrcrrtc lcrcf irvorabi lef c()ntr irr lrgrrrncntc lc,s t fc li t t c i i t r r : c s t c l rr i r u - i l ) r ( ) \ / ( l : r c c) s t r r r c r r r . o t r l i r r t l r l l i l ; rl c i r r r l c c i z . i cs i r t r l c i r r . . n s c c v c r r t r i .) t : l l i l r l i i . c P r r l r l i c i r n i i: r r r c r r i p r r t r r t ir l c r r r r r . j i r t il c P .z . i t i r rr r i \ ' i l l k i c i r r l r r r r r c r r i r r lc n ' i c i i l o r r r l r l i t : c r r: t v t r t r r l i s P rz i t i c t l t ' c r r . i i c N l ) c r i c n t r lr r i r r l r l i r c c r i- r r r l c c t r l ra r l r r r i r r i s t r i r t o rru r i r r r r r l c c i t l { o o s c v c l t . ' l ' o t s t t i . l , l c r r ro c ra l i i
a r ci r r l t r c l r r r i r r i i c r r c l i r r i p t i t rl c c c l r l c - l l t r c i l c r r r : r r r r l a t ,c l ) r c z , c n -t i r r r l o r r r l l t r r r r iu tn rd i t i : r r r r c : r i t : a r r r l ,- i r r rr r s t i f i c r tl r r i r r c l c r i r c r rr rcxl)cncr)taPrc ;c r l i r r tc l t r ir r ataccri lc xtcnrc, n r l is l re r rsu l r i l i in t r - r rpascnrcncl l nonrcl ' l t c c r iz i inrondia ld. Dc faPt,accstu l t i rn argrr-t 'ncnta Jo-r/ i isPrrnsrr la 1rr 'b lcnur lc ra r r j i r r r t r ic .c l t r i lc - i r l rc i lcar r ra r r r l a tl ) c n t ru u r r l t i l c r r ro c r r t t ir r i l r i i . )
Argrrrrrc lr tc lc r ' i t r i c i tc r i r rc i r ck lr vcchi i l r nrrnrc lc :anr l i r l i r -t r r l r r i r l c s i r l r r r r r r r c n t i r r r c r r tl c o l r f< r r tl c g l i t o r r r l r r il l r r r t i z a n ; i ii r r t i i r c s cl c c i z i t r c v o t . ) r r c r i i r l t c r r t r r t i is o v i i i c aus i i r r r r r i i r r l r
l'1ira/ * inrrttirr / l.t I
scntrrul intrclriirii justctelt cleciz.iei ale, argttltrctttclc lc ilttirirc.
v r l r s t r t r r r i s t l ' c l lc tendin;edcviatr ionistc. lcg i l t r l r t t l s tc r ts i l l t t r r t t
c i l arc drc lt tatc Si sc rcattt in tcAte i l pi a l l i oa r t tc t t i t t t t t lc ' . tc t l r t l
crrcl, lrrcnrclrc int<ltdcattna, i mai ales n nlonletltclc de itrtloialir,
il I ini;tcatc.Pc sctlrt,atttncicdnd urnizraz-{ rgtlnlclltc unc, propa-
girndrrPo l i t ic l in rnc r l i i lc de comrrnicarei o {L r i i t r acclagi in l l r
o r icn t i t rc , :o t t f r r r t i n tcgrnrc c lt t iCarcl ( r [ ) ( i l tlc j r r . s t lL ' l l t :s r t t is -
t r rc t i i in t l s r I - i i r r I l )c o i tmctr i ,1 )cin ic " , t r t i r i r t< l t r - lclcc iz . i r rr r i t i r r l : t .
i , ' , t r - , , r . , " t "mi is t l r i i , ta l l i l i ta tea pin ic i pol i t iceclcpirrc lc c cxptt-
ncrca la corlrtuticiirilede intdrire.
P zu-tizanattrl, cxprrnerea partizand, ilr ttiri rc rr pilrtiztur ilttrl t i
in anul 1940,propagandade partid in disrricr' l Iirie a f.st cunrva
dczcc [ i l i l l ra t l . I ]x ista mult mai n r t t l t nratcr ia l eprtb l ic ln (vcz. i
Oapitp lrr lX l l l l , dc l i cra destuI c lc t56rs i l c i tc ; t i sa t ts i i ast ' tr l l i i
parrcadcntocratd. ) lc i i cxprrncrcaalcgi l tor i lor art izaniar l l l i rs t
pe nrdsura istr ibugie i omunic i ir i lor o l i t ice l isponib i lc , i a r i r la t
t6t titrtpul l)cstepledoariilc<.l1l9zantilpr,ttai tlcs n ccc,a e-i priycrr
1lc lcnrocntgi.Astfcl, pro<:csttl c irttiirirc ar ti fdctrt Jll 1)astrltitrtc
;i trnuI inrtlloi, ar cfcctul sdtlar fi f<rst iltrlrt.
[)cs igrrr nsi lc r lcx l) t . t t)crcaea l t l t t estc ) ro lx ) r [ io t ta l i i; t tc r t t l t-
t i r tc l rc lc rn ltcr ia lc c l isp<tnib i lc . is t r i l l lg i r r or p lu .s rc t l ispoz. i t i i lc
dctcrtn in i l cx l) t lncrc i l iarl l rcd is lx rz . i ; i i lc
i coldtt t : pc oa l l lc l l l
sprc sclcct i trc l t < l t t t t t t t ic l l r i l< l rt l carc 0 t t a f in i t I l i 5i c i trc c stts( irr
pozit ia urrrcr iourr i . 4.r i ru lg i cpublic i tr t i lc t : i i t c r t roc r l t i -a t t ts-
cu l ta t pe Wi l l l i ie , ia r pe l lo<-rscvelt-a t l asctt l ta t ra i nru lg idctno-
crat i decat republicani. ln iversul comtt t t ic i i r i lo r lc campanie
discursuri lo l i t ice , c latdr ic l i t t z . ia rc , r , r lc t i r rce i ; t i r i ,ec l i to r i r t lc ,
art ico lcdin rcvistc cra dcsclt is , ) r i lc t ic ,l l t t l ro r . ) i r r ex l l t t r te rc l tr
frrst n rrtod clar parti/.anli,ar aceasta dus la cl'cctrrlde intiirirc' l
in n't.r", cattt dottri rcinri din alcgritorii lc,cili n litrortrcit .ttrtti
part ic l oarncrt i i c i l rc l r l f t ls t inc i d i r r h rn r r t l r r i5i p i r l i i in z i t t r t
l.J,/ / ,llr,nui.t,ilil/ ultil/ili l,,fet.hlc iuhriv / 13.]
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alcgcri lor ic rcylrrb l ic ;ur i ,lc t lcnr.craI i au r r r r r r i i r i tl ) ro l ) l rg r ln ( l i rtu l rc rc il)c c irrc<l lcscscri l r ra i r r t r l t lcc i t 1 lc c i r r rP, rz ig ic i , ,rurrr
o cincinrc l i r r t rcci s-a nti irrrp lar i l u r r r r l i rc i rsc i ir ra i iccvcrrt cca-la l t r i u l r i l r i i ,r r r cs t r r larr i rs rncutr i c l rcx l)uncrc (vczi l . ' ig r r r r r0) .' l irtrr;i -;;i irccstrr .stcur) ucrrr nrPortilnt , cr-l lit o pcrsoaniiavcrrr l o l l l i t t l tc I l l i t ip t t tc r t t ie t l ,r t t t i r t c lovct lc ir r r r r il l rc t l isp ls l l z .g lL i r i if r r l r t l c P r rn c tc l c l c v c r l c r c ) l ) u s c . \ l c 1 , , i i t r r r i i. : r l l 1 l y i ,. r r r r t c r c s
s l r r r r i t i l i l t r tc Prcocu l l i r l ilc ir lcgcrca t r l r t l i t l i r t t r l r r ior nr \tsL tra i
l)art izani r r cxlrrrncrcdccit c ; r l l t iv i i t r rru nr i r i n ic ntcrcs$i cu o
l)rcocul)r lrcnai c r l r rs r .) as t fc l lc cx ltrrncrcl)art izani i oatescrv it t t t r r r a ir r t t r i r i i r t i t r r r l i n i l o rn tc r io i r r c .) c s c r r r t , c i n u r ic o r r v in . s it< lcg l l i ri urru i l ) i l r t i ( l c l l rotc jcrrz:rlc cx l lc r ic r r l rr rc l l l l l t : r r t r lc l ) r ( : -zcntxt: i lc : r rg t r r r rc r rtc lcl loz ig ic i ,rco r t l in r l r r - lcl lug i r l l tcn l ic . i rrschirnb,ci sc indrcal)tai l)rc accal)ropaganclii arc reafirrnri alicli-
tatca ; ; i ngclePciuncalcc iz ic i < l r r r i t ia lc , arc cstc, astfc l, n t i i r i t l i .IJ r ra l i r r t rcl lrcnr isc lc r r r r r i is tcrn lcrrrocrat icr i lx r r t i t s tc rcccu
c l l t rc <lc i t t tc rac l i t t t tc0 r r r r rn icu l io r r l r l i l0ns i r lc r i r l r i l i in trc srrsgirrr l-
ro r i i ta l lc rc lo ro l)usc. )rotrc lc nt l icd al l tLr l r o astf 'c l lc in tcrac-
;.iurrc c Portc producc n public - in nrctlii le tle conrunicarc . fiirti
l'-igrrra 3o'. ou rir ornrtrtii .stutr tttti irtrnr.rt/i r/t,thgr-i, ru trit ri titrrl.t l t tt / ut.rr l rna t r t l 1t lil l:il,t il | r rtlt .i /ta /.tlrrrtslrt r/iagrutttri ii rrftrt'zittlri tutrrni 1tc ttt,ia
ru it/,tlii r',n.rlrtnle fu ,l ia/rc /uni/c rttrti .ti tt,ic,ttrhrie
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n u l,rnt. lritn principalpublicitatoaropriului art id " .
Tolalul e cazuri
a piitnrntlc, rrsii. irartc df,ltc n rindttrilc alcglltorilorit{rtc partizlll)i.
i r r r r l t in r i i rn is-r vor l l i t r r tu l t dcspreclezir trb i l i ta tcai nccesitatca
garantr ' l r i ich irrr lru lu i i [ re rde idei n agora p in ic i publice.Astf 'e
dc clczbatcri -rrtt crrtratpe problenranlenIinerii ibertrigii analelor
dc cxprirrrarc i clc conrunicare. nsii, n cazul?n care s-au hotdrit
lsu l )u l < lcz . l> t t tc ri i ,onsunrAtori i e idc i r id ic r i i ing ig iz id t r r i na l tc
l)cntnr r l sc i l l ) i in l lc nop i t . t r t i lct r r l inc .
li{'ectul de intririre a$a cum este descds de subiecfi
A lc : ; i r l to r i i) r l r t iz i ln i t t ncvoic c lc trot ivcc i t s i l f ic as t l ' c l , i t r ntass
nrct l ia i lc o lcni, ntr lr inc lu- lc s t lc l la r r izan i l tu [ .n t r - , , t , a t r r t tn i t
l ) l rnc t . n t inrprt l n tc rv iu r i lc l r ,ubiccgi i arc i -a t t ncnl int l t o a l ) l l -
rnitii prcfcrintri de vot au fosr ntrebagide ce au favorizat,prin ale-
gcrca or, un anrrnr i t andidat. i i rs l lunsuri leor au i lustrat, lncorl,
c lcc t r r l lc i r t t r \ r i rc .
l)r irnclc scr))uc lc ndoia l l asuprr npclcpciuni i cc iz ic i or aL t
ti)st cor)trxctrratclc Propagandapotriviti gi, astfel, a fost stopatil
crorlirrca.Dc pitd.j,o tenrirtr ds'itorit'i,derlrocrat'i, u un venit tedus,
a rel:rtrrt:,in tliscurstrl ' le riercuriseara, {<rcsevelt exprts sittragia
r l i n t i r u p r r l r r l n r i l r i s t , r r r l i c ia I c .A rn c n g io ru t tl a i r r r u l t c r r c r t t r i c
( ' r l fcnu lc gt ianr dc l l i ldd ,c r latr bstnrai l t r ; iuc al intcrt tcbitnctrrc
irr tinrpul guvcrnArii alcdecdt n celepreccdente.Nu-nri mai anritr-
tcsc 5i altcle acrrrn, clar u ,etianui Roo.ra,e/t avat atdfua yaliuiri."
l;rirza final;I cxprirnil in nrod clar ugurareapi satisfacgia ccstct
sust i l)a ltorrrcn f i r lava l ic l i r i iho t r l rAr i i i .
() intilrirc sinrilarii dc cealalttr artc - este cvidcntrl in caz.ul
rrrrrri iniir couris voiajor, cu nivel sclcio-econonlic ctlzut, carc a
tinrrt crrWi l l l i ic in 1940,n corrd i; i i le n carc usescun suportcral
l r r i , r tn r lon ' i rr 193(r.)oz. i1 iaui econortr icr lcaklsc tt f la iu conl l ic t
ctt in r i rg i r rc i ru i t le s inc - c l sc c<x'rs ic lcran mic irr trcpr inz 'Jtor.
'A l frcrl N' lossrnan,lndorr ( lU{J7-1987), m pol i t ic arnerici tn, uverni l t ()r el )u-
bl ic i tn lc Kansi ts, ontr i tcancl ic latului Rtxrsevel t in alcAeri le i rr 19.3(rn. red) .
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l .).t / l lnanitltu/ v0/ulttr
Af i r r r ra l , , r r ) c t ( ) ( l c l cr r i t o o s c v c r tl u ' o s t r r r r c , r r r c t r r r r u ln i l ia v c r ) r l r c v ( ) i c l c c l c " , ( : ( ) l l t i r r u e n ( l :, ,A rn c i t i t r l i f c r i t c a r t i c ( ) l cr lcsPrc { ' rscvclt i r r r r l t i r ru , \ , rcr ) lci r r r r f r ic t r t lr iar r t i t r lc n r r r l rc
; rc t : i t crcr lca ' r [ . . .1 . ( ] i t i t i , <rcp i r r r r i ,n tya / i r r t ' . r]ur iru,.s.rrcsprcNLI{ l } ' . I t lccu lc I r : rz l i r r r l t r r r i i , r r r r r r r r l r rs -o in : i lu cn1 . t i \ t .rat.crii r-friltt/ iltrt/k',r/aIlr ' .frr/tr t-rr1ttrt.ftir 'ur." otiir rrr:r:srtti:ct,itclrrrrr rc n t r l c r r to r t lc t r c l i r r y ro l i t i c l i . t r p r r s u t l r r ( ) r r c c s ro rPr t : s i r r r r ic o r r f l i r : t r r r r l c ,l x ) r l t c ; i n c s ig r r rPc i r r t c n t i r rr r i t l c v o t r c l l r r l l l i c a l r ,i tccs to l l ) s-a r r t l rc l r t i r t i i t rcl l r r l r l ic r rg i i lclcal irccr i , a s i i - ; i ccal)ctcl ir ip tca, s l i sc autoc()nvi.g{ c i i . \ . ,ca l rc l ) ta tc . i i i ' i . .s t fc l r lcin t r i r i rc , r r :cs tr lcgi i t ' r s- irr l Pu t r r t n t lc l ; r i r ta lc rcp t r l r l ic ln i .
L)ar r r r i i t rb icc ; iau nranif l .s tat cva nrrr i n r r l rdccit rr ip tc 'agit trr 'c t lc i 'd . ia l i ; au a ' r r [ , c le {apr, suf ic ic.tc du l ; i i i ' . i t sr i-5 ipdriiscascii lcgcrcu irritialii n ftrvoarca ndecizici sau in firl,oareacclu i la lt
Par t i r l , l rP: i carc s-arr ' r r l rs ra ; l r i r r ra rcciz ie.As t fc l dco a t l t c t t i t t t t t s t : i l r t t t l i il c s p rc r r r cu r ) l i s r : r r t i r tr r c a p i to l c l c p tc 1 -o i t rc ' l t t f l t tc t t l r t xc rc i t r t t i lts t t l ) r i r r r lc l r rc r l i i lc lc corrtrrrr icurc,rrc l ircct ia r r to l r rcc r i ia vcclrca ro t r i r i i rc .stc to t rrrr fcct t lc : n t i r i rc .lrr cl ca rccla xcrcitatasul)ra rriva arcs-a nrl' it, rlarntr ;i-lr tiriisrtt r ic io t l r r t r ilx r r t i t l r r l .)our c r i lcc i t i i lau lvrr t .rcvoic lco in t : i r i rczrnr.r rh.:/rttt/irt/rt.
.S i i r rd r r r r rz t r l r r r r r ii i r r r i rrrcr l i tor rgr icol,( )n l , j r , u rr ivc lsocio_c c o r ro n r i r :c r i z . r r tr r n l c ln o c r i l t , l l r l t r r r a l " .l l l - r r u r i l i n u tr r i r i l r l1 l cl l r l . s c ' c l r , r ) c . t r r c r i , , r r c - ; ll : r r r c l r c r r " ; i P c r r t r r r r i , , l r r i r i r r a
clacr ' rr ic " t ; i ' c r . ' r r 'crr <lc ' isr igar rc pc t r r r 'a alcgcri i u iw i l l l i ic .$ i, to t r rs i ,n l r rn l r ugusts-u ro t r i r i i t i i - i ,o tczc1lc e l lu l l l ic i r r r i , inc lt t tza czb i r tc r i iasrr l l r rr c l r r i lc - i r l rc i lca n l rn ( l i r t : , [ )c t iou l io r i cstt f lc ic ' t . I {cs r r r l rc ; ;cd i . t i l ' r r r -a r r r i r i i icu tagir c 'a., ,A11.i arrz it[rn argun]cntcr lrc - i l n t i i r i t l l rcd isPoz i t i i lclcnrocratc:,Anr rscrr l tatrr crrr is irnrc I r r i , .u ,c : l l
l ' l r rrrusic r i , n ( , i l rcs l ) r r r )c r t. l I I i th r 5i
,llu.r,tolirtiuors(ifi/ t/r ' .tl ' i//Iir. Nrr vrcrrrr ri '()tc/. )cr.rtnl rco rrstlcl
't \ r t l ront/ l t t /nr l l rh/tutr.c loan/ - |6trsi l i t r l Nut i l l i r l Jtcntrrr I lc l : rt i i lc
N r r r r ' . 1r r . c t l . ) .
l,,krrnle iut,ttitr / l.l5
< lc / i r t r t l r i . "$ i, as t f -c l .t t$ icc t t l lnostrt ls-a t t t< l rsi t l tc t t t i l l r r i rl c
t ,o t lcn ro t : r l l t i , )cn t r l rcd , {txrscvclt trccx l lc r ic r t l l tdc ( i l rc lvc t t l
r rcv r t ic tc t tn t i nr l u ' r lt rc rc t lc rc r r Wi l lk ic . ( ' i t rc l l l arc l i t ' i )cx l)c-
r icnr l i lcn t r t t i lccstc irn l>uri lc c r iz l l " .$ i, i r rc ; lo r l r t t l i . -a citat 1 lc '
con)cntirt()rttl ritrprcferat,Lowell' I 'hrlnrlts.
atttnci cind a trelltrit
s i - ; i j t rs t i l icc t ; l r i rn l r i t rc i rlcc iz . ic i .( ) r r l t f l t t s tn t r ctc f c c t t r l t t i c in t i l r i r c : l s l t l ) r : lt t t t t i t t [ l i c t ' r s c i -
l r r r r l rc - r t l ' c r i t -o icc l l rc ;c t l intc lc t t rc i l r l t r t : i ,t t p rc t l is lx rz . i l i icp l t -
h l icanc l.nttcrn icc.n lrrnamai cra rc; l t tb l ican, ar n i trn ic t l t t l l r i
c t tccr irca Euro l le i de Vcst dc c itrc ()ertntn ia - dcja ntt t t t i t icr a
sigrrr : ,1 )cc iz i l tnca vit c lc:p inr lc c itcc lacarc r)c vx l i t lc i t t t t l r r r l t
rr iz . lro iu l u i. ccst ucrtrcste ccl n ra i tn l to r t r t t t t)cntrt l t l i t tc . " ) l t r
toatc a t i tu ( l in i lc ; iva lo r i lc u i - g i, p rob l t r i l ,pi cc lor apropia l i- at l
first atit de fcrnr rcpublicane, ncit indcciz.ia tri a first tlc scttrtri
c l trratd.t t ougt,st, e nt<lrscsc eja acelagi cc l t i crcz: , ( )c l p t t r i t r
r l in t r - r rnptrrrctdc vct lcrc, can t l ic l i t t t t r i rt t i I l rxrscvclt l ' . r lt re lc a
rrltrttfrtt nr-rt lr-'z.gtstltt il itrtc tarc, (./uon lll ' i//l ' it l riltr il (fttttl tt t
(.t(,ttt(ttkt.vt(resnlro corrtlxrtticl)rccunl(llrrrtttorlrveitltltsi Sotrtltcrrr
va frrce ntt l tc )cntrtr faccr i le in laraastrt . r t tc : i t i t t r t ico lc :lcsprc
cl in ()/a'c/onr/Plain Dcaler si in Clir.ngoliilnn.
Ant ntai citit ;i tr
<",rrtc, i,rruttu/ /e.ftrn, llrc nl-11rczit lu rcitlitrttc; tti-nttt ltt sclttltlt
r : i t r c l ) ros t l {( 's t ioni l tkx lscvclt lxrn cor r t i l r t l tb i l k r.
i , ' , , , , , t , . , , t , , r i i1clcaccst i l l dcscopcritn < l t ' cz . ils t t l ) r l ti r r r t ici
tlc intilrirc l)c clre o iur arllttn'rcntclcllartiz.arre.:llc tttiircscclcciz.ia
i r r i l i r r l r i r in v r r l ic l l rc i t , r ic t r ta rca ; i cottsol idrtrcai , t t t in i t tu t l iz i r r t l
tcn r l i r r tc lc i i t rc u l c< ln f l ic tntcrn clco l t in i i . p r i j iu i r r r l t tr tc lc :p r i t r t t i
in clctrintcntul altura$i contrirc:rriinclroclarea,losibild silu rcillri, l
i t t i t t r d ir i l r l rl ) i r r t i z i l n c .
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C A I ' l ' l ' ( ) t , t r l ,
llfcctul
de convertire
[ 'ropirgirnda lcctoralil -a activat pe oirrncr.ri
pr in scoatcrca a supr i r l i r ; r I a t i t r tc l in ikl r o r
politicc latcntc, dctcnrrin' indu-i srl ;i c rcctr-
noascii i s{ f le exprime. De asemenea, e-a
irrtrlrit decizia, spunindu-le exact ccea cc
voiau str audii. Ce 1)utenr l)uuc irrsrldcsllrc
ccl tle-al trcilca cfect al propirgandci clecto-
rale, cel de convertire? Cind oamenii vor-
bescdespre nf' luenga reseipi a radioului, de
obicei la asta se referd. Dar au fost oarc
oanrcnii convini;idc propagancla lcctoraliisa l
rcnunfc la alcgcrca lor ini;ialil, in favoarca
o1r<.rz.iici,au sd v<ttczcastfe[ incit stI con-
trazicilceea cc ar fl corcspuns rilsriturikrr or
socialcl Dc ciitc <lris-ir pctrccut irccst cl'cct
dc srnvert irc pi cum a funcgionat l ?
l)rinrul lucru carc rcbuic nrcnfiol]irt este
cti rnii oanreni cltiaraufostconvertiti clc pro-
lraganda lcctoralil,dar acc;tia au fost irrfr.rt-
rlruir putirti. Ccca cc irnt aflat dcja dcspre
lrrctorii nrplicagi n dcciz.ia c vot fhcc accsr
Iucru mai pulin surprinziitor. in mod clar,
rr-raimulgi factori gi, n orice caz, altii decdt
contunicareal)c termen scurt au prevalat rr
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l.J,l / , l l r rtrttttt/ entn/ t t
c()t lvcrL irc. l i ln rcn i l ( ) r . s t lL ' l lc l ic to r i sa l r lc co l t ( l i t i i l l t ( : ( )n t r i -
l r r r i t , l c l r r p t , r r z o l i r r c ; rl i f ' c r i t c lo rru p r r r i: r t r i l c n f l r r c n t r r( )n \ , ( : r -
t i r i i , < l c l i r i r i r i i r r t l r r - ir ( : c : i t c ia.o ru rl c a c l i u r r c .) c i r s c r r r c r r c l t .c c s t i
l r rc to r i t t l( i ( )n r l t r r )s i t r lpo l i t i t : i iix t r tc l r r l ,pr irr l rc s - l lu trccunrt
rc lat iv l ) r r f l l i oarrrcni. )rr1 l: l rrnr tc arat ' . i i r r r rn r i ton r lczul l la t,un
i r r t r c g s c t t l c r r r o t l c l c ( ) l n l ) o r t : l l l t c r r t a l cl l r c c x i s t c l l t c t i t c t i ( ) n l r t
i r t t l ) ( ) t r i t r t: o r r v c r t i r i ii . t : l r : t t l l r c .r l l r : r r tl i r r : r ( c i l \ t : l c x | c r i c r r l l l
l l t l l i l l r tcc0 t r r i l - I l .
I i r . t / t ' i t ia : J t r t t t i i t r t tcl i r t t rcs t t l l icc t i t i r r t rl i l t l r rnantai )c l l t ruc1tt.c)a r t i ( l ' ( ) r ' ( ) t i l i S i - t t t t t lc t ) t i t l l t t lcc r ts t i - lr6 t l i r i rc L lc -a t t t tg t t l
i n t r c g i i c iu n l ) r l n i i . : i a u t i r s t c c l r r ra i ) l r t i n s u s ( ' c l t t i l r i ] il c i r s c
c ( r t v c r t i .
I i r . t l r i t l i r t : I) in trc cci c irrc r au ncl lot l i r i t i n luna ) l i r i , l l ) ro . \ i -
l t ) i t t iv unti i ta tc s-au ro t i i r i t d r rp i i c au af l0tc inc crnr canr l i t la t i i i
; ; i - a u t r c r t t i l l u t l ( ) t i i r i r c i tl ) c l ) i l r c l l r s r r ll r n rp u r r i c i .s t f c l l c s u s t i -
t t i i t r r r i u r t i z r r r r i ,u r c5 i -a r r o r r r l i t i o l t i r tl c g c rc alc n r rn rc l c l t n r l i t l a -
l i l r l r , r t r i r s t c l i i r c t r r r ii l c ( )n v c r t i r c .
l l r . r l t ' i t ia . / : I )cc iz i r lc r lc vot ' t70%,dintrc o irrncni. ic c r i ci l r r
cx l l r i rn l t t s l r i rnu o i r r rc r r t ic i r r rp r r r icr r acestscns. lu ( 'orcsl)u l)s
t c t t t l i t t t c lo r : c i l l t I ) t c v i r l r r rr t F ru [ r t r r i l c l c o l tn r c r t i t t t r i i s j t t r r i
socirr lc in t i l i t rc . ) rc t l ispoz . i t i i lcrnoras t lc lc lc oarrrcni u f irsra t i t
t l c r t r l i r r cr r rd r l i i c i r r r r t c ,n t : i t c i r r r r r r t c u r rj c o r r v c r t i l i c r r r5 r r r i r r l r l
r lc 1 roplgrt r r i t c ccto r r r l r iro l loz it ci .
l l r . r l r i r l ia , / : ) r t r t iz l t t r t l o ttv irrs i - l tn r l rcp t l l t n tr-o r r r i ls r r r i iru r rc
i t tcn l i i rc i i t rc prrpagtrnda lcc to ra l i . lu a l tc c r rv i r r tc , i rn ten i i rrrc
a u c i t i t ; i a r r r s c r r l t r r tc l r r r a i r r r l t ; t r r i l c u a v u t ; i c c l c rn a is ta l r i l c
i t lc i l ro l i t icc . s t f ' c l ,l )c lns : r r r ) l ) l l r .ropr rg r r r r r l i rlcc (onr l l ir i )s t ln t) l i -
r i t r l< l c x t r r r c n i i c i n ra i l ) u t i n s u s c c p t i l l i l il c c ( )n v c r t . i r c . l
I l r . r / r t r l i r t .5 :)rrntcrt i icarca l r t rn r i i r i t rra jor i trr tcuvcrr irrrcnte lr lr
pol i t icc s - r t t t r r t l rc l l t r r tntr-o n) i l i n i r rc r r r : is r r r i il i t rc l lro l lagarrc la
l ) l r r t i ( lu lu ipc c : r rc - l u r . i t inc i lu .st lc l , n r . :rz.rrr i lclc l la r t iz i r r ra tto-l i t i c , r ( c r r t i r rt t : o r t l a t r ir o l l r t g l t r r r l c i- i t r r r l c p r i r t r r lr r l l i c ti i r l c t l c c l r
c ( )n v c r t i li . l
I )c sc r r r t , lcc i , o l r r r rc r r i i arc rrr i t i t 5i t r t r r r rn i i r i t c l r r ra in r r r l t
con t t t t t ic r i r i lclo l i t icc t r t t nrrrrra i i i r r tr i - rc r r tlccst ucru n ftrvoarclr
l;.fitrul lennvertitr / l.l9
propirganclei lcctoralcpreferate,ditr att fost pi cci mili rczistcllti il
conyertirc, tlin cirttz.lr retJispoz.ili i l<lrrr p<lliticc lttt(:rnicc' Ilttri,
<leci, il <lanrcnii areau filst cci mai desclrisi ittrl lc convcrtirc ('cl
pe crlrcd i rcc to r i idc campanie u dorit cel n ta in t t t l ts i i - i onv i l l l { i i
au fost diptrc cci carccitcau 9i ascgltiltl el nrai PtlIin. Accstc faptc
intercorclatc r i l rcheazAr t tmu l d i l ic i I c l trc (x ) t )vc r t i rc '
l)ar, cu tottc cil l(jcstc cstriclii i l lgttstcrnz.r\x)psi(lcrill)il ttil tl c
alllicarc tr cl'cctului tlc colrvertire,ele nll il clinlint\ ctl tolu[' [) c
clragulstatisticilor,vonr stabili ocurcn[a cot]vcrtirii pe baz.a ol' lltr-
n icdri lore lcctorale isponib i le n mirssmcd i l . Pc t r t r t taccasta,rc-
buic srlariitiint cll cxpuncrea la prollagantla tntli partitl i cotltlttcc
1tc r rn i i oa l l lc t r i s l)rc un vot contrar l l rcd isPt tz . i t i i lo rt r r . Acc:st
f 'en()prcn c l t)apifestAp l imi te lc cxptlse n la i jgs ( l ; igrrra 3l) '
Pcrsoanelecu predisPozilii republicane care atl fbst expLlsc lllcl
l;igrrr'.r 3l'. I;.x1tnrercuh ln'oltugottrla ch'rlontlri (t? tt" qftrt t/t'
torrur:rtirY:oanrcrtiiPredi'V)u,ri n trtt vot repuhliaur ii
aotmzd inh'un ,tutildr tuti tttrttYpe rlcnocta/i r/ari
.rurttexpuSi a propaganrla oceslotzt'Arreasi tortr:/uxic te
valubilri Sipentru ceicuprcrli'rpoxilii dcnotrate
P odispozil e roPublic nd P ed spozilie det ocratd
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propagandaProPaganda
republicand democrate
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l ) ro l)agirn( lc)rc( l()nt ir)antcrnocratc -a l tv ( ) ta tl)c ( lcn )oc f t r I in tr-O
l ) ro [ )o r t ic ) l i n larc < icc i i t ci cArc rvc: lu cclcai; iPrcd is l l< lz . i t i i ,lari lu l t rn t i l f l t ) l ) r ( ) l ) l l {1 l l ) (L irct lorn in i lnt c l ) l t l ) l icnnr . ccla l i r rc r r r
l i rs t va l r r l r i l i Pcnrrrr c i cu prcdisp.z ig i i emocratc. ) r in rrrrnarc,
l)nntrL: arncni icrr prcdis l ' roz. i t i icr tc, un anunrit l)roccnr, lc i j t r r i t< l i n : c i r r r ( :l u i r s t x p r r ; ip ro Pr rg i r r r r l c i( ) n t r i l r cPrc r l i s Po z i l i c io r ,rttt \/(ftrrt rottfontt ptv/t4gtlri t/n'/orrtlr tri uttt/tur. prrr/i.t;por.i/iihr.
Acc5tia r r r r t ci c irrc ru i rs t onvcrt i t i lc l l ro lx rgur r t l l rlcc to r i r l r l .
| s trarca c lcc t t r l r r ic lc corrvcrt irc:
lcrrrn ce l r r ic lc-a l rc i lca rnarrdut
l ; iccarc carr lr iru ic lcctoraldarc tcrnclc gi c iczbatcr i le i nra j<lrc,
r lcsPrc l rc sc l)rcslr l)unc l i sunt r t r r rrrnai c lc n ra i , ir .nportarrtc,. ,c i 1 i c c l c r r r i t i l l t ; i c n tcl ) c n tn l c ( )n v c r t i r c i ri n r l x r t i z .a n t i l o rPu r t i -t l r r l t r i t l v c r s . r r 1 9 ,1 0 ,l l r i l r c iP i r l r r lo n r r i n r l { u r r r c n tc l l u l l l i e i l r )
lx ) r l tccc r l Dr r irnPor t .a l l t - i l
cn l i l l l r t rcg i icanrltani i a l i rs t l r< l1 lo r -tunitatca rrnui a l trc i lca nr i rnc la t .l l i t dc nrult a c<lntr ibuit ceastt i
idcc la convcrt irc ir a ltrcni lor?
I ; i r c p tc , l l ) r o r l l ) c' 1 i r c p r r l r l i c r rn i ir r l c z i rP ro r r l tn l l r i r r c iP i r rPo s i l l i l i t a t c i tl r l i r r c r i it t r t t i i t l r c i l c i r r r a n t la t ,i r r t r a j . l r i t r r t c i rl c r r r r t -c r : t1 . i lo rr t t i rs t<lc rconl u ir( .casl ir .) l t r i r t :cs t l rPt r t r Pt t t rc i r r r icc t t Priv irc : r irkrarcaacrlargulncnt lcconvcrt irc:.)cntnra - i c lcvai r r l l t t c n l i r ,r c l r L r i c l ls t r r l l i l i r r ri l t c c r i t c r i i t r i c t c . .S : ll l l c s t rp r r r r c rnc i i tc r r racc l r r i lc - , r l rc i lcu nun t l l r t -n r . . f i u tu l coni,crt i a rrn vot
rcPu l r l ic i rn ,n 194(), r r r r ra i c cci carc: l ) l-au votat l)c l l loscvclt
in 193(;,2) rrua 'carr ntcn; iadc a-ivota Pc repubricani innra i1940(inairr te a { ' r-rscvclr i i ic dcserrrnarandic lar)l i (3) au consic lcrat
c: i l {ooscvclt lrscsc rn brrn prc;ccl intc.Accstc c r i tc r i i ngustcazl it ' o r r s i t l c r l l r i lr r i r rl c r rP l i c r r l l i l i t r r r c ; i ,r r r c c l r r l ii r r r p ,l l c r rn i t t l c l i -l ) r r td rcPrccisrrr rr l) trcrr ;c i,rcalc"c lc c0nvcrt irc cxcrc itatc dc rrni tn t tn r i targrnl)cr)t .)aci i a jrrngcnr rrcorrc lrrz, iai i as t fc lde orrnrcni
; i -a r r l r r tv ( ) t i l l rc l )u l ) l ican i lo rn 1940pc baz.a cestc i cmc lcgatc
tlc ccI clc-tl trcilca martdat,atunci l)l-ltcmaclnritecd ea a excrcititt
o i r r f ' l t rcn t i I,rculI" asttpraor .
l)intrc toxte persoanelecare s-atr rAzgindit in favoarea ui
Wi l l t< ic n cursul campaniei,numai 1.5 u indeplin it toate aceste
cr i tc r i i cc I in ( lc at i tudineapozit ivd agd e po l i t ic i ledcmocragilor.
| ) i r r t c c i , r r t t r r r i t i ( . , l r l It tnrcn[ iottat c t t t l t c l t t idc -a l rc i lc i t t t r t t t t l l t t
( l r ( : l l tnrot vul cc l n r i l i nscnrnir t l dcciz ic i or f inalc lc vot, att lnc i
c i r rc l au l irs t chcst ionaIi n lcdiat c lu l l i l lcgcr i . I ) r r r l )u l r t t l i $asc
dirrtre ci arr rrdicat cnra celui dc-al treilca ntandat ct unicul ntotiv
al schinrb'irii, atuuci clnd au acloptat pozigie epublicanii. Duprt
c r i tc r i i lcnoastrc, lcc i , c l dc-al rc i le nr i tnr lat serv itca nf lucn;r l
,,rcall" dc corrvcrtirc runraipentru acc'i;ti ipiva oamctri -carn tV o
c l in ansanrblrr l otur i lor republicanc. $ i , chiar gi aga,probabil cr i
nu toti sase u fostconvertigi ,prollriu-zigi", e vreme ce cinci dintre
ei avcauprcclispozitiilxrliticemixte,cu tenclin;ii ePublicanii. stfcl,
c l r i r r r ; i :c i L ' /r t )cntnr carc argunrcnttt l c l t r idc-al trc i lca nti t trdat
n l i ls t cu a r lcvJ ra t { ic ic r r t u fos tpar; ia l c t ivapii doarl )a r [ ix l on -
vclt i t i la vorul republican.)
LJncazclar de eficiengri acestuimotiv - singurul cazclardedus
din cele de nrai sus este reprezentatde un tAmplar catolic,situat
1 lccc l rn r t i c r lz t t t r ivc lsocio-ecolrottr ic ,n nrocl v ic lctr t tr l o t lr c t l
putcrnicc prcclisllozigiidenrocrate.Votasc [)elrtru l{ooscvclt il t
l ( .1.12;in 193(r ;i pcntru Al .Sur i thn 192tJ),tproba ot ccca cc
rcirliz.' .isclooscvclt li inilial intcngionasc i-l votezc din nou - da r
,,ccldc-irl rcrlca rranclitt stc buturugadc carc c irnpicdici". Oirtd,
irr cc lc c l inu r r r i l , -aho t i l r i rpentnl rc l l t rb l ican i ,n luna augttst, i -a
cxl l l icat c lcc iz ia n acestmod: ,,M-am rd,zginditd in cauza celu i
de-al treilea mandat. Nu aprob candidoturu ui Roosadt pentnt al
trcilea narulal. Vrea sil fie primul dictator din istoria Statelor Unite
1...1.Asn aa fi lnina oari rrinrlaoi uotn utr typrbliut . il vutez pe
Wi l l l i ic , t ' l r i r r r lucr l orbcptcati ta gi i rcccl g r i l r r r i r r l i llc prornis irrn i
l)c carc nLIo srigi le ginri."
Astf'cl, n l'nrisrrran care nrass rccliaau dus la convertirc, accst
I r r t :n r -a [)ctrccutpr intr-o cdcfin irc a tcmelor. r ' tn ."r t cxcnrpIt t ,
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l4] / ' lJtztni.tnt/ votultri
ca i in i r l tc lc ,u l)c lc tc lnc irsul)ra i i t ( ) r i l i l l ) lcn i ise g i r r t l isc r i l rca
l ) l r l in n i r i l l tcsarr lc c irrc lrscscrJ rc r l r r rg i r rl ) rcocu l ) r l I i : rui l l ) i l t i r t
o i r l t r i r r rPor t r r r r ; : i ,r in r l acccntuatc ( lc l)ro l)agan(la lcc to ra l i l .
Asrfc l, cv 'crr irrrcrrr c lc, l i t icc i ru l r i l i cuSi t rizdrtrncinc,Pc ic i , 1l ccokr, k r i l l i t r i t i lc r r rc l i l ion i r lcayi i lc r t r irnumit t la r t id .
Wi l l l< ic , c t r rn l r io r r l r l i i l ' i rc ik r r
' l -crr*rcclrr i lc-a l trc i lca nr i r , t l r r t r f ,s t , , f i rcasc i i " cntnr rcpubli-
cani. L ) r r r r r t l r l in t reprolr lcmclccrrcare -aconfnrrr tatPropagandaa f 's t : .rcccl t lc a- i c .nvi l lgc l )c alcgrl tor i i l in 1 l : t tu r i lc ocio-ccon<l-
rrr icc nl 'cr io irrc i l w i l lk ie cm [)rocul)at c intcresclckrr. ' f radip ia
rcllttblicanrioricnrirtticitrc lfaccri Eicalitatea lc onr dc afaceria lu i
Wi l lk ic alt act iot)1 ltnrpotr iva r r id in accsrprtnct de vcdcre.
( i r r to t r r l , c Prr l ic r r r loci ' -cc.r) . ln ic cI rnaisc i lz r r t r rexistat 4( ) ru n c n t i l r c s - i l l l 0 ( l r c l ) t i t t ' l t r c \ \ / i l l k i c l i r r r r r 0 t i v c c o r r0 r r r i c c .
Acc ; t i s r r l r icc l i rr lcv iat lc l : r crrd irr taor na t r r ra l i l ,t rp r i l rcne-ar
indica r r i r i lcgrabi i i i oamcnii atr rrsr onvert i t ide cceir e au c it ir
sarruu arrz i t . ) ro l l i rgand i i ; t i icP'rb l icnni u reupits. i lca argun.ren-
t r r l r r idcrrr ,cra; i lorP. t r iv i t c r i ru i r , , \ \ t i l lk ic i r rccrr nari lcafaccri"o
l i r r r r t i i r ra i2 r t r i ig r i to i r rcl )c r ) t ru rcc l t i ()anlL:n icu venit rcdus. E,s tc
i. tcrcsa.t cr iuni i subiccl i -au rcnti .nat Pc rrrnal ipt i iGcrard . K.
s r r r i t l rs a r r ' l ' o r v . s c n c l a s r r r s c l c .P in i i l . r l . r . Ac e s t n ro d d c a
raIt() t)alrc u r r r ) i i t ( ) ru lrascU: , \ \ ' i l lk ic rPr0nris Ocrr r ilc nrunc{, ar
Partitlttl Iil1tult/iran are lnti, rr,ru i tw Ji rapaltii.rd-,ri lirtri prottri-
,euri/e";,,\Villkic va crc$tc salarirlcI)cntru ci,ri el s-a nri.sc.ut.rrirac.
Iloo.rruelt r-n tri.rctrftog,at i nrr ;;tic cun) e sil fii siirac,,, ,Willkic va
rcnurllir la nrrisurilc politicii Nrc Dm/. Itfrxia rlecapitalva oya noi
lr.,ctrti /e tilu rri."
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in s { i i r l i t , t r tn t r t icx istatpi cazttr idc cotrvcrt ire l i ra r tcpLlt i l lc ' lc
atrl'cl in riudrrl cclor foarte ntcrcsagi c alcgcri,carc ltt sitrtltt cr l
ar]lltclc piirli avclu ccva lnportant clesllrrspi cilre atl nccrcat nlitt
rn r r l ts l ru r r r ipugin on$tient A-$ iezt l lvc ndoic l i lc t t t r - t t t t ' c ls r t t r
a l t r r l , r t t i rnPrr l a r t r l lan ic i . ccpti tr i n t t r r t l r ilec ; t i i r -a t t o t t l i r r t t l : t t
s tc rc r l t iPr r l r r ir l r rdar t l l r lcg , i l to ru l t r it rc i t l . i l [ iona l i t lc trrocrat ic .
in ... nrtri nrare )arte,astt-el Jcpcrsrxttrc 1's111rctlislltlzi;ri
, ,s la l tc , , , c l ic r liu t lca i ls r isc s ituezcchiar in ccn t r t l lsatta l lr<laPclc
ccnrnrl scrr lc i PI ) .crr a ltc crrv intc,Poz . i1 iat l rso t : i r t ldl l i rs t lc r t la
n . . l t r t r i lnc i t c i i l i l ) i l tc r lu ,1 lc r r t t i tc ") c ( ) l lvc r t i lc i l t i ( t l l r l l r l .t 'c5t i
otnrcrr i li s ta l l i l ise f t ilc ju arrrtmitc r i tc r i i c l t tPr l i r rc t t t lcc l t t t l l t
cancl idat rezidengia l c r i te r i i ormtt l l rc n r r t i legralx l n ternrctt i i
in tcrcsclor )ar i()nalc ccit in cei a i ntcrcsclt lr t t r t l ia t t t t t t r i t r t l l ) ;
c i l ( ( ) l l tc tccstca, l l sc l)utealt to t l i r i t lac l l t t :cstc r i tc r i ic r i l l l t l ( lc -
Pl i r r i tc ntr-o r rL r i n lrc n t i ls t t f t llc l looscvclt s i t t t lc wi l l l i ic ' l ' l i r r t r
fbst su1.ru5rn()r l)Utcrnicepres i t t t t icon f l ic t t r i l le l t rc t incal l (l c
at i tur l ine (rcztt l ta tc din predispozig i i lcor , 's labe"); l agreart c
l{Ooscvcl[ lin anumite motive 9i pc s/ilkic tlin altcle sattallrobatt
l)il l.tc r Progrirrrrilhri nrri cauditl ' .tt, lcz.itProllirrcl ltltir ' [)csprt:
accftta Sc x)atC l)11c, tttr-o anUmitli rtiisttrrj,I 1i-att iirttiirit "'p(ttl
i t t n tod r l t l ion r t l i o lr icct iv .
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I t lcg r t to r v< l t : tl lc t r t r t tp r in la r ln r i i ) ev i t l r t t r ta f tx t r tco l r i t ;c t iv r lc
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pcstc r i red ic ' l i l a consit lcrr t t x l lcr icrr la it gttvcrtrarc a lc l dc
ilnl)ortantii [)cntnt trn trcledinte cl qi ccititl afaccrl' i,tallrohrrt. lc:1t
cu uncle rcz.crve,n r0 l i i r i le , tu cra n ic i l l re l t t r t l ' l rcs i r l t la tlc l t tg r t -
n tc l tn l l r :c l r r i lc - l t l t rc i lc t t t t ta t r t l l t t i t :ons i t lc r i t 'I l lorrscvclt si
\ \r i l l l i ic avcau )( )z . t t i itscntl lrr l l toarctt Pr iv i l t l l r r t r r io r i t r l l i ic t t tc lo t '
i i l l l i i cc r t lc l{ooscvclt tc l t tru c t l , ,s-a lcscttrc lt t i r : t r tc l i t lc cr r
l l r ()b lcntc lc c lasci lc u r i j loc " ,d i r r l uPrccia i Pc \ \ ' i l l l i i c , l ) ( ' l t t r l l
rcrr$ i(as i r rr i r thccr i5i pcrrtru c ( )n l l )c tc l l [e lccxc<' t t t ivc.A t i rs t
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nc l r ( ) td f i i tn Priv inga otulrr ip i ind n rr lr inrc lc i lc a le arr"r lxrn ic iii. f i r r i r l -a .1 l r i t rr { ' 'scvclt . Ac<:s ti r r . ,1 rulcc la r i r t :,N, lu i cg r i r l l r il l i vo t l t l )cntnrcc l c r rcx l lc r ic r r l r il l r rc t ic r l lcc i t l )c l l tn t r t r r r r r r t l i r l ; r rrrccxpcrirnclr t l t .Arn l l i i l la r s i lco r rv i l r i i. rs t r ; l rar r ro r l rcs t i r t r r i i si isc.s itrrczc1lc irccca;iP la t [<r rn r i i ;r , r ,rn r r l ,ncl in sA rc t lc i ls ingrrr ird i l 'crcnlr l l i r r t rc i cs(cci l rnulurccxl lcr icnI i l , ar cc l l i l r r l tr r r .Wi l lh icc t t r r i l l t lc ; tcPt l )c z.r)n irr r i , l i r rnu irrc<'rr l i l icarcarcccsi lr i ll )cn t r r l
l l i prc i ic :d intc, : r t i l i i r rdac t r r i r l i ri t r r r r l icl in l lur.1xr. ) r rc r tcp r r l l l i -canii ar tl <lcscnrnirr n rip ca
l'aft,prollabil cii l-ag i votat. Dar nr r
a cxistat nici trn argurnentsuficnt du convigiitt)rl)entru a lnii ajrrtasri-rrri rrrrncz. opinic. Arn vnrt tloar sil cintilrcsc faPtclc corectp i in i i a c:rpdr;; i d i r r a tc r r t i r rr [rrrrrragi i lco i . , ,
A lcg r l t ' r i i crr aclcvi irat,cc l r i l i l r rap i , , - ci crr cdcri l i r rg i , ar cinccarcii sinccr sii ciintiircascd rollleurclc i;i 1lc canditlapi n rnoclI t t t : i t l ,pcnr.rrr i r rc lc ntrcgi i t i l r i - cx isttr r ra idcgral l i i n Propa-g i r r r r la lcctorrrL ir r ( ) l ) ic i i ,n nrarrrrrr lc lclc c t l l r : i r ; icc i r . ' ic : i ,r r I ' i l r r rc1i l t r r r i r t tc i tl r tor dcr r l iSt io l i t ic i . r r v i i r l r r c l l i l c i s r r r r t i l r r tc )p t i r ) i .
( A l , l ' l { ) l . tl , l
l i lbottrl globrl
tl cnrnprtniei
Am ajuns,dcci, la concluziac{ o canrpanie
clectorali discrrrsrrile,cveni ncntcle, artico-
lele, dezbaterilo,ansantbltrl natcrialclor dc
propagandd are rci tipuri de efecte asupra
electoratului: i activeazil c cei indif'erentri,i
intdrcptc n hotllrirctr or 1lccci l)nrtizani$i i
convcncgte1rccci cchilibragi. n contirtuarc,vour aborda ntr-un mod mai sistenraticpro-
blema efectu lu ig lobalal carnpanic i.
() oorn;rrrrufic ntrc pcriorrdrr
noiernbrie 193(r-rnli 1940
gi perio'ada rnai-octombrie 1940
Nu putenr dotrAndi o lrcrspectivit corcctii
asupra unei campanii prezidengirrlc {rrl agincseanra c schirnbilrilccarc au avut loc [) c
durata u l t in ru l r r inr irndat.Nunr l i as t fc l pLr-
tcrn rilspunclc a cl ntrcbarc frrrrrlanrentrlil:
se l)oatesl)une cii, n varagi toarnna tntti an
clcctoral,caur an a propriu-z,isiI<lntnuil pu
i;i sinrplu curentul carc poatc fi <lbscn,at c- a
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l lu r rrr t1 i r c 1lc io i rc l i rln cr i( r l r r i?
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p rcz i t lc l r t i r r lcl c ( )n l jn l lur cnrl i l r tc l )c cnncn ntai ung n t irvoarcu
urru i ) i r r t i ( l i rua cc lu i l i r l t , n rnorl t l tcn lxt iv . [ )c l r r r r r )r()ccnt lc
tk> i r r . \5 ' , i ,l t t lc l ic r i lc l i r r ( /2 ,1 .lc r r roc ra ; i itu r juns,n l9. l(r , a62' /o.
intr. I93r,si I(/'-10,lrroccntrrl or asciizrrt,ilnlirrirrtl, otuli. ntajorirrlr.( i i t ; rn t r r lcr l in irccasti l l t rat ic t lc ansalr l tr rc oc z / r r nrornclr t tr l
i t lcgcr i lo r5i rrccputul rnnit()urc r r r r rp i r r r i ilcctoralc i c i i t c l t ia r z
I tt/t t cirrn ir l t ci ?
i t t a r r t r l 9 {0 . r r l i s t r i c t r r l r i c ,s c l r i r r r l r r r r c i rn r c n l i i l o r c v o r a
l i t t t f>u l irurparr ic i I i )s t r l lu l t n r r r i c r l r rs i ilcc i t sc l r in r l - l r l ri lcc sc
pctrccrrscrr ir r t in r l l r r l cc l r l r t rc i a r r ipi r t rn l i ra tc arc trr prcce.dat
c ltrnparr i i r .l i r t i
cc i c lrre -au s l rs t i r )u tPc rcpul>l icanirr 193r ' r ,rn n
i r t crrrc t :otrotr) iar mcr : ;l ) r ( ) \ t , i - r lun rc r r ; i r r r r l .oz i t i i r i i r r ( .1-10r r r r r i
cxLtcL, ' )() t) i . , rr tr i ) . 1 ; r r ot r cn o t : r t l t ,r r r rr r r r r r lc prr crn c n lg . ] ( r ,
s-acrocl ir t c rn i is r r r r rrcccr i i i r r rp r r l t r i .n t rc z . i r rar lcgcri lor l in 93 b
gi l r r r r i r nai l ( ) . - l ( ) ,19hd in r rc r r lcg i i to r i i eurocrrr l is i sc lr inrbascri-r
o lr irr ia . ntrc lrrn i lc nai i oc to r l r l r r ic 940. lrntx i l l iB% i r r rl l i i r i is i tt l l l r l ra r lc r roc r l r (i i . r r r l tcc r rv i r r tc . vcrr irrrcrrtc lcccstc i l lc r io i r r lci r r tc r r r rc t l i r r rcr r r r t l r rs lc r lo r r i i ri r ra in l\r l tc sc lr irrrb lr i c i r r tc r r t ic
c lcc to r i r l r ilcc i t to i r tccvcnirncntc lc pol i t icc alc <:anrltnnic i.
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canrlranic c l l rcz i l t tdo st 'h irnbarc nl l i tnarc pc unit r t tc ..r c t in r l t
r lcc i t cc i 219/n in t irrrprr l c lor 42 dc lLrrr i rcccdcnrc.Orrurp,.rn ia
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in tc r rs i f lca rc i rrr i . n<lcpdrtarc:rlc dcrnor.rrr( . i ,r r rca srrrvcnit n t rc
i rn i i ( ) .1 ( r; i ( i ,10,r i rs t rc tv r r t l i lc r r t rcg t r l r rcc : r r r is rr . rl :unrprrn ic i.
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Irlccvcnimcntcl<lr politices-aumanil'cstirt,lcsigrlr, i l ltrc rrlcgcri')
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trrbcl, itnprcttnii ctl proccntajuI sulliectilor la care sc aplicri cl c
( ' l 'abclrr lV). ' ,1 'abclrr lacoperi loatcco l l r l ) in r r l i i lc r ts ih i lc lc vol. tr
r lo t t r t r t t l t t tcn tc< l i fc r i tc : le cltmplnic i ' l )atc lc sc aplic l i l l l l l ) l t i i l
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c i r5 r ig i r .r rs ; i l t rPd orr rcnt ic a crcscr.r tu r ) ) i ln r l ck r rc i r rc - i us t i -
ncau l)c rcllulllicrni. )u1liiConvcnria )crn<rcrlrtil,l)rolx)rtia clorcirrcac<rrrflr o l1)rli tarc gansii cpultlicanikrr variat ntrc 4(t%ni 487o.
Nrr l r r i i r r r l ckrr carc nu avcarr in ten t iec la r i ic lc vot s -a l in r r -nuat t rc l ) ta t 1 lc nri lsrrrd c cirnrpanirrnainta,dar cifrc lc a ra t2 i n
L r r r c r ) tl i f c r i tdc o p in i c n p r i v i r r g i rr r r i c iP t r i i i ; t i g r i r o n rh r i .)up lcc s- : l r r r l l i r t r r , r r i lc lcr rn t l i r l r r r i lo r ,l l ropor t i l r anrcrr i lor t i r i i ; tcp -t i i r i concrctc a sci lz .uta rrn sf 'crt i s-an tcn ; i r r t r t t atare.
At r tcPt i r i lc rrr r rs rc.nsic lcrabi l nai ncsigrrrc ccit in tcnt i i lcdc vot. in t i rn l l cc 4tl7o rrrarrschinrbat ic io<jatdPar t id r . r lenrnr
carc avciru tlc giinclsii v()tcl.c.nrrnriri25,k si-trrt ncrrlir)ut l)c I)rlr-crrrsul ntrcgi i c ;rrnparr i ircc la ; i r i ;z .o l r tlc ugtc l l tarc r iv i r r t l i ; ; t ig r -to r i i a lcgcri lor. ju c it arr i rs t nai ntcrcsir l i , u i r r i i t x r r r rc r r i i1 ; i-ausclr inrbatmai prrt inas tc l ) t i i r i lc .,a f iccare ccc srrb iccgi a rc ,de-aIungrr ls tu t l i r r lu i , u crcz.ut n qansclc cclrr ia.s iand ic l i r t ,-auaflat
li a l t i 1 .5 rr rn grarlnrarcdc intcrcs a t i r l lc l ]c r i rrrc -arr i izg?.dit .24 t lc s t r l l icc t icu rrn nrcrcs nrcdiu; i 30 crr g r r r t rL r lc l nra i sc. izrr tdc in t c r c s .
A;a cunr nc-Anla l tc l ) ta t ,a cxistat0 s t r lns i i c lat ic n t rc in tcn t iar lc v<lc i < . r r izon t r r llc astcpt irrc sul)ra ig t ig ; i to r r r l r r i .n gcncnrl,
l lc t : i t rc r rb i i r i i -a r r l tc l ) ta r i r a lcsrr l i s r ic i l t igc , i i r r . l r r r rc r r i i i l r i ii t r t c r r t i i l c v o t r r t t r r i r s t r r l l c i c l t l c l r t c r c s a r i i c i r ra - s i r l r n rarr - rp i r r icl r r r r i suprn ig t ig r i to r r r I t r i .
( i r r c i i t a fost rrra i narc ntcresLrl cntnr alegr:r i , :rr r t i t s - i r r r -vcdit r r ra i t r ins : I c la t ia l in trc or izorrtrr llc l i ; tcPr rc si r r tcn t i l t lc
vot. I )c r r tn rPcrsoarrc lc 'c lcnni intcrcsutc, ci r l , r i r rc to r i t r lv l r to corclarc I)carsolt lc 0 , ( r t i , ar Pentnrcci af lagip,cnivclrrr i lc nraijoasc,corc l irrca lbs t dc dour0.59.1
Scl r r r l l r \ r i n le or izont t r l t r i r lc r r ; tcg r ( l r rc
or i dc c i tc o r i un sulr icctq i -a c l r in rb r l rr iz ,on t l r r t lc prcPtarcntredorr i i n tcn ' iur i , cl l f i rs t ntrcbat cc anunrc -a l icut s l i sc r i izg in-dcascJ. ) r r r r : r l iz . r icorrrcrrrrrr i i lorccstr lr r rb icc t i l t r : ; t rcaz . i io i r r tc
Autit i l 'arut ti,rl i l,)trtrnlui I 5l
l r inc n tpor t i l t t [ i l ontactc lor crsonalc ' ] i r r t lo i l l l ten i i5 i - r t t tx l l l ic i r t
sclrirnlriirilc rlc ittlertlic, i atr ildicat cil stlrsc illc accstor {cciz.ii
ratliottl, .ittrclc attc()tlvcrsilli i lc rivrrtc ll il ltc l)crs()illretvitttl cott-
v i l rsc r i s irn i lare,. ar. atunci cffnd att n t t tn i t t l ro t ivc lcsch i r l rb i i r i i
ori:.ottttt/rrilt rr,rlrftlarc,i aU tttelttrionat cvll nllli f ccvcllt coll(rtc-
tc lc, l i rcctc c r r r l l io l t t t tcn idccit t t l rbc lc t t rcd i i t , t tatc t t tp rc t t t t r i .
Sc prrrc cii il l Cxistlttcl6ttilct\i nrttjorc lritt carc orttttcrtii5i-;rtt
i r r f lucn t r rCccipr<-rcr5 tcp t { r i lc .f ' la i 1 t i i , c t t ivrr s - l l : i l ) t ls lc c : i t lc
Ir l tr ; ipeva i i sansclc r l t t i candidat s-at l s<: l t i tnbat 'l t tpa c t t t t t rr
d<rverlcstc i ttrutittttrttl itat tlin intcn,ittrilc rloastrc: ,Oatuutii ptnt
r : r i . lc t lccrrrcc l r r t i i i r t t l vor l lcptc, \ / i l lk ie picrdc o t l t t t l t i t r tc lc
\ , ( )n t r i .Nrr l t i r r s igrrr , larcrc:d i l va I ic rc l t : r lcgcr i lc . "
i r r i r l < l , r i lc r ri r r t l . rn sult icct ; i - l pu tu t f t r r t t t i t r t lp r i i lc orrc lrrz i i
l l r iv in t lccci lcc sc l)ctrcccain r r r t t l t r i .Nr r i t l t r t i v t t t tcr 'o ic i i sc
s l t r r t t i i cv i l , )c t t t r t t t lo l tscrv lt is ir lgrrr t t t tn r i tcr t i t t r t l i r r i :,1 l t t t tc r -
viurilc llrct;crlelttc, c ltiireaci Ro<lscvcltlrc nllli t lrttlti stlsgitrlltrlrt '[)irr problcmrtccltti tlc-al trcilca trtalrtlatntl-i cstc {ltv<trrtlliLi,nrzr-
rti/rn'rtue hrr ntodulctlltt a ncgociat rrArrglia )etlrrtl xtzclcnilvillc,
fiirl sirconsglteCgngrcsrrl,pir crintt mai sttntsigur citreva cii;tiglt."
I:lstc ntercsant le obscrvirtcir,Pc tttiisttrrrrtlritlti irii ' irtrll.rarrici.
l t r i r r r r r l i l r r lc rc . l l l l rcc in < ' i t rc r r l l icc t i i lo5 t r i t t t p rc l t t l t tp t r r 5r
s ip r l r l u r r r r ro s t i c r t r i l cl t o ro u rn c r r i s -a t l r l l l ) t l t i t t a t ,i t r r l t i r t t t t li l t
t lc co t r rc t r t l t ri i i1 c i t rcei t t t t<l l ' lscn 'ate s i t l t ;ca t t r t t t tc t t i i s - r l l l
i r r r r r r r lq i t ,i in r ic i r r r l . n octonrbric, c lc r lo t t r l ip t r r i lc co t l tc t t t i r r i i
r r t t t j t t r rs r t tproxitnrt t iv ccc i t ; i ic< : r ' c t t t r i .
( l r r rc l r rz i r ri l rc sc poatc clcsprinclc l i r r r t ra tc r i l l t l l )ostr l lcstcirccca r i , r r l iscu t i i lc o l i t icc ,l l rob lc t t t i t i5 t igr i toru lt t icstc t t l l ic :c r r r l
cc l rrra i ' rccvcnt,r rs l l r t rl ) r r tc ln r f l rnu t l t cc r t i t l l ( l inc tccs t l l ( r r t l .
I i lcc t t r l t lc r r r l ic re
( lcca cc r ic l ica i i r ) t rc [ ) i l rc'unclanrcrrtr t l l i :c poatcvo t l l i t lcs l l rc t rr
c{'cctcfc itlicrc hattrltvttlortrlrrf)?{rtsprlnsttl stc afirrtl;ttiv. rrlli<:t'1i
c:rrcp r r -s i irrrnascrrr irr tcngic lc v r t t t t l r t t t r t t t r t il lo t f - r l i rs i f l t ' r r t i
I 52 I ,llr,uri.ttuul lului tlttitipat'a tisti,gttrorulniI 5')
r rc l i t f - i l t ' fu l f t t i
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in f i rncgic lc prorrost ic trr i lco r l rs t r l ) r r lan ( l i ( la tu l t t i i5 t igdtor. n
octonrl)r ic , - rn i i in trc c i sc rotdr i scr l lsu l)r i l i lndi( latu lu i c carc
voiau sr l - l sus l in : l , i r r in tcn ; ia r lc vot r r un) l i l t l in ia ag tc l l td r i lor
( l ; igura 32).
in ficcarc ([intrc cclc 2l dc diagralrrccilrc p()t fi itlcrituitc por-
n ind dc la nratcr ia lu l tr ins de noi, l l r i r r cornp:rrarcantcrv iur i lor
Iuatc n t l i [c r i tc nl()nrcntc, -ao l r l i r r r r t cc la; i i czultat.z
In f l t rcn l l rcxcrc i( ir t i l c o r iz .o r r t t r llc l rg tcp t i t rcrsu l ) r i ln tcnt ic i
dc vot cstc dcstu l c lc conrplcxi lc l in punct dc vedcre psrhologic.
Probalr i l i i uni i oanrcnisc hoti lr lserd cja pc jrrmirtate u c ine sr l
v(r tczc, ar i s-ap'Jrut ra i )u [ i r ) iscar)t ii cx1>rirrrclccst ucru sut)
f i t r rmlu l r r t il ) ronosIic lec i i t u l l cca a t t t tc i r r tcn l i ic larc clcvot. n
altc cazuri, uzind<.lcsprcansclc nuicancl idat, is-a act ivat,x)xtc,
o prcdispoz.i;ic atcntii. ar, n rlte situagii, u[riccgiinu au czitat sii
s1lrntrclrrrgi riisglicxt il intcn[i<tnc'tt' f,n chill clclibcrat sd-lvotcz.c
1lc i i ; t igdtor:, ( i l r ia rn ir irr t"cc a lcgcri, r l rc i r dva c i ; t ig r l{<xrscvck.
' . t ; rcd rn-aurdat gi crr cu rcsttr l r t rn i i .Nt t l tvca n ic i o i rnpor t iu r l i l
l)cntru rninc cinc l'a cigtiga, tlar an antl sri-/ aolffi pe ti,rligtilor";
,,Am fost dintotdcauna dcm<-rcrat,ar n ultinra vrcnrs an) auzit de
I.'igura 32: ()anenii lirtrl.rri aolezcatnrtirlntu/ rle kt (ate seasleaptrisri
Si tistige
Nici o intenl io do vot
in mai, rJarso a$toapti sd
c6gtigo ropubl icani i
Nici o intonl ie cle vot
in n:ai , r jar so aslcapln
sA cest igo democral i i
Intenlie e votdemocratA n octombrie
lntenlie e volrepublicand n oclombrie
I r t i t i r r lc r r r0c r i r t t ( . r l rci v0tcaZ,rI)c rc [ ) t l [ ) l ic i r r r i ,
lar.si rr ttt,/rr5irrrnr.lr,$.rtrtlin inci tletnocra;i, litrtrccci 1lcclrc-i
I t i u . \ ' ( ) t 'l t c c t s t i t . "
l lx is t r i ,< lcc i , ird in t l t l i ; t l i l , n ef 'cct lc ra l icrc ' ar d i rec to r i idc
crrrrrprut ict tcc r r tc i i ri o l t t inJ xv l t l l tu jc n i lx in lc dc pc t t rn r r t t l i '
l ixisrri ()arncni l)cntnl carc argtlll ' lcntaliildifcctii cste t'rrai ltt;in
c l lc icn t r l lcc i r t t t t l r rcs ia i l t t la t { l t tnrca l st ls tr inc )e L t l r [ l ld i r t t re
r . r rn t l i t l r r r i .r rc r is t r r t tu ltc nto(hlr i c a nt l trcnta r ; tc l l t t l r i lc r iv r r rd
cigtigritoLirl. rD dcscoi.rcrirn rcpetate rindrrri rcfcrinle tle ltrm'tr-
trrrtrl i l r : ,,Atrt lttzttui,rfe enonrtlila ratliocit l votcazi pe \\/il lkie -
l r ry i l (1 ( ) l r l r ,6 l r l [ , . I- ,crv is. red c:IWil lk ie va c i i i ; t iga u o ase-
n]crrcrr tf lincrc"; ,,Anr attzit itscaril a radio cA ta dintte tY/c ai
ilrat'i rt,1t'ttliilr ptttittt'i diil Nat't'l'oil' t pariilt 9 l'r '5 1lc l{ortsevclt 9i '
dircli att tlrrt ci cifrclc astca' nseerntnil i e ceva ctl ele' Atrl ma i
Irsclltrrtpi r crrrisiuncclc a FIoll-Vrvood,tr careui,sleari arto'7sl)tl-
ncrtt t ' I - lv t l tc : tz r l c l{rx lscvclt ' "
Sor r t l l r ic lc lc 0 l l in ic ca stlrstr c sclt inrb irrc l o r i / , ( ) t l t t l l t rilc
r r f tc l ) t r l rct t l i )s tcxPl ic i t l lc l l t io l l l t tcdc 42 dc s t r l l icc l i ' l
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CAt ' l ' l ' ( ) l , t, x i l l
Oe li s-rrspus
rrle{ritorilor
I )c r r t r t t a r r rcn i il in r l is t r ic t r r li r ic , c,r i pcrttrrr
r tns l t rn l l l t t l c t i i lcn i I ( ) r tn rc r ic r r ri . r t r r tp r t t r i r r
prczidelrg ia l i i l in ()40a lx itr t tns n c:tscpr i r t
conrurrictirile oliticc clirr .iarc,evistc, lt lc -
t inc dc p t i r i r l r r l io fon icc ,l iscurs t t r i .rro;urr,
convcrsatii ersonalc. certcc lt a1'liirutn t<xtte
ilccstc sursc a rcl)rczcr)tirt )crttrlt ltlcgritori
canrprlrr ia lcc to ra l i i . ) r r r c l i s -as l l t rs ) r r r ) lc -
n i l o r? l
Accst raPort estc bazrrt1'rc nalizir ;tirilor
l lo l i t icc mprlr turrtc rrc in r p itrrrrrs rr r t :11irr-
nea analizatz l r in in te r rnc t l i r r l 'ckrr nai r i is -
lrirrclitc ziare Si rcl,istc ;i pe crrlcacclor rrr;ri
r l c z b i l t r r t cl i s c r r r s r r r ii r r r l c t i n c l c p t i r i . 2) c
f i tp t , rc l l t i l r i lc < l in rcvistc; i r l is t : t r rs r r r i lcrr .
d iofonicc a t t bc t rc l lc i i t r lc r l i l t tz r r rc r t t t ivc l
l l r r l iona l i ,mt fc l , r t t r r r r l t ip l ic r r tn r r rg i r rc t:unr -
panie i de^a ungrr l ; i dc- ir atrr l rr trcgi i r i r i .
Acelali lucrtt estc valrrbil, rrtr-o rruisttrri rrri
nricrl, ;i pcntru i;tirilc rlc calnprrnic carc ult
alldrttt ?n ziarc ;i citrc att lir.st, lc rcgrrlii,prc-
Iuate dc la principalc lc agerrt i i r lc prcsr-r .
I l r l i to r i r r le lc u l l l ica tc u z iarc lc l in t l is t r ic t r r l
I i r ic atr a;x ' lrut i i l r r r l tcz i l r rc t r l l r - ' r i t ' : rnc .) r'
/.5/t f tlln,ttittiln/ t.' ltu/ili
sc t l r t ,u i l i l i i t ( )n l l i t l ) ( ) r tt l iU l ) rac l lcc t l i r i icxnt l)xnic i n prcsascris l i
(,i'/i .t-a rpn:;hl4,ttrnihr 157
i l r t inrpul pr inrc i pcr ioade, h iar naintc dc discurstt l c acccl ' r-
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l i l r r r r r l i or r l i s t r i t r t l ' ) r i c r o l r i r l l i l l i n r r r r l l i r r r r r cl i l c r i t< l r t t . . , rr rl l l i r s t c r r l i z i t tl ) r l r c c g i r r l r ir l c r l r i i .
A r r l i r s t r l c s c rc i s c c ' c r ) t c , l i r r t a r l i i r i l c r i t c l c c r r r r rp r r r r i c i .I ' r i r r r r r ,r r t r c .5 i l o iu rAu \ t . rs t r rp r in s l ( )n rc n tu l c i r t ' i r l r r . r i cr c -
c lcc to r i r l r il i r r t rc lorrvcngirrl)cnrocnrt: i i l iscrrrstr l lc rcccptirrctll r r i \ / i l l l i i c ,l l r i n ' r r r c r1 i r l c l r r r r l r tr r r r rPu r r i i rP r .P r i r r - z . i s l i ,; c lPu g inl ) c n t ru c Pr rb l r c : r r r i .t l o r r r r
Pc r io : r r l r i ,l i n lZ
l l i n r ir r 7 o c to r r r l r r i c ,
s t t rPr i r r t lci t r r rL r lr lc r t rl carrrpurr ic ia i r rcc l l r r t r l urr i i I ina lc ,chiard u Pr i t r r n c r r l u i \ \ ' r l l k i c Pr i r r i s r ,5 i c r i n c i r l c c r r v i z i r ad c l r r c n r
, , n o n -Po l i t i c i " p r c ; c c l i r r t c l r r iao l r i c c t i v c l i n n t l r r s t r i al c a p i i r i r r c( , r : i t z . r cu ( i i l r c r i r r r r t l i s c r r r s t r l r l cr rAk r . r r 5 i 1 l c c l r l c r r ) r r 1 , r ' r r ,i l t ( ) l r i . ) . r \ t r c i i r ; ; iu l t i r n i rl l c r i o i r d i l ,l i r r 2 .5 . c r . r r r l r r i c i r r r i r r . lt ro icrrrbr ic, r rco l lc r i t r l t in rc lcai ec lc nrrr iact ivc rrnslrrcz.ccc. i lci t lc r:arrrp irn ic i.
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r r r r l g i r r i i u n c l i t l a tu l r r i ,l a r ,a tu n c ic i r r d c a r r r l ) a n iaa j t l r t s a l rn r r l ,
c l i l tL r r i lc l r l r arr ost d irecgionate a i a lcsci l trc atacuri lc a adrcsa
Irri l{ooscvclt. (lit despre democrati,ei gi-aucentrat proprlganda
t l i r r cc in cc mri mu l t pc propriu l candiddt.Numi l r t t l a f i rn t r rg i i lor
cc l r i l i l ln r tcpi nctrtrc, i l reau rcprezcntir t)estco trc inrc d ir t t ' l isc t r -
t i i lc c lcctorrr lc r lc nccputulu i uni i arrgust, -e lcdus a ttnrdtatc ncursul lr i td l ic i crbalecrucia le i n u lt ima Lrn i i .
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rc f lcc t l l tc lc crrrupnnia,n ternreni i unui part izanat eschis? ' l ' r r-
l rc l r r l ' l l ) . I)c: rrrsaurblr t ,cv istc[e ru bst cclc nrai l i l r t in i to l rc ( .1
l r r ) . t r r r r r i r tc lc : i i r rc pcstc 2la l) p i , n cca mai nt icr lm{s t t r i l , lc
cnris iuni le adio sub Zla l) . Aceste ucntr i necesit 'J analizr l .' l 'crrncrrrr l
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t l iscul ia p r iv i r id conrunicarea dcmocratic ' tr ,Dacd sustindtor i i
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s u n t l ) r c z c n ta tcr r J r rp i t o l t r lX IV . )
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urnrarc,o noutatc. ; i l1 l tu l i l gi c(}nginrrtrr lnr is irrn i l0r a r l ioa avl l t
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t lccit dcnr<lcrirtii.O analiz.li raicxirctiiaratii ri difcrcnta a fostcorr-
s i t lc r r rb i l ra in r ic t n r r l t i r r rc lc i i tcva i ipranrani l inaintea lcgcri lor,
c i r t t l I { r x r s c v c l tt t s t t l is - r t t t l r c s u tr i r i i r r n i i r i r r r r r c r r r r c r l i r r lr t l i o -
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r c P t t l r l i t : l n c .' , s t c r t i l r ' i l i s t i n g c n rn r r cc o n ; in r r r r r lo l i t i < :l i r c c t ; i
c c l r c l l c c t i t t r r c r r t i s i t t n i .J o r r l i n r r t t t ld i r c c t , ( ) n ) l ) u sl i r r l i s c r r r s r r r r
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ttrrrrritoarca onrltoz.i.tic: 8% rcPublican, Z9o/o crr.rocrat i 13 %
ncutn r . i , r . " "a ce prive|te c0n;inrrtu l ef lectat, eprezentatcl e
l ru lc t i r rc lc lc ; t i r i , r l is t r ib r r r i i r l i rs t< l r r l l r iunr rrnncdzl l :46/r, c;tu-
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l inSantlrrskyn irccasti i :anrpanicrczit lcrr-t i a l r t . I r r t t l t l i r t t r c l c c rap t t t c rn i c c p r rb l i c a n ,r l t r r I c ran n ro t l r i u l i -g iorra l ; i r r r r r il r r r t i r r c l rc r r rc r r t )lcrrrocr ir ta r r l t rt : i lc i r rrr c()rct. ic
t lc r r roc ra t , lar n l i r r r t l rc r r t r r r . i r r r t l t r l lc Pl r r t iz .an i r t . . r le lor t re i
z. irrrer i rs t ,rr rnsarnblrr ,i l -c r i r ' f i rbc l r r l I I I ) . Dcsigur r i oatc cl c
t rc i z i r r rcarr rc l i r ru t rcclca:; i vc lr irncntc alc c i r r rP l i r r ic il r l lc r io i r -dclc rcspcctivc. )aci ar l ' i l .s t s r r ic to l r icc t i r . ' cn rc la t r i r i lc or ,
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nu s- ir ' i r r t inrPlrr t r5 : r . i r r r r r l c l r r r l r l ica r r sc()s n cvit lent i n r r r i
i s-nrfur aleaitotilot
'l'alrelul Ylll: Partiz<tatul: fivi zian locale
Ziar republican Ziar neutru Ziar dontocral
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sc lccgia vcr.r inrcntckrrl i t rcampanic, iDind sc i t l l l i t lc rc l r t t l r i lc tr
s inc si dc subicct iv i tatca cestora. ePtrb l icani i t rd t tso c i t t t lPar t ic
mai intensd i;i, prin urnlare' au bencficiat de rnli nrulte ;tiri ' ia r
acest ucru s-a reflaccatn grarlul de partizanatal ttttttror cclor trci
gazere c[iar gi n cazulcelei democrate,carea fost astl'cl .ftrrgrttii"
t lc cvcrr inrcrrtc rl rcordc i l rec lu ) t ra i t t t t l t r l l tc l l l ic c i t t r t l i t l i r t t r l r r i
o1r<-rzigici.n lccst contcxt' zitrele atl llccrcatstl-i;i xprirrrc politicit
ecliroriald,ar cifrele privind partiz.rlnattllolitic arat'J i tr cc tttiisttrii
a1 reugit.Diferenga inrre plblica[ia neutr'.i i 'r iclre tliltrc cclelirltc
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revistelor a constat n mare partc ilt ll iografii $i portrctc alc t:rttt-
d idatu lu i, avind, astfe l, un caracter ,f iresc" Pentr l l r l la io r i t r l tc i l
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Subiectul: principalele teme gi accente
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ar i fost r r r t iv r r I iaor f ic c r r ns l l i ru t l l lc i r ; i r rn i r r l l l icc au l)crso-
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' l i l r r tci lccstc la tccon l l rn r r lt lcc t r o r r r r r r r i ll lo t r iv i tc t l rc i i t scnla
t t r tc ica rn l r i r r r i ircz. idcnl ia lc stc l ) l l r t iza r ) i r tu lt la r t t c l td . ra r r l l ln
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Pc unul d intrc candidagi. u f i rs t rrc lusca ic i rrunraiacclcacarcl-r tu t tv . r iz i r t lcsc l r is c rrrnr ld intrc i, adic i ld iscursurii ; i lcchrrr l i i
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rrratic acrlllrrblicrrl rrncricirn satracclscgl)rcntal sJtrcarc ru r ost
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cxt1cs11lc t rn i l i r tc r i r lc i r r r i rg i r rcistors iorrrr tr lrca l i t i l l i i .Clc l rnaiprobabilcstcc i l as r fc ldc ati tLrd in il)art izanc unt f ic arr ibuitcconr-
l)ortarncntulrr i zual rl , l lo l i t ic icn i l<1r" ,lc intcrPrct ir tcn tcrrncnirt tnci co r r r l lc t i l i i ip ic rnrcr ic:rnc,n curcPrirrc ipalrr l l l icc t ivcstc si Ic i ; ; t ig i . rr l l inc sarr n r r lu ,canrpa.i l Prcz idcn l i l r ; icstc z r rg r : rv i t ia l)roapc xclusiv n a lb ; i ncgnr.
(lu cc subiccte s-a ocupat propagandaclcctoralil in acest cadrtt
foarte gcneral .rlpartizanatuluipolitic? Despre ce li s-ttvorbit cel
r ra i n ' ru ltoarrreni lor l
l )c frrpt, :c l rnai d iscutatsubicct c l in in r l l r r lcanrpatr ic i f<rs t
i r rs r lg i: l rupr r r r i r r .{a in t t t l t de o trc in)e l in t rc c l isc t rg i i-a l toc t t l ) l l t
clccvolut a carnlxtnici, c nretode[c lcctoralca[ecclor dotrl partidegi n specia l lc specula l i i le supra anselor e lo r doi candidati .A
rrnnatapoi b i lantu l u i Roosevclt , dru ia s-adedicat un sfert di n
rnurc r i i r l r r l lcctoral.Ac:cste u l l icctcau fos t ur lnatc de vi i toarelc
p o l i t i c i r l c r r iW i l l k i c l i a le r r i { o o s o ' c l tg i c l c l i s c u l i i l ca s t rp r r
c i r n t I i t l r l i l r - r rn 5 i9 i .
Imaginertalcgcrilorca o competitie n carecei doi advcrsari arc
se hrptrll)cntru a obpine n avantaj erivi irt prinrul rind clinaccentttl
pus l)c pronosticuri. )e de o parte,protagoni;;tii i strspindtoriior au
ciilrtirtsi' l lcrr rrrllrcsiir it au obginut dcja victr-rria; c t lc al tll partc,
comentatorii independen[i au incercat sri se impunii persottalca
arralii;ti ubtili ai tlesfigurtrrii ampaniei. n consecingd, ronosticul
asupra rczultatului canrpaniei s-a bucurat de o atengic considera-
lril 'rt. ivolLrgirr ccstciaa fost discutatri i anticipat' i n fieclre etapii,
tot a$a unl (onlcntatorii sportivi speculcazil supra ezultatclordi n
crrrnpiorrarc au din mcciuI clc sAnrbdtil. ntt-o anttnrit:I ntdsurd,
accstr cstc ull indicirral sentimcrttelorputernicecare -au nsrrllcgit
[)c susfini.ltorii 'crvcngi: i au dorit ctt oricc pre[ ca ccltill l lor sil
ciii;tigc.
in canrlr ,ur i ,rin 19.10, atd i inc lnatura pccia l i i accstu ic i lz ,
prcpcdintc lc sc spri j inca pe utr b i lartp ubstanl ia l, t t vretnc cc
Wi l lk ie a trcbuit s i l- ; ; i x lnstru iasci intaginea a ,,s l)crangii entrt t
v i i to r " . i r r cr,rrsccir .r ;d,l ispr-r tasul)ra l i lc r i te lo r , tcnlc" s-a rans-
l i r r r r ra tntr-o Lr r i t : l l icntrc b i larrgLrlui l{ooscvclt ; i l l ro ln is i t ln i lc tr i
W i l l k i c .
[J i lantu l unei guverndri,pur gi s irnplu ca is tor ie a real iz ir i lor
tangibilc pi r lucnrrilor riimase nefrlcutc,va fi intotdcallrra supus
(I tltur tlrl j ltotihtt I l0-i
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l6J / ,llctati.rna/ utltt/ui
cr i t ic i lo r vc l l i tc d in l l i r r tca ckrr r lc t l r r l r < l l s te s i i rccon)i lr)de l te
c r i i r lc i r l i rcc ucclc ls i lucrrrr i . )ronris iurr i l c lcctoralc,Pc t lc a l t i l
l )a r tc ,sur)t rr ;or t lc [ ic r r t . in t r -o canrl larr icPrcz . i t lcn t i i r l i i ,lecare
t i r l> i i r i lc str i i r lu ic$tc r r r i r r r l t r i -5 irasczc lanuric lcv i i to r c i i t n ra ia t r i tc t ivc lc t : i t sr i sc c()nccntr c;/ .csul)raPrrnc t i r i idc l 'cctc lor l in
l l rogr : rn r r r lr r lvc rs r r r r r l r r i; i , : rs t lc l , i l l t ragdt tcn i i lp trb l icLr lrr il r iU[ ) rai t ( i c s t ( ) r l r .\ t ' c i r s t r il i r l l l p i c s - r r t r l c v c r i t i n l l r o l l r r g : r r t r l ; rl r r r r l l a l r i c i
r l i r r 194(). )c l lcc i r rcl ) r r r rc ,l t r rc r r r i lcsrr l l ra r i langulu i rdvcrsari lor
i l t r I i rs t r r t l r i r trrrrcrorrsclc t i t r lcc l r r r r rg i i lcPr in carc cra a l)dratI)ro-
l l r i r r l l l i la r r l . i , in t r -o rn i ls r r r r i i nui nrarc, iccarc ab i i r i ia alocat
n ra inrult t i r r r l r usg incr i i r l i t ic i l . r l )c carc c prcconiza lcc i i t b iec -g i i lo rPr iv in t lPo l i t ic i lc c lc i l r r l rc . tuncic i lrd rr osrvorbadc bilantu l
t tnu i Parr i t l i . rL rl a l tu ia , tacuI Prcdorrr irratntr<r Prol.rorg iec 3 la
2 asrrPra pa i r i r i i . j ind a fo.sr ort)adcspre po l i t ic i lePrecorr izate,laucla rPrc r lo r r r in i r tsul)ra tactrr i lor intr-o roporgie le2la l . Pe
s c r r r t ,, a i o r " a u r l c r r r c l c n ra in r r r l t c r c Sc l i ,n t i n r l lc c , ,a in o p t r i , ,l r r c ; c l c u : r i r r r n c ro r r r i s i r r n i .
I )c5 ic irnrp irn ial in 19.10 tlc lrutar rncr l ia r l r rp i i d t lcrca irantrc i
5i s - i rs f i r ; ; i t c l r i r r rdrrp i i at ircul u ic i irr Balcani, i tuagia xrcrni a
trccut Pe planul al doi lca n fagaProblenrelor nterne. DiscLrg i i le
asul)r ir crnclor controvcrsr l tc - i l r r cJ 'c r i trr ProPort icde 73% lar r l i r c c r i l cr r r c rn c i r r r rn r l r in Pr .p o r l i cdc 277o a c c lc c x (c rn c . l rI t t n r i r r i rv t ' r r i r r r c r r t c lo rr l t c r i o r r r c .l i s t r i l r r r i r c i rt c n t ie ip o i r t cl l d r c ad isProPor t , i r rn r t t i ii r t i ldc i r r r l lo r t i r r r tac i r l i i cc lor douil sul l icctc.
, ,1 ) r .v ' c i r rc . t i r i iprcccr lcnt a trar l ig i i l ' r rrncr ic lrnc,,n accstan
194()a f t ic t r t < l i r rcc l r lc - : r l rc i lc i r uuu<lrr tun srrb icct lresc t lct l iscrrg ic[)cnrrurcPrrb l icarr i . Ia i nrr l t lcB5' /o l in oarc cfcr in[c le
la irccsts r r l l icc tc r i r r r r i t icc. rr l l l r rs , lcnr 'crar i i l l r l rgunrcntat nfav 'arca cclu i c lc-a l rc i lca nrarrr lat a atare mai putin decit inlhvoarcrr r ic i i r r r i l t srrb icctr l i r r 1.200 lc a f i rn ra t i i; l ro-Roosevek,r r t tn ra i l3 l r r r ost i t t n tod r / rs i l is n lrrvolrc ircc : l r r i< lc -a l rc i lcar r ranr l i r t . )crrrocragi i -a r r r r t r l lu r r r i t d t i r r i l n f r i r r accasti lpro-
l r lc rn i icv it in t l-o, ca s i l n r r Pr r r r r i az,Pc ocrr l t i rn i t r lc rc l l r r t r l icani .
i n p l r r s , r r r o s t r r r a ip r r t i n c l i s c r rg i i c l r t r cc l c s Pre c e s t r rb ie c tdcciit tlcsprc oricarc akvl (79h irrri {c ltrctlia tlc Z\?h\.
l i .s'rt
(lentnrl cnntpauiei: ltoosevelt
in Sratcle Llnitc cxisti o legendiipoliticn Ptrtrivitc'.ireia:rtrtlPittriilc
prez. idcnl ia lc Untsrrs l inutear alegcri le c dec i t l )c l l t r l lsatt tDPr t -
triv|- trnuia (lirltrc canclicla;i, u a arnindttr()ra.Astl'cl. se sPtttlc
t lcsPrccltntparr ia l i l r lgzu cJ i t l i rs t s t ls l i l l t l t l l1 lc l l r i tz . r i) t ( ) -s i l t t: rn t i -A lSr r r i r l r ,n l ( ) . ]2 , ig r r r i lccn t r i l l . l l i ls t I l txN 'c r . rrr tr l ( ) .1 { "
l{ooscvcIt. ) r ic l r rc rr i r r r i ls t r ran c i t rc lcc r ls t i lcgcr t t l i l - t t r t l l l t t -
tnar t) alcgcrilcaltcrioarc,cxistil anul)' litc lovcz.in accltstii rivirrtrr
in sittlagiadin 1940, ccl pulin in ceetr ce privcgtc proprtgantlr
e lectoral i .
N,lai ntii, totLtfi,o alrunrit{ 1)rccrlu ictrlll0Lrivagcttcrrrliz.iirii:
clacri reo canrpanic rccctrtil ar htbuis'tr c<llrftrnrc egcrrda, ltttllcl
dcsigur cir accasta ste catnpania in 194(),tr carc t t t r Prc5ctl irr tc
cu dotrii m..rnrlirtestorice S-a lrezentat l)entrtl a fi rqtlcs irl hazlt
accstrr i>i larrgt t i t {c < lcz . l ld t t r t .dvcrsartt l t r i , t t l t t l t t -vc t t i ttt po l t -
ticil, ' i1ril rici rp :ilrrn1, fost lirrlat, lrrrctic, rl-$i lcfirlcrrscr\ rrzitirt
rcfcr inclu-se a preccdcnta adnrin istraf ie. s t {c l , t : i rc : t t t t ts t i tn t t : l t :
aleg,crilor u confirr:ratcgenda a$a unrsc x)atc rltiirnPllr, lcsigttr.
in or icc catttprtn ie.
N{rrtcrialrrl e <:anr1'ranielin prcsascrisii9i tlc lrt ratlio -a.fat'o'
riztrl 1'>c illlt ic itttr-o prtllxtr'1ic cvir ttai ltrrrc lc 2 lrr ' tlitr ' i /t (ttttt-
liz.rtt 1'tc {<xrscvelt ntr-o propor;ie clc 3 la 2' Astl'cl' llr'lixrtttaltr/
1to/itir riJrxttliztt|co tnrlieisul)r el)artc lc a i iderrticc.Atit nrirtc-
r i r r lU lc i r rc - i 'uvoriza c rcPrr l t l ican i , i t ; i cc l crtrc- i prc lc ' r i t1r c
clcrnocragi-aLt cu l )a t e ltregcdirr te lcn cxcrc i l i t tmr t in t t t l t lc t : i t
dc contracanrl i t la tu lu i. cu alte cuvintc, pr i tntt l a f<rst t ta i r r l r t l t
anr i- l{or-rsevelt eci i t pro-Wil lk ie, iar ccl d in t t r tn i i n l i t i r r t r t l t
pro-l{oosevclt dccit anti-Willkie (r'czi Tabcltrl VI)'
lh4 / il lrarisut/ wtlrt/ui
()llicctivclc
Ot /i .r-a .s/tusalt'gtitotihtr / lrt5
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crunpirnici: istnric, barri, scorrritrrte
l ) r i n c ip a lu l c ( ) l ) : r l r g r rn i z , r i r i ir r r c i i r r r rPa r r i il c c ro ra l c s tc c i s t i -garc ir r lcgcri lor.)c r r t r t r lcc iu i t i r ,andir lutrr lrc lru ic s r i - i lc rc alcgi l-
ton r l t r inrot ivc:l)cntnr c i l rc lccsta i i - i rcorr lc orrr l , ) r r l l i icrrn l un)
t l ta i sPt ts , ( : i l t t i t in larc l)xrtca ; l ro l t lg r r r t lc ic lc t : to r t r lcrc ( )ns t i l tl l
i t t r : c r c r r r c r rl c r r r r \ t i rr l , p o l i t i c i l c) r ) r s t r c " r t n t ) l u r c . r r r , . r r l co r "
r i l f t l ) ro i ls tc.I)u / r t / r t r / . / r l lun lcsc l ) rcsUl)Utrcr l r r i fos t l r r r rcsa l tl)ro i ls tc rccsrcPo l i t ic i l larc cmrrolr icct ivc lc v i i toa rc ) ; ; i czLrl-
t i r tc lc t l i r r rccrrt) in i r r rc t ic lccarb c usti f icarr nctodclc,p l i rn r r -
r r l c , l c c i z . i i l c ,r c t l i r r l c l c ; ; ic l i r r r r i l c i i c r r r r r rai lo l l l i r u i r l c g i i t o r r r l
p r t t t vo t . t t l t t t l l { r ' tsp t t t ts t t la i t t r l t i t r i r r cc iun11c att cs r rs i t lc l i r t
c i r r r t l ic l i r l i i1i d ircctor i i or dc crrnrPirrr icr l - ivor c iStig ir c alcgrl tor ir
arrrcr icani.
I ) r inc iP i r lu lb icct iv socia l vansatn t inrpul accste i arnl lani i rf i rs t cs l lc r : t r r rc : rl l r inc ig r i i l r l r ,r t l ic i ir t rccu t t r l r r i ,rc vrc lrrccc l l r . i l rc i -
P i i lc5 i - i r r rkrvcr l ir r r l r r l r i l i tu ic r r ,r r t r - r r r ri . lsrrrrr l t r r l ,n t rcc r r r .\s t lL , l< lc apc l r r r isunt, pr. lrabi l . I 'Lrnct iorra lcn anrrrc lc dirccr i i : a t l ic : il ' t r rrct ioncirz it ( t t / t ' u lrroPirg lrncl isr, ator i tr ld r rp tab i l i t i i t i r lor(a1lr<xt1 lc( ) t t l l[ )o r t tc l t lc tnor tst r i t tr isc corrtr lrrrrcr rzr it r t r c o l)11ct ' rc r r r r r r i, l r r inc i l r i r rs t r l r ic " ) , i l i rncgio lrca ' r . i li n .ru lt tz t lcg i i to r i lo r ,
Ar i l I ic l l l l ) i t ( : t r t l t t it r r r l r ic l r t i t lt t tcrrr ic xc rc i t i r t c rrn rcc r r t u r r r i l ia r
; i d c s i r r r l r , l L r r i l cr r . I ) s i l r ' l . g i i r rl ) u r c a , . r l r i n n r l t d c s Prc . l r r ls ttb icct iv r luccstrr i l rc l r i ld : lc in i lcr r i r r c r l l i l i i r ic c tc . ) , ar socio-log i i dcsl lrc r r - r l r r lr r i soc i l l ( i r r f ' luc r r l i rr r i ( :o l )sc rv i l to l rc tc . ) . , lorrcc r ivc l , l l r :o r rs t i tu i t l r l rx r rc r roc i l r l i llo r r r i l r : r r r t l lt r i r r rc t r iclcc itrccar r t l i t l l l i i t r r nccrcrrt i l -g i anr l i ip lat l i r rurc lc
l lo l i t icc .
Nl i j loacc lc : c t r c i t sc spr.urc rai pu f i r r . . .
i r cr lrrrp lcrurcal isc r r l ic i csPrc b iccrt ivc lcqi rczultatc lc l)rogra-lrrckrr po l i t icc , c r r r r t l i t l i r t i i1i l l r r r r i l to r i i r l r dc c t rv i r r t trcbuic sr is l l t tn r i cvrr i t lcsprcnrcto( lc lc r in curcaccstc1 l r ; l i t ic i l r r r c lc i r lc
irtlvcrsrrrilor rlr ar llrttca fi rcalizate.De fapt, ntl s-au s[)tls prea
nrr r l tc .Nrr r r r r r i 4 ' / , ; d in co t r t i l ) t l tul ota l a l t r ra tc r ia lcl< l rt c t tp r i t rs
rcl'crillc lir rlcto{c, iar tccsteu ttr qst. tclcsca,le ncrclcvirlrtc, lc
v r rg i . l r r u ltc cttv intc, iccarc i r l t r l r t l fbs t l rca ) t l l in d is l ) t ls isd se
ilrgrr.icz.crr rliscrrliidesprentrrtvot fi rcalizateacestc rrogritmc. n
l r rV0rr rc r rx r r l ic i l t . i i I r r ] l l l t n )a ic0nvcrr ir l l i lc 5i r r ra ic l i f ic i l lc ct ln-
t r r rz is )ls t t l ) r r trognttt tc lr lrtrscgi, l r i t r tc t t r l tc t ivc ,lcs ig t t r .
' [ 'crnrcrriicrrto[iottaliI etichetele camputriei
' l i r i r tct ip r r r i lc lc p top i t l l i t t tddc l l r tzc l tz . i ilc t l lc l t r l r t t l t t l r l l l l lo -
fiona[i. l)cllrlt cl rlcsajul sd fic transrnisnraselor. )e rcgulil. sc
firftrscscdilcriti tcrnrcni scn1inlet]tali sinrbglLrri ali t,lc care
oamepii sc situcazitputcrtric [.rro au contra, )rectlr]l ,demgcragie"
:iau ,cor)lulisrn". 1 1940, stfcldc tcrnrcnis-attgisit in fiecarc razei
ir propirgrtnrlci lcctoralc.S-a iicttt clc l<lltil ri trtai rtrtlt tz clc ci la
s l i i r l i tu l r r ioctortr lrr ica l i lc le nccptttu l t tn i i t t rg t ts t ,c l ic i llL l in t l t
|ilsul crt ritrrrr,tlcltnririalertal alegerihr. n plus, matcrialttl cgatde
l{ooscvclt - l)ro satlcontra a avut o mai tnare tttensitatcetltlfio-
p r r l i i lcc it spl l icctc lcparale le egatcde Wi l lk ic . I iv idc l t c i l prc;c-
t l i r r tc lcc1r r lc : j r tta i , , i r r l l i t "sat ln t i l i , I l r i t " dccit advcrs lr t t ls l l t t .
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$r
( : r \ l ' l ' l ) l . t l l , X I V
l lndioul
p'.rgina ipiritri
Alcgcri lc pre/. i(lc ) alc irtscll l ) l l l cit l l l) i l l ( ' ,
i r r r accast t t ) rcst t l ) t tnc l tn f l t lx ( ' ( ) l r t i t l l l t l ( lc
propagartdd l lo l i t ic : i . [ ) i rcctor i i t lc ct t t t tprt t l ic
inventeaztl stratcgii an)ple qi trrctici ngcni-
oase n incercarea lc a face tlitr r'oittgt or si
vo i r r [a c lcc t r l ra t t tl t t i . ci lngretrr t l i n rtrrrg i-
rr:Iriir cctorrrlil;i lrtlrrlttcirzrl ttl t <'rr c tcritll
situaliilrlr sltccilicc. trtr-tttt ctirrt tlc it-i atrtgc
1le cci timizi, cle a-i concltlcc pc cei gatit
inrolagi9i dc a-i cot'rvittgc e cei frirri ragcrc
r lc in in t l . L i t lc r i i t lc opitr ic )a r t iT.a l l i t l i rcc -
tontl dc z iar, cditor ia l iastrr l ,t r r r t i t l is t t t l r t r l
c i l r ica t t l r is tu li l rc rprol 'cs ionist,o l l lc r l ta t ( ) r t t
de radio sau ntc lc l ) t t t lsa t t t l t t i se inrp l ic ; i .
cu to f i i , n canrpanic, t t l t ind t t - ; i a t l to r i ta tca
in s lu jba candid lt tr lrr i l rc fc ra t ,Prop i tg l t t t t l r r
sc clczldnguic re t t t t i r r t lcn i ,tr inccrctrca< lc
a-i contro la, c a-i r r f t r rn r i r ,lc r t - ic<lnstr i t tgc
sau dc a- i inst iga pc alcg: l tor i i to tcrr[ ia l i r r
fhvoarcaunci cleciz.iitdccvate.
Astt'cl,ntza rfuar'/irutct llropttgrttttlci lcc-
to ra lc cs tc i t t tc t ts i ' I . ) r r r cc l ) l l tcn l s l ) l l t lc
dcslrrc rccplen'otccstc ia?t l t rz , ic l rtt s t l r r l i t r : i
poate i nta i l lJc t t t i i . l l r l l ro l lag r r l t r l l tl t rc t t t
/ 6,\' / t l lu at i rt tn/ tvttu/rti
so vc( lc sau"
sc rr( lc cstc l )u r .s i in rPl r r' r r t i l i i .c i ta i atc ' r ic rea ld
Rur/ioulsi pagira tipdrikJ / 169
Concerrtrnrerr exptrnerii
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isc ac.rr [r? )c cr l trc i 'c? i 'c i trc r rc r r i i lc c.rrrrrrr icrrrc?)c scrtr t , cl ) i l tcn lsPrrrrc lcsprc x l ) r r r rc rc l llcct ivd a p r rP: rg r r r rr l r rlcc to r . t l l i?
A tc r r t i i r ; i i r t c r c s r r l x r r r r c r r i l , r ' n t s ( ) l i c i t i r t cl c r ' ^ i r r r r r l t is t i ln r r l i . arc r r t r i i . rs t l ' c l .rr crnrpcrig ic. lx is t r i c .nrpct i t ic i . t rcl l r , l r l c r r r c l c , , r r r r i ' c r s r r l r r ir i v ' t " ; ic c l c r l c , , r r r r i ' c r s . l r r ir r l l l i t : , , .l ) r c , c t tP ; r r c i rl ) c ' t ' t P r r l t l c r r r c l c c rs . r r t r l cr t r t r : r i ; r s l ' t , l ) c ' t l t tl l r c r t D r r l t i r r r l l l r t r n c rg i cu lo c : l t c
rD . rp ro l r l c rn c c l i r t i vr r t l c p r t r_t i l t c c r ' r r r r i : r l c g c rc i r r c ; c c r in t c l r r i .$ i , c l r i i r r ; i r r v ia l l r ; l r r l r l i c i i ,in t r i i in c r r r rPcr i t ic ratc 1 l ' s i l r i rc ro c.trc rrc i r r tc rcs . )c Pi r r r r i ,curnpania i l r 1940 trcbuit sd ntrc n c . r 'Pc t ig ic ,l )c r r r . ca l ) r i l rcai t t c r r l i c iP t r l r l i c c , r , r s c r i c r c c ' c r i r r r c r r t c t l r j r l r c , i r r c r r r ' l r ir rrarcascri l ic i < . r arrpanic prczirrc ' ; ia l l <lc la cca din l9 l(r -riizboiul din Iluroltir.
I )u1 l i i crrrn sc $tic, in tc t - t r i i t i r t .canci carnpirn i iprczidcntia leatrrrgc1>rrnctrr lr r l r r r in i rn tl r i i r rn:r intc lc z iua r lcgcr i1 . , r ,i r rc l l i rssr r r c r l i : r z . i r r r c l c ,c v i5 l c l c i 1 l ' s t r r r i l cl c ra t l i ' - s ru r r r r r r r r r l i r t cl cl tropugarrt la lcctoral i l . Daci l oa l i lc r r i i
vor c i t i v rcoc la t : i lcsprecirrrrpanic alr \ /o r ascrr l ta iscrrrsrrr i o l i t icc , atunci acestaestcnrolncnrul.r )a rc i i t i lu pi i ic r r r - r :n rcal i tate?n tJ is r r ic tu ll r ic , int r l t i r r rc lc 2 t , i lc r lcc irrrParr ic i ,54% l i ' t rc s r rb ic r . l i sc r r l r r rsc* iclP r r t i n r r ra l i r r t r c : c l c in c ic r r r i s iu n i o l i t i c c rn l ) r ) r t i l n t cl i l i r z a tcr rr i t r l i rc lr iar l r z i lc lcr)rc l.crg i i torrrc' tc rv i r r l r r, sr?; c ir iscrr i cl Pr r l i r r. rc lafurc lcc ( ' r i r l r rr l lda r t i l1 lc l r i r r r r tl l rg i l r i l rz . ia r r r l r r irc f t , r i r tr t rz ( { ) i t : i r rsc r i l:c l l l r r l i r r r r r r r t i t : r lc lcct ' *r l i r t r - r . , cv is t i r .AccstcI r t c r r r r ir r n t r r rp ' r t i , , r t c ., , p u n c t l c r r l n i r l r n ta l c r r r r l l a r i c i ,l r l i . i r _gitu l r r ' i i oct() ' ) l ) r ic , a l r r urr i l ta tc <J i '1 l.1 lu lu; ic g ' r lra rrt ic ' lc lccf 1rc rrir'a
Pagi.ira't.iirrcror arr
riscursurire lccr<lrale re carrcri-da;il<rr,ar apr'xinra tiv 7s% ign'ratr nrateriarclc cti:rit<-rarca car.-panic pr r l l l ic i r rcu rcvistc.Pe scurt, , sc r)oatc r)unc ii rrxul t icr ra tc r i i r l1 l ' l i t ic - i rc r l l lcSi t1 lcacc5ti arncrr i , la c l r i r r r l i l r rP. t r i ' i I .
I )a r uccstc n tc r l l rc t r i r i rrl)utea rccc cu vedcrcaun lucrttcscnpia l.
I )c ; i l r rn r r i t t tc l in t rc subiccginu au urmdrit n ic i a surstr i lume,
lx)atc cri topi sau aproape opi au fbst expugi uttor surse.Cu alte
crrvirrtc, roatc cil rxtnrcnii s-au sQtccializalntr-un anunrit til l tle
cxl)nncrc: t r r i i r r r ; i t i t , la rntr au rscrt l tatr in r ic ,ar alg i i t t asctt l ta t,
<lrrr rlrrlstl citcrscil.$i, rrstl'cl, posibil ca ficcarc irrdivid sil li fostcx l ) l Iscanrparr ic intr-un anunrit c l ,
l)c firllt, atlcvilnrlestecxact pc dos.Cu o remarcabild onstang:i,
rnatcr ia lc lc ol i t icecl is tr ibuiten c l i fc r i tcnrcdi i de comunicareau
rrjtrrrs a trv/rt,tignrll dc alcgiltori potcn;iali.zCci carc au urnr{rit
tirartc rrrultripropagirndl electorald ntr-unul din mediile de comu-
nicarc arr unniirit in acelagi imp gi celelalte medii, iar cei care ar l
rtrnririt in nriciinriisrtril nul dintre cle le-auurmdrit n mici mdsurd
gi pc cc lc l i r l tc .Major i tatca oamcnilor care au urmdrit d iscursuri
p0l i t icc Pcstc r rc r l ic -u r t i t t t r r tl lcs tcr r rc r l ic i r r cccit cc privcptc
cxl)uncrea a rnatcriirlulpolitic din ziarc [;igLrra .]) .Aceca9i clagicse men[inc q;ipentru ziare pi reviste, ca gi pentru radio pi reviste.
$ i , invers,oanrenii areau urmdrit pul in un singur canalnrediat ic
lc - r r r rr r r r r i r i tpuginpi 1 lccelc la lte.
l ,)xptrncrcaa c l i t ' c r i tc lc edi i de cornunicarc o l i t ic l cstc,p r in
l r i l l l i l rc ,o ( ) r )ccn t r i l t i iu acclagi ru1l. c l)utcnr s l)unc ns t lc lespre
cxl)uncrcir lir lrccstc rrrcdii in rnon)cntc dit'critc alc canrpanicil
l ) o r r t c : i l n l l r i r r r c l ct rn i l c ca n rp u n ic c c x l )L n l r l r i i x t r r r c n i .a r i r r
c r r rsu l r l t i r r rc lo ru r r isc cxpun alt i i ;astf 'c [ , posib i l ca oati l umea
sd rrrrrrilrcascli proxinrativ acceapi lll)titatc de propaganclielec-
to ra l i ldc-a Lrngul ampaniei n ansamblul i . D in nou, trebuie sd
spur)cnl cd nrr se ntiirnplaaga.Din nou,un anumic grup de oameni
a r r r rn i i r i r ntcns matcr ia le le lectoralede-a ungul in tregi i cam-
palrii, n tirnll cc rrrralt grup le-a urnttlrit n rnicrl rrrilsuril n toat{
accrtstii cri<xdil ( iigrrra34).3a ,Irr corrcluzic, x[)ul]crcil a comrrniqlrile oliticcdc-a ungul canr-
panici prczirlcngiirlc u se distribuic n toat:lpopulagia e ansamblu,
l7t) / tllnunisnu/ txttttlui Radinul iPagtnaiTvittti I I7 I
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Ziaro gi radro
Urmdrosc adioul
Mult Pulin
t- _tJ rm/ t rosc | lU l l J n nn ' | l
modaa Si pul in po colAlal t
Revistegi radio
UrmAroscadioul
Mult Pul in
l;igtrr.t .\.\: ()orttrrtii tiltr utr)t/in'.tt iu/tu.r rrn r'ana/ nr/irtlic liru/.rri
tt/'tttrit;t'tt.ttri in ar,rea,ri tri.sttt:ri ,ti tv.rlu/ tnnss ner/irt. ,\'ttttt
trhliu ltrtlirti rt'i rrtr? ttttttritr.sr' nlt ls uilill diillt? dr ,ti
.ftnr /e putirt pe rrh'/aIc
ci sc: ottccntrcllT.lill arclo,ti nlp de oamcni' l lrnririrea lt)tli l l ledill
tlc t:orrrttt ' t icilrclltr-tln anumit nlomcnt nrai degrab{ suflincnteazi
cxl) l lncrcr l :r rn r l tD)cdiu au ntr- l ln r l t t t to t t tcn r . tt c ' i (cco l l l l ) lc -
trrcntaril accstcia. )r0paganrlaelcctoritli i clitt cc in ce ntai abtttr-
tlcrrt:i ntt arc (lrel)t cfect o bazitmai largirdc alegdtori rlli lrtttagi' i
un I l t tx l l r i l i l l tcns nspreaccci l$ i )artca e lcc to ra t t t l t l i '
Cirre a unntirit Politicn
Clinc r r r r ost oalr lcni i care ar t c i t i t t i a t l asct l l ta t e lc l t r i t i n t t t l tc
nratcr i i i lc t t t i r t tpu lc r t l r l l l t - t ic i lCc i-a dcoscbit )c i lcc f t i i l lc cc i
cilrc atl acordrtt1)tlIil l i ltcnIie politicii?
D is t i r r c g ia e s e n [ ia l ' J d in t re c e ic x rc l t t l t t r t l t l i r i t l l r t l l l l t g ln d a l l r l I t -
ticri gi ceilalli rr ost gradtll tJe nteres fagi tlc alcgcri' dscs11x lirst
nrcnIiolrar n Capitoh.rlV i;i rcbtriedoar reamintit n caztrlclc rlli
cc i in tcrcsrr l i -a r r xPrrs ntcrrs, api cci r t l t i r i l i l l s l l l ) r i l o t l l l t t i .
i r r ' r ic lrc l ) l ( )n ten t la t , .anrc . i i c i t rc ; ; t i i r t t lc ja t : t t t t t ' ( ) rvo t l l t t t l
c i t i t ri au asct l l ta t lx i ln t l l te ; ; t i r i t lesprccr l l l ' lPa l r iclcc it cei c i t rc
nu $tiau ncd ce vor ftlce.Cu alte cttvinte,gnlpul pc care ln (lircctor
clc camllanie cste cel nlai dornic s'i-l convingtl ccl al alegiltorilor
inclccigi csrc clrillr grtrltttlccl miri Ptrgitr ttsccPtitril rl lrrtll itcrlsc' i
p r o p a g a n d a . A ; a c u t n p r o g r a m c l e e d t t c a g i o t r a l c t l i f t r z ' a t c l l r a d i r r
arragun prr t r l ica lc i i tu i t n marc Partc l in cci fanl i l iar izagic j r rct t
srrlticctul resPcctiv, ot astfel proprtgantla lcctoralii inclc sit ltll l l i ' i
ttrt pttblic cilrc s-il trltririt dcja'i r r c l rp i tO lUli l rcse 0crrPtl t t ro l t r l ' i t l tc rcs t r l t t ii r l t i lc i t lcgcr i r r r r
vtiz.rrt a llccst:l irncgioncaZtl a tttr itttlcX sin6ptic i t l ttrttti i lttrcg
cOnrltlcx rlc caractcristici tersonale. )itttlcni cci ntai illtcrcsllti tt l
{irst liirbalii cu 0 edrrcalie >un.J, rli instirili, mai in virstil 1i cirrc:
klcrriiru lir ora5. Accstc carrrcteristici c asociaz.ili t : t t cX1'ltttrcrcrt
i l r tc ls r i ir cg rp t t r r ic r \ r i lcl r l l i t icc . ;ct lottrcntt larc x l l l i t :a1 i it r l t r t r l r lc
so l ic le . anrcni i m l l i ins tn r i l i au un b lg t r j in tc lcc t t t i t ln ra i cotts is-
tc l t gi o r lu i l>urrI t l r rcagiciv ic r l ( lc i r r r l i ns t i i r i t i l t l () con f t i i l l t i i
ltOliticilnrai lcz.voltrrtii i atrconvillgcrcrt :t\ rcbttic srisc tirltlscilscil
Ziare $i reviste
UrmAresc iarele
Mult Put in
a=.,( l rnri i rosc f io rnrr l t
l ia pul in ambelo surse modia
Iiigtrra 34: ()anrcuii rrrrc unttrite.sr trlnrs ltrulurgrtnio elcclor,rt/ti
iafr-un annnit nonnt a/ canltatiei titd sd ofacri
,ri inlrurt rtft nont'tl tt//t:rior
Au urmArii ropaganda
din uniepdn6 n august
Mult Pulin
Au urmArit ropaganda
din septembriepand' inoclombrie
Mult
Pul in
i n a r r t be l n c r i oadoda t imp
l7J / tl ln tui.rnrn/ tvt/ulrti
nra l lnult ( lc xccasrx. i rs tn ic i i crc( l r i ci uccst ucru; 1 lc dc r r l t l
lludioul5iprt.tginaiPrtrirt / l7.l
Arr inr lcpl in it celc c lo t l i me<l i i cceagi unctr icpentrt l ce lc dor:d
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purtc:. i r rc : r i ir r r rc r i t ' r rn i ,Prc <lc.sclr irc lc t :c i c r r r 'Pcr . r i . u au ocon ; t i in l i ipo l i t ic i lso l i r lJ . ) r r l lcn i lo r c csrc rnrr i r59r i l r l r ) lrcasci l
i ; t i r i lc , n i l i a lcs rn r r tc r i r r lc lcip i l r i tc ,ci t l isp t rn i r r r l lc l q f ' c r t i l111idivcrsillcatzi lc:cit ci dc la 1lrJ.sji, n sfir::ir, r:rrlrirgiirlrr consrriin$i
P r i r r r : r t l i t i c ; l r t ; r l r t l cr l : r i r r r r c r r r l x r r t : r n 1 i ll l o l i t i c i i l c r : i tc r r r c i l c .l i s t c l i r t t l l c t l c J o i t t l t c t t i i r t r c c c x l ) r t n c : l r r l i r r r r r l t e r l r r r r i -
c : l r i ic lcct.ra lc surrt ci carcs-audcfin itPr i r r
cit rc i lc to r i : ntcrcs,adrl l tarca nei dcciz i i ;i t r isd tu r ispecif icede personali tate..r)a r
cc putcnr spunc dcsl lrc nrPorran[alecr iru i ac t< l rn l larte? nalizad i rcc t l l arat: Ic i r u r rn r r r i rca r i r i lo rg r r l i t icc alc cirrnpanic ia f i rs tt lc tc r rn ina t i ll r Pr i r r r r r li r r t l lc irr tcrcsrr li r l r r lc rr lcgcri ,r r r ldoi lc irr irrd clc a(l() l) tarcar l rc i c lcc iz i i rc v ' t i ; i , rr cc lc c l i r r r r r r r r l . lccducatic, statut ccor1, ' r ic ai scx; c l 'ar r r t r - . n ra i micd r r r : isu r r icv i r rs t ipi dc rczidcngd.
in c 'nclrrz ic, l lonclerca c la t i ' i Ia accsr()rr rc r t ( ) r iv i t lcngiaz,; inl i rP t ln p . r t i r r r t r i v in r . l x l ) u n c rc i ru < :o n r r r r r i c r i r i l cP ' l i t i c c .s i r r cantint irn crt anrc r r i icu ccl r r l r i nrarcgrad clc ntcrcs r r r i rs t5i cc in)arsusccl)r ib i l i c a sc dccidc dcvrc.rc g i de a-pinrenIinc hoti-r i i rcapc to t [)arcursul anrparr ic i .- ]ccacc dcsc'pcr inr ucurncstcc:I anrcni i c i lrc au c i t i t ; i a trascultat c lc nrai nrultc matcr ia lc lccarrrpanicru rs t gi cci nrrr i u l in scns i l l i l i a ,r icc ic lcc l rc lc - i r r i
l ) t t t i l ts c l ) i n l l r r r o t r t l . r r r r r i l s r r ran c r r r c - i t r r t c r r l i o n : l ta l ) r ( ) l ) i l -gancla lcctoral lsd n.c l i f lcc rascrr lr . r tu r i lo r , stc ccl r ra iprobabilc i l accasra ajuns,dc fapt, la cci nrai l)rr i 'srsccprib i l i c lc a scr lz.g incl i , ar nrr rr ci carccrarrpasib i l ic lcconvcrt irc.
Carc cste c'.urriltrl nediutiocel rnni inflrrcnt - radioul sau zi.arulp
i r r r r l t in r i iani, adi.u l s-aa l r r t r r i r t ia rc l ' r ,crr -rn nc< l i .c l is t i 'c t r lcconrttn icarc. )oatcc l i r r r rdoirrs -a , ,a l i i t r r ra t " , i c l r i i r r ,n rrnrrnr i tcs ituagi i , /u r t r oru/ . i l r rc lo r .c l)(x ltc l)uncoirrc i l ra<l i ' r r l5 i-a r l j r r -dccato lxrrrc l i r rsfcr l r lc nt lucn;da z.iarckrrn p. l i t ica arncricani i?
p;rrtitlc rllirtc rr cor)rl)ctilie?)c scurt,ctlrcatl ftrst, onlparativ, tlltt-
r i lc :c lor lo t r i l ncdi i lc conrtt tr ic i trer t c l is t r ic t r rll l r ie , t r a r r t t l194()?s
irr,rirrtc lc a rrlspttncle ircct la accastil ntrcbitrc, trcbtrie se i
lircc:rrr scurtii l)rccii/,are etodologicd.Srl )resuptlnem cd le-anr
ccrr: l i rc t : ts r r l r ic :c l ik r ri l r td icccttrc t t t i )s ts t t rsc lc c lc r r l i t i l ' ic i-
cntc i r r i t r l l r rc r r l r t rci tlcc iz ic i or t le v t l t . ) ast l 'c l lc l t roccdr t r i l st c
pcLicukrasd.)ot cvaluasubicclii n;igi inflrrcngclc xcrcitatc tlstlpra
lor intr-o perioacld nai nrare de timp? Orice declara;ie n lcgitura
cu irnllrcsia ii au ost,,influengagi"e,,tadio" saude,,ziare"se poate
rcf'cri or atit tlc bine la cartilntea e infornratiecitit{ satt ascultatii
cir lrr tf /urtt/rt uthl t carralulLti rcdiir rcsl)cctiv.O autoevllttitrc
d i rcc t r i o l ic i t i r t i l c lorc ltcst ir)nat ir t lar scrv i,pr i tru rn ta rc , c t t l> t t l t t i
t ) ( )s t r t l .
L)c accca, an1 pus la punct o nretodil cle investigare care se
l>',r' t,cit' t.ir)c uilnrltoirrcaPresul)unere: u cit cste mai concretd 9i
r r r i r i lc t r r l i r r t i lc latarca ttb icctu lt t ias[ l l ) ra xperictrgelt lr are - l t t t
lnotlil-rcrrt)r.lnctul lc vcdcrc, ctt atet cstc ttrai lroltabil cit ca sil fic
;i vllidi. (bnrcntariile gencrale epot ret-ei, n ntod erontlt, a canti-
t i r tc i l n fo rn r r rt i ik r r rn ra l r i te , t t l l in f luen[a accstom. l .e la t r t r i le
cor)crctc i contcxtual izate le unorexpericntcspecif ice incls i ise
lix:tlir.cr.c usul)ru cvcnir'r 'rcntclor ccisivc gi stl clinrinc corrtlx)-
r rc r r t i t un t i t r r t iv r l . cs igur inu nc l ) t l teu r l tc l ) t1 t a o s i t rg t t r i ir t t rc -
brrrc sri l 'urniz.cz.cn adcvilrat indcx al influengclor. I)ar ptttcttr
folosi ttrrsct rlc intrcbrlri care ne pcrnrit sil distingcnr ntrc rils1'rtttt-
s r r r i lcgcrrcr l lc q; i ag i ,pe de o parte,pi ccle cotrcrctc,pc de alta.
l ) r rc i l lcscopcrirrr i l n f lr tcnp rr tr ib tr i td nui mediu cle onrttn icare
critc constirnt nlen[ionntAmai frccvcnt, Pc mzlstrril e trcccrn de Ia
rilsprrnsuri cncrale a r{spunsuriparticulare, tunci plrtenr conclu-
z.iorrrrr' i rccst ncdiu chiar a exercitato influengrlprepondcrentdgi
c r i r rnajrrns rstf 'c la o bunrl unitatede m'JsurA inf luentei.
liokrsirrd rccst roccdcugi accastilrnitateclemlsttri\, carc fost
in t l t rc r r t r ro r r rp r r r i t t iv r lradioulu i ia z i i r rc lo rn calnpania in 1940?
( l r i r r r l r r l l i la lcgcri , lcg i l to r i lo ri s-a cruts i lnuntcasci l c tr()s1)eti v
srrrsclc lc rrnclca t t obtinut cc lc nrai rr t t l te i r t f< l rn ra t i i a rc i -a t l
171 .l l taai .rnu/ I|',u/ioul ipttliiua ilnrint I 175
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/ tvt tuhi
con(lus r r csPct ' t ivrrro t i i r i rcdc vot. A1 l< l ii s -accnlt s i i n t l icc c i r rcs t t r s ' J - r r l o v c t l i t c e . r r r i l i r r rPo r t r rn l : iI ) c n tn rc i . l ) c s i r i r r l i o r r l iz , i i t rc lc - r ru i t r r r r t i l l ) ' rl )c rrccci l$ i1>rz . i t icirsurscg(-ncralc lc in f i r r -
nrarc. arJ ir lr la ost nrcntionat u 50o/o ai frecventca unic i i s r r rs i l
dc inf lucngiic lc nrarc nr;rorran;cl;grrra35). Jrrnvitate l in t re er
c r t rc t l l l l lc t l l i ( ) l l r l t : rd i r l t r l-a t tconsir lcrr l t l t rs r tor cc i r n i t i in r l lo r -t i t r r t d l c i r r f i r r r r l r r c ,r r vgc111c.cn r rn t r i t r c i r t r c l i r r r r c : c i l r r c r r
n rcn l i ( ) r la tr r i l ia l . i i r rc lcc-arr o r rs i t lc r i r tl rcPtcclc rnai rn l lortantc.
Astl-c l , lcp lasi indrr-ne lc la indicat i i lccele mai gencralcpr iv ind
i t r l l t tc r t tc lc :a celc ru ispccif ice,dcscgllcr ir l cr i g l r r l a r l i r t r r I t r icstc
rc l i r t iv r r r r r i n f l r rc r r t< lcc i t t :c l rl z iarc lor.Acc l r r i ; i i l r < lc l is t inc r ic
l loutc i r rp l ica t i a l t r r isct t lc r l l tc .
Itudiotrl gi ziarrrl orl surse dc rnotivrrrc a sclrimhrir-ilor
I ) c c i t c < , r i r ns r r l r i c c t i - l l c c l r r n r t ,r r t c r r l i cl c v r t t l i l c r i r i l l c c r r
n tc r ) t i ( ) r ) i r t r in in tc rv i r r l antcr ior,a l i rs t ntrcbat dcsl lrc nrot ivr i l
sch i r r r l r i i r i i .n rrnclccazrrr i , rrrsa oi i ntcngi icra n t l ica t i jn te nrcnr
I"igtrra 35: itttelnti fiirul carc nterliu r/e ontuni.nrc i-a afutat
.vi se iokiru.tai, tlrgilorii uetlitnretu) rclrrliv tpl nrlioul
,ri ziarr/e.'l'ottrSi,
riul strrtl nnelnti r.rttya.ftxt ,,ceanai
rtttpor'lrtrtlri" .sursi, rudiou/ .se /clrt,reapi hn-
Surse ulile"Sursa
,cea mat mpoftanE"
Ziare Radio
_n | 1 3 8 % {
r:l L_l
grttrr:rt/i,.NI-anr rizglnlit in funcgic1c cc itttrcitit irr /.irtrc." ^ llt.-
crrz.trri,rrrsrr clrinrbrlrii fosr clcscrisi n tcrnretri otu:tvli,lrtlicintl
rrrr urttnrit tttcdirt Jc contrtnicirre lirrl legatc1cmotivlll schimlxrrii
- .,1 n cditorirrl din.latr/u.e'.1'ta,ls e ntiercttri n-aconvittsc' i ex1'tc-
ricnr..rpreleclinrelui in afaccrile externe ne estc indisllensabiLl."
(' l 'rcltrric srl rpriltint lirptul c'J,dactl n clpittllrrl l lrccctlctrt rre-ill lt
()(:rrl)rttlc irrrsa||rblttl aantirlnUlrli,ici tre lcttlli lttl l t t l l rdc tttr sttb-
gnl[) cscntial - oarrreniicare s-au rilz.gindit n tirrtprll t:antllrtrtici.)
[)acalollertim o distincgientre melr[ittnile gencralePicelc collcretc
dcsprc mccliilc care nfluengeaz{ chirnlxtrca cciziei dc vot' ttntlc
sc sitrtcaza )arclc, resl)ectiv adiorrl?
I)inlI irt ttltinta pcrioatli\ t camllattici, tr prcsascrisil t ost tlis-
l rou ib i lmu l t n r l i n trrh ntater ia l o l i t icdecit l l r r r t l io ' )c l i { i tc torrr l
accesibiliti it i iestc ditrcil de mtrsttrat,rtttnaiclltre inrrltrl ittrtpitttici
s-a putttt spltne cri nt'.tterialul lolitic diftrz'at a ra<litla [<ts[ ottt-
p t r r i r l r i l r r l t i ta t ivctt cc l t l i l z i r t rc t .) l tc r i t r : \11n cotts i<lcr i1 lcl r t i t t
t ) )c t ) t i t l l i lc la cclc l r l t t i l r l rcdi ' .1lt l ' t t t r t '1 iclc r t ' lcv r t t t t r ll ( ' cs l ( ) t ; l
p r iv in t l ntot ivc lc sclr inrbdri i ,n c t t rs t t l c l r l rck r t t i lt t r l i t lc : iu rh r l t r i
clc carnpanie - cclc mai activc luni clcct0rale -, lrr cc conclrl/.ic
[)utcn] a jtrngc?
i. l tc r i .a t l , r rcs ltcct iv t l t r r4 i . t r l a f .s t t t lc l t t i . t ta t t t la t ' t t l t t t
frccvent ca sursligcrrt:m/idc inflr-ren1I, irr rrtai l 'ccvcttt ca sttrsri
nttt.rt,/ri. ttqrio {ittr\, rolttl nlili ptlterl)ical rrttliottltti lcvirrc cvitlcrrt
irr crtz.ltl rtriltrririlor ollcrctc dc inlltrcrtlil
in corrc lt tz ie,n rrr i lsUran c i r rC rtass rc r l ia l t l cXcrc i t i t t rco
i l f luc r rg i \ xs l- tpral tc lg ie i {c vot ' .s i t t t vo t t t l t t i rc : t l . r i t t l io t l ls - i r
dOvcrlit rnrri cficiclrt tlccit z.iarclc. )i{'crenlclc itrtre tnotlttl tlc it
slstitre o calrtpattic 1 llrcsrl9i, cspectiv, lrirl intcrnrctlittl r"rtlitltrlrri
tlau, 'r.ltallil, scar' il clc acest tr1tt.. 'rimttl riincl, tl ziarc a'rlrc .
c l . t i ta tc c6nsic lerrr I i l i l e t t ra te r i i r lx r l i t ic lc la in<:cp t t t r r li l r i r l r i
la s l . i r i i i t r r l a . r l la r r ic i , u ' . I i .c v r r r ia l i i r . t r r l r i lc .r r t i r r l l l ' r . t t r i -
s iuni le.casi dcrrt l tguri lc cciproce lc la r t i {c l9 r ,aPa : l l r ) l t l l tp l t t t l
ele in presascrisil, Uajunssi-9i 1'riitrdl trat:tivitatcart trcltiicitito-
ru lu i carc cra expus acelu iagiml tc r i i r l Pc o perioacl ' ir r t lc l t r r rg r r ta .( ) Tolalulde cazuri interviul in noiembrie)
176 / ilutti.rntu/ uotrrltti
Cilnrpanirt a rur l io ,1 lc lc akr il ) i r r tc ,r ()stn l l r l t n )a isu l )c r { lc ia l i in
Rarlioulci agrnaiptititrt / 177
Irnt rt rrr cz.tltltelc ccrcctdrilor x)astrc rrOapiroltr XI I , cotrlorttr
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l l r i r r rc lc i rz .c ,lcvc r r i r r t l r r tc rn i r ; i l i s r rs l i r r t r t l l r i i r i i t rc lna l .
i t t al tk r i lc i t i i l t rJ , a t t tp i t t t iar r u t l ioq l rs t i i i r ) t r -on l r is r l r i l r r r l t
n r i r i r r a r c r r , , c v c r r i r t ' r c n tc "r r r r t r r r r r r u i tr ; r< l l c r r t c r c s . t t t t r c i
c irrr l sc t l i f ' r rz ,c i rz . ln congrcs. rsc t r l t : i to ru l l ) ( ) : l tcl ) i l t t ic iP i r ,l r i rc t ic .l i t cc rc l l r r t t t ic:l ) ( ) i l tc crrcI ionrrl rcrr trrz. i i rsrnrr ll l r r t r l ic r r l r r i ,) ( ] i r tcr i l l
i r r r r o t l l i r c c tl r r x r r l ; ; ic f l r r . r r r l t c r r s i r r n i l o r .c c la .p ir r c r r r c :l ) c r r c o c
i ; i crr c l iscrrrsulusginrrt c rrntr ld inrrc candic la l i : s tc rnr i tcatra lr lcc i t acclapi l iscurs rrrnscrisn prcsadc dirn incrt i i .
$ i , n ul trc i lca ln t l , Pr i r i^ tc rn rc i l i r r l ad i . r r l r r i sculr i i t 'nr lar c
s c r ) t i n l c n t l r l c r il x r t i c i l l l l c r s o n a lr r v c r r i n r c n tc ,c n t in t c n tl ) cc r l r c
foairr ipJ r i t r inrr - l poir tco lc r i . I ' o l i r ic r r l i l i rz r r t r ii r r irr l io cvirrc cr r
rn r r i r r r r l t i l r g u r i r r I i i c x Pc r i c r r l i t c t i v i l l ) c n t ru r r s c u l r r t o r l c c i t
J lo l i t ica c l i r ta t i ln z irrr . ' )a cprczint i i r r r c l de contact l i rcc t cr l
prot l tgoni5t i i anrpanic i. l)s tc, r in rrrn larc, n i r i Pro i rPc lc< l c la j ic
pcrsorra l i l; ; i , lcc i , r r t i c f ic icn t i i .
I-Jn medir.r dc conrtrrricare pentru fiecure partid
? , , , . . . ^In l9 . i ( r , ; r r rc i in ) iu l ) rcg l l : r l r tn l ( ) .1 ( ) ,ra j ' r i ta tc r r iarc lor uncri-
carrc -au s l r r i j i r r i t c c irndidrrtrr lcprr lr l icarra ltrcpcdintr ic; i accst
Iucrtr -a n t in rPl l t i ; i n Sandrrsky). c ascn)cnca,n arnbclccartr-
l ra t t i isc s l)unc ci i vocca rr i {ooscvclt , arc,,sunl cxtr i lor l inar la
rutd io",-a lrcrrrr is il cxpkratczc ecst r rcc l i r rlc corrrr tn icarcn t r - r r r r
nror ln r t r l (n r i r i l lc ic r r tdc:c it .ant lonsrrrr\ / i l lk ic . Astfc l,sc l ) l l rc i l
l lcc i r rcPi r r t i r lrdorrr in ir t ,rr gcncral, rnLrl in trc cclc r lorrd r r i j loacc
cscntia lc lc c<lrrrrrrr icarc.()cca cc cstc pcrfcct a<lcvi irut.) r in nroclrr l c cxpunerc, pr in
idcol.g ia conrrrnr l ,Pr i r r rrcrcr lcrca cordati imcr l i r r lu i rcspcctiv ;ipr in t iPr r l lc in l l r rc r r ; r i ,cPrrb l ic r r r r i ir rrPrc f ' c r i r t . i l rc lc , r r r lc r r ro -
c ra t " i i u alcs a t l iou l .L) intrc oirrrrcni i r r ce la ; i n ivc l dc cducagic,
rcPr t l l l ica r r i i i tcsc z . ia rc lc r r r in r r r l r lcc i i t dcnrocragi i ,ar acc$tia
ascult i l a t l ioulmai nrulr t lcc i i t rcputr l icani i F- igura ( r ) . )ac i l ne
r ; i l ro ru on t i r t t t l t t lpro-rcpt lb l ica l a l z i t t rc l r l r r i ls t nta i stt l ls tan;i a l
r lcc i t < :on t in t t t tt lin t i l i r r l g t i r i lo r adio lbnicc, ccst t lcn l sttgcrcaz.r l
i r rc r lo r l r r t i i< : r \ i t tncn i i a t t tcndingadc a c i i t t tavcdcri lc pol i t icc
sinr i larc u alc k r r . a r subiect i inoptr iatt fostcon$tiengi e aceste
Irrcrtrri: intl ' .trrlirst intrcb'.r;i,h stiri;ittrl tti octtxrllrric, tttttlc at t
grs it , , i<l c i lcsprc a lcgcricarcsr lct-rrcspttndi lc l n rai t r t t l t1 l r< t1 l r i -
i lo r r lc i " , rc l l t rb l ican i i u menlionatz ia rc le , i t rc lcrnocrirg i i ,ad i r l t r l
(F- ig r r ra7) .
liigtrrrr 36 Ah1lilorii rrprlilimni uttttrinsr nai tnult zintvlt', nrrci
r/t' or.tzt rt tli ou , i r d ft r e t r/e n uc u erl u:rt i onn
liigtrra 37: nrflerutt le niaclul or erlucaliota/,'cfiublicatii
r.o .rr/r:vi r,ion le, a ' dru ocrn t ad ou , rv a u
ntdi ('otfotilte upr olniih lor irlci
CU LICEU SAUMAIMULT FARA
REPUT}LICANI DEMOCRATIREPUBLICANI
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( ) cl l t t t c r r r l ) u l l c l c s l ) r c r r rp l i c a t i i l ec e s t r r ia p t?D in r )o u , A
sf irp itrr lu i octorrr lrr ic , Lrb icct i iru osr ntrc l la t i ' i r re rc ( lc i c r i ,au
l i )s i t t i l i r l l ) r ( l i t l )clc a t lc :v i l rrn l i in r l la r l i r r lc ) 5 t i r i lcc l i r r i r r rc i r r r
c c l c r l c l r r i r t l i o l " ) i r t n o t r ,p i r r ( i z r l n i iu r t r i l l r r i t , , i r r r p i r r t i a l i t r r t c : r "
gi , ,vc r i r l ic i r r r tca"cc l r r i an l l rncr l ia arca pre:/ .cntatdc i s imi la re
c t t r r lc or ( l i ig r ra3 i t ) . S-a Prr r r lusl r , i t tc lrn trurrs l 'cr lc a valor i lc
l)llrt z.ill(: I r vlrlotrclr rlc lrrlcvli .
Acc i ts t r i c r rd i r t t l t bst n l i l i rc lcv r r r r t rln c i rz . r r lr r l r icc t i lo ru r r r r
grud nr i r i n r r l tc lc cducatic. ii r r r r ost r r r r iscns i l t i l i i r l tart izan:rtrr In r c t l i a ; i n u i r r ra v l r t n c rc ( l c r c n v c r i r l i c i t a t c ar r r s c i , r i v a l c "dc
i r t l i r r n ra rc .j c i l r r a il ) r r I i ne ( lu c r r l i r r i r s r$ i n ra ip r rg in lP i r l l i l i i i
t lc tcctcz.c i r r r rc tc r l r ll )a r t iz iu rr l rrrrssrc t l i i r i, lc accca, r r r r i1>r r t ini r rc l in i r ; i ii c r . lcsconsit lcrc.
in s f i i r l i t , i l r f l r rcn t i r c lo r < lou i imedia a fos t d i fc r i t i i in caz.u l
cclor dor r i ipa r t i ( le l l igura 3( l ) .Oarncniicarepi-au chirnbat nten-
l i i lc r lc v ' t in f i t r , ' i r rc i r cgrrr lr l icani lort r ncnl i .n lr t n ta i frccvcrrt
z i i t rc lcc i rsrrrs; ' rr r ro t iv i i r i i ccstcr c l r i r r r l l i r i ,n t irrrpcc r lc r r roc ra t i i
l r r r rrcnt oni l t l i l i l ' rccvcnt a t l io t r l t in in r l cont loar lc nterrt iuni lc
n l i l i c( incrctc l )c carc tc l )u tc t l r ) i lza ) .
l"igrrrrr \8: litltult/ianii ttr tort.tir/,rttl ti xittrt,/r ru fosl rt,/trtit,rttrti
ohirrtit,t: (rttti aproltiak'r/r ar/r"vtr) rlr:it rur/iort/, iar
rlrtttooulii (tu (..t(z.ttta/t/ r/e.tlttc urlio, ttre.rlhtou fiitr/rlirt trott rtrthlti/ irtrliJi'rcrrt k nicdu/ ulurtt/iottrr/
CU LICEUSAU MAI MULT
REPUBLICANI I]EMOCRATI REPUBLICANI DEMOCRATI
ZiareleFf dioul ZiareleRadiout ZiareleRadioul ZiareleRadioul
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lrigtrra 39..Oarrrcrtiicaft s-ou rizgindit in frnoan'o tvpuliliuttrilor
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sau adioul u ostmenlionatea surse leschimbArii
Pe scurt,<1eci,cpublicani i au l lrcfcrat z. iarc le,i t r r lc t t toc r : t t i i ,
r lc l iou l . [ i icc r t re a l l i l rds-a cxpLts r t t r -o t t l l ls t t r r it t l t i n ) l l rc . ,1 ) t ( ) -
ltriului" mecliuclecomunicarc, -a gilsitmai pc placttlci. I avtlt ll lt
multd incredere n el si a fost mai int' lttcrttatri le cl '
in c iuda faptulu i c i i nrater ia le le atl io l0 lr icc,n ansr t l t t t l l t t .-atr
f trvor iz.at)c rc l ) l t l ) l i ( :a t r i ,at l ioul -a i r t f l t rcp l l l t c l t r la i at lcscLt c
oantct i i n bcncl ic i tr l )art id tr lu i )crt tocrat. l r tc lc dirr trc t t r r t i t ' c
s l t r ) tc larc. l i r rd conrentator i i e rat l io ; i prez,ctr tator i ic ; t i r i r r r r
ftrst citu;i <Jc iltre subiccli, ntt a fost ltet pcltrtl cttrisittnilc kr r
clcspre xrlitica nternd, et pcl' ltru clatiirile stll)ril tfitccril<trxtcLllc
l i i l )c l tru ; t i r i lc dcsltrc r i lz . lx l i . ) r r tc ' f i i r l t lc i rc t t t t ts t r t t t lc lc ,l ( ]cs tc
fil[)te au first p avantajll denrocragi[or.rtrrl, lc pilcll, 9 tiiprirri rtrc
S-a otdratSil otezectt (lemocratiitli lr catrz.alnci enrisitllti:.,Rtxrse-
vclt cgnoa$tc situatia din liurqpa lttai tlinc ca oricittc. lln tuttl
irttr-un buletitt rleStii cri tlirler Si lusso/irri uor trt rl.rri pintld. [)rrcii-i
a5a, nse.drntril i i c irt avantajtrl rr, aptt ii-l v6i v()til l)c llgrlscvclt.
c [ r ia r i nunla i ca sddatl o pa lmt ld ic t i t to r i lo r . "
Discursuri le adio l irn iceale can{id irg if trrp l i i ; i a r t l i rs t tgt i rt
flrvoarc'.t errtocrr;ilor.1ir1i cei trci strlliccli c'Jfc .lLllt 'rc' ll l lotrrltll l
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Prc r lc r r r .c r r l t i . a tc l , to i i cc i l ) i r t rusrrb iccl i r r rc - i l r r c l ' c r i ta t i t h c l iscrrrsuri lcr r i l . (ooscvclr , i i t si l ircc lc i r lc u i \ \ ' i l l k ic iru f i rs tcrnvirrg is r i - ivotcz.cPe rJcnrocrat i ,arr l i r r t rc cci ,Pt s r r l r icc ; ic l l rc au rncngionatdoar t l iscrrrsuri le rr i\ \ / i l lk ic ,l ) r r t f l r - i i l r ro t l r i t s i l- l o tcz.c1lc looscvclt . - l r rl l tc :rrv irr ts ,r l i s c t r r s r r r i l cr r i v r l l l < i c ru rc l i o r r l t r r r r r l t r r r r c r r r r rgr l r p o t r i v i rr r r ,t lc5 icrrrrr , cr,rcr ic , nc r r i tc .s i i - lr j r r tc .r r r r l ,lc p i lc l l , rrn t in i i r carc,r l r r l l : icc : r os t : i la t ntrc cc lc clouripart idc, s-a ho tr i r i i t n I lnal, noct<rrrrlrric,l)cntnl l{<.roscvclt:,tlrt arcuhrtlutttlerli.rcurcuirle-a/euillti//lir,ri nu-t,i pkue tilttr/ [...1.' lirr ce ftrcccstc sir-lcontlanrrrepel ' ( . 'scvclt . Nr r s l lrrnc n i r r r ic lcsprccrrrnva lacc ccca cc pr,rrr i tcac l l r l l . i r r ( . ,scvc l t r r - i r . is ic i . t l r r t i i i r r r ic : lu c lcs l l rc 1., ,
I)c dc a l t { l r l r tc ,d iscursuri lcPrc i ;c t l in tc l r r iu iu . r ta rn i t dvcrs i-tatc a vrcuntr ld i lrrrcsubiccgi i ndcci i ; i . tcacpi l ip ic i lcstc lustratddc caz.tr l r rc i bnrc i n v i rs t i l ,carca fusr nrrecis: iP in l i in r r l r in rc lczilc rrlc ::UrrPrrrrici:,()iul rtut utzi/r/i.tr.rrrsrr/h,h Iftihu/r/1t/tirtt/prr,,rt-rlittt ' lui lloo'ndt, aru dccis cri villti ic nr.r .lrcdcsrtrli.l xl)cricn[rI cas i l ic Prcpcdi ' tc . Nt r ; ; t ic dcstu lc dcsl lre i izb ' i . " Iar l{ 'osevclt aavrtt r rrra i rrrkc lcc ig t iga t - r r i e ci ircor i subicc; i i -auascukat eanrirrdoi i rnc l i r lap i i; i l r r f i icu t )conrParir I ic . c Pi ld ; i , atdun t in i irc i trc s-n clccis ' irr lna l s l- i votczc 1lc dcrrrocrai: , ,Di.rattsrt i /e urll:i//I'fu ,ti a/r /ui lloosez'ch h .situ/trili .rcara tn-au /,icut .tri tnrJ tr.tlrirzi.rr
/)(,t/tu lloo.rn'clr.Arr lirst Prinrclc tliscrrrsrrril)c carc lc-arrrauzit.Wi l lk ic rru t ic s i i i ru i urr l isc r r rs ,t r rc i i rca ntult . , ,
As t l c l ,s t i l r r l a d i . f , ' i c . , [ r r . r " a l r r i { ' , s c v c l t , ca g i c c l , , s la b , ,al l t r i w i l l t< ic . srr lr iccrc t lcsca l iscuratc n cursrr lcalrrParic i, uavut con t r i l ) r r t iaor. s i i nc arrr int irD : t rrra jontatca c lo r c i l rc s-ar lritz.ginclit tr irst tkraractivatri lc ccca cc au auzit la rldi' , nu cor.r-vc r t i t i .
l i l t r r i ; i ,Ascn'rcncaxpcricnfc cxp l ic i l t lc cc radiorr la lost
corrs ic lcnrt,l r r in conrparal iccrt . t . i i t rc lc ,urr r r rc r l i r r r ra i n,oral_r i ldctt tocrrr t . i lor.
l lcvcnind aprrbl icagi i ledptzlmlinalei unarc, csc<,lpcrimalt{
sittragic.ampania rcziden;iaLleprezinti entru cvistele meri-
oAnc n cvenirnent lemare nteres,n urulc'.irtriaor i planificate
;i st Lisc trt icolctrni lc z, i lc, icstcvakrri l rcata ttr l rc.)rrpi l rrnt
rrnr i lzut i i rr :rr l l i tolrr lrcccdcnt, le-a rngrrl artrpanicicvistclc
rlc rrrirs: lr rptrl l l icat ntrrl j imc c dez.batcricsl lrc cmclcalcgc-ri lor ;i rrai lcs cspre ersonal i t t l t i leandidagi lor.
f)osilri l itatca a o revisti s'.I nfluentezedeciziade vot cstc
l inri tatrt le a run nceput, l in auza umilruluielativ nicde cit i -
tori .Ala cur)r lnt ndicl t n nota a acestuiapitol , untai ntrc 1.5
si 25% cl irrtrc ubiccgi i ogtri u ci t i t art icolc in revistcdcsprc
alcgeri ,ndiferent c momentul ampaniei.
[)ar artdiengaeclusil revistelor steoarecllrn ontpensattlc
car:rctcrist ici lci. Drrp{ cunt am vilzr.rtn Calt i tolrr l , in f iecarc
grttp rlcialxist io rrrinc'r i tatelc unrcni ct ivixrl i t ic, arc rr osi-
lr i l rtatca c a inf lucnga lcciziaonccti lgcni lorl idcri i de ol l inie.Printre rdsiiturileare i diferentiazdeaflA iaceea il au citir nrai
mult despre ampanie iau ascultatmai nrulteptiripolitice.Astfcl
dc rl i fcrelr;cntrc ideri i leopinicpi restul amenilor unrgi nrai
l)ronurltratcn ccca c privcgteectura cvistclrrr. in inclicele xltu-
ncri i1.rc:arc-rurr onstruitcz.ult i l{ idcnrlclc l l i rr ic rcdirr rrnrrl-
rcStc proxinrrl t ivlc cloui l r i naimult <lcci i t et lgeanrrlbigntri t
ziarclc inrdioLrl .i r dcsprecctura evistcklr,ccst alx)rt stcdc
r l l ) r ( )a l )c 1 a l .
I)rrnctrr l rr lrn inantal in f l uenrei cxercitareclc revistc a l i rs r
atirrs clativ <lcvrcnre. n accl mornclltr n ziarc ;i la radio apilrcau
prrt inematcr ia lede campanie, entru cd n ic i l ' luse nt inrp la nrare
Irrcnr; cvistc leau unrplut acestg< l l u art ico le ,neclata l l i le", un l
ar fl trcrccrilc rr rcvistilalc caricrelclr orrrbatanilor. C-clentai rrrrrltc
nrcu[i<ln:irialc rcvistclor ca sursccarc au ol'crit rnorivc de schinr-
l r i t rca l t i tuc l in i i c lectoralc u fost nrcgistratcn l l r in r i r unri l ta tc r
canrpanic i. i r r rcv istc le au fos t , l l ro l tab i l , ; i mai i lnportantc sprc
18.2 tllrenri.suulottt/triRar/ionl iTadnt tiTrttit' i I lfi l
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sf r ; ; i t r r lp r i r r r r ivc r i i ,rr pcr ioarlrr inaintc l convcnti i lor, t trnci i nd
inc : l ntr irrccptrscrn r r tcn ' i r t r i lc . ) r r r ,o datAcc canrpirn ia at ins
l)unctu lculr) l inant,1 lc a r r i j loc r r lg ip re f i r ; i tu l hr ioctontl tr ie ,cvis-
tc lc au n t r i r t ntr-un corr lc untbr2i,i is ln t l oculz iarc lor i adioulu i.
[ )o t r r i cn t l i r r lc rn l i i l r r l ' ro r ta l r tclcf inesc o l r r l lo l i t ic al rcvis-
tc l r l r : l) i rccstca c ocupri, n r n irrc, ourdc pcrsorrrr l i tdgi6i (2) au
r t l t i t r r t t l t p l l i t r l ) c r r t r u x l ) l u r c r c i r n t r is t t l r i c t : t . ; r p i t o l t t ll ) r c c e -
t lc r r t a ari i ta t rr cc nr i lsrrr : Icv istc lcatr l )usacccntulpc pcrsonrr l i -
t ig i lc c i rnc l i r lagi lo r ,n spccia l l )c cca a lu i Wi l lk ie . Acest acccnta
rc ic ; ; i tpi l in nrcntior l i l r c i l cv istc lor n lcgitrrr t l u nrot ivc lcsclr im-
l l r i r i i r r tc r r t ic i lc vo t . ( lc l rrrar r lcsca, u fostc itatc :aargnmcntc
trra i lcgr ir lr t i aractcru l i tndidatult t i cptrb l ican, ar icraori un a lt
asl)cct cc t.inea<lc pcrsonalitatca ir, ar nu programtrl politic pro-
pr iu-z is.As t fc l dc nr i - r r t r r r i iru fos t frecvcntc: ,Am c i t i t povestea
victii lrri \\/il lkic in ,\rr/urr/a)' t:miag Post... Anr citit despre via;a
lu i Wi f l i ic in ' [he I , 'anu.lourtt , t l . . ."
in accl lrp i i r r tp , r t tnodrt l lc c itarea surscl( lr chirrrb i ir i i x is t r l
unclc l trcrt tr icarc srtgcrcaz.: ii i rcv is taeste mai aptd dc a ofer i'anit l izcasul)r i l nui sttb icct, r .r ornparat ie u z iarc lesau radioul.
lr ,s tc, n accl ir tr iinrp, n ra ipu l i r ) cgat{ lc evenimentclecotid ienc
t lcc i t z . i r rn t li arc ir l isgroz, i ; icr ra i r t r l t i rn l l pcntrtra <lcz.voltan
sttb icct r lcc it corncntalonrl pol i t ic c lc l tr r trr post t lc radio, carc
incc i r rc l is i i l rcrrpcrc u;r i nrtr l tc srr l l icctc r r t r -osingrrr i l r rr is irrrrc.
Nrt avclrr r ic io tk rva t l l lc f i r r i r iv i in aecst cns, ar arr x istat rncori,
i r r r r t c r v i r r r i l c o r r s t r c ,r r r r rn r i t cl r r z , i i; r r c c i n d rc p r l i l c s c dc re -
clcnr tccst trcrtt. rrtll. lc pikli, o l'crncie irrcse hotJrisc sil-ivoteze
pc rc l l t r l r l ican irr iu lr ic , crcz. irr t l t i va f i dcsemnat Dcwey' : , ,D i r r
cc-arlr citit. inri lrlrrccDcrvcy - i-a e iminatpegatgskri etc. Am cit i t
rfrr articol in I'Ie tltteriuut rlcslrre aiato $i originea ui f)ewey qi
tlcsJrrc acliuilrtlca Iu itttpo|tita crini mlinilii din Neu' Y<lrk.
' ' l ' f rorrnsl l t l rnrrn t l )crvc\ ' ( l1 l \Z-1971),ru lx r l r t i c cpulr l ic : rn ;n 19.10
carrt l idat cnt r t t t torrr i r r : t l iz i r rcrrn r ; r r rs i rrcz. i r lcn l i r r l : t ;r l (cr ior, dct inrr t uncj ia
t lcgrrvcrrn torI IStat rr l r r ic* ' ) 'o rk( | () . f .1-I95.5), iar in91-f candid: . r t laprege-
d irr l ic nr l ro t r iv i rt r r l rxr tcvcl t n. cd. ) .
( ]ast t rs i i t lc i r t { . l t tc . t l l i i . rcv iStxsl lcc ia l iz ,a t l l .c lcst i t l i t t i i l l I l t l i l ) [ | l ) l | ( ]
( :u t tn c , i l ) l l ) s l lcc i f ic t lc in tcrcs ' a r iva l iz ' i r t ll rov ist r l r : r t o t ic t t t i t rc
g c | l c r i l l I , d c I r r as i l . ( ] e a t l i n t | r n. r a a c o l ) c r t i t r n l l r r l ll i c t l c c . t t c r ' l t r t r t
nrai marc clccit 1>rtma,Jar este mli l luf in c{ icicnt ' i i tr a schirrt l la
oPil l i l tc. Rcvtsrrt spccielizat 'J are tln ilt t l important ' t i irrel ac(:cl)t i l t i i
r lc c i t i t< l r c i l l lu r td tor r le cuvi in t nl t r t lc i cat lT.c at r l t l l t t t ig ru l t (l c
( ] l l r cc l cstc | i r ; r r t c r t tcrcsat9i ct t carc sc i t |cnt i I rcr l . {c :v ist r t tl t r t ic t t -
t i l r c {c l lcrr t l i l r rcc : r rc i l l i sc t tc l rcsczc t l t l l r ( )r n t tcc la$ i i r rrP 1i ' ir r
t .orrscci l r l l i . rc t ) c l rp t rc i ta tcn]a i rct l t ts i t < lc r at i r tgc o t i t l l i l Prccis i i '
in l l l trs, rcvistclc clc ltccst t ip sunt consi(lcnttc t lc oll icci prrl l l icrrt i i
t lc . i 'crt isr.rc' t , in t irnp ce revistclc sPcciirl iz.ate rrnt crc(l it i l tc ot l
,.'riozitatc' n tlistrictul irie' n 194(l"l/te tnn Jourtrrtlt irst ttctt-
t i < l n a t i c a i n f l u e r rg t r c o n c re t , J a s c l r i m l l i l r i i t | e i l t t e n i c l a f e | d c
frecventca 1i collier'.r.n pofidamariiclifcrcngcc tiraj' ar prrbli-
catia triIirrvttscnrJ,la indulei, a ostmenlionat{a el de frecvcttt
ca si ,ifi s'.u,lalutrloy 'uetingPo'cl'A c c s t c a l r i t t l l . l | L . r l t t l i n t a g i r t c g c t l c r a l l i i l s \ l l ) r a r r r l r t l t t i j t t t . i r t r l c
n*rss nrcrl ia i. r:anrlta' ia t l in 194(). n cclc cc rtrt ltcltzr\. ' t t l t l altaltzl
c()ntactelc dirccte dintre oarrleni'
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( : / \ l ' l ' l 1 . (l , N V
()rrro;lcrrit rtca
lxrlitictl
n grtrptrr i lor
sociale
in cursul accstu i tudiu arn gi is i t nunreroasc
tlovczi a lc i r l l t r r l r r i c r l oaurcni i v() tc irz.r l, i r )
grup". in n."rt cirllitolvonl ilnalizll nrllortirrrla
accstr-rispcctal coml)ortrunentrt t clcctorirl.
Dulrd cum igi amintcptecititorul, ccva rnai
nrult cle jurndtatc clintrc alcgrltorii dirr dis-
t r ic t r r l i r ic au i rs t cpulr l icani.Accst rrcrrr
lirst valabil atet I)cntnl illtrcirga Poprulagicdistrictulrri, dt pi pcntru diverscleeqarrtioanc
de cite 600 de oameni incluse in studiul
nostru.Dacri,de exenrplu, anr fi luat ntrnrelc
ficcllrci rl sr.rtill)crsoilnc lintr-o listil alftrbc-
ticii a tutur<lr ocr-ritorilor listricttrlrri,arn fi
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l ) i n t r c l l : i r l r i r t i i i l r c u r r r i r r r i f ' c s t r r tu n r rn r i t r r r t c n ; i c c v o t 5 i r l rntarc: 111cpcsl)cntnr alcgcri,nunrai3oToursustinut c r isol i i le . r nr ravcrrrr Jc gind s ; - r'o tczc s i lu r)u i t ia r r )cntnr c inc. in c irzulbdrba-t i k r rc r r r r r r r t c r c s c < lu s , : i l r a c r id i c i i l 5 2 9 i .
l ) ' c r i s t r r r l ic r ' rc l r r l i i lc l i . t rc r r r t r l; i i ic r s i r . r l i r r t rc ratc;; is r l r r r ,r lcsr ' .pcr irrr rr :cc irg i ' rn irrat ic r r r i r r l la t r r l r r in t rc l ru r i lcprr l i t icc.
i r r Plrrs, ' rrrrgcrr i tatc. l ' l i t ic i i r r r r r r i l ic ic lx ) ; r tc x t i ' t lc aslr [)ran r i r r r r t r l t o r c n c ra t i i .\ c n r l r r i i 5 r r r r t i o n r r l r r i( ) s tn r u i r s t l l t r c b x t i :
, , ( - l , l rs idc ra t icl l .n r i l ia c l r r r r r .c r r r ,oxs t r i ir )a r in t i , r r rn ic i ) a f .s t
r l i r r totr lcrtuna trcr lorn in itnt Ctn<tc r t t t i lt l l t 1 ' r rc t lon t i t t r t t t tc l t r r l l l i -
<;urr i l?"\ la i r ru l t t lc t rci s fe r t t t r id intrc s r rb icc l i i t t i t r tc t rg i ilc vo r
in lunir scptcrn lrr ica t l l t rmat dcciz. irrr ra t r l lc c i r l l r r l r r r r r i l ie i .l r t r i
zrici xcnrlrlelc a tkri ale&iloridfhli lo pintl loraol,cirrc atrprclttat
r r . r r r t lc l r t li r rn i l i l l nc i l c le a nceprrtu lcarierc i or c iv icc: ,Pro lx r l l i l
crl-i v<rivotrr l)c rlcrnocnt;i, pcntru ct, a/t[e/,buniru/ o .vl ttrrl tqoaie
r / r iu " i , , l ) : t r : l n i l lx ) r rrscr ic lc iste, sr l otcz.l )c t l tn t cp r l l l i t ' r r r t i .
[)cntru ci itt/rtttri/itrnrca oli sunt rt'pullirani, r4ril t] ttil rtn le tlrs."
Acc ; t i t inc r i a lcg r i to r i , n t t l b r t r rba t ; i c l i la l t fc t t rc ic ,o fc - r i lt ig tc
cxcclcntc i l r rstr : ir i le acestui ip de i t t f l t tcn t t i an r i l iaL\ . ic i rrrr
avcurtu11ntcrcs nrarcpcntnr alegcri ;i nici nrr-i )reocttl)it rca trttlt
carnpania lcctr lra ld. rnbi i au acceptat,)entrupr i t t t t t l o r vot, nt-
c l i t iapo l i t ic r i f i rn r i l ic ip i mbiivor r t rmi l tc ,p ro l lab i l , r r ir t i i r ccstc i
t ra t l i t i i . n p r imu l cal. , ven' l h iar$i o aluzie a sancgitrn ianr i l ia lc
carc sii ntiircascildccizia, A$asc nll$teun alcgrltor idcl.
Oc prrtcrn sl)urlc insrl rlcs;lrc c'.tz.ttrilexccl)ti()nalc, tt carc
s r r r v in c c z .a c o r r lu l i nin u l t r n c i t r r r r i l i i ?l n r r r r rn i l rl c u l r i c c t i r r t
ft-rsclc acorcl tt ccea ce a ex1'rrinratiniirttl nostrtl alcgirt<lr:oltlirt-
nr i tateap lo l i t ic i i s tc doar pretu l l in i ; t i i casnicc.At t cx is t i t t lovczi
cr lrc lu putut ccrt i f ica ensiuni lc d in f r r r r r i l i i leare t t t tu r t j t tns r r
Un cot)scf ls .
( ) t ln r i r i l a rc la t i t t n luna iunic c r l t r tcn l i r lna i l votczc l)cn{rt l
l )a r t idu l l )cn tocr i rt ,l )c r ) t r t t i l , , i r r r i l l r tcc tn t l i r la t i i lcn tocral i n ir i
rrttlt dcciit cci reptrblicani". ia citise ,ult articol clirt lolliefs dcsprc
c ' i r r r r l i r l i r l i icp t t l l l ic r rn i "; in tr sc pr ln tsc r i l,prcu
rrtcrcsanli" . l rc t l< : : t
c i i , , I{ooscvclt a f r ic t t t rea l l : l r t tn i l ' c r prcpctl i t t tc" qi i r l l rob l r 'c l
c lc-a l rc i lea nrandat. ' I 'o tuf , pz l r ing i ic tc i crau l)entnl cand i r l r t t t t l
rcprrblican, i acest ucru a fost sttrsa ntti nrarecortflit:t. \lama fctci
i-r t pus nterv icvltortr lu i: ,O faccdoarca si i rccor t t r r tz ic i i . ' l i r tdca-
una iun sirnpit ci'i opiniile ei etau doar o rtoftri inrpolrit:n lrarlititi ,ti a
ronrr'1ilii/or ttriruirritt lc ltritittlilot'.i." in cclc tlin unnil, fatit a t'ctlrtt
;i f a votat pe \\til lkic, explicind: ,,' l 'olrr si rirfttrii zrais-au girrtlit
c i i n - r r r i o ic lec r t r r r t i r rR<xrsevclt r l arr<l i t lczci pcrrtnr l t rc i lc l
nr irr tc lat,l )c l r t ruci ar nccpc s{ sc transftrrrncr r t r - t t r r l ic ta11rg."
I 92 / tllu ani.rntul otului
I : ,s tc czorra l l i l ri r rc l f c l ) tJ r l rcrro irscrncncl [ ) rcs i r . r ] lci l t rc
otr logclt iz .arcr i - i on t l t tc r l1 lcoitrncni i rr o r ig i r r i i rn r i l i i r lcrco l l l ( l -
OuogenitatcaolitiatagtPurihr .roriale / 9.1
7lo/odintre cci cu fanrilii denrocrate -au votat n cele din rtrmd pe
lkroscvclt. ()ricrrrcar fi fbst nrotivul - convingcreoncstrlsarr oiali-
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gcrtc a o rn ir i rrarc rrccrt i tudinc r iv ind r r f i l ic r i lc or l lo l i t icc . ; i-
grrra 0 corrrPrrrr ir ro l r i l i ta tcaoz . i l i i lo rPo l i t icc pccif iccsulr icctr i lorprr-rvcnirr t ll in f t r ru i l i ic r r i f ' c r i tc radcdc onlogclr irrr tc r r tcng i i lo rdc vot.
l v l i r il l r r g i l r c . \ 1 6 l i n t r ca lc g r i t o r i ir r r r r r r i l i i q | ( ) g c n cr r r r r l raugust i - i lu sclr inrbat r l tc r i< . r rntcnl irrdc vot. Dar , dacaau cxistar
unclc rudc inr lcc isc aI doi lca grup din l i igura 40) , aproalte 0%din sr r l l icc l i -a r r iz .g i r rd i t n t rc lrrn i lc urrgrrst i octor)rr)r ic .ar in
r r r ic t r lgrrrP r l i r r r r i l i i lo r i r rcsc i l f lau r)tr-urr lcz,urrrr<lo t i l 297r,d i r r t rcsulr icc l i ru rccrrr c l l l r r l i r r ) r in t r -o clr irnbirrc lc Poz.i1 ic,
Ci r td o i t t t tc l t i i tovc t t i t rd in l i r r r r i l i i)corr logencn intcnt i i lc tl r
clcctoralc s-lu rilzglndit, ci au fiictrt-' in favoarcaparticrrrlui great
dc rcstu l anr i l ic i . c l purin t l lvo dinrrcmernbri i ami l i i lo r cpubli-
cat lcc l lrccratr n i l ia lnc l to t i i r i l i t t t i rs tpr<l-rc ltrrb l ic irn i?nc to r l l r r ic ;
liigrrra 40: Cu aitfani/ia este nai pulirr onogaarih
piaittta
to/uiktr sa/t, at alrit nai nuh nenbii ci tirtrl sri-si
silinhc iutenliile
(1 o)
IUDINEAPOLITICA FAMILIEI
Acordparlial u srrbioclul Dozacord9i pa(ial ndecisA cu subiectul
A t l
Acordunanirncu subiectu l
t-ttlI IIsov.I
tlttt---lLly._l(1 6)
Proporlia elorcaregi-au chimbatintenlit le e vot n cursul ampaniei
tertc:r r r r r i l ia l l, famil ia c-aoricntatvotur i leg i , n consecin[ i l , de -
vcrr i t < l tnx r ionr<lgcnd nl i t ic pc nri lsur i l c camPania naintat.
I)in norr,dncrl ofi rnembrii familieiau ost nchotriri;i in privinfa
v<rtrrrilrrrrrr rr rrnaaugr.rstt37o lintrc subiccpii rovenili clitt tccstc
l i r r r r i l i r r r r r tn t : r Irrdccip i lour lun i n ra i i i rz . i r t . ar, t l l tc i l incv r t l i r t
l i rnr i l ic uasco hot{r ire in luna august, ro lx)( ia su t l icc l i lo r e lnta; i
irrtf cil; i clouii uni n-rai iirziu a fost de numai 487o.Cu alte cuvinte,
l)ers()lrn1larc riiicltc intr-o farrrilieai cilrci rlrembri s-auhotilriit ct l
c inc s t Iv()tcz(: c v i r ro t i l r ig i a ,ccl mai p ro l l i rb i l ,rra intea i lc i a lc-
gcrr lor, prc r lcoscl l i rc c o pcrsoanil i r r t r -o i rn r i l icunrlc tr in tctt i
nu rrc o intcntic clcctoralal rccisil.
Iramilia ot'criiun climat foarte clar dc infltren;d politica.lbtri
nrcmbrii ei srrnt nclina;i s,ivoteze n acelagi el, iar n acelecazuri
rrnclc x ist i \ lczacord ensiunea i conducepc menrbri i famil ie i a
ar r r t rn i tcr r l r r l r t i i r ir r tc rnc .Dc <lb icc i ,crnci lcs lrntcc: lc arcsc . tc l r tp -
tcaz i - r ; ; ic la c le avenrgi celc nrainrultc refer ingc csprediscLrl i i lcr lc fanri l icc irsurseale schinrbAri i .
Nu exist i i n ic i trn motiv de a nu studia n acclasi e l or ice a lt
g r t r ps o c i l l .N iv c l r r ls p o r i ta l t c n s i r t n i i o l i t i c cd in t i r n l r r r l i l n r l ) i l -
rrir:inc rlil oc'rrziirlc ir dcsc<-rpcritrnr sc producc accrlstil lnrogcni-
z.itrclxrlit cilu grttpurilorsocialc.Nc vrlrn rttoarcc ctlnlcrltrcasl)cctc
r r r ; r i lc lc t r r l i r t r lc rccs t r t il ) roccs.
llolul trsocirrlii lor lirnnnlc
I, , ;ant ionrr l ostnra i ls tpreamic lentrua pcrnri teun studiual unor
organiz.at i i pccif icc.Dar putenr strb i l i o d ist incgie ntre oamenii
carcal)rlr[in tnororganilla;ii ornralcai ccilalli. ]xistrl douil rcz.ttltate
cll catactcrgc:neral rivind apartenen[a a aceste rgirli zapii grmale,
rczultateaplicirbile istrictuluiDric, prccunr ;i altor corrrunitriti nrc-
ricanc carc au fost stucliate nterior. n prinrul rAncl, escoperim cd
I()J
/ rl lrcnri.<trrt/ 'uo/tt/tti()nngeniktkn poliliit d q'ttfiltih' 'r(ttttle I lI)i
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n lc r l l l ) r i i ( ) r i c r i r c io rg rn i z r l t i iu n t c c rn ta t il c p c r r i v c l r t r i o c io -c c ( ) -
t ) o rn i c c l l ) r ( ) x in r : r t i vi r r r i l r r r c .r r r l l o i l c r ri n r l ,c n rx i ) u t i l l r r o l x t l l i l
c r r ) i r i l l c n i i u n iVc l r r r i l l .Sn r : r i o i r s c l r l l ) l l r f i i l i i r c u n c i o rg r t r r i -
z . : t l i i , o r r rp r r rat ivc i c l r n ivc l r r r iS l , lS i t l ica tc . La nivclrrr i lcA ; i l l ,
t l c s c o l r c r i r r r, i 7 Z ( )hl i r r t r c r rb i c c l i i r rA t r i rp l r t i n u l c i i l s ; l l r ) r ; l i
r l r l t l t ( ) r r 1 ' , l t n i z r t1 i i .' r o l l o r l i r t r r I l i c c l i k r r' l l r c r rn t r r c rn I l r it i u n ( ) r
( ) rg r l r l i z : t l i ii r r n t l t l t :l c s c r r : s t co n : i l i l n t .< l l t t l l t t s c l l r l c r c : tr i t ' c l t r l t t i
.S l ' , .S,i r r r ic in r l , I r tn ivc lrr l ) . ntrrrra i .5% intrc subicct i i chestio-
na t i ( lc noi nra i a l)xrt invrcrrrrc i sociagi i .)( ,' l ' inind
scilnra lc rccstc rc;/.ult1rte,a cc clifcrcngerrtrc nrcmbrii
pi r ron- r t rc rn l r r i ir r ro r rs t lc l lc orgarr iz .a l i ic l ) l r tc l t ' r l tc l ) t? l l i nc
co t r t l t tc l c / - i r ) ( ) i rs t r i i i r r t ic ipr i r r r :1 ,lc l icc irrc r ivc lS l : ,S,prcdi.s-
poz.i l i r r ocirrL it nrcrrr lrr i l orr r rc i lrgrrn iz.at i iir i rnai prrtcnr ic ct i-
v r r t i ldccit in crrz.u l arncrr i lor l la r t i r r in r lrccklrasi ivele SI IS, l r r r
c irrc1lu l rn tsul)usi. l l rcs i t tn i lo r
ro lccrr larc" leasr rc i l r t i ik r r . ' l ' rc l l r t ie
s r ip rc t : iz . : l r r rrl lccst i tp t vtr i pos i l l r lnu r r r r r ir t i t r r i r r r l lc i t sc l r r t :c
o c o t t rp r tn t l i cc l i c c u rc r i v c lS l , l .S .
l)c5i proport ia cprtb l icaniLrr stc lr gcncnrl nai r l tarcpc nivc-
I t t r i lc socio-ccorro lrr iccr ra i i r l i t :a tc ,l) i$carcrrcprrb l icand s tc , le
rtscn)cnclt ,t ra ip t r tc r r r ic i i i pr intrccci carc -au t l i i t r l ra t nor< l i [c r i tc
r r s o c i i t l i il ; i 1 ' . r r r ll ) . l ) c c c ?Nr r c s tco i t r cp l r r t r z i l r i li t , l i t t r t t i l r r i -
r i lc l ' rccvcntc c t t . t l tc l)crs()ur)c,h irrr i in orgrtn izrt t i i r r r ix t r tc
l)rc()cu[)utclc l lo l i t icJ , l rcz . r t l tc r r r i t i r rLcrnic i i cr ivrrrcrl l rc< l is -
p o z i t i k r r?
[ ) i t r , r tcap i i t t t l lc os t l sc l r i i socio-cconorr] ic ,r ,cza l ( ) i ls t r int ll ) i t rc s l i t t r r r i ic v r t l r r l : i l r i .;r o Pr i rn I Pr iv i rc . I ) t t l l i i acc r rs t r ic ; / . i i ,
o ; t rnc l r i i i tu r r t ipc n ivc l r r r i lc S l iS nlcr ior lrc arc dc ' r , in ncnrbri u
l t n o r r t s o c i r t t i ir r r c l r t r i , r i r r r r t i l r r i r c i t r t a l t i o l r r r r c l r iu u l t s t r l t u t
siurilar,sli lc rrctivitti l itrc o irrtcnlic lc vot clcnrocratli.nsii rcclrstii
tc r r t l in t r inrr cstc t ix r r tcv iz. ib iL i r r I i ig r r r r r 1 . I is tc a t lcv r i ra t l i 1l c
r t ivs l r r l ) i rcc i l c l l rc ) u l l t rrct iv i n orqrrr iz . lr i i l ln t n l i l i l )u ( i l r ) ls i -
l l i l i s i i < lc 'u' in r ic l l t t l r l i r ' : t r r ii sc r r r l rc r r l l t r ir l r i c lc l i ra l l l r r i t rc<lcnro-
c r r t t i . ) i t r t l i f c r c n t r r s t c rn in in r r i . . $ i c r r i v c l r r l l - , c f c c t r r l f i l i c r i i
l r ro rg i rn i z r r t i ic s i t t t c u z r io t r r l i r c c t i l rc p u l l l i c : r n i i .
l>c cle nti niteluti SE,l nai ridiratc, ilPatft'totfd
/rt o oryartiz,oliesodtlti ittlir,tlr lntr/ittkt r/c rt-i t'ttltt
pr n'pub/irani. Ite celnui.irt's ttivel '\li'\, dpotrt:'t(ttto
lu ur grttp tt,t aduceniri o rlifutltti
C+
AparlinaJtiin
c-A + B
Nt t
ap i i l l l n
67?',"
(126) (12e) (86)
r--1 Democrali Republicani ) Numlr otaldo cazutl
$ i . r o t t r s i , t c z a r x ) i l s t t ' . l n l l e s t c c o t ) ( r ' J f i s r i < l c " t c c s t c t c l l l l t ' t l c '( l 'Jci cfcrircx lir x (lolll ctractcristicl a rccstor orgxnizalii cxplicii
ncrcguLlr i( i ig i lcl i r r i ig r r r r r 1 pi c l r r r i t ic t it t t rc i tg i t i t r t i r t ic . ) i t t t tc t t t t
s i tu i lg ia r r ive lu lc - sarrD r i carc r l )x r l i l l t t lc i t rg i ln tz l l t l l{ ) l ls t l l l l lc
doaro nricrintinclritatc i sunt influen1a1i,tl ntotl fircsc, lc prcstigilll
r )ra i larc i r l g r t r l l t t lu i lonr inant '
V l r l i r l i r l tc ragtcpti lr i loroastrc t r l l r iv i rc i t cn r l i r l tc lc t t t r t l t r t l t :
alc ircesror rganizatrii activare:lPretlispoz.itii loratct'ttcalc nlcttr-
l;ril()r l0r - Poilte i Ollservrttil lar dltctisttttlicnt \lI) til) dc orgrtrri-
z.rrticir' itar nuntiti a oanrcnidc lrivc'.[.)- lttt ). A;rrclltll l l l l l rtllrtlrrtt
i i i l r c c l c t I c n t i t iS t lS ,e x i s t l i p | | [ i n e a s e l r l e n e l l g r t t l l t t r i i r rSa t r< | t t s k r ' ,
r l r r s indic ir tc lc hiar i l t is t i lcr i tc r iu l )os t r t l .n s i r r t l i t ' r r t r r lt t i , l t t t t r t-
tor. l c lc n i r rs lcsottotr l ic )- sat l ) sc ls()c i i lz2 lt l ; i cs lc s t i r l l t l l i l t lc
o i l ' re . i c t t acelcai iprc<Jis ' rrz, ig i i 'rl c<lnsecitrg l l 'lcs t : r l ' c r i t t r ' i ' l 't
n i v c l t r r i l c - g i ) , n u n ra i ] l% r l i n t r c c i c l l r c : t a t t l l c l ) l l ) r i t i l r l r r i
l t )l / i l lnt tnrturt t / <vtttt/tti
s in t l i t : r r t ,i r t r i i c 5 . ] ' , ' i l i r r t r c c i c i l r c )u c r iu t , - a r r o ra tl ) c r c l ) u -
l r l i c i r n i .
Outogrnikiltrt ptlilir'rl tt llttltuiktr xxirth / 197
Accst ttc'ru stevalabilpentru orice ip dc opinie politic'J.ncotr-
sr:cvcngclcsc atenueaz.il, ar in a;;a cl irrcit oarnenii i;i nrcngin
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[ ) i n l l r r r c r l c ' c t l c r c p r l i t i c , d c c i , r r s ' c ia g r i l ci l r r n r r l c u un
c i l r r rc tc rdc c l l rs i i . i lc l i rc i l i tc l rz .dra r rs l i l rn r . l rc l la rac tc r i : i t ic i lo r
soci ir lc r r r f in i t r i l iPo l i t icc . )ar rczulr lr tc lc ( )a : i t rclcnronstrcaz.r is il r rp t r r l i i vrr lor i lc lc l l rcs t ig i r rl i r r ntcr iorrr l ccst()r l rg l r r r iz l t i i lo t,i t t c l t z t t l t t c r r t l r r i l o lr r i r r o r i t l r r i ,i l i t r r c ; i o r r c z t :r r s c r r r s r t ll c z v o l t r l r i i
t t r r o r i r r r l l l r t i io l i t i c c l ) u s cl l r c t l i s l l o z . i t i i k r rr r .
A l in i r : re r ro ; r i r r i i lo r '
() obscrv ir t ic i r raL i cnronstrc irz. l li l , n t in tPr r lc i r rnPan ic i ,nr l)r .r-
r i lc soci l lc lc insu l l i inrcnrl;r i lor or c lcologia1 ;o l i t ic r i cccprarr i c
grrr1,. n nri lrc ,o i lnrcni i carc irr tcnt ioncaz.i i i votcze un anrrnr ir
l ) l r t ic lsulr t lc i rco r t l i crr l l r inc ip r r lc lcr r i dc i . I {cpub l ici r r r i i , t rPr i
c t l l l l I n r ' : i z r r t , t r s t r r r t l c t t ' o r r l' r r : c l l c - l r l r c i l c l t r r l r n r l r r t .r r r
l ) i i rc rc i r r r r tc l r r r : l r lcsprc \ t i l lk ic , r ; rc r lc i i cxPcr icn ti r n ir f)ccr ics tc n l i l i i rn [ ) ( , r t r rn t r ilcc l i t cca guvcrnanrcrrta l i i tc . l)crnocrat i i
crct l cxrrct nvcrs lcsPrc oatc rccstc rcnrr i . )ar, n nr i j locrr l anr-
P i r r r i c i ,n I r r r r r u Au s t , x i s t r r r rr r c d : r r n c l r i r run n ro t l c l t i t r r r l i n r r l
i r tc< l r rs t r r r r t .' l r i r r r ,lc Pi lc l . i , . l . llc rc l l r r l r l ic r rn irrrr : rcr lcarr r lcxPc-
ncnli l grrvcrrrrrrrrcrrtrr l ls { , : r ra i r r r l l< l r t : rn t r ll )c l ) tn l rrn Prc ;c r l i r r tcpi .30 lc r lc r r roc rat i: r r rc rcr lcurr ri cx l lcr icrrgun uftrccr i r [ j nra i
ncccsirr i i . l )c r r ( r i l l r r tc n l l r i arrL lnunli tc lcsprc accst i lcn l , vc / . i( - h P i to l r r llV . ) i r , c u rs r r l ; r r n p a n ic i- i r n : r r r i l c s t : . r tt c n t l i r r ; l l : l r r c
o nrainrarcc<lnsccvcnti i .n lunaoctonrbric, r i r in r r r l tc lc r rn r i ta tc
(33) dintrc cci rnen;i 'nat. i u ajuns a o arnrr-rn i cntrc in ten t i i le <l rdc v t - r t i ,1 l i ' ia asul)ra cestc iproblcme l)art icularc. ar ctrnrs -a
l)ctrccutaccst l r l ; t? -a r r r l i l t r r r i l t lamenii ,ntr-un f ina l ,Par t i r l r r lU ii r t c r t rc l i rcgi iscarrt lc i lc? rur ru Prc l t ra t l l i l r iagcncrrr lr lrg r r rp r r l t r i
Po l i t ic i i r r r i r ri i r l ) r l r t inc inl i{ i isprrnsul src i ra r tc la r . ( )dc srr lr icc l ip i - r r r r cn t in r r t o ia l i tutcairgrtlc l la r t id r r l cs l)cct iv , la r ; i -a r r chinr-
b r t to p i r r i i l c .T
in tcn t i i lc r lc vot, uccpi indsal incleascdespreanurnite problcrt te
in lcclirpi cl crrnrajoritatea elorclinacceagiab:irJ.Aceste ezultatc
sc grclcrrzil irartc line pe cele af-rrnratc 'rai us. Dacd intengiadc
vot rr r rc i l )c rs ( ) l l l )cntc ntr-o t trarc r 'Js lrr i ltn s irnbol rl g r r r l l r r l r r i
s o t : i r t l: r i r r r i r ri l r p l t r lt t c , t t u t r c i r t t r r r c l r t t i i I t c t t t i r cc l Io l t t n c r t i i
i i ; i rrplrrrrcrrzrlncr,rnsecvcngclec gAnclirc n a;a fcl irrciit sil sc
corr{<rrrrrczerupului n care rii esc zi dc zi. intr-un I'el,conginutul
ilccstui cirl-lit,oloate fi rezumat prin afirnraIiac{ oarncnii votcazi
nrt rrttrrrai rzr rurPul or social,dar1ipmnu cl .
l)ecizia de vot ca experienfd sociald
( l t tnr nc l)utcrn cxl l l icLr aptul cd gru l lu r i lcsocia le unt onr()gct lc
po l i t ic ; ; i r ; : l rccas t i l rrr t ,rgcnitatcstc lcccn t t r r r t { ; i r r ra i t r t t l tdc
cirnr jrania lcctoral i? n prirnul i ind, <l eal i tatc aptul c i l ortrnctr i i
(:are riiicsc nrprcunil, n condipii asernllnitoare, tt tcndirrpadc a
clcz.r 'o ltacvoi pi ntcrcse inr i lare. i t ind s i ivadi lrrrnct n acela{; i
r r ro t l ; i r r r l r i orr l 'crc r t tr lr x l lcr i c l l lc ' ( ) r ) )u t rcr ) tc r l ) rc ( i i r itsc r r r i l r r i l -
t r l t rc .Vor ul lroba rn c itndidat i l rc l l i icut car icr i lpornir tr ldc pc <l
poz . i t ic i r r r i l r r rdu a lo r ; vor aprobaprogrrrrrrc lcbrrrru lr t tc r r tc : r -
lrrcrr i p rc l r r r r t i l iu ocupxl i i lc krr pi irdrrpt irg ia st lnclart lc lc r ro r i t lc
l r lcgntptrr i lor ; l r r l r l tc ap l r r ; in .
l-)rrraccastanu cste decdt o parte a inraginii de ansanrblu. )ot
cxist:t tnii nrcnrbri caresil nu lie perfcct congtienpide obiectivclepropriu lu i or grup. Sj imai pot cxistagi oameni care,ch ia r lac i \au
conit icnt izat acestcobicct ive, nrr sunt sut lc icnt de i ntcresa;ide
cvctt ir l tcn lc lc c< l t i t l icnc)cntru a lc l l t t r rc n lcgr l t t t r i l t t s rx rpur i lc
g r t t l lu l r r i . i i acccptz ldrdcntuziasmoricntarerr o l i t ic : Ia grupulrrr
k r r .str lr n l lrrent l pcrsonali i onstantr ll concct?l lcni loror rnaiact iv i
politic. Sji rrici este vorba desprc proccsul clc activarc, prin crrrc
ryba-
/ 9,1 / rllu ant:ttttt/ tottr/ui
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l t i t t r t l i n i l cc r i t r c a rcu l l i i s u n t p rc t l i s p r rq ; il r n t t ( l u s ca r rn r in i \l c
in l l t tc r r t : r r l to r i r . ) r r r r r ra i )utcnr olrscvr. r r rccst r rz . ,i c f jc icnt ir
d ircct i i a corrt irc tc lorl )c rs ( ) r ) i t lc .)c accstc lr rc l t t r ics i i c r r r ra l iz . i l r r r
i tc t ln lc i l t n ) i l i dc t i l l i i r t .
( ; A l ' l ' l ' (l , t 1 ,v l
Natura
influcnIelnr
persotrtrle
()trt<lgenitrttcaoliticrl t grtlpttrikrr ot itlccstt'
promovat 'J lc rc l r r l i i lc )c rs ( ) l ) i l lc in t : r r t l r r r l
acelora$i ategori i lc oanteni. ) r t r pc t r t r t t t tt
s tudit t s istematicqi dcta l iat al i r r l l t tcn lc lo r
cxercitatedc astfe ldc rc la l i i ro l t t lpol i t ic rl
in l lucnpclorpcrst l t tu lc ar l l l lcccsltr t r t t l -
vcntar sistctnatical tlivcrselorc()flt ' . lctc)cr-
sonalesi at d iscLrt i i lorn l i t icc [ )c care c- l l t r
avut oanrenii intr-un nttmilr tle: zilc, lrtrttt:
drcpt epltntion. Acest lltcrrt itr fttrlrizlt tt n
in t lex al gradtr lrr i lc cxpttncrc pcrsottaLi,
s in r i la r ctt in<lcxtt l grndult l i dc cxpttt tcrc,
dcz.voltat n citll itrtlclc rttltcrirlarc.Astl'cl rl c
t l l te coml t le tc.n t l u l r t l isp r ln i l r i lct r s t t r t l i r r l
t lc f : rg i I l , ar r r t t l t t l r t t t i t t t r f lc ic t t tcr t t i l r r t l i t t i i
l )entru a rc lcva in l lx l r ta r r t i l c la l i ikrr )c rs ( ) -
nale n ccea ce pri\rc$tc nflttcnta lor lloliticii
directil. Rczrrltatelc i imllrcsiilc nortstrc to r
fi reztrnrate ilril t fttceallel la l)rcil llt l ltc (lil l(:
s tat is t icc.Sc t l tn i f ica t i l tt 'cstc i t t i i it cott t l rot
tamell tu lu i p t l l i t ic a frrst s t tb l i r t i r t t l ilc p r t : -
z .cn t t t l tu ( l i t l , l l r r t r r l i s t l t l t l lc t ' cs : l rc i ; t l tc
investigrrg i i .
Jt)() / ,l ltztni.rnu/ t'otu/rti
i r r conrPirnrt icrr nrass lcd ia , c lx l i i l " l )crsc)nalcu un l )o tcn t i i l lr t tu i rrrrrc lc i r r l l r tcn l :1 ,l in lou i l l r ( , t ivc :acoPc:r irc l or cstc rrur i
lvurttura i lluttt/clor penonalc / JI) |
[, ' lrrxrrl conrtrnicirrii in doi paqi
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l r )urc$t, r r l l l r rs , r rcz . i r r t r irrurrr i tc vantajcl ts i l r< l l< lg icc .
(}rrr trrc lc lc pcrsorr ir lc i in l l t rc r r f rrzr i ;rc cci l rc l ro t r fu . f i f
( ) r i r l c c i r t c . r i l i s - : r c r r r t r r b i c c ; i k l rr .S t r i i l v . r b c a s c i i l c s Prc
cXl)u1-1c1c11rr rccenti i la c()nrrrrr ic :rrcalcctorald dc oricc fc l .
r l isc r r r i i lcl lo l i t icc arr ost n lcnrionarc nai lrccvcnt tJcc i i t adior-r lsattz. iurc lc.n or icc z i . cc i crrc au lx r r t ic i lx r t f c ac t i r , , ic p irs ir ,
la d iscu l i i lcc lcs l l rc r lcgcriau f<rst r t rog 'o ra i nuurcr.p i Jccit ccicarc i l [ r r rsc t r l ta t l r r l isc r t rs n l l ) ( ) r ta l l t au atr c i t i t ccvir t lcsPrc
carrrlranic ntr-un ziar. lar accst l)rocent era rcl)rczcntat clc acei
oar)rcnr ilrc nu luascrii ncii o dccizic tlcllnitivd. Conversatiilepoli-
t icc crau, t lcc i , mlr i rr n rJs r , r r i lr r - i n f lucrrgczcl)c acc$tioanlcni,
i r tc : r llcsc l r i i ; il in nccstl lunct r lc vct lcrc.
l )c p i l t l r t , c i c irrc - iru ro t i i r i i tn I 'az.c lcra i i rz i i a lc c irrn lxrrr i c i
i rUn)cnlronat nult rnai adcsca nflucnpclepcrsonaleatunci c i inr lau cxPl ica r r rn r i s -a ornrat n cclc din urmd intengia e vot, [) el lscnlcnci l , rn lcscol lcr i t d xrnrcni i ra ipu;in intcrcslg i -aubaz.atr r t r r i r r r r l rl ) c e ( )n v c rs r l l i ii r r r a il l r r ; i r r c r r r c d i i l c o r r r r r r l c ,a s u rs ct l c i r r l i r r r r r i r r c . ' l ' r c il c r t r r r i l i r r t r c r r l r i c c l i i o $ t r i r r r c ,a u r r r r r o -t t tc r r t< ia t , rcdcurr rl nu v( ) r o t i r , ar au bst n f i r r l l , , t lu ; icu frrr1a,,la urnc rru rrcnl ionir t rr f lucnpclcl lcrsonalc.Drrp i i a lcgcri , r rb icc -gi lor i s - l rc l r r t i l cornplctcz.c l is t i c lr , surscclc unclc au adunatcc lc r r ra i nultc r r l i r r r r r i r t i iarr rnprcsi i are -u r ra jL r t .a ti isc c lcc i r ldi r t p r iv i r r l i r ,o t r r lu i " . , 'c icrrrc c r i lzg indiscrJn vrcun f ' c l r r i r r rPu lcarrrPunic i-a t rnrcrr i iorrat1 lcPr ic rcn is r ruPc nrcnrbri i an r i l ic inra ilrccvcnt <lcclt cei carc arruscscril intcnlic constantil dc vot pep . t rc r r rs t r lntrcgi i carrrla r r i i .
I l r r o l sPcc i i t llr rc[caua elagi i lorPcrsonalcl lu , , l ide r i i lc op i r r ic " .
in Oa lr i to l r r l / anrobscrvat d e i s-arr ngajacn discuti i lc pol i t ice
rn r r i r ru l t lcc i t rcstu l subiect i lor.Dar c i au re latatcd rrrass ncdirr
ru t l i rs t r r ru ic l lc ic r r tcca surscdc infrrrnrrrrclcc i i t rc l r r l i i lc )c rs ( ) -
rrirlt:.Accst lrrcrrr ugcrcaz,Ai\, ccl nrai rdcsc'.r,tlcilc nrigrc',t 'r.t\/ i t t
rarlio i'r.i ' .rrc
,,i/r 'e idcrii dc opinie Si leh acci;tiaajrrng rrscgllrcn-te lc mai ptr t in act ivc pol i t ic a le populagic i.
L lneori,<lrrnreni i ei mai coeren[iau cvidcn;iat un art icolsau
arr sttb l in iat rr)portanfa nLrid iscurs acl iofonic.n n r . , . l re l )c t r t ,
c lcctonrtu l rr t :<lnstarrt-a e fc r i t a ccttr ra nui art ico ls t r r ri rascrr l-
t r r rca t r rc ' i r r r is iu r t i u l l l l resiunea nci inf lucntrcpcrsonalc. a t i l
caz.ul nrri profcsrlr ensionat ares-a rotdrit sii-ivotcz-c1>eeprrl>li-
cani: , 'J-arastc pregdti t{pentru o schirnbare. . Wil lk ie estc rn
orrr rcligios. Iit/nietenacitit,ri ni-atrconautal ,rinieraurttvrrilr/ruzi
r t r tt :o l t t l loc to r r r l rr i)o l ing in nr r rn r l r r r ll i r r octornltr ic r l rcv istc i
( , t l ' i.t rrrr t ru r/, ntitulat " Rcligi.r ui Wenclell Wi llkic". "Carrr atit clesprc ,ariade acopcrire a contactclor persclnalc".
Inf lucngcle lc la om la om ii afect eazi l e cei n ta i s l rscc l ) t ib i l i c
s t l r i r r r l r r t r ci t ' o l r s t i t r r i c l ) l r r ) t c l r i r r u r c r r c t l i i l c l c c o n r r r l r i t ' i r r c
i ; i cx t i r r< l n l l t rcn ;a . ) l r , in l l l r rs , c lrrg i i lc crsonir lcarr arrrrnr i tc
irv irnt ir jc s i lro logicc; c irccca, lc sulrr <r i r r tcf lc icrtrc rr cxcrc i-
t i r rc i lacclor . l l rcs i r rn i ro lccrr larc" e c<lnducn final Ia ornogcrr i-
tatca pol i t ic : la grtrpuri lc lr ocia lc. onr discuta n contirruarc inci
astf 'c c lccarrrctcr is t ic i .
Non-intcrr ionalitatea contactelor personale
Irrl)ttcrrgrr ontactclor pcrsonale asul)ritopinici sq :Xl)licJ,...para-
dirx i l , pr in caracten.r lor nraidegrabrinformal i pr in l ipsa le nrcn-
tiorrrrlitatc n problcurelc pcllitice. [)irc.Jcitiur sirrr ascrrltilnrun
tlist:ttrs,o lirr:enr le regulri cu un ilnumit scop gi, astt'el,avcln o
j()J / Alntni.rmul wttrtlrti l\ 'rrlunt nl/urnlr/'tt vtt'ttrtlr I Jtt
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r l is lx rz . i l ic l ( :n t i . l l l i l l cc i f icJ , .c nc int lucntcxz_dcccl) tar.ca.Jn
ls t [ c l t l c c ( )1 r r l ) ( ) r t l r r n c n tn tc r ) f i o l r r r ll c c l ) a r t c l i n : r r i i r l i l i a rg i i
cx l lc r ic r r lc l ( ) rn ( ) i ls t t ' c o l i t icc ; Proccdirrd astfc l. u r ln i i r i rn s { ne
vcr i l ic r in r i s r i rc r r t i i r in r orrr rrgcr i lc . ccastr i ispozit icn lentald
cstc ( ) r rnnur i l i r rcnc r rPi i r i ilc i r r l l r tc r r ;c . , l i is t r r r rrr carcoanrenii ,
pi rn lt i r lcs<; t : i i l rc lu vcr lcr i l ) i l r [ i / , i r r rclrr tcrn icc, i ascr r l t r loarPccci t 'c i r r l iscrrrsrrr is :rrri tcsc rrt ir :o lc:ucirrc r r r r t c i rco r t l l in i r in tc
cstc o t lov lr<l l lt r accstsclts.
Pc t lc l l t r l [ )a r rc , r r ra ip ro l l i rb i l i roanrc.n i il )c carc i in tA ln im
d ir rcu t . tu l a ltc rn.t ivc dccit d iscrrt i i lc o l i t iccs i tnc l l r in r l r l epre-
g . l t i t i , ; r i is l ) r n l c n r r5 a ,l r r< ' r lr r r l c g i r r< l : i r t l r r c r ir r l r i c r : t r r l i r rl i s -
c u t i c .A r t i c r l c l c r l i n Prc s d i d i s c r r r s r r r i l ca t l i o l i r r r i c cl r o r ' ic v i r a t c
cu dcstu l: l r trrrr irr l r l ,la r ,Pc nr i ls r r r i ic canrParr i irn i r i r r tc i rz r li dczba-
tc r i lc sc r r tc r rs i f ic ri ,grcu sd na icv i t id iscLrr i i leo l i t ice . nt luenle le
Pcrsonir lc rrrr tn ra i l l i i t r t rnz , r i toa rci nrai d i f ic i l r lc sc lcctatdcclr
t t . t r tssrc r l i r r . )c sc r r r t , o l i t ica pi trcc oc, n sPccia l n caz.tr l c lor
in t l i f ' c rc r r t i ,r r r r l t x r iu ) ( ) rl)c :a lca t 'cst ' rcol ' r t i lc te crsonaleJccit
in or icc alt rnocl,l l r r r5i s i rn l l luI)cntnrc{ intcrv ine ncir) tc[) tat, a o
l in ic c r . r l i r tc r r rl . ir r r r i r rn r r l l icc tmrr rg in r r ll in tr-oc()nvcrs i l t ic arc-
carc.Dc Pi ld i i , r r r r v r r tPrintrcsrrb iecpi i < l ; t r i chclnerigr i ares- a
I t ' ( : i r i t r : l \ \ r i l l l i i c a r f i r r r r p rc ;c r l i r r rc l i r l r , l r rp i l c ln r r i n t i i sc
g in t l i s c c r ia r l b r rn . ' , an c - i r l ) u s : , , ( j i t i s c r r rl ) r J r i l l cr r c r r r r in r l l o -
t r iv i r l t r i \ \ ' i l l k ic Pr i r r z iarc; rn - l r r t rdz.garrc l i t ,lc f tp t , r l i t nuzite.
\ \ / i l lk ic ntr Placcatiror ( ) i l r r lcn i .\ lu lg ic l ic r r t idc la rcstatrrant l)un
c : t Wi l l l i ic . r r va f i brrn." ()bscn,at ici sc a l ' l r rn p.z. ig ia lca srrr-
l l r i r r t l c ' r i r r t r r r il c ( ' ( ) n v c rs i r t i ir r c r t : r : l l r r r c r r i t c i lo i r r f l r r c l t c z c
I ) c c x . l l x i s t r l n u l t . c i r r r r r t i il c a c c s r c l . I ) i s c r r t i a a , . f r r r c t p r i t "
cstc l i ra r tc l ic icn t l , [)cntruc l iorrnrcni i r r - l rrsPcctcazl lPc vrlrb itor
c lc n tc r r l i ipcrsrrasivc;n consccint i i , i rc r r r rn tda at i tudinea c[en-
s iv r t .N l i r i n r r l t ,o pcrsrarr i l lc r ipul cclc i de r r r i r i rrs rratc im; i c i l
s t r rPr i r r r lcrsr lL ' ll l t rnc t r r l lcvcclcrcal , , l r rn r i i ingcncral, , , d a f l i , l e
crcd , . to t ' c l t r l lc o r rn lc l t i " lcsprealcgcri.
A.s t fc l lcPar t ic ip i i r i : rs ivcac.nvcrsatic rrnt m.l.gc. in cazul
n lcdi i lor i r r r t r l t lc ,t to l l t i t rc rc l tt t t i i rn l l l l i toa rclc r r f r l r r r r l t i i ,aatunci,
t lc l t ik l i i , c iur l i t t tz i r t t t r t d isct t rsp<l l i t icl )c l l t r l l c i l t l r l l lc i t / l i t l t tp l i c t l t t -
s i t r rrc i r . t ( ) l ls t r l i rc fcrrr t { . At i t i1 c(tnvcrs i l t i i , . r t $i i r r t t t r t rs t tc t l i i t .
astf 'cl clc c()rnunicari int inlpli l toare sllnt cit sc Ptutc t lc ct jt : icrttc'
I l r rc la tarca glor ast fe l de i t t f l t tc l l le estc l l ) t l l t t t la i l iccvt : t r t l i i tt
caz. l l corr tactc l t l r personale. SUl l iccg i i tt r t tc t t l i t l t l i l t lccst l t rcr t t tt
r r r o r l c p c t a t : , , 1 - r u na u z . i t1 l c< l t t n t c t t i o t l r i n r l r r t z . i t l : i . . .i r t t t t l1 ' t :
r l lU r rc r r ispurr in t l I t r r rr tg ' . tZi t ti l . . . So l t t l l l tc t l il i t t tz i t v0t l l i t t t l t t -sc
t l cs l l rc asta rt scr\ / ic i t l . "
I lcx ibi it rrt u atttnci cind illtii lrlitn rczistcrr i
Sr i l t rcsrrpurrcru,r ts : I , i l r t t i l l r i tn o i l l l lc l l i ( : l t rc / ( ) r r t rc i t t l l t tc r r -
tczc pi cii irccstiu sc \,or ftlvi dc rcT.istcntll loilstrll. (jotttat:tclt'
l )crsonit lc i t r t r ta l t t t la reavantaj tr contparat ic tt cc lc la ltc r rc r l i i :
c()r)[ilcttll alri n firfri1lo';ttc otltrilcill i l1i irniIila rcT.istc:tltaoctllxli r r r r r i is r t rat t carcc : i tcn r t l l t nra i lcx ib i l dcc i i ta ltc ip r r r i lc co l l l i lc t
Agcltul clectoral ptcligcnt, fic cil cstc prol'esitlnist atlallll ltor.sc :
ltoate lirlgsi dc nunreroascscnlnalc pcntru a-giatirlgc scttlltrl. ', 1
poatc alcgc ocirzian caresd se adresczc cnlcntlll l i srltl. )oatc sii-$i
rl(li l l)tczc x)vcstca a ccca cc l)rcstll)llnc ctl-l ntcrcscll/.rl )c ccli-
l r r l r9i la capacitrr tcrtL r idc a ip[c lcgc. ) r tc i l1 l lrscn ' i l rl r l ic t isc t r t t ' .
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t lu - ; i gc l t r l .
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l i r r r r ra lc ' .1 ' r t c lc rra i r r r r l tc l r i rr) : ,c ' rcrca cfcct trc r>rrrrrcrarrg,i r r cazrl ar)or l)crs.a.c cirrcs-aus i r r r l i t . l ' c .s ' tc r ic ccle c i t i tc sa uauzitc ; i s - i r r r rrdrcprat ' t r i rcc l iac ' . trard r : r1 r i rc ce intenpir-.ascr: i ^rtc ' (rr , i r r t i r r r ; l c n ic i u r r r r l i r r t rccci 5 i t t lc srb iccgicarcl* r r rc r r l i , r r i r t ( ) l r t i rc tc lcl lcrs '^alc c:r l i r r r l r lcc is ivc . t t ' v . r l r r tr l c s l l r c r r r r s r l c l l c c r c c t . ; r c x i l r i r i t r r t c r ri r r r i r l i i k r rr1d , [ r1 l l r r r
l i l .s r t tr c r r ) ( ) r l :rcncncu sit ra r i.
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Pr t t ins r r t r h ar lc loc ntcresat e canrl lanic icarenu i r ntcrrtr ionatsd votcze Pi'rI sPrc slirpitul lui octombrie: ,,Arlr discutat clcsprcrlcgeri ca hiittii, /n nagtxin,;;i cred ctr voi vota, tjar nu nr-irnr rotiirit
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' r r r t s r i _ l\ ' ( ) tc l .c1lc wi l lh ic , a r lcvcrr ir cs igtrrrr r r .c t . r r r r l r ic ; ; i ' t . i r r . r _r rv()t ;rrr)c {. ,scvelt . [ ' ,a -a Pr i r r is i t c wi i lk ic t r in carrza f i rn ra t i i r ' rrur()r a l ) rc ' i pc curc i c.nsit lcraarrt ' r i rdt i n n r i l t . ,ic : ,Anr l isc t r ta rcu un .s /a r / t r r ll i r r _ l:rsc,l lcvclan<1.iurstudcnIi i su r . t t l t l looscvclr ,I )c . t . r r : ; i : l r r r f i rp t r r i tcc r r r rs t . rc l i i r .nr t t i r i . r r l i t pi u u t t t t t r / i t t()hirqgorutt' c.frat/r u/t,,,.t,/d€/D/i/i/z), i cl .u prca crcrrdcir rl \,illkicc t tn t ip sufic icnt lc t i r rcca s i i g in i i n f r iu pol i t icacxtcrnd.,,
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i ; i r r ic ic lr iar r in indse i ln r r l c pcrsonalirr t tr i lcrrntJ id irr i lor.)c l i rPt ,accstcv'trrri nrr au f..stdate candida;il 'r, ci, casilsl)uneln a;;a, rie-tcrrilrrr lcgritorilor:,Anfostdur n anu rleun nruncitorcarea nsistarstl ttrcrg $i ctt"i ,,I)oatttna a carv ua.eza antt sri tsotex.N|-a drrs lattrrrc si t t lolii i-au aoht pe npulilirani, a,fo .ri -an volal l;i eu.,,
l)c scurt, n l iucnta personlr lr , u tc , : l tc uarr lc lc i < lca l l ' c l i r rncpi dc l . ia l i ta te pcrs 'n lL l. poate aducc n rrrnc v ' t r r r i carc,u l t lc l .n-arnrai i datc nirndnrr i au ar i c lare arr i t l r r lu iadvers.n cazul l rt ;arealt pr ic tcn ar irrs istan aceast{d ircct ic . , l t l i f ' e r r le n rc t l ia
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s i r r r iar i i t r crrz.rr lcrnocr:r l i lor.' l i r tuq ; i ,
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vnlt sil ie intervicvagi in nou, unoracarearr ost em-
porarnedisponibil i in cauza nei boli saua vrerrrrei
c' , l lrt tori ii, n sf l irsit , l torl cirrcs-nr mutxt definiriv
din locrl it l te sarr lrirrr ru nrrrit . -urr i lctrt o: ltccfor-
t r t r i lc lc a rncnt inc ror t r l i t r tcal in t l ic i r r in inr i .r r
rnnjorit ' .rtea'.rz-trri lorarc au l)rez.clrt i l t i f icrrltLtt i,
sttPrrtvcghctorrrlc lcrcn r nccrcrrtPcrs0nal rl ccil i-
l igc crxrpcrarcr ubiectulrrin carrz.I.n nrrrltc uzrrri,
strbiccgii arc nu prrtcau i contacta;i :r rrnrrldintre
intervit trieratt preluali ulterior a rrrrnltorulval de
intrcbilri. n gruptrle$anti()n,nzurilede rl isprirrr; iacclc paptc nterv i t r r i u ost menl inrr te n l imi tadc
147o, eez t e s-a lovcrlita f i rcrnlrc' lbil dc pu1in,
rvind irr vctlerecxpcrienlrrnvcstigirtorikrrrltcriori.
AnlI iz.a ri lsi lt I IriIor rrracterist iccrrz.trrior rle rl ispil-
rtrl i dentonstrat.l numtrrulcelor iert lugil)c )i lrcurs,\Nl':x^ a fost atlt de mic, ncit inllrrcnF klr n misc.Jrilelc an-
Note sarnl>lu frrsr, ractic,dc neobservar. ()ludct, Flaz.cl;
JIQ / ,llaani.runl tvtulttiNor / ll l
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\ \ ' i fs.n, 1,,.(1.,, . \ \ ' lrrrlsc:rpcsht: )crs.. l l lnvcstigrrt.r?,,,/ teJuunn/tfApp/iul
l'.r.ylr,t/ogs,,X tV, 6 tlce l(),1(). 7J'-777)
Z. , )ovlr t l : r; r l t t r r l t r i ;l t t tcn ' i r r r i lcc l )ct l l te u i lu x l 'cct i l t .czrr l ta tc lc t rr-r l i r r l r r i r r i f l tcrr t l lr r t r -o rrcrarc c l ) l t r i l t i l .
3 . .Spcr: rn1 irt () : ls t r i ls tc c l r rs t l c . ll c st rrd i i or li Posi l r i lc )cntnt o l l (cllcgcrilc vritrurre. orrt lxrraii i lc c o llcrioirt l lnrxinrarcar spori lrlt r, :rlrxrrcrr<t r ic : I r t t rc l t t l t i l lc r r t l i v i r l r r : r l c .)c accclr ,
rc t l c r l r l l cstccl rzrr l l l rc l l l r r11 ir1icicitcr' :r corrsirlcr:r1iicfcritoarc ir t iprrl rlc irnbrrnrirrl l ir i :rre,privirrcl ctrq-s[ )cct . l t ' ,r r i t lc : lo r i tr t ls t lc l c st t t t l i i i r r rc l .)c5 i ro i 11 crr l izrr tlp tc l tcr-v i r r r ic r rgrt rprr l ost rrr , c v i i tor vl fi srr f ic ient :l t rc t :m unr: r i ) l r t fu unulin : r in tc lc corrvcnt i i lcParr i< lc lor,rnrr l l r i r r r rrp i l lc , rnrr ln a j rrnrr llcgcr i lors i r l l t i tn r t l , l r i l r l r rp r i i r r r rlcgcr i lor . , lcononri i lc: icrr tcn lc l rr l rccstal r l to : rf l l i r los i tcl )cnt ru l i r l i< : rrrrrn : rru lc l ( ) r n(cn, icv: r t iuccl ) l t t in )11rc. r r l l icxi: i(it t i t t t tclc czrt l(a(c t l l t ist icc r:rr lctuli irtc,l)c cltrc ilt c-anl )i l tUt i)losiit t lrrcz.ct ltul t l ldit l l)clt lnt cJ t l iagr:rnrclc cccsilrc c-lrtr ct lrrs l rrn ttrnrl lr
Prca nic de cazttri. Jit privcptc ntcrvirrri lc u alcgiitori i no[i l i , ar f l rlc d6rrtca o tchnicilnlai sofisricxrd stucliului c cirz ltaf lc rnaimulredesl)rc riginca
5i pcrsonalitatr:accstora, rr5i rlcsprcsituati i lcsJrccif iccn crrc arrsrrrvcnit
sch irrr l r i l r i lc .j i r i tor t r l a t lcscopcr i i tcvu rn l r r r r r l rJ l i r ipcci l icc rrr l icr tc ni ln t l l t t l (c ) t lnctc lc cxt t t l t r i . l c i r t r ra i t r r lxrr iunt i lin t rcc lc 1r i 11n rrrr l i r rr r i r it lc ta l i i r t lcs l t rc o l t r l o t t t i tc tc lor[ )crsonir lc .)c lserncncr, c v i i t . l r i r r rcbu is rlacl t t t rJ t t tta i t t r t l t r l t c r i i r l cscr ip t iv lcsprc i rrnp irrr iarrcu lJn : rnsirnr l r lui 1sPccialdcsPre 1111x1111rt clrc or; i:rrriz.ut i i lcolit icc lr'*rlc chclrrricst. ani'
l)rccttnr i,ollscrvlt i igcttcrl lc rstt l)riron)l)ortrrrrrcrrtrrltri: lrt ici l)l lnl i l()r, inrr,,-n r r i l c o,c: r lc .n sl i r i ; i t , rr1 l r t i lc ; i rnu inrrr l tcrr f i r r rn : r1 i ik :sprc ci c : rrc rr i rs trrcr iv i n t inr l lu lc i rrrrPln ic i .l t r t l t c crrv in tc,n cccir c- i Pr ivcste c lcgt tonrnostri, clrnica:lcc'Jsr.rlirst ncrrnrrnxtr c slrccos inrcrrtJ r f ie..rPlicrrr: liPeo baz-J rl i lurAl; otrr$i, cgrc(l lnl t I , l in clrrza ipsci lc fonduri,nu anr )rrntt-o srrPlirrrcntr u rniri nrrrlrc rrf irrrrrrrl i icsprc rcgrrrrrcrrlrccil ic: l rr c:rrcs-rrt lcs l 5 t rr . t t iu ty): rnr i l .
C a p i t ( ) l u l I I I
l . l ' ,st imlri lcanclrctatorikrrc()l)c'rr\lc f irPt lorrr :rrru rcl)tc:A, l l , C si ).I t t : t t t r t t ll r t i r i r t t t l t l c t tnr i l ta tcl in erzrrr i : t r rn t r : r ttr c i l tc f l ( ) r ; : l, - i r r r rrr l tc lu-s i f ic : r t c accl t isu l) iccf i r rr5i s i rnJr lu c l r r rz r rrr t rcbr l r i iI r i v i r r r lposcsirrr r r r r itc lc l i rn , i t \ i l ) t { i tcnt : rst {c lo d ist r i l l r r rrcu ; r i r r r rvc r l r l l i ll ; rr r r rnc r i) ( ) r l s t rc( ) l r r rc r r i ir l c t iprr l , poscsor ilc tc lc l i rn , lu ( )s r umi l i ( j+, : rroumcni i l c il r(i f iri l clcf irn vor aPrlrca a O-.
Z. )cutrrro t iscrrl ic istcmatictraccstor vahrtrri,cz. i icncvicvc Krrrlp{cr.
'lhriluunn tttrttt0[ ,forio-l,.atnDnic\lalus,discrtaliesltslintlt:t ir I Jlrivcrsitrrte'.t
(b l rrr lb i ; r . ( )43.
3. Vczi l;rc<lcrick tostellcr,, ' l 'he lcliatri l i tv0f l lrtcrvicrvcrslrt ings", in
lfrrt l lcv ()rrrrtri l l cd.), Oaugrng ubln'Opinion' 'rinccton [Jtrrvcrsity 'rcss'
194,1,:t 5i cxpcritnentcle e:rl iz:t tce Archilnl<l ltosslcv'
4. Yeti mai l lcs strl ' r l imcntul esprc monit<lrizarcaludicll lci rcvis(clor
cclitrrt lc .y'r.
.5. . ,xisrlnrrrlteposilt i l ir l l i de a-i cl lsif ica1rc0'.trnctt i t tpl l l tct l ir strt t t t-
tgltri l9r s()cl()-c(:olt()tnrc.6rclali l medic trtrc astlbldc indici estc rr trr <l c
0,(r. )e <r[ricci, :rcc5tiaunr nrcr$anjabil in privirrl. ' . rclali i lor tt altevariirbilc
(jg rrltccrryiltc. rnirjqritrtcitcest()r nt l icinc-:rr fJtdaccel$i ' : l ir l ic t ltrc sCit-
trt trrls<xi<r-ccttt t t t tnic;i 'ot,
(r. l;()krsirn )cntnt it( 'exsrd nnliz.: Ii l iele oblit t t t tc rt ntcrvtrrl l i t l t lr: tr.
rlrt6ritrlnutnilrt t l t t i ndimarede cirzuri isl lt lnibile. celrr5iez,rrlUtc mell[ lne
peltt i l l c$xntion i pentrugrrrptrri le le ontrol, rrate eplratsau onrlrinatc, ,t
5i pcntrtt f iccarcperioadrdin canrpania lectorrt l: l '
7. l icrrnicri i nu sUnt nclrrSin lceast{cllsif ic:rrc,)entrl lc' .1i rcprczttt tril
Proll lcrrl1l1.,rrt . . n tccs( s(rrdiU, -adoveditc: l orrnrcrt i ilc l:r rrl i-at lvot: lt
pc rcPrrl l l icrrnintr<rPr0P()r1ieraimlrc t lccit p0Pul.rl ia linsrrnrlrrskv.
PROPORTIAREPUBLICANILOR
TOTALULEI ,OR U NTENTIIFERME EVOT MAl)
A s i B
c-t)
66 %
581"
Fermiei Non-tetmieri Fermiei Non-larmieri
680/" 69% 62 276
55% 57% 89 472
42"/o 92 426
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( l i t i to r t r l r t l r c l r t t i c r l i c sr l rpr ins l l uvcl l l5i rr l t rnci tor il l1 i i lc t i t lcr-rrricri i) rrintrc cei 17Volin vnrf, n ternrcrri i ivclrrltri l iS. Acc:rstrll irsi l lcrrc
rr irst Jcuti l rr caclrrrl t lndardckrr urcntcule tntriorl l5el, nclt tzritrdtrtPtc-
j r r r i rn i l c a le rrra lc.
,xisri l, csigrrr,o cgrellre viz. i[ ih intre niycltrlSl')S5i t iprrl l t : txttpit ltc:
r)rifct ic:r(: \ .l nivelrrri lcA ti l l , t l \Vo<linoamcni ru ocrrpafi i , irrirltc". rrr a
rrivclrrl ), ntrrrtail%' rl plrrs' xist i l$i dil 'ercnlen crt lrtrlct: l.r d.ttrl Srtrl)l lrr '
l . , rn ivc l r r lS l , )S ra i i t l rc l tal gr l lp l l l l l i t t<rt tp : t t ic , , in : r l t i "i : r t l ln r c spcc i r r -
l i5t i, n t irtrpcc frrlcl ionariisc situeaz;ll nivclrrl trt i scllz.t t l celrri lsigrrrP.
l,rr 'el, cgtrstori i rrl i f icali e f l i l pe nivclrrlSl' lS naiinalt l grtrpt l lrrr lc lt t t t t-
citori, rr t intp cc ltrcr{ trtri i ccali l lcali l t tnecl rr osrrl cl lci,
212 I 'llr,ani.rnt/ wttulrti
t l . i r r rP r l l r r i t l ccontro l s-r t t t - l t tscc: i (cnt rc l ) i t r in rrctorn lrr ic ,argrt rprr l r r i
l)ancl, n rrricr'bric. l; igrrra ir.rrir clc lrrr: Igrrrprrri .nrbin:rtc.
Atotc 2 .i
rcl:rfi lc spc:cil icclintre abcrc5i argumenteleor, n cadrtrl tnciadintrenrii le
rnujrrrc lc rcli ' r in1I,s-arr ovedit r f i accleagi entrtt esantioll l l ln(tstrt l, a $i
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9' [):rc' . Istca(lcvdr: lt ,i t t()l ici il irr.Srrt lrrr cntl ingu c a-i votanririnrl lt pcrelrrrblicnrrilt :ci itProrcsrangiirrdiyt i.AsttLl<lc j ir(c:rr csta rt.c:rstJllrrtezJ.)
- 10. )blincnr acel:t ; i cztt lt lr Jitcrlturtrtrrl corrornic c rncrrl inc onsti lnt,in liccarcgrttp ccottotrt icrl)rotcsti lnt i i n:ri n viirst i l rrnt nai rcPrrblicrrrri,:r rcrrttrl ici i r:rivi ' irstnici,nuidcrrr<rcrr1i.urrrcrluc:r1irrstc a5rrlc srrirrs cttrrrrlt lc v i i rs t i l ll St i l lc lc l rr i tc - t i r rc r i i r r r r r r r l i t ' t l r r r . i r l ilcc i l t l r l t r i r r i i , r : r ; i c
Prr lgrcsclorl in r l t i r l r i i t t i r t s is tct t r t t lco l i lo r r r l l l i ce, i rccst cr l l t l r t p<xrrcia fcct : r t c d i lcrcrr ;c lc c ct luca; ic . ' l i r t r r i i i ,i fe rcn lc lc nt l r rsc c ' i i rsr i l c pds-trca;/. iI ,hiar; i ih lccliri; i ivcl cduca;ionalin nrilsururr clre rrc )lrtcrl l):1,/; ll) ecif lrclc f lrrte ir dislxrz. i l irroastrit).
l l . Arn o r r r i s r lcnt i f icarc l rocia l rrl in ccast r orc l : r rc,lcnt rrr r l1s cstccccacc sc rl dc obicci lrcPtc:rractcrist icrlc l laz.rt,i cstc nrli dcrnrltrl 0t itu_dinc t lcrivati ldin accsrc rib^iltrrri.
12.Ycr. iA.cxa lJ r)cnrru descricrc rrri ctari lrr ar rcestrrindcx.
Cupitoh.rl V
l . [ )our t ig r r r r ic srrb icc; . ic-arr xp l ic i r t lo t ivc le ch inrIdr i i n tcn; ic i 6rclcctorrlc l 'c dc o [)rr e, rt (]st )clnl)ri i Srrrrt ionrrlrriostru. ntcrvalrrl rcdiudc tinrJr l intrc trrr ntcrviu qii chinrb:rica roprirr-zis: i fosrdc dlurl sirrr rc rsrlptJrniini.)c;rccc', accs;t i rrbiccgi 'rrrcrrrr rcsPrco cxPcricnl:I rcstrrr lcrccclrt : I .tc lc i l l t l I t i l t lc, ll l i)\ t grt l l)t tri lclc conrrol,lr irici irp;r1iustc,psilrg-krg ic orb irrd , ra iP r r l i n xt is [ : rc i l r ( )rrc.n pr i rnrr l rup lc coprr() lrp , - . , , . . r , , ,cxJrlicali iPrivit lt l rtot ivclc chirnlr: lri i .l thri lcrr nrp<lc orrrrolr <rsr6csti6rrarin lt t l l ir l t l t i t lst ' .rt t tceclc lotrJ ntcrvirrri c scrrrscscnlrci ltrni.Al trcilcrr rrr'dc ctrt lt tol irst t t tcrvicviltn trctornlrric,ccrl c rrscarnrri ll l urrclc chitrrl lrrrs - l r i Pt r t t t r e t rccerrcr l in r t r tnJ u grrscrrn i . ic i cstcnru ip ro l l l r i l c i r rnclcconsiderclt te in rrhirrtclehz.c rlc rrnrplnrci il sc f i substituitnrotivc6r rcllcd in rnrmcntrr l ch inr lur i i . enrru r inc ip : rrc leip r r r i c arBrr 'entc m' t ivc le
ccorrornicc,dzlroirrl,cl dc-al rcilca nanrhr) rr i, 5:rclar, . : just if lc:rtirne n-spirJrn in crtnsit lcrlrJii lc; lettcpc scarnrrrrrpurikrrlc control. rrnt,ntr-edcvrlr-<Jilcren;clt [x)rt l l l l tc n l ' rccvcrt; irtr cilrc t l)itr lccstcargurncntc.
l ' t rcr t rr i lc t r r r lr l t l c l t t tnc i c i rr t l r lu rrgcnrlr rrr lngclc [<rrrnrr l l r rcrr l tc-ri.rrrl l lccrlrci .nc. L)ircd rn srrbicct, c cxcnrPla, rlcgcslI ' rrrbcrrscrllcsPrcm()t rvc conori l icc; i i r l0scgrc, ,argurncrr tu lrn r r l r r i i l rac, , ,ru avcrnn ic i r r r tnro(iv sl susl)cc(rlnr J sclcctius|ccif lcrl oltcnrt: I lc cl ar f j inf lrrcnclrt t lcm()rlcr)t lt l rr crrrcs-a l)ctrc(ut sclrinrb:rrsalc intcnlic clr:ctoraLl.)c lirnt.
l)cntnrgnrl)rtri lc lc control.Nc-am sinrgittrst if icngi,n cttnsccingil,i l nclt tdcnr
irr rbclrrri lc noirstrc lort 'Jetttri c date.
i,r u,rr. , iun ilvrtt tn ntrmir aproxinrativ gal le c<tmentrri i e l l grrrptrl
clrrrrt ion. lc <1,,:p:rrtc. i dc lrrccle dotrrl rrrprtri e control,1. le lc alt ' .r,lcSi
Irrinrr l sct r c <orrrc turi iprovincde h (r(X)le rxttncni. rtrnl doile t lc lrr1 2(X).
l , ) r is td l r r r t cxp l i c r r l i ilc l l tnrncest t tcrrr ,Jn; r i r rc lc cstcc r l t t tcrv i t r r i lc tr
rrrcrrrl lri i srlnt ionuluiarr fost cfectttate u rnni murc irtcnlic pi, de lccca,rrrrrnilrrrllc corncntarii cntnr iccare nterviuestemai mare. vlaimtt lt ,epan-
t iorrrrl onlinc oscilarrgi,dic{ oamenicaregi-att chinrbat ntengia lectorald
dc ccl prrl irr louil ri; in grupurile e control, tnde -au ealizrrt oardoud nter-
virrri ctr l lccrrrc rrbiccr, imcni nu r l)lrtut nregistrumli mrrlt de o singtrri l
sc l r i rnb i t rc.
(l i trrrclc l:rten (cxtsuntprclrrate in intcrvirrri letr mcrtt lrri i $: lnt iontt lt t i .
2. I{clcriri lc r cheltuieli9i a datorii lcpublice r pttterr i pe dreptctrvint
considcrirtcrt;rcrrrirrdirecteaprogrlmulstrcinlri a altemisuri rle reformrl lc
prr l i t ic i iNev' l )ea/ ,rr lncrrb i le in punct t r l eve<lcrel chel t t r ie l ikrrmJrl icnte.' l irtrrgi,
i lccstci. l rr irstonrisc l intre argttnrcrrtclcle clrsrl, stfcl inclt clersil l-
ci lrcrl a ri lrrrirrc cstuldc rigidl. I)rintre epubliclni,astfel c relcrirt [e lt t t)st
cu al)roilpc loui cincinrinrl i nttmerousc ecrit rgttnre tclc dc clirs{ ; c accca
crrrlcterrrl rr probabilclcclasil,n ceea e-iprivc5te, r rcbrt i elinttr.
. ] . Nl:ri lrz. iuvont vorbi despre lectoratrrl robil eptrl l l ican i cletnt^.^rlt ,
rlcscrrrrrirrt lrr-rc: ci crrrcJuol)crat )schinrlrlrcrr lvoarcir t t t t t i irl iutrc ccstc
t lrrri l prrrt irlc. In alcgrtornrobil epublicln, le pildJ.ur l)utcaParcttrgc ritrtrc
( l in t rc rnnr l (()r i irc i l lg i :dc lu lemocrl l i n eprrb l ican i ,l c l l , ,nc l r<rt : l r i t i "rr
rcprrlrl icrrni rrrrlc la dcrnrrcrirl iil , ,nelrotNleli".
4. Singrrrl xccl)[ ic r <rst dnrinistraliauil 'hcrxkrrc
l{ txrscvclt.:r nccptttul
sccolrrltri. r f i fost interesant e aflatcum s-ar i ri lsprrns tunci ntrcb{ri i
n()rstre. esigurcI nrrvom gciniciodatd, arccl puginl' l l tem spcmctr, tunci
cind viitoarelealegerivor ridicanoi pr<lblenre, ercetittorul in $tiintele srcialc
vir gi\si lporrte l)r€culnccl de fagi, utile retrospec tiv.
.5.Nlfsrrrl n care arierelc i dentif iclri lccandidali lorn$isiau contribrrit
l :rnccustrll ist inclie n 1940 steo problenrrl erioasil. ccstaspcctar putca i
(cstlt rrlteriur, lel:orindnrli mrrlte cstc,dc l:rcxprcsia rnor rrtcrcsc ngrrstc
pirrrl a cxprcsia elormai arg,interese. c pildi, subieclikrr i s-ar rutea cr c
sI irrclicc rcstigiul elat ivpecrreil : .rtribuic norpersonn.iclin gtrvcrn ' l tr in
Irrnrcrr rl irccrrlor. au s-irr )uteaverif icl disponibil i tatcc or pentrtt lcctrrri l .
l)cr)tru r rl lrr olrrl rrcrrtn vialrr or dc problcrnclc ot idiene.Sltt l i s-rrr t t tcir
Z ,l / tllnnui.snu/ uolului l \ 'ott / -'15
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i lr i l t : l ) rnrirgirrc rr o adrrnlrrclc rxlrncrri i li s-lr cerc s:I nt l icc cc rcprczint l lg rcnt rrr i ( i r r r l cc r r:I rn i i r prr tcn dcnt i fc l r rnnr i t ing o l i r ic) .
(r . )ct r t r t l c t ; r l i i r i v i r r t l o r rs rn r i rc r rr t :cst rr in<lcx r l rco r t l r r l r r itr iccarct:rlrJnl, 'czi Arrcxir i: , , lrrt lcrul rcort lulrri rr urttrnrcltclc liccrrci trr[crc".
C lp i to l rr l V
l. () r r r r . r l rz rhctor iu l i l t l r l c r i t ck r rn lsrrr i l tor il egradulrr i c i r r tcrcs i lc
lrct vt t tc / i l1t l): \rc:trrtr-0 tcrlrc scl)i lr. . t t l l .
2 . Vczi Arrcr l l | , pc r r r r r r t lcscr icrc lct i r l i l t r ll tccsr()rn t lcxrrr i ..1 . l i r i t o r r r l t t tcrcsi t tlc st r t rst rc i l in tc lcgc : l r l i lcrcrr tc lc l c v i i rsr ; l - : r r
cs t ( ) l l l ) i l l t t ( ) tu l l : rc : l r r r r rn rra rr co lrs i t lcrrrrclctorrr l t l r rca l ic . ccst rrcrrrs(:l ) ( ) r l t cct lc l rcca lct t l i r t t lro l lor l ia t r t r icc; r lori r l r rc rr tcrcsrr l i ,r r< l i lcrcrr tlc
n ivc lu l orct l r rcat iorur l .
4. l jolosintsontlrrjtrlt l inurrrr trri cntru lcc0sti lrn:rl iz-l i ,lcolrcccnc ofcri l
t ln nll l t l : ir rt it i t l trc dc strl l icc; i u cilrcsrl rrcri l ln.{ezrrltutrrlrr i, tottrsi,rccll i ; i
i ; i lac: I - ; t rn rr los il rx t r c: tcc i r tcrn l rr ir i 5 r rn t i r l r r tr l r r ii r rc , l c i rp t , t t : t1 o t i r r ..5 . t t rns: rr t t l r l t r ,t t tc l tc tu t<t r i ir r r5 t r ix r t l r , ;rAnrp, r r i rs t rrprr I r i l r: l - i t lcn-
t i f jcc r i r tc c rcz. i t lcn l i il i s t r i c t r r l r r i' , r ic , i : rcc5t iar r r i rs r l c tc( ] r( ll srr l r i r :c1 i i
c l l rs i l l c r r t ia i< lcr il c o l l i r r i cl )c c i l r i r ( ) : rs ( r i lr : l u r rc r r r l l r ir r f l r rcn r ii rcs l )cct r-
vc lorgruprt rr oci : r lc .
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l . l ) c - r r r r r r l i r r l : r t: cs r r r i] l ) i r ( )1 ,r r r t l r r ll c n tcrcs c; rrcz.cnt i r ts tc prc l rrrr t
t l i r rP r i rn r r lr r tcrv iu . l r i r l tc crrv i rr tc , s rc o r l r ldc g r : r r l r r ll , : r r tcrcs u cr l rc<lc l r t t t l t t t t l l tcct t t ln c l t t r tJ l : t t r ic .l r r rc : rn l r jor i t l tc : r r r l r rcc l i lo ri - l r r rrc l t i r l r tr r i vc l r r lr r i l i r r ll c i r r t c rcs c prrr t r rs r r lr rrrcg i i r r r r r l x r r r i i .
2 . Aceast : lt : l l r t ic : t rc ant t tn i t i l o rcspt ln t lcn l l ltt , tcor i i r i n rg r r r r i l r r r "l inpsilrologic, lrrlxrrlrrllc KtrrtLcrvin. ,cu' in r rJr:n,lc cxcrnplrr, rl, lacJ rsrrpra
llrlt l i c()l)i l c lcl ioncxz-rll lsihol<rgicrro forlt l, n vcrlcrcanclrcptltri iui citre un
ilt l l l t l l l t scr>11i. n itccl: tsiirt tp.sc aclioncrz. i rr o frrrt i l prrsJ lccg:rl{ 'alorlrc,i r r r l i rcc; i l cr)n tn t r i l ,prc r - l r r t lcJr: I r t r rlc l r r cspcrt ivr tin t :1 , l r , : r . . rczo lr , : r , ,
Prob l t : r rr . rl i l r c r i r r r l r r - rcl c : r r r r l rc l ci ' r tc , l l i r i lcgr: r l rdlct . l t s i sc rr t l rcptcnt l i rcc l t r t r icr l rc t i tl in t rc lc. l t r l l tc crrv in tc,, rczu lr : rn t l "csc rra l i r r r ti rnp r r l r r i .
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l. [)acr, l l)crsoani. lt c(]ntbinat cestc chinll).Jri,a a lirstclt l log:rtrI ic lr r
oscilri lrt i , ic lr rrlcg:ltori i tolt i l iprol)rit l-7. i$i.s(:r t trt : :rt lt tri li l , cl lt ' l t incr"' t : t
lilsr sigur l)c cl si irPoia 0scilirt,a ftrstconsidcfatoscllant.Dircil rr irst lrot;lr:tt
sarr 6scil irtSi n f inal$i-a cft imbatntenliade vgt, rt ost considcratl lcgJtor
nrolriIproprit t-z. is.2. Drrtclc:
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.1. )c nrrisrrft lc trcccnt le l l rrlegrltori iortstrt t l l i:r oscilrrrrt i itrlt t isitrgttr
rrrrr t i t l i r r sc r l r l r r l i it t t rc l r t t t : l)art i ( lc ,i rc tort t lrcs i t t t l i l t r ron l l ic t t t l lc lcv l t tct l i lr t .c rr cc rt lri i lrp11rtrl l t ,l lr f t lct()rt t ltrt t :rcsrtrri ' rt t l i t tt t lport: t trlA;ir t t t t t
:rr;rrrl; igrrr:r rl (cclc lorr: l cclirrni in mijlrr, orizontlt lc,cPrcT.cntin(lci (loi
t ' lctori trl lrrt i n rlezacort l nul cu alt trl), aporttt ldintrc intercs$i Prcsitrnilc
conll ictrralc lost de 7 lr I pentru alcgltori iconstanli, e 5 lrt pcrl lrt l oscr-
lanrri rrnrrisingtrrp..rrrit l i de numai 2 la I pentrtroscihnti i ntre cclc t lott i l
l) irrt i(le.lu altecuvinte,Ptlterea elativtr celor loi hctori vilri l l t : nteresll l l
f t)st clat iv 1rl i )t t tcrnic rinrre ci constrnli, rrr rcsirrnile gnll ictrt l lc. clrt t tv
nraiputcrniccprintreoscihnli i ntre celedotrJ )i lrt i(lc'
( ) : r p i t o l u l l l l
l . O cl;rsil icarcliri lct l l i irt i l srrbiet l i lor clrorrlri i t itr t t t l i t t l i l i , n lcrt lrctri i
l l) l). rcz.trltrln llf l . t l{ toirrcl istribrrl ica 0anrctri l t lrntcrvicvuli t t octottrlrrtc:
SCORUL PP
t)gor Moderat Pul?ntic
demo- demo- clcmo'
crali crali crali
Republicana
Democrata
Totalulde voturi
cristalizate
Pulerniclnlcnlta de vol
rcDu_in oclombno blit;ani
Prccenlulcelor loarleinteresali
43/"
29"/"
21"/"
2Qo/"
17"/"
Moderal U$orrepu- rePu'blicani blicani
Procenlul celor allati
sub utl ip de Presiuni Totalul
conllictuale au sub de cazui
nici unul
79"/" 196
71"/" 41
58y" 109
400/" 15
33"A 30
9 16 39 10 g 4
3 1 1 1 8 2 6 2 6 1 2
12 27 57 36 35 16
) l6 / tl lutui\uil/ t'olu/ui
I l c z . r r l t ; r t r r l\ t c uc c l ; r \ iI ) c n t r r rg ru l ) l r r i l c l c c o r r t r o l r r t c l , i c y l r c rnx i ( l c -v r c n r c l ) c n t n r ;r l o i l r r : r r l l 0 t l u ( l i r r r r l i c 5i r r [ r r : r 0u r r i r r : r r r g r r s t .
2 . l ; : rP t r r l d o : r r nc n i isc lcc tc : rz i l
Note / 217
(/rzzr)n<lrrsrllc cxpurtcrc stenraiDrarcn cnztt l clt tr arccitcscz.i lrelc lccit
it . t rtztt l clor cerc sctl lt l radiot l l intatcrialt l lrdttnrtdc noi nt l estc sll l icicnt
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i p r r r r c rn : r r c r i : r ll ) c c ; l r c l r r r p l l r t : s c rrI t r nc l i c t l c Prcr l i spoz ig i i l cor po l i t i c c c s t c t l o : r r r n c : r zspcc i i r l r l r nc i eg i r , . r lgctrcralc, c:rr(: t rr l ) : l tc ntrcgrrl ; i i rnP<lcccrcc(:rrc rrci l l t . intot< l t : : rrrn:rrrrnl l r i rrrt t t : tss ttc< l i : t c lcct iv i ct t t l tc ; t tv i t t tc,cxist i o rcl i r l ic lxrzi t i r , : ' ll r t rc opirr i i lc oartrc:-r r i l o r5 i c c . t c c c r : r l r . g l c i t t : . rs t . l : r t t ll r s t r l l c .
i t l c 1 ; t t , t t , , , t t t ll ( , s t t l l ,t l ) r ( ) x i t t t i t t i vr r r r r l l r l r t cl r r t t r c r r l l i c r . l it r t J r r t ; r s0 r r -s t r t t l l t , t l i c ; l t t t t s i - : t t t c h i t t t l r r r tr r t c n l i udc v o ( i n t r c l r rn i l c r r r u r i r r c t l r r r l r r i t :
I J r n r J t r t r t t l: r t r c l t r r r t r lr l c p r r l r l i c i r ni i ons t r n l i : r r r r r n r r r i t111 l tn l r l i n r r r l tp t i r i l cdc ,r icrrt i rrc rcptr l r l icrrnri ,lr t lcnrtrcl r l i i , Pc cclc t lcrr locratc,dc-i l l rrngrrl ntrcgi i
1l r:rrorr lca clrrr l> l rnici :
CULOAREA OLITICAREDOMINANTASTIRILOR RMARITE
lnle nlia
de votlopLtDtrcanil
Republ icani 67o/"
Democrali 23%
Noulrdsau ladculoaro polttica ucmocrald
12V" 21"/"
13% 64y"
Tolal
I J J
95
I t t t c r l l r c l : t r c i tr c c s ( t t i c z U l t : t t r c l r r r i cl ) i l \ r l ) c f l i l i l n c n t i l l rc l ; l l i c c t r t l 0 r t r lt i P r r r i< l c i t c t o r i : r r r i i t r i o l og i c i g i r r l l i ips r l r r r l o l i i c i .) s i l r o l og i r . , r r p tcc l pr r j i r r
t l r t t l c lcnrcrrtc curc joi rcl l rrr ol . l lstc l i r ; rrtc Irrol tal l i l cd cxist: l t lori rrt : r lc a_t iint : tr i Prrt l t r i i lc t t t rctc t lc vct lcrc. Accst f 'crronrcn stc r l iscrrtut n r lcrul i rr u ncc-
P u t r r lo r r g r i t o l r r l r r iX. i n l l t l o i l c r r i r r r l ,1 ; r o l l r r b i lr Ic s t c o c x pc r i c n l J p l l c r r r r lsl c i tcs t i c c \ ' : r l r ( i r r c ( : s r i l r r r i l i a r i z u t ,' ; l r : l : l : r r i r r g i r l t l i r r l p l i c r i sc l i i . ; c r l c i l ct : r r c ; r s < : t r l ( lc r r : r l c l c; r r l r o l i r r r r c ct n t t t n : r r t l c , l l c c r c t t r P l r t . r t v r t . r r n t r t l t :t r i z l Po l i t i c i , sc l ) ; l r c l cx is t : l c n t l i r r t ; r l c - i us c r r l t u u r r c s l i r ; ; i tl ) c c o rpc n t r -t ' ) r i l ( ; l r c \ | r i l r ( ) r c r r t r c g i r c c c . r r i 0 r ' c s t c , r t t r r i c i v r r r i i r l i i l n i . ' l o t i l : i i . l ccs(ctc t t t l t l t l c c ; l t rc t i l s i l i l l n t rcu l c s i nc s i c l l t rc r r t c r c s r r li r l i l l c r r r l r t c r i r r l c lcun r i -l r i l rc n ) c r t t l t r r r t r r r l i t t i l ; r r c t r r l i l r t .
I t c t l c 0 l ) i r r t c r uv c r ] l s c l c c r r r r c a t i r i l o rdc c : l t r c nc t l i r r l e x t c r i o r . : l \ : lc u r r rl l l l a r ; l t : l t t t , , i l c v r c n t c . r r l t l r r s , rvc ln 5 i t r r r c ' no r r r c l r lc s o l i , J r r r i t u t cl c g r r r l . rNlr jori t l tcr rr.rrncrri l<rri resc zi i rrclc pcntnr i i t i r i , pcntrrr pagin:r lc sport, pcntrrr
bcrrzi lc t lcscnatc ctc. in rrr:r jori r:rtc l r. i rrrclor, ccstc rnl tcrialc srr l t t lc, l l>s6lrrraccca5i i rctrrr: l ; orrrpi , cprrl r l ic l rnriprcfcri l sr l c ci tc i rscrr l in z. i rrc rcprrl r l icrnc,c ; r rn cl t l c s i r r r l r . l r l i r l l t r r l r r i :l r p r r r l i nr c c s t r r i g r t rPo l i t i c . n t imprr l camp: r -t trci Prczidcrrl ialc, ci rrcl zi :rrclc rrcclr s i r ;r at i t rrt l inc l i rgrl lc cvcl i rncntclc z. i lc i ,c c l c do t t l g r r t p t t r i l l r l r ( ) tn r t i i t r t c r c s r r t cl c : r r g r r r r r c n t c l c l l cc i l i cc a l l c rc i 6 r ;n l t c s t c s i g r r rcL c lc n r r r r r do r i s i l p r i r nc as c: I r r r r r r s l n r I r l r r l c ; t i r i n r : r icch i l i -l l rrrtc, l : rc: l rrrur l i i , lccx\rr l rrcrr ic fal t t lc zi rrrrr l u c:rrc sunt trc rcl rr l t r l r l ronlrteAccst tr l t i r t t ls l )cct l r ptrtc:r i t lcrrrorrstr l r t l : rc: l - l r cvi t lcnt ia cl l str l r icct iv i tatca
l)cl lt i lr 1ll)l i( irrcurrrit i lstf 'cl lc test.
irrt irrrpl: ltor, stc posibilca acest enomendc incrl ic in lccturl rceltrrr5i
ziirrcsrl lcrtscrtrrr:1,n plrte. 9i dc cazurilc e dcviirnli,aclicrdc txttncniicitrc
rrrrnlrcscnninrrrlt rolxglndapanidulrri t lvers. cestia lr I l i , prrf ial,oanlcni
t rrrc, rinrr-osirrrplr oincirlcnti l,$i oblirr nfrrrnragii lc. i lnicc irrz. i irrt t l poz.i-
l ici, rrr rr irrrgrrrrclcctorirlcrusc nli olxrscsc rl-l chimlrc. tt .cct, cc priveStc
111liorrl,lrrjorit :rtcrrirztrriklrrr cirrcscunnilrcsc l isctrrsurilct lvcrsarilor
Pa rsd virr: IUe a oanrcninu foarte nteresali c' . tsctt lt lrea)rogratnelorxll i t iccde
la retl iogi caresclcctea;/. tr)ostul espectiv onrdacrl orbesc andida[i i.Acest
Irrcrrr, rrrne 5i rresc, sigurtr , ,dietrl"m'.ri chil ibrat ' , t .
Accst l irr rnllri lsl)cct c-ar )uteil t j trta I cxplicim o dctrt l ierc elnirrcil-
l>ilJ r cz.rrltatrrltrirostru.)rrtcrnnrp:Irgianrcnii,l t tpil ntcrcstt lor n citntpuni:t
c lc t ' tonr l l ,r r k r r r i l r t r l lu r i : c i s i t r rrrg irtn ivchr l c l r r t i na lrdc i t t tcrcs; i tce ir
crrrc t lrrri lcsr: lcl rnaiscrlzrrtntcres. )rcjudccJli lccgrrtc e circtritul nlirrrtrr-
L iorr : r lr r rr t nrr i r r tcrn icen cazt r l rmcni lor na i n tcrcslg i vczi " igrt r l30).
/ \ccst czultutcstc, otttpi, e o natttri lmti cotnl)lcxl.Oirrnenii ntcrcs:r; i, rrpil
c l ln : l rn v i l z r r r ,lu l t r r t r l tr t i t i i rsccl) t i l ) i l ilc a l s t t l l icct iv ir t sc lcct l rc tn l . l tc-
riulrrlrri rrrnrrrt : l :rr tcc:tsttrclcctarcsrll)icct ivl idicil, probabil,pi nivclrrl
intcrcstrlrri rurri lcs(at. i lcest rezultrt ncrit l un studiu naiaproftrrrdirt .' )stcin rnr>rl vidcnt de o nrlre inrportanlrl rict icrl hptrrlci l oarnenii, t t cit st l l l t
nrl i rrt l lnc nrplicati ntr-un punct de vederepolit ic,crr rtet devin mai o[)rlci
f tr1rllc cccr cc i-i lr )utcl invita a rat iunc$i a relleclie.
. 1 . )c l i rp r , : lr i r r rrrurc i r nci h() t i r l i r i ucc a )exl)uncrc ot tn l i in tct rs:L
() crrrrrplrric clrnrln:Inrri nlult ctt trn ntcci dc l irt lrrrlpalpitant lccit ctt <l
ccrccti lrcqrrofrrnt l l i rcsqronsatri l iLrr nscarrtnili l ulcgtrtorul nres-it tot i lrit
r nlnrls pc dinllrrrl - el abir ntr{ n jrrc. )entrucei mai nrlrl l i americlni, ivali-
t ltcu clintr-o ()nll)c iI ie clipseaz.i lcvoiapcrsonaltrc a dccit lc (le carel)i lrtc
srl o:rcc. Vcz.iOrrpitolulXIl l, pcntru o dare de sealn,lastrpmelemcnttt ltri
c()nrl)et i l ionrlll irrst iri lcclcctorale.) stfclse lcc cll ntercstrl i zeltrlalcgdto-
rrrlrri rr cl irccgie l irrtulrripolit ic crcsc bi.r dupd ce l lt t :rto tJcciz. ic.\ ' l : rrcl
t( t iunc ubirr rcrrrrrnneai/-i l .inergiase nrplif ici l rcpratpin{ in f inll, ci it tdsc
: r l l r l czrr l ta tc lc lcgcr i lor .(la srlarrt: \rn { 'ectrrl xistenleiunci dcciz. i i lectoralc suprrgradrrltri e
cxl)lrncrct rl onrparilnr corrrri lc in l dorn trnr:I tate caml: itnici, )cntrttcc l
cercsc lrotrlriscri ll in lrrgrtst i l)cntruccil l l l i . (Orr ltc cttvintc,srl onrlxrlt tr
prirrrclc<lotrl irri i l in trrnri ltorul irbcl.)' l ' t t lclul itnrtd 'd rtccia irrc veil l l o
rnrcntic lc r,or Prinra inic) rr trrnrJrit nii mult i Proprrgantl: lolit icrt lecit
cci nclrot lri l i . Acclst 'J ornl):rralic fost rerl izlt l crr ajutortt l r l)rrtru rrrpttri
2 8 l , l lnnt i . rt t t t t / txt tu/ui l\'rtr / / I9
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r l i f i ' r i r t : . l ) c n t r l l : l l ) r r t c l c ( ) n t r ( ) l ; rr : r t l t r l l c c x l ) r t nc r cd in ; l r i r n l j l tn i l t i t c i l c i l l n -
p r r r t i c i . t c l l c t : r n : r r i v c l s t r r l l r l i t , c i c : r r t : c ho t l l r i s c r r l i n l l i r r l r gus t i nc l u \ r v
i l l t ( ) l ) t i t l t t t t i l i l t t t c t l t c t x t in r . t r c r c t r t r r rr t : r i ou r . l : rc p t c rn l r r i c - r r o i c rn l r r i ccc i t
cci cJrc nl l : r junscscrl incrl lu o hot: l r i rc pi rni l n l rrrr i r t rgrrst.
SCORL'RILEEDIIAI E FXPUNERIIN
SEPTEMBRIE-NOlt :MBRIEIntorosmai-augusl
inalt Moderat Limila Sc{zul
TOTALUL ECAZUBIInterosmai-august
inalt Modoral Limilat Scezut
In ten l iahot6rata e | 6, 9vot n august
Fera ntenliecfarado vol 14,7in august
11 ,7
9, 4
10 0
.l3
1 1 9
1 4
1 22
1 7 53
4 ,8
3, 0,8
Capito lu l X
l. ( ) : t : c t t r c t t t ' r lx l ) l rnc lc l ) l t t t i l ; l l r : l r u s c i r r r i t c : r z : l: r i r r r p r r l l ro l i t i t . I t r c -
z . c t r ; r ti i r r r l i l c r i t c ar i i a l c c r r r n t t n i c J r ii r i rs t< lc j l s t l l r i l i tL l ) c g r i l d r t .n r i s i un i l c
c< l t tcu l io t r t l c t t t t t t rnr l l i t c in p r i r r c i l r r r llc cc i c r t r c ' . t u c l r nu i l ) u t i n ncvo ic (l c
c lc ; i t t t r - t l r ts c r i : r l c c c n t t l c s p r c c o r r t r i b r r t i i lc i t i ' r i t c lor nr in< r r i r l t i i l t i onu lc u
st i l t r l t lc vi rt t : i t t t tcr icrt tr,l ) t t l ) l icul l lccri rrrrl )rogrrrnr r i rst r:ornprrs n prinrrr l r int l
t l i n rncr r t l r r i i cs l )cc t i vc i ont t t r t i t l l i tn inor i t l r r c . \s t l c l lc s c l c c t i io l r c r c uz i l i n
ci l : / , t l l cclat l tc lor; o:t t t tcni i t i t t t l sI ci tcrtsc: l eclrrrrrt : lc l r icctclor pc c:rrc lc j l r lc
l l t tsct lJ 5i i rsctr l t l l : r r ldio progr:trnclc sponsrrr iz:rtc lc corl rpl rrr i l c l rrc l trodrrccl l r r r r r r r i l cl ) c c l r rc c -a r ra r l c s l c j r .
Z. Acc:tst i t rcprczint l l t . r t rrn:r i cxtcnsic il cccrl cc i ln \ / . Izut cJ sc i t t t i rnl l l l l
i n c r t z u l xc t i v i l r i i , i r r d o : r r t r c n i i r c l r o r l l r l l i c l c c ( c r t z : l ;t t r i l c c c ; r r c c r r r r r r l r c s t :
i n l i r r tcq ic l c prc< l i spoz i l r i l c or po l i t i cc . A i c i , o t r r 5 i , l c c s t c no rnc p s c l tcns i -
l i c i i , p c r r t r r r :l n r r r r r r r nu i rc< l i spoz i t i i l c in c c l c r n r i n ru l t e t uz u r i ) , ci 5 i P rc fc -r ingclc < lc \ ' ()t c()ntr i l ) l l ic l rr sclccrl rrc.r ornrrnicl l r i lor )trt iz:utc.
(Japitoltrl X
l. Ir, lcclin xl)utreri i cntru cei cu () l)rcl 'erintJ olit icl colrst i lnt i lr irst lc
10,9; , inconstant i i "u avuto mcdiedc 9,J.
2. Datcle:
EXPUNEREA ENERALA INSEPTEMBBIE
PANAN NOIb,MBRIE
Mediu Mediu Foarle
Inaltd sc^zule scAzula
63% 55% 53%
'l1o/" 14"/" | 11',"
26/o 31"h 36%
t17 107 47
Subiectivitatoa expuneril
Au urmhrit redominant ro -pagandaproprieior abere
Echil ibrali au carsnu au urmArit imic
Au urmArit redominanlpropagandaaberei dverse
Totalulde cazuri
Foade
fnaltd
66o/o
1 1 %
23o/.
122
(-lnpitoltrlXl
l. lxruis l\ean, Jallot lthaior, Anrcricln lotrncilon l)rrblicn ' ltri[s,9'10'
2. Arn nrri ptrtea rrmdri onvert iri lcP:lrt irl lc i l in pcrspcctiva lttci ultc
schimbiri,cu sI descoperim fectrrl l t im :rlct lnl)anici sttptaor.Alit ctt tnatlr
r, : Izrrt,mnjoritrltcrl clor ctre-5ipilntsesc): lrt i(t t t l orcsptlnT:ltorndcxtrlt t i or
l l)l) sc rcintorcnrai irzirt a cll astfcl, i sttnt cconvcrli l i i rclsiAurll i . Li fcl '
cci crtrc cnlltJ l iro intcll ic t le vot r4lrsrl l t l)-trltri or sliri;csc ritrtr-<ttt tclt ltc
<lcvgt s6lidarlcu acestt i i vor f i, deti, reconvert i l i .lr rhc ctlvlt lter rtt t l l : t i tn
mic lrrrnr\r dintreconvertitiipartialivor i in finalchsiti :tli drcl)t convcrtilirt:'rll.
Capi to lu lXl l
l . Acestc ore la t i i unr ) : rzate c cc lc 1.2(X)lc cuzt t r i l c st t l r icct i l t tcr-
vievnli n ltrnrr rctomltrie, milindrr-ipe cci cnrcnici nrtungcilxtt rt vrcrtn tl
t ' i5t igItorrrl. ici ntt nvcatt intcntiCde ot. ,n t ' tcl l lci l cCcl. rrlr l cl lrlr lc'stt l i
oirrncni l lat i l .rnivclrrl cl rnaiscilT.ute intercs arcs:I tc pcrrnit l l alctt lrtrct
rrnrrial trcile:r oeficienc e corclalie.
2. n general, rlcgltori idccid n ctrt lstrn:rn1rItt rnt l icclc or l l)l) ' , lrtr ori-
z.ontul e agtcptare fectead ntenlia c vot,clrrirr t trt tci it trl dilcrcrrlelc l)lt
2J0 / tl luunt.srttu/ wtluhti
s t t n t r t i t t i t l r c . J r r r r l r i c c t t t I I ) l ' r c p t r l rl i c i u r l i ) s t nu l t t n : u l r c l i n l t s i l - i o r c z . c
l )c r c l ) u l ) l i c ; r n il : r c i s - r r r t t c l ) t i r r r rWi l l k i c sr c iS t igc < lcc i t < l : rc r i - : r l g r c l ) t l l t r r
I t txrscvcl t si l l ic t : i r5(r1,"r l rorul .
Note I J2l
t l irrcclc patrtt . iarcrrri nrportatrte.n a.e.t" l irnitc. a$i n intcn'alcle c t inrp
irrclicrtc lc t:xt, trrt l iza rtcoperitot ccea e se cfcreirl clrnpanie, ndilercnt
rl lci l rrntcri l lclc crit t tsrtt t u lcgatcdircct dc ,,tcntclc" lczb:lt t t tc.
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NICIO NTEN] ' IE E VOT N MA I
IPPREPUBLICAN IPPDEMOCRAT
Intonlto do vol
irt oclontbrio
Rcpubl ican
Democrat
I 1 6
6 1 6
Astoplrlri A1lopldri Agrophri Agtopttriropublicano dornocralo ropublicano domocrato
4 3
8 2 7
3. Atrt vilztt t i l cxist i l , n gcncrll, o corclirl ic rirrc ntrc oriz.orrtrrllc stcp-tarcpr iv indci5 t ig i l toru l; i n tcn l i r dc vot . )crr t ru : lcc i ls t i lc lu l ic c l lq t rra nconsi t lcnrrclorr l l r r rccscsi l ro log icc.Jnrr l s tcc lcct rr l lc : r l icrc,l iscrr t : r ttr(cxt.n (: i, l f cl)t i lr i lcl lrivind czultrltul ursci lcctorl lc nf ' lrrcrrtcrrz.: li dcciz. iadc vot . ' l i r t r r l i ,n rar x isrJ iposib i l i rarcrr . ,pro icc; ic i " ;an)cn i i i ; ; i or pre iccr: r
JrroPri : rn tcrr t rclc vot : rsu l l t i rc lor l r r l t i ,rs tcpt i r t< l r t -sc: r : r t .c5t i rr l cc( lnrp()r tcin l t l r r l in crt rc cc() t r lp()r t i Ii ci ns i l i . n , r .cst uz, orc l r tp i rrir i cxp l ic i r t i l r i r rl ; lPt rr l r : ts t ( : l ) t l l rcr tstcconsccin l : rn tcrr l ic i lc vot . ) l r r r : r l i z i lt l r t is t ic t ru it lc t : r l r i r t tl r ; r t J: l urrr l rc lcl )roccsc cf i .c t rr l r lc rr l icrc; i ro ict i l r j rxrg l r r r 6 l ,t la r r lPr i t t t t t ll i l tc lc cstc n t t to t l ortstun(c l n : r irn l )()r txn l .t ro l r i r s tc x l ) l ls i l
intr-. lrrcrlrc lcsPrc ,Arrirl iz.anrcracliunilorcciPrrrce intre doi f ictori corc-l l1i", crrc va i pulrl icirtrl cl)i lrrr.
Cnp i to lu lX I I I
l. l ) cn t r r rc l r r l r . r l rc r r ccst rr i r rgr i t . l , cz. i ) . r rgras wal l lcs, lJcrn lr t lLlcrcls.n, l'ulilil (huuutrirrtior.c and I'ulilic opinion, ohiclg., lrrcrarcgapir.-gravir t l , j4 l . N l r r l l r r r r r i r ipccirr lc i ( l i r tor: l rnl rrctorrr l r r i up lcs, l rc l r r r rst tPravcgl tcrc i lo t t t l )c t . l l t tdanal izc lorl cc r r r l r t crr : rccst l r ; l i to l . l t r l l t r r t r i l t ,t lc tscr l icrrcrr ,l ( )ctont lu i . ( j . l ,c i tcsgi lornnulrr it l r i c l ) rxr i .
2. Arralizl nclrrdcprrl i rl in Ztl rlc discrrrsuriadirf .nicc <Jc narc nrp.r-t i lnl i l , inutc rlc candicll l i5i de srrs;. irrrirori irr,c:r1i uncle bulct inc dc sriri jclrr tagii lco.rrlc. n rcvistc, rrralrz:rr rcoPcrit utcrialrrldc camPlnie<lingrptctf ntrc cclc rnrri rlr;Pindirccvrsrc lrn districr Lifr, ooll ien, , ihtty,, \ ' t trurt lnyl"vcntng 'ost,Rnu,/er's)igr^rt.'l' iutt i l,ool'; crr rorul, (>4 lc erlitori:rrc i artic.lci l l t f i )s t l t l i l tcc i l l l lost rc.Anrr l iz .azi : rrc lor, to ta l iz l indl .5 f l r lc i tent i ,a inclrrsrc l rr t t l r it lc Prt t r l :1l i rg i rr : lcsprc at t tgr: t r r ic ,l ) rccunl i nrr t tcr ia lc lcd i t r1r ia l ls t i l11r6 l i t ic '(\Valtcr , iPpr'arrn, ).rrrlrv' l 'h.r'son, I)arl \ lrrlkrn,ay irankri ' , lav' l ' rrckcr)
(-lnpitoltrl IV
l. Avcrrrprolrcprirt i lrc l)utcnldri ltc r\, lc l irpt, xl)t tncrct lr rrrutcrirrlclc
clcc ,rrirlc lost rrr:ri nare n aceirst i llerioldil
dccit n oric' . trcka. t t nt<rtn"ntc
difcrite lc ctrnrl ' r:rniei,trbiecli lor:
(a) i s-acenrt sil spuntr, intr-o istrlde cinci enrisiuni )olit icede sttcces,
l)c c: lrco rrrrnrlriscr?ln intervalulprecedent;
(b) li s-a rr: I trrtrirnaplgin{ a numilruluidin z. irrarccedcn tr l z. iartrltri ccurc rlcclrrmscnl rl-l citc:rrt cgulatgi ru fost ?ntrebati c caredin art icolcle
lcgrrtc lc canrpurricc cit iscri;$i(c) i s-aariltrrt l istrl u art icole e campanic lrc apilruscriln rcvistclcdc
largrl ircrrlalic i i s-a erutsl indicepe care e cit iserrl.
(l i t iclc din rrrrri l lorrrlabel cprezintd roporli lsubicclikrr lrc att trt t t i lr i t
r :c lprr l i r r rrr tcnr l i n rn lssmcdi l .
Momentul nterviului
lulie intre ongrese)
Septembrie
Oclombrie
MEDIULDE COMUNICARE F MARIT:
Radio Ziare Reviste
42o/" 29o/" 17"/o
28% . 21y"
541" 51o/" 26/"
'intrebarea u a fostpusa.
2. -l:r r cl ist ingcrnntrc grupurilccu grld ,, inalt" i, esl)ectiv,,scrlz.t t t"e
cxl)ur)crc, lrclici i rrcareall l opcratau fostdez,voltrl i c bitz;t uturor clateklr
t l isponibilc rr cornttnicilri i avind legdturrl u grttptt l p:rnel.Acc5ti inclici
l irrniz.cirz. icntnr f iecare cspondcntscorttri omplexc, ndicincl crntit l tet
rcsl)cctivi l c rnatcrial olit ic cit it din zirre gi rcvistesartasctrltrt a nrdio.A
nrai <rst, e rscnrerrea, osibil, n acest el, sddctermindnrnivelul gencralde
exl)urlcrch tortc srrrscle e informareasrrpra anrpanieirr ansamblu, le la
pr inrc lc r rn i r l i r i -arrgust )si peni l a rr l t in re le out r rrn id inr in te dc a legerr.
I tcrrtrrr lctali i yrrivind olrstruclia ccstor ndici,vez.i ncxa l.
3. Acelrrsi rrxlcldc expuncre uprapusil ostobginttt €ntrrt rccare lintrc
cclc, rci nredii.N'laioritatcl elor are -au nteresat e subiectclelxrliticcprezcnte
in zirre irrr rrrrl i lr i t n rrceln; i inrp si un alt mc(liu. Acccagi cl ' .r; ic drnirre
vrlrrbil i gi n cuzulcxprrnerii a materialul e ll rat l io$i din reviste.
-T
, ?J / tllzanisuu/ t:olu htt
4 . l ) r r c l c :
Nuk / JJ.l
i t i r t t
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CU LICEUSAU MAIMULT:
BArbal i
FemoiPosto45 do ani , nclusiv
Sub 45 de ani
Mediuurban
Mediu ural
A , B
C+
c-D
lnteres idicat
Interesmcdiu
Niq un nteres
Au o intenlio larddo vo r
Nu gtiupentrucinesii votezo
Nu se agleapta 6 voteze
FARALICIU:
BArbali
Femei
Peste 5 do ani , nclusrv
Sub 45 de an i
Modiu .rrban
Mediu ural
A , B
C.
D
Interos idicat
lntoresmediu
Niciun intares
Au o intenlie lar6de vo t
Nu 5tiupentrucine sA voteze
Nu se agleapta a votoz€
Scoruilo mediiale expunerii
't1, 5
10,21 , B
10 ,4
t t t a
10 ,3
1 2 2
1 0 , 3
10 ,3
9, 6
12,3
9, 2
7 ,71 1 , O
9, 0
7, 9
Totalul de cazuri
1 5 6
1 8 3
9S
240
17 9
1 34
54
1 1 0
106
43
14 2
138
I261
1 6
1 1 1
1 1 3.ts8
66
128
96
23
60
73
bd
65
136
24
1 5 3
1 1
45
.5. I ne rcarn in t im i t rrag ia. iarckrr inist r icru l' ) r i c .n Sanrl r tskv rcr
zinrc crt circtrlat ic cgionll{ . in plrrs,Claeland ttain )raler crl cit it dc rt n
rurrnllrconsiclcnrbil le lrrctritori i t l istrictrrlrri.ntr-t t t t disrrictdc accst €1 .
i lscnlclcil ollorturrit l f t le n{ irrnrarc l lntexccl)l iot lrl c bUnc. -)csigtrr.lc ir r
l)lrtcir j inct li nrrri rt trtc n nlari lcorage lc lri i .(r. )etttrt to rrnrt l izi lt trrpcrind cest sl)cct, 'cr l,co l,orvcttt ltrt l,, l l ir,grir-
p l r ics rr )opt t l r t r\ l : rg : rz i r tcs",r r ) i r r r l j. [ , rz ; rrs l tk l , i r : r r tkN. St i r t l tor tct ls) ,
l l tr/ io Rrlurt l, /94J-194.1, cw York, 9. l. l ,pp.507-.1' lf l .
Otp i to lu lXV
L A{irrrralirr I olrncrri i voteaz:In gruptrrinu estc [o:trtcsit t isl i lei itortrc.
()irrrrcnii l l)xrl i l t rtrcivlrrrCtll l i lcgrtrprrri i, lc irccctt. stc l lcccs:lri l (cr(c-
t lrc :rlrrtrf ' rrrrrf : lt Itslrl)rrl ccstei robl<:nlcrtt lt ,r Xtltpcstc ccl nrlri lroll l t l l i l ll
y6r Iotrr? )rrrccrltrnrrl lrorintat ivd rr i si lsclcct lnr rn csilt l t iort i srl : tccttt tr t
rrrvcrrt lral gruprrri lor ltrorl e rl)art in mcnrl)ri i rri.Vonr . lvcir st l 'cl irrtrrlt :r,
colcgii, rictcrri i e familie, eciniisi grtrprrri lelc olntcni cttcttre cttec. )cntrtt
f iccrrrc trbicct 'oll avet ncvoic t lc o lrst l a oilntcnilor arc i)f l l lc'JZil ccstc
grrrprrri i rr ntcnli i lor or electorale.
Orr rrrprinr rczultnt, orn avcr.r rn: lsttr: It ortrogctt it i l i ipolit icc rr l i lcri-
telor ipttri le grtt l l t tri.Atn Pttte:r t t lt l l ccirst lo c\tct ' tsic t t t tctodct ocitt trtc-
tricc in ccrcctrlrcitsrrci:rl'.1.
()rdincrr crrrrhic' , ' lr l i feritelor rtrprrri,n terrncnii nllrrcnlci )c crtre cxcr-
cit l irccstcrrsrrprl srrlricctrrlrri,ru rcbuicsri ic idcntical cntrtt iecrtrt :rrrlrvrt l.
l J r r i io : r r r rc r r itr ) l l tc : l l o r i s t \sc conl i r rr t rczc: t r tcncr i lorlc ; r l t rccr i ,r t r r l t r r ,
vct rri lor. t irr lr,rs rnniltor r f i, n consccirrl:1,i ci lt t t i lnlPcrs()i lt lcrtrc c rt l l t
l : r r rrrct t r ll cc r r r r t luc r r l : il in t rc lorr l l r r r n : r inu l t ( 'g ru l ) t t r itt nr t jor i t t t ilo l i t icc
rl itcritc. n strrt l i i lc c;rz pccif icc orn nccrcrt i l t l l t rrr t t cc nt. lsttri l rt trlctrl l
sUnr ()n$ticnli lc c0n[] ictsi pe cc critcri i :rrr 0tJriri lc. n t,rt t" rlccstc crcc-
t i l r i r r i , t l cs ig r rr , c( 'csrrrci dcl ln i t i i lco l t iect ivcr lc l i lcr i tc lor r r rp r t r i .
in sttrrl irrl ostnr lu tvcmdlttcsttf i( ' ientt le ltx'r '<:ntcsrtprlt tcc.sttt irsPctt.l ) r rr , : r rr l rs t i t r r t ,r r tcnrr r : rn corrs ic lcrrrct r tn t r t rxt re lcn[<rrrn l l i i .n i t t tcrv i t t l
{ in:rl, fost sttpttsritc:n1ici trbiccli l t lr l ist{ <lcsttrsc iltc ar i pttt trt i, clcrt-
trr:rl,nf lrrcrrterr detcrminrrcrvottrltri: , l)in clrrc tntrc ccstestlrsc t i oblinttt
nrrrjoritutcarrfrrrrnati i lorru ilnl)resii lor xrc v-ilu lctcrnrinut ll t t t t lrit i ctrtrt
vct i\ 'ot i l : rrrrlclc, lrtettcri i lc it f irccri : t tr olcgii lc servicit t ,l l t i pricttrt tr rt tr
vct rri,pcrstxrnc rrblicc dlr nu oarncnii<lirr nt l io), iz. it i tl tcrsortrt lrlt rt t t tJirlrr-
t r r l r r i , rgerr t rr llcctorrr ln perso lrr l , tn pcl tc lc l i rn ic lc l l r rgcrr t r r ll r :c t ru : r l ,
nr: r tcr i r l r r ln t i r rnrrr t ivlcsprc art i t l ,t t rn : r lc lelc rrct t r l l i td t ilc i t incnt r t togrr l ,
rlr<liotrl,i :rrclc? l' ;rrc lintre celc entlntcrrtte tai sttsatt irst lc ccJ tt trt i t t : t tc
i n port:rn1:l crrtrr d rnrrtcirvoastri l?
9 , 8
7 , 7
I , l
8, 3
8 ,8
9, 2
1 0 , 5
9, 0
8, 4
8 , 1
10 ,9
8, 4q , 7
o q
7 ,4
6. 3
/J' l / tlJr, niturt/ ttttrt/ttr
I r t t t r l t o t t t l l t l r t : l t r i t t lcx i l c t , r t i t pc r r t r r r l r l r l l u t i , i i t s i P c r r t r r r c rnc i ,c i t r l c
r l t : . s r r r i r s t r nc n r i ( ) n l r t c c lc t r c i pos i l r i l i t t l i r c l c r i t oa r c l l r r r r r l c , ) r i c ( ( : 1 i $ it : t t t l os t i t t l c l i t t l o t t r c t t i t t l t l : r c ' c r r l o r ,ic cu r rn : r l i r r t rc r r l l r r c r r l c ,ic c : r r r l l u c r r t ; r
Nok / ?J5
2.l crrt
l irrt :r r ' l te consccvenf opinii lor tr prcclisl lozilir cstcdisclt t t t : l rlxl
t lct lI irrt rrtr-oscc(it trrc l(cno'. lrl.1accsttt i irpitol.
.1 . )u tc lc:
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c c l t r n l i i r r t t r o r t . ; r r r tl .
Barbali FemeiSURSE NFLUENTE'
Flu<lo
Crrnogtinloirr<lomoniullacorilorPrioloni i vocini
Nicio menliuno cspr4vrcuncontact ersonalca sursedo inf lucnlA
CELEMAI MPORIANTE URSE
Rude
Cuno5tinlc in clomcniul lacorilorPriatoni i vccini
Nicio monliuno ospro reuncontact ersonalca sursA e inf luenlA
Totalul legitori lor
'Grrrprr l, , in f l t ronr ' ') .xr tolop ig i100%, ontnr i f iocaro log, l tor r f i putut
nurnlmal mult lo un sirrgurip spocif ic o conlact orsonal." Mai pulindo O,5%.
o c, ln1xrr . r1rcin r i l l r r rc lcz. r ' i l l r r ici lcrcn lc lcd in t rc xrnrcn i i e a tacer i
5i spccr i r l r5 t i ,r rrrnci tor i ,'crrn icr i :
Funclionari Moseriasi FonnioriSURSE NTLUEN'TE'
Rude
Cunogtinle in clomeniul facorilor
Prioloni i vocini
Nicio monliune Jesprorouncontactporsonal a srrrsil o inf luonlA
CELEMAI MPORTANTEURSE
Rudo
Cunogtinlo in domeniul facerilor
Priotoni i vocini
Nicio menliune esprc rouncontaclporsonal a sursal o inf luonl/t
l o ta lu l lcgAtor i lor
'Grr l>u l, . in f luont"oate epAsi 00%, entru a f iecare regatorarf i u tu t
numi naimultde un singur ip specif ic e contact ersonal.
5"/"j3"/"
14v"56 %
1gv"
77v"
21 5
5v" By"
339L 41"/"
BY" 17y.
5/"/"
33v"B"/.
23"/"52"/"
14"/"
5iL
6v"
75Y"
198
8v"
8V "
25v"
47y" 70y"
39L 19Lt7v" 28y"
1" 45y"
3v"5v"
lov"
79v" 67"/" 82y"
76y" 96% 40"a
DIRECTIACHIMBARIIOTULUI;
t 0
4. Itriutrccci crtrc -lt t <llrscrva icio sclrinrbirrcttnt ncltrsi i rcci cit ivir
slbiccli curc ur vi\ztt tpctrecindtr-se chirnbiirin irrtrl:elc lircct i i. rr l icclre
grrrlr. otrrsi, lccstcil onstit t t ie il l l0% din totaltrl i lslt t tnstlri lor,nicio schinl-
l r : r rc " . rrc l r tz i rrr l t r - lci )c acestca, eci .44%al in t re cpt rb l ican i .r l7o l in t re
rlt ' rrurrrrt i i 7276 lintrc :ci lr 'J nici o prol'crinlrll :rri l ' . t t tpllscil utt t t tolrscrvttt
rricio sclrirnlr:rrcn irrtcrrt ir lectorlLl oitrncnilorl in rrrrrl or.Accstc li l trcnlc
pot l i cxplicirtcastfel: l) dernocrali i , c ansrnrbltt . t l fost orntctt i nrrri rrt in
crlrrcrrl i lccit rcprrblicanii i. de aceeir, i nraiptrl in con$tientidc astfel de
sr' lrirlblri li ( l r ) o' .rnrcrri iirrcnu all nici o prcferinl:1)art icl l l i t ri l t t t t t tnrrt i l
t l i l si l lrt nrc:rcs;rl irl hcll rscnrcrrcobscrvlrf i i ,lar, rr plt ts, t tnt lr(' lxt l l i l incon-j r r r i r l i lc orrrrc: rr ir r rc i i r r$ i$ i ,c l n t rr i ro l l l l l i l , t t tsc schi t t r lx l .
.5. rr rroicnrllric tt cxistatciteva cnzuri nccrte, n carenu ant f i)stsigt lrirlrrcri,rr rrlsprnsul a ccastl nttelrure, i lmcniis-alr imitrt t it nrcrnbriigosl'rt>
dJrici lor silu s-rrl refcrit 9i la rude caronu tri l iausub acela$i copcri5 tr ei.
Accst rrcrrr c latoreirzilaptuluici, in it tglrst, t tbiccf i lor i s-acertrtsI spect-
l i tc i r r tcn l i r l t : ,o t : r lccJrrr incntbrrrr l i r rn i l i c i ,r r i rnpcc n no icrr t l l r ict r t t
l)us (l()irrrrtrcb:rrcirlc ordin gcneral ,A votit tcinevl dirr l ' . rrnil ie rlt lcl dccit
rlrrrrrrrc:rvoltstr, t?")in vcril icrlri lc rrc l lr t trnlrlt , .rn) rlst rrcirrrulis: l lcsco-
pcr i rrr ' : l l ( l r s t r lnccrrr t t rd ineu r l i sch inrbatczrr l ta tc lct t n l i tu t t l t lc 7o
i r r rr i t ;urcl i r r r rcl i rcc t i i .
( r . ) l tc lc :
Procentajulmembrilorunor diloile organizalii
I P P
l loprrbl icarri
Dornocrnl i
NivelulSES
A , B
C+
l )
De la democralila republicani
I
De la republicanila democrali
3
72 %
56 %
440/o
3 5%
Tolalulde cazuri
158
33 6
35 3
204
7. () l l tri lrtcntrc,rr curs lc publiclregi vinrl ca strbicct.,Anll iz.rrntentc-
t irrnilor cciprocc intrc doi factori orclir; i", 'a abordaaccastlproblctrtrl niri
i r rc l c t r r l i r r .
//6 / ,llntnitnt/ t'o/tt/rtt
( - iap i to l t r l
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X\/ l
l . I ) r rr c l prt t i t t< lo t t rI ) t r rctc lc vcr l t : rc . src rmi l i l i t : i l l c r t : ; r l izrr tr lin<lcx rl crp t tncr i ipcrsot t r t lcl rd iscut i i lcl ) r iv i r tc ,r rcr lnpamrrc r rcxl) l l lcrc i ll r r nr is i rrn i lcat l io l i rn icci r rz iurc. inrr l i rnPl ic i lic toru lnrernor ic.) iscursLrr i lcr : t r l to{ i rn icct t t t t vct t i t t tc t t tclcst t t l< lcd ist in<; tci o : rrncnr i 1 i rscp l(r l .) r ( ) -
l x r l r i l ,Prc: r rrrr l tc )c: rccc: r , l r r t r i sc ccrc s r 5r c ur l rrrrcrrs c. i1 lc rcc lc l rl .ct : t rc c-;u t rr t ' t r l l r r t ,s tc pro lrrr l r i ll r r r r r r r . l, r t : : rr r r r l t c rc5cl i . l r r i : r rc lcrsrc\ l l l ) i l l l l ) l l ) l l l , l ) c l l t t l l t i l l c l l t t t c n t p t t r r c z i t r r t r l l i t t l r i r r t c i , : r s r l c l , c c , g n ( ) ; t \ t c l c i l
I o r cs t t : r l c s t r r l lc c rc t l i l r i l , t , l t t p J c r r r nan r v r i z r r r i n : r l t c s tur l i i c r r r ca r r i r l 6 s r t
i l cc i . l s t l l t c t r x l l . i r r sc l r im l r , < t i r t t rcn i i c i r r r i l r r c s c rr r l p i x r r nc n i l c - i r r r ng r r l
i n t r c g r i z i l c 5i n r r t t : t i s t c at i i t d c p ro l l u l r i l c lt i s : l - 5 i n r i r r t c ; r s c J( ) tcc : t i l l ) I 1 t t
i t t t i t t t p l : l t o r i r t t l i s< r l i i l c o r . \ r l i n c ( c s r l r , i r r r i r r r r r l i r r r l ,s d r r c c n r r r r c l c xpc-
r i r nc n t c c r r r gc r r t l c l c lc i n t i l r r i r i z - i l r r i c c ,l r rP . l r r r nu r r r5 i s r r gc r : r tr r t c x t .
Ll t (): l tc cc:srca, rcbtr ic s: i r< l r l rr; i r i rn;i lcnrcrrt tr lc()n$t i in[ci clc si lc. l )rrc: l
o: lnlcnri pt i rr c: l rrcbrric srt 1in'J rr intc rot ccci l cc xu discut l l t crr al1i i ,ci yrgt i
inl l t rcrr l rr l i i r l sclcctrtrci t iUl) icctului . S-1l cstat inrcl l istrtrei l rrrr l ] r l r i r i ic lnisiU-
tr i lor t lc r i rc l io i sc l)1l rc :i l l l l r t r l t lc u inc :.1\cl l lcncrl vi t lcrrtc i i lacc 1lcoi l l tcnl
s i l - ) tc ( ) ns c n l l l cz c o t l r l . t tsc r ioz i r : t t c . ) : r r c c r t t t c r t rl l o r t ( c i r l : t t o r : r r i i rP t r r l u ic ; l t r< : t t l ( r t rc l tt t t i r i t r t r t k r ri t t l i o s t o i r r t l c l c t r r it i r c r r r r l r n l r i t : r r r t l r r r r l i z ; r t ; l :l i s c r r -
l i i l c c r r o : r r nc r r i i c p r c z r r r r i l ac t i v i t i l t c n r r r l t r r ; r rl c r i l r i l r 5i ar p t l c a I i , r l t :accca,
t t l i rr ulcct;rt l l rr csclr l rr ci t lc l l rctcrr l i rr unci conscrrrnri r i istcnrl rt icc.
S: ' r Pcr; l l l r cr l c\ l )c. ' lc l l tc lc in acclstr l t l i rccl ic ' ' r f l at l r . f rrrrdi rtc.
I\NIiX'\ R
(lon strrrirca
indcxtrri lor
in nrtrlte )trncte lc tcxtt l l t l i ,nc-rlm eferit 1 i11rlc-
xuri constrtt itc c noi pentrrt (t ldil l l xcdisl)o7.i l i i l()r
polit ice,al activit{ l i lor$i rt itrrt t inilor. n ccle cc tt t-
rnc'.rd, om dao scurtJ xl)licrlic ilstl[.tracestor ndc-
xuf .
Irrdcxrrl prcdispozil icipolit icc ( It l ' )
l l r r s t rrd iual rr lcg i l tor ikrr ( lc l lx)nst r i l l J cc i t tc t
facttxi Je aximil alolrc lrct l ict ivl l ctt trt t t)t all ()st
religia,nivelul Sl' lSsi rcz. irlcrrl0.cest it t t lcx a l irst
rlcltrrit l trin strat if icririn crdrrl l l ictrlrrri l ivcl SllS,
in lirrlcl icde rcligic i t lc rcz' idcnti l ' l t l l lrnricr pt.-
tcst i ln t )og l t t Ol t l in t t t t t t t l t tnct i r i l c l , ccclrcc I
it tscnrnltt ll rvcll o ptttcrnit 'd rcdrslxrzrl ic cptrlrl i-
cxnd. ]n ciltolic lf lt t pe ccl nrui scrlzrrt rrvelSllS,
l<rtrirrd n ccntrtt l t trbitn rl districtrrlrriiric' I l irst
cl ' rt l t t l t l pttnctl jct l 7. l( st t tcrtt trsctt lt t i t t t l l tvcrto pretl isl ' roz.i1iectntrrirt i l ptt tcrtricrt )rtxct lt tr: t lc
Plrnctilfc:
A , B
C+
D
PROTESTANT CATOLIC
Rural Urban Bural Urban
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 5
3 4 5 6
4 5 6 7
//ll / ,llrutui.sun/ t:olului
LJrrtrcaz; l istr i l r t r i rc: tsut) iccf i lor n lrrnrr tr:r i , rr f rrnc; ic < lc rrccst nclcx:
Punctaj
1Frocvenld
l 4 B(nrorliso,-,zitii
Constntita indauilor | 229
Irxlcxtrl orizontului de opinii
l)c 1us1.11s5111l(cstuistu(l iuanr )ussul)icclt lor o$tri rultc ntrcbtrri lc intcrcs
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3
289
467
edominant
odominnnt
pr
pr
|
Irepublicano)
l-----I
(prodispoTil i i
I
dcrnocrnto)
4 3 1 95 2836 g l
7 4 l
lndexul activit trl i i polit ice
l)itrt ici l>lrrcl,r rt t trplt t ict irst nlsuratJ rrnconrllrnrrrclrl lsprtnsrrriIrrlr rrnll-tolrclc intrclrrlri:
, ,Ari nccrcur lc crrri ind i corrvingc;i c cincvadc irlcircdrrrnncrrvorstri lpo l i t icc?"
Da
Nu stiu
Nu
Da
Nu gtiu
Nu
,,A1i rtcrrt cvnerlrc rI-l rjrrtc rc lr,dit latuldrrrnrrc:r'rxrstrrlrl i i ; t igc?,,
Punctai
z
1
0
Ftecvonld
74
I
429
69
1
424
, , ( l t r c< l i t l t rc t r t t t ' . l to l t rc l cl i r r r r : r 1 i io r c s p r r r r dc c l r n i r i l i r rc s c r r t i r r r c r r t c l 6 r
rJttnrrrcavoirsrrdagrl c l lcgcri l "
,Sunt foarle nerdbdAtor A-mived candidatul les.
,,Mi-ar lAcea i-l vAdc6StiqAnd,ar nu esto
asa do irnportant entrumino"
"Nu contoaz6 enlruminedacA a casliga. O g6
l) t tnct : r jc : lct t t ro t l l tsc l rrp I ic t t rc l in t rc : lsprrnsrrr i lcos i l r i l cn r l i c lc6rr-tribtrgri lcl)c crrc lc ldrrc clc l l indcxrrlpitrrici l)alri i .ln prrnctrrjlc glse e;;rc_zint i l ccl nriri n:rltgrrrt l c intcrc:s i rlc acti l, i trrrc olit icrl, ar rrrrJrrrnr.rajcr qscrnlt i l lcl o int l i{c'rcn1Il l)rolt l)c 6rrrplct i l .
2 301
1 11 7
prrlrl iccotit l i ;rn. )cntrua lc deterrrt int, stfcl,pozi; ia.Att exisratPctmanent
rrrri iorrrrrcni ;rrc nt l i l t l tvl lt nici o opinie.Astl incc:rrc' trtr evidertt iez.e i
irrrlc:xulr()stru.)cntrtr:r lctcrntinroriz.onttt lpinici,ntt nc interescaTilici ce
vcrf ri pr, l iriccrur susllrlrt subiccti i, i ntrnrai lardsttavtlt o tryinicclcctorrt ltr.
Arrr l irlosircirrciustlcldc intrcbilri, tc cilre c-anrptrs sttbiecli lor 5an-
t ionulrr in()stnr, i c inci n t rcb lr i )c cuto c rrp l icascnrrt rp t r l r l i lc urnt r t r l .
l)rrcrl rrrsrrlrrcct ' lexprirnit t opinic astl l)rr trt t tror clor cinci ntrctrl lri, l aobtinrrt cirrc: i uncte. )e f iecaredatd cind a sptts ,Ntl gt irr",a pierdtrt ln
l)ulrct. )unctl jtrl f ieczlrui ubiectne ofcr{ o idec asttpra nvergurii riz.onttrlui
s i l t r lc op in i i .
I t : I intrclxlri lc tt i l iz.rtc:
li,,ra tiont/
, ,()ccredcli ci estcnr' . t inrportant trnprcaedintc arcsd ie capnbil il se
rlcst:rrrccn actrt: t la onjttncturrl urope'JnI att t tr prcaedintccapabilsI sc
ot:rrpc lc prolrlcrrrclc ollstrc con<lnticcntcrncl"
.,( c crc<lc1ilcspre cgcn ccll.rt j lr i l()ro aprobali iruo dcz;rprobali l"
,,(')cprircrcavcfi dcsl)re apttrlc'tr re$edintele{ulsevelt candidcirzJ entrtral rcilea nandrt i l aprobagi,l dcz.aprobapiatt ce)^tucrunttc()ntcazjl entru
rltrrnrreavoustnl
,, i,r ,r ' r, , ,r ' ,", , t , ,1c firt : t , r tret)uicl StatcleLlnitcsr ajrrteAngli l?"
.,(lc crcdt i t lcsprcsirrrl icaterr gcncrul sunt un lttcrtt rt tn satt tn ttcrtt
r i r r i "
(ittpul r/c onltnl
, ,Occrcdcli :?l stemni mportant un pre$edinte aresA ic c:rplbilsJ se
tlcscrrrcerr ncttrala onjrtnctttrlelrropeanlsit t t tn pregcdintec:rpalri l i l se
octrpc<lcproll lcmelcnoastre conomice nternel"
,,(lc lcl tlc 1'rregerlinteredetictra ost loosevelt foartebrtn, run sau trttl",,Oc1.>:lrercveti les^preaptulcrtpresedintele L<xrseveltandideaz.trcntru
rrl rcilcir rnantlat il aprobali, l dczapr obagiauacest ucrtt ntt contead pentru
d rnrnelv<lrstrl l?
,,(lc fcl dc prcaedinte redctic, ar i Willkie - foartebtrn,bun sau rlu?"
,,l)acl ar 'rsrlalegegi apre$edinte ntrc un om careare ceamai mareexpe-
ricrrl i l n Kuvcrnxrc i rrnalculcrt ceamai mareexperiengrln afaceri, e care
l-a f i lcAc?"
J.l0 / tllaznis utu/ t'otultrr
Indcxul lccturi i rcvistckrr irr t irrrJrtrl utrpnrrici
('lonslttriva iadauihr I J'll
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Srr l r i cc t r r l i rs t rr t rcbat csprc r r t i nu l tc rr t ic o lc pcci l i< :ct l ) i l ru tcn rrrrr lc-
rc le rcccnte n lc rcvistc lor. ccst rrdcxcstc ) r r r ; i s inrp lrr cu: ln t i l ic i t rc
ntttnilrt t luidc urt icole csprcprrlrlcrnc polit iccpc caresrrbrcctul rf irnlat cd
lc - i r i t i t .
l lrdcxtrl lsclrrri i z. iurckrr rr t irnpul cnrrrpurrici
Intcrvicvatorii rrr nvestig.rt lriccirrri lc Jc cctrrri l lc srrtriccli lorn ci rz.ul . ir-
rclor. l i i t dc dcs -arr it i t ci pe dil 'erit i i crnnatari i rrrbricilor in zirrcle rnle?(litc art icolc lc prirnrlp' .rginJ cspre alcgcri .rrrrcclln()scut? rr cit it t lcspre
c()nArcscrrt. i l .rc? lrr cir a ft)st nil i ntcnsil cctrrrlz. iarclor.u ati ita l irst nni
iuelt 5i scorul xpttncrii e m'.rtcrialtrlxrl it ic l irrz. iurc.
I r dcxul urrrr{riri i crn siunilor rndioftrnice n tirnpul calnpzrrrici
'St rb icc l i ia t tost rr t rcb l t i t lacJscul t i rscrdlrsct rrst rr io l i t icc rr t l io f rrrrrcc.' l i rr
o l r l l t t t t t r r p t t t t t : r ipozi t tv r i < l<:i tc or i rr t i lsprrnsf i r rrr t t iv . r r r r : r iost , lci l \c t t )ct lcr t ,hcst io t te t r its t tpr l r r tcrcst r l t r ir rn i l l s t i rt i r l l t lc n r : r t c r i r r l r r lad io-
l irnic rc[critor Lr congrcscgi dcsprc liscrrrsrrri lcolit icc n gener:rl. ; iccarc
ra ls l ) l l t lsn t l ic ind l tcnt ia cor( l r t : lrnrr i r i r tcr i r r lxr l i t ic i f r rzr t a l r l ioa corrrr i -
b t r i t a un prrnct rr jn l l t : r l ,ascu l t i i r i inatcr i l lc lor o l i t ic i i lc l rad io".
Irrdcxtrl cxprrnerii {cncrt lc lt cornrrrric..rrcrrlcctornlrl
Inr lcxt r l xpt t t tcr i i cr tcra lc stc lort r c r rn r r r l : r rcr nd ic ikrr l rcc i l i c i c c r l rc
t-atn lci ltuit cl sJ ar: lt : lnl trrnlrrrldc rrt icolccit itc n rcviste,nri lsrrran cirrc
s-at t i t i t r rurtcr i : r lco l i t icc rr t r : r l tct i r i l i r r i r r rc, r r rn i l r r r lle i i r i r r r r l c n: r tc-
rialc1.lolit icr:sct l ltrtc rrntrl io. agi rrlsttr:rn carc trlricc;riu rrrntrlrit ulct inclcdc 5cir i . i sc r r l i i l cl x r l i r i cc i n t rrrn i r i le rrb l icc. ) mcdic sinrp l .J ind ic ikrr
I rra l i cp lr l t a grrodrrsl r t lcxrr l cncr i r l 'd rc tc-a rr tcresat .
l)cntrtr l lrrrcrr lccs(()rn<lici. -rtu irk'sit ntrcb{ri t lc t inrrl:
. .Ciit r1i itrt lcslrrc lccastit( onvcngirr lgionll.J {cprrblicrrni, onvcntil
N l t ion l l : l I )crrr<xr: r td)n z i l rc - f<nrtc u l in , l ) rr l in , o i rr i t l r r r i le arr lc l t rc l "
, , A t i i t i t r r . . . . . r c v i s t : r ) . . . . . .l c s p r c . . . . . l "
, ,( it t lc t lcs rrscrrltrrl irrrrirrnrlc lc 5riri l i l irz:rt t : nrrl io lrccvcrrt, rcl-
z. ional lrr rriciocllt i l i . )c olricci<lrrmncavoastrlcschit lct i adioul l st iri,sarr
r t tc inevrr i
, ,A l i urrz i t r rr l l indu-sccccnt : r l t l io lcst rrc. . . . . .?"
, , A t i r r r r z i t p c c i n cv a ( r t t t i e s : r t r p r i ct c n i ) c l i s c t r t i l l t l l ) r o bl e n l e d c l t o l i ti c r t
nrl i()nrt l i l lc cirtd trc-:t lt l' . l7.t lt l t ima rurll"
, ,1,-rrl i i lztt t )c Willkie cind a inrrt ln discttrs'r grrrr?"
.,1)c lre clttrtrc cestc rt icole leprinrl paginrlc-l l i cit i t ieri n z' iarc?"
,.Ascrrlrirl i ist.rrrsrrri leolit iccde ll rat l i() rr t inrl lul cll l l [ )rnii lor clccto-
rirlc: <xrrtc cs,citcrxlattr,'Jr auniciodrt"t?"
..(lrrcirtea1i orbit ccentdcsPre olit ica alirxrali?"
. ' ( j i t t I c r I c s < t ll i S n r r i l i s i v d d r r c c l i l a| i | m ? A l i t r r t t r i l r i t gi j t r r n l I c l c t l c i t c t tt i l -
l i r r t i l "
, ,Despre c disctltaiimri mtllt cu frmilia (satr rictcnii)dttnlnervtt:rstt : l
clcsprc rtnrplnil clcctoraltraudespre rlzboi?"
li iccarc r:Is[)unsarca dez,vil luit l strl l icctul it iscslt t tasctt ltascotl lt l l l l-
clri lc lxl l i t icc -r acorcllt ccstuiern ptrnctaj tr:rinalt lccit at:ellcirtc ir: lt i l f
c: lnrr l intcrcsuscr: llcesre tiri. )rt temdetcrminr n accst i ' l exPtrttcrcit"ct lc-
rrrlr. tprrblicrrlui)cnrnl lorri pe ioatle lc catnpanici din nui pintr n rttgttst
gi <lrn cptclnlrricpirl i t n noienrlrrie'
lrrclcxtrl cxptrrrcrii Jxrliticesubiective
Accst ndcx trclrurc :I rrt i icc acl sttbiccttrl trrnrdrirnt lcr)sct)il l i l tcf : l l )r()l)i ' l-
grrnclist iccl)rrl)l icanatr lemrrcrat.rentrtt c<4rurilcccstttrndcx'.r irstncccsar
srlstudrcrncolrl irlurulpolit ic al cliscursttri lorirdii l te$i al art icolclof it i te n
z.i',rrei revistc.
Strl; icctrrlrris-r ncort lat arbitrar t ln l)t l l lctnj oz' it iv cntrt l iccrttc rtatc-
rirl cilrc i-..r ..r oriz.l\tc rcltulrlit.rnigi rrnprtrrr:trinct{:rtivpentrtt ltccrre nratc-
rirrl lcrtrrrcmt it it sarr scult:rt .)irc'Jsctrltascliscttrsttrie-l lc lrt i { txrscvclt
srrrrwrrll..rce rrrrckcs, citise rrticole Jtrtllntl politicn Nta' )enlklf(r'ttttziitrsatl
o rcvistal rrrr rcllt t trt l asctrltascau irise cspre onvcntiaNaliorrrrl ir)ct l lo-
cr'.rtil,)tntctil.irrl rti gcrrcrrl tindea si fic dcmtrcrlt [)acl' pe de irltrl xrtc'
srr l ) iccru li ascrr l tasee wi l lk ie sau e John1, . ,cwis, ; i t isc <l i tor ia lc let t t t t l
zicr rcPrrtrl icln xucit ise5i ascultrse esprc llngresrrlRcprrblicln, l t tvcrt tt t
l).ncr..rj ozirir, , indicin4 . rendinpl repull l ican:I.n.,t tnar"a ll[urol accstor
prrnct r jed ivu lg i rct t loarc lpo l i t ic , Ia in tcrest r l r t imln i fcsta idesrrb icct .
Accst t lt lcx ft)st |c,Jtrl i t el)arit )entrl l jecare intre |)rincil)l lc|c lcrr-
o:Klc lc cllurPatriei: t latdpentru perio' . t th <tngrcscl<trintrc lrrtri lc rrrrrr
: r r rg r rs t )i l i r l lo t rPct t t r r t cr io : ld l cPtctn l l r ic- t to ic l t t l t l ic '
]J/ / tllrrari-sntu/ nhthi
Indcxrrl acordrrlrricrr argulncnte c celor t lotrri prlrf i
in i r r tcrv l rr ll i t t rc(o t t t l r r ic ,lcc: rrc ubicct l rcst iorr l r tr i rs t rrrrc l l r t l : rc i l st c
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dc : tcort l t t t r t r t l tor t rc lc) l ) t r rgunrcn(c,l r<rr t l i l rc : ri l c ipc t t rrnci i r r i r t lp lyr ic
, ,1{ rxrscvcl t ; r rcrr i l rc c l t r rs l l rJ , r } l ; r rc rp i rc i t l tc rc r r r r rnc l i o i l t c l i -gcn l i lascu l l t l . ' (
, , lVil lkrc cstc un orn tl irrtr-rrrr rr5cldc l)rovincrc, i lrc s-a rcll izi lt l)rinl i r r l c1 lr . I r i i 5 i ; i - r r . r rst ru i t rn l rurn l r r ro r i t i rcn i r r r r r i: I r rrr r l r r t .cr i , , ,
' ,wil lkic cstc rvocat intr-o corpor;rl ic ;i va lrrvoriz.rrxclrrsiv rrrarrlc
cr.rrnplrri i ., ,1)olitrc:raoDca/ r ntcrferatpreanrult crralacerile rivace.,,
, , l{urscvcltgri l lci itc ntr:rreaJrii ntr-un'rdzb.i mllotriva restului rrmii. , .' ,Nrr ar trclrrrisi rupcm crt tr:rdipia cnrrrcmticir le,{en(l rn llrci;cdintc
pcntnr un a l rc i lca r lnd: r t . "
, , ( - l r rL<xrscvcl tPrcscr l inrc, .st l rc lcJn i tc rrn tn r i r il )u l in d is i r ) l rscr dc .in : rp<r in fa la r r i i r l c r . "
, ,Wi lkic va crctrcprorluc;i l ncr rrrj i int lrl irccric., ,DlcI trn alcg:ltor ftrst lc ac<rrd rr ln xrguntcntcarc slslincil t : t l t l lrarr r
; ; is^a r l ) rr tr r lczrrcordt r un: r l tu l srr : i l in in( l l l - tPc a( lvcrs: rr i i< lco log ic i ,l r rp r i r r r i t tn prrnct : r jl c + l , I ) i rcr l r r r i r i rs t lc ucor<lu propr i rr_ ir l lu rr)ct r tdc() .Ioli icsit t t r irstdc acott l u urr rAunrcnr l clvcrsrrri lor,l I prirl i t -1. rrrJcciz. irr
astl l)rrl rlcJrt lt tgttntcntl i)st )t tnc(i lt l l u /cro.Astfcl, iccurcstrI iccta l)rr1ttli lrtrnctrt. corcric. ntre +tJ i -f t .Cei Z5Tol.atri in cort l otalsarr proaPcotllctr :rlrJrr rr atr vur prrncrajcnrrc +(r9i +tt.oci 35vo c srrbiec;imai ipsiridccnltrz-iasrtrrr : tcurrrrrl; t tl)uncti jc ntrc + 5i -.5.
I,ldittrr:rlonrrtniclre.roolcrilcititorilorprinravcrsitttte
in l imba romind n ttnci' . tl intrs cclc ltrci nrlx)rtantc
Itrcrlri t f in istoriastrrditrlrt i omrrnicilri i Pruplt 's
Ohoirz e l)aul l,azarsl'eld,lcrnrrd llcrelson 9i I'laz'cl
(iaudet. Volunrul se nscrie ntr-ttn aclcvilrat rogrrm
rle tradttceri in ltrcrdri lasice, t l scoPtllexpres le
rr-i jrrta )e sllrdcnfi9i pe toli cci i lrtcrcsil l i . in ce n
cc nli l i l l l tmcro$i.strcttnt l lscit stori l - sct lrt l, (lnr
tumultt ioasl a sti inteiconll lnicllri i ' ' t r-9i<rrlnezersolid{ ctrltur?t e specialitate'n coleclia ntitrrlattr
chiar ..Cultura omtlnicilri i"atr apdrt ltp0nI in pre-
zcnt cArli undamentale e h)rving )offrnan, 'ldrvrtrd
1,. lcrnaysslu lt tct lrcl ntt nraiptt l in ct lnosctlt i l tt l
I I sabe h N oe e-Ncr nann,,\pi m n I tr rii' ( )i mp r e
ccrcctirrc ott n l lornlrt i i t ,conrttniclrcnarc ttevolc
vitrrl l dc imbogrll ire rcgistrului : I t t corct ic, lc ctt-
noa$terc; i ccttpcrarc cceilce cvolrrl i l clonreniult t i
ne prol)une regrrchiz. i l ie lurrbilr. n lag:rrt lor en-
dingeevoltrt ive rrc se lnllnll l l t l nt l i l l t rl in sJ)cctir-
culolse, ntolrcereaa rtddcini, a origirri, l lnoa$tcrea
Iucrtrri lorareattmarcrtadevdratenlo'.rnen evolrt l ia
r^trrdiultri ornttnicdrii u p()t dccit str fccttnt lcz'e
efortul de cercctnrc cttt l l , sr-i conferc mai mrrltrl
consistcntl9i, n nntrmitcprivinlc,clrirr sr\-l hit lczc'
Mecanknul ttotulai rcprct'intit o contribrtlie dc
grrinritm?lrime rr stttditrl omtrrricalri i ,ntenleiaz' i l
nourl aradigmde cercctarc i nterprctare ncesteil.
rlcschicle alti pcrsPcctivl de nlclcgcrc it pr<rccsttlrtil)ostfa rl
2.14 / ,llettni.tutn/ volnlui
t lc cot t t t t t t ic l t rc .) t t tc t t t l )urrc l l rc l ) rc r in ti l n t<xlrr ltr cvo lu t i l ccrcc-
l\trrltti I J.)5
il irntrplt icc, ccr(ct i l tC:l t l l icit irt l lc org:rrl iZ.:rt i il ircct
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l ) r rnctt ; l r i i ig rrro : rscr orrrrrrr ic i i r i i ,l r :opot r iv ll r i n nctot lokrg ici ; t r i r r czt r l t : r tc .r r
v ( ) l l ll ) l l t c i l t t lc lcgc rccstc 0nt rrb i l t r i: l r I l rvc i ln vc<lcrc i rrrn l l i : t t r tort r l r r i
p r i r rc i l r r r ll l r rc rJ r r i l )u r r l ,uz. : rrs lck l, corrs i t lcr : l tcl n t r i an l icar i cc l nrrrr
inova(ivccrccti\ ()rn t lorncnitrl onrrrniclri i ori l lc
l ) : t t t l , r tz . r t r r lc l< ll l l i r rch 2,1 lc ln i l ( ( r ( ) r i r ( t r ln n l r l (crnx( i ( . : Ir r n ivcrs i t : r tca
d ir t Vtcrta . t rc l iJ t i rc : rt t ucci ts t i l l i sc ip l i r r r l: r i r l co r r r l l o r r : r r r l r Ir rrc i : r l I c l t r rr
rtgttrozit ltc:t t t cl ltcvlt ulrort l l t roblcnrclcmetotlologicc lc ccrcctl lri i rrcilrlc.
l ,<rct t ic5tcr rVicnrr in l l l 30 lc rrn i . t rnoslcraragrr l r r ii r rpcr iordrrn tcrbc-
lrcrl, ,rrrrtrltcstcclc polit ic:I ,rt : trxisrrrri si lrrrr:rl iz;I".i irrl lrrcntc:rzllczvolt irrcu
irrtcf ctrrrrl;1,lrrP.l roprii lc lcclrrrl lri , , ' . lvcrctt l{ogcrs, l l istot.t ' f (, lonmu-
nirrtiot,\ltu/v. t\ Iliopnplial Appruar/r,Nov York, l;rcc I)rcss,1t.2,19).n 193.1,
I)lcacil n Stutclc Unitc ctr o brrrsrl l i ' r irrt c l;undll i l l trrkcft l lcr. IJtrrsa rt
rrn cl dc consollrc[)cntru dl)tulcJ ntr uscsel)rornovat e linic acatlcmici ir
Llnivcrsit ltcudin \/ icnl, dltorit i l originiisalc crrl irc rnai i irziu, ,:rz:rrslt lt l a
gltrtni l l lr l)c scrlrnrr ccstui rrcru, prrrrirrr. l: I ,dirci ar i l irst )ronlov.rt,)ro-brrbilsi-lr li g; lsit ; f irgitul ntr-o cilrtrcr: llc 11:rzare).
l l r t tnot t tc t t t tn l rort i tn t l corrst i tu icr l i l i c rc l : r l i rou l t lc ( crccturcu
l lad i<rrr l t r i ,rc l t in 19.17n cldrrr l L ln ivcrs i t r t l i i) r inceton.) i r r t re czrr l ta te lc
activit lt i i t lc ccrcctlrc dcsfJ5rrrater accst nstitutsc rcnlrrrcrl:rnalizrrcriulclor
rad io l i rn icc nt rcPrinsd c l - icrra lcrrz. lg , rrrd i i le r r i ( l i rn t r i l c r r Pr iv i rc a
lunic:r rrrrvrrclt : Ic cnrisirrncarri l.Ci.WcllsRrizhoiu/uuilor. srrrt l i i lcrril 'h.
At lort t r r r t pr iv i rc a l r lc rcn lc lc l in (rc rrrrz ic; rr r l t l5i r r r r rz i c r rrso; rrr l ,r l r l i zu
conrp; rr : r t i r ' ; ll lc cr l rco in t rcpr i rrr lc, . rz l rs l t l t l rr y l r i v i rc ,r l i lcrcrr tc lc r r r rc
rcccl)tarca tt t tri rtcsaj cris5i a ttt t trirr;rclioforric.l irorrlsc vil ntut{ l rr 19.19rr
f lntvcrsitatcit irlrrrnlria 9i v:r primi t lcnrrrrrirc:rc ll iroul pcntrrr icrcctrrrc
S<rciirl i tplicarrt ' l 'hc lltrrcirrr f Applicd Srrcirl l .cscerr.h)., .rz;rrslcl<llcprrnc,
in : rcc: rst i l crro ; rr l i , f i r r t r r r ionsic lcr ; r l r i lclc crrnst rur:1 icrrsr i r t r l io rra l r , ; ir rrnrxlrl i t irte lc I rlolri irrrl i rcst igiu, c a dcpl;; i st lrrrt trl<lc lnigrrrnr.
LJrrrr l l i r r t rc t r r r i l cmcri tc : r lc su lcc: i (c d a rcusi ts: l s texrg lgr: rn i tc le
clintrcoricrrt irrcrrrt :rdcrrrrcil,ir: l l izrrtJcxclusiv c tcoric,pc cerceturc. i ntc-
rcstt l pr:rct ic l rrt lnt irristr' .r1iciarr rlconrprrnii lor;rrvatc. lrrnslt crnrcrrtrl c
,,ccrccti lrc rt lrninistrrt ivi l". rin carc rrlclcgcl ccrcctJrcil rngriricrl,rri l i : rrrl :r
r: lsl)t t t lsrto lrrltrt irt truc lrrblic:t ,;ro soliciturc guvernrrlrri rrrrl orgrrrriz.:rl i i lor
rlrcdi:r. )in lcclt \(i lci l lr l l l l irst lcscori rit icat lc corrrrrni(rrtclrc:r<lcrrrit\, rt lri
: r lcs c c i l t rc tn i isrxto log i i t rc onsir lcr : t r rI < l iscrJr l in : rrc l r r r ie ; i r r r r t r ' ll c l l r r t c
t lc ltracticl. )ricntcaz.: lccrccti lrcir onrrrnic'Jri ic rnlsJc:ltrestrrt l irrl l 'cctelgr
;; i cstc ctlnsit lcrutpcrsort l l i t irtcrr arc nr:rrchcazl tcccrcil dc l i l ccrcctlrcu
fi1:rntatr\ lc6rArrrrizrrt i i
i r r r t : rcsrrrclc rczrr l t l tc :rr t l r rs t r iaomrrn i t r l r i il c t t r i tsr l ,tgc l l l i i l c p t rb l i t : i t r t tc ,
. . l l , ,ct1 i ilc rlrrrkct ing, drninisrrali irt . .rtcft trlnitc, sinrl ic:rtc. irrcit t olt t l l" ^
l.rtrrrrclc lcgrlt trrl ntrc rborduren rtropc nl dirr$t irntclc trcialcdottt inatritt
rlccrl ,rcnrc c tlcnrcrsttri l f trsofice i spccrrl lt ivc)5i troilc tcrlt l i trlc c: lIc sc
niIStcxil n Sturelc lnitc (bchnviotist i l t l l ,lxrrt l: trcaprxglt l: l t lc:I , crcctl lrcl
cxnt t : lt ivl l).()pcr:r 5i lcri\ . i t i t tc: l ri inl if icI a lrri l)ntrl , :rz:rrs[cld -:t t t rt t t t trrt t lc o
tl isrirrs.Jprccicrcclrirrrl in irnprrl ieli i srrle. l irst lcs prcgctl intc rlAsrx ll icr
Anrcricarrcpcrrtrrrocrcetareaopiniei l)rrblice 1949-19.50)i rl As<x' iI l ici
Arrrcricarrc c Srri6|rg, ic 196t-l(XrZ), renrf irt t rl Acir<lenrici lt ir; tr:rlc lc
l ' l<lrrcrrrici rl Acrrclcrnici rl ion'.rle c $ti inle A prinrit it l t tri on<xil lt t lc l:r
( trivcrsitrt tcalirrOhicago,n l9({r,dc la t lrrivcrsit ' rtcr irlt lrul)irr ' n l()70' lc
l r rUnivcrs i t r tcrr in Vicnrr ,n 1971, i dc h sor l ronrt ,n 1972, i i r r t lp r i rnrr l
sociolog rncriclrn trc s-ir tucrrrat c o ascmcnca ccllnox$tcrr:t i irrl i f icl. -l
st irrs in viag:Irr30 rrgrrst 97(r.
S l : i r5 i t t r ll t :<ct r i t t l r t i : t l) i l t l l l l c lnl scc6 l t t l t t ircc l t tcrr t lo t l i t l : t t l c t tcvrt i l tl c, ,1 : tprc i t ( . l ig l r i " . r r r r r crrr i r rcn) ; r t r l, r rz. rrs l t l t l1 l )r t : lu1r1 c r l i t i , rt lo t t ; t t
lrrr.rlri iclc 11rt.lpt:r l<:t it tncl tt pt ltc{rlsi l x)rncilscile rt specrrl:r1iirlvint l
. .1 i r t r t r :1"ocict : i t i r ,i < lc a rcT, t l l t i l tC lcl l ror Xpcr i t t tC t t tc ,l c t l t ) r )r( ' t (c t i r i $i
itrvcstig..rlii.r,lcritul5c0lii .rrDericancdc coluturrcruc ste rcch cI s-a txrtt lc
l:r trceltrrt )c (.crccti lri5i eXpcrinrentc,rtre ic all (cl)rcZclltat rr5in t l ircct i, t
r l cs ; r r i r r t l c r i il c cor i i t : r to t l ) t t te ln ic ic ircsci c: tz t t l crcct i l r i lo rr l i l i r t tc l t : l : r r l
l f rr'l:rtttl), ic 'ttt ittrtttgttrra t,ottdpamr/iyntl d. ittktPftlott 11 ( cstlli itlll)rl(:t
(c:rzrrlrri )rrrrl,az:trsl 'clt l).hrstrlt ivlpcntrttprtgmlt isnttt l lrc I ghit lrrt ctt tcr-
srrri lc dc ilvcstig:ttcsrri l l l estc c|i 'Jt ccrcct: lrcrtt ltrcprinsil lc c{trc l)rrrt l
l,rrz:rrslcff clrc va ntcntciaparar/ipna fntclor initttcitt conrtlllicrlre'Jlc nllsil'
l)roicct:rtrl)cntnr l cvulrra nrpirctrrltrtorc:nrisit t trii tdio[trt t icc rit t : t tc
I )cpitrt lt t tctt t trl trt tcricrrttl Agricrrlt trri i5i rr<rprrnclil poptt lariz.czcolit ici lclcrlcralc rr rirrt lrrl crrl icri lor, crcctrrrcrr lcvcnir )c )rlrcllrs l l t()t t l lel ltc(:vil.
l)otrivit lrri ivcrctt l l trgcrs, iei rri , ' . rz.rrrsfcldtl i-a i)st irrrrtc l ' .rr t t l l \ s-"1
trirlsfort lrlr o xsrf 'cl c irrtcrrl ic ntr-trn stuclit t rl t lcgcrilorPrczi<lc:trt i ' . rlcl irr
1940. )onrinrult : In el)(ri l erirpcrccl)l ia ltot l)l l tcrniciei rcsci; c . tccca, crt:c-
t lt6ri i sc l$tcl, txl l srlgrlscirscrllovczi rlc ttnci it t l l t lcn[c <lircttc, nrct l i,rtc, r
prrrssncrlia rsrt[)r:rorlrlx)rtxmcntultritc vot. )csc<tltcriri lccllci. t t tll cotttr; t-
t l i l t ic crr ot cccrlc(:sc sti i lpinl atrrnci. ' l lc rclcvurr l pcrstxttrclc i grrrprrri lc
s<tcit lc rltrtrrt : l rr[rrrrrr:rl i i lccsprecatrt lt : tnict lt ' r irt : e tt-t ltsslcdi;1, r] t trtss
rrrccfrr nrr rcu$csc uIrtingl'l ccit /n nundr n/n.r t'fx',vtllte, t'rl tlccrtttisttrttllc
irrllrrcllrrrc i.l ot.llxlrt.rltlentuluicstc nrlt r/ifrit tlc ccc:lcc sc $tirl lill:l lltllrtci.
/.J0 / tller ni.snul vorului
[)trp:I rt t t t ccl;rr: l hi:rr t t t tori i, rt lriccttrl t lrl i i l rcprcz.int i lpinirr trblic{ .(ict:rt c t<lt tcc ott t tcrlrca stc )crsl)cct ivlrc irrvcstiglre. lt t o irrlrric rct l isi-t t)lt l ; l t i l , i cottst: t t i lrtrl lrcsi: trrrg rlspilrrrl i t l ; l<xriviti lrci:r rrvcstigrrrrsctrrrrrul
, ,e lcscric c crct loutttctt i i csprco : lscnrcncirroll lcrnil"
Postlald / 237
rnrriprrlirr<lcrrrocrlli cc'it catolicii n virsti (in general, incrii 1;rel'errlpozili'.t,
irrrl i{ trcntcc purt idsc all i l n .rce:rst. lozit ic). ndexrrlerrcnstr vnloirre rien-
rxt ivi lccr(I 5i rc poutc nclica clircclic ntcnli i lor<le ,ot. rrs: l t tcrttri lc levin
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dcci ccclr c nunlinlasti l/ . i ()n(l i l jclc lc ogrttric i ltc coltst ltrl nodrt lcttnt sc nrportcrzllntcrnl)ri i
urrcic()nrrrnit l l i ir un [cnorncnsirualtrrl.Lrrcrrrc' .rlc lhtrtgintcptc ltccvrr, i
r r i c r l csc i l i : i r rrrrru l l i r r cs r r r t r r r i l crrr t lcrn i td t i ii r<: turr l i r r t l i ir r lc ., l r r c rcc -tcuz. : lr rxJ. r l i t i l l i lcr rc l rc. ,sc i r r r rc r rz i p i rr i i lcrrsc5 i" , , , l i r rnr i r rcrr ,ch inr l l r r rcrrpi tfcz.vrrlt lrcl lrirriciprrlrlrcc".Arrtorirytrccir.cnt.zrirupcrJc: ,nu urr lcscris
oPirriuprrlrlrci l, r urrrstrrdiat-<ln llrtrccstrl rrrrrrJri i i". L)coscbircrrtrl l ldcccrcct: lri lc lc lrirul trrrrcicstc cvidcntl.
it t c,rt t t i trtr; trc,ontsit t tct iz-rtirtcvirl irrrrc ontribrrl i i lcucrJri i c l irl l l , ;rirr rrrcri lt t t i t tcatit t lc acttt ; t l i l ,l t i lr t lrtci l xpcrirncntulrlc a carcu porrrit t irst rrtrc-
l)rltrs tcttnl lcstc (rO lc tt t i , rrtr-t tn ()ntcxt u t()tul l i fcricdc ccl t lc rrstrtzi.
I)rrpil 4rinilr lt)i lstri l ,i l lr i inc dc tnarc:rctulrl i tatcorell l ia pc carcautoriio stabilcsc ntrc stirtutrrl trciirl l l lcgrrorrrlui p-i P;irrncl sl dc vot. Aspcctrsttprr cilrt t irt -rt nsist lt nai l)ulin.Ohiur<lrrcilstalzi l ne rt l)ure nri ntrirrrlrrt .clt i lr t l lcrl ()l l i t t t tcJ lc \ 'ot cstc rrl lucrrlrrtJ i t lc l l t i frrctori urcult crcscgt rlit l l lx,rt i l t l l l ctt t t t stc, lc pikl: t , trtss rct l i l), ccxstrl orcl: t l ic rr:rrri lcsrl1r grrrrl
dc Pcrcn i ta tc cln l rca l l i l . l tn r i r r tcr i , u nc l) l l tc lncxPl ica e cc rco lo undecstc silr; lcic lonrinJ rl)roilpc ntotdcrrrrna tingu sau t le cc l ibcralisrnul riuonscrvilt{ )risttrrrlt t lrtasrrcirt tcu o starc lc 1'rrospcritate,tr standardcmttc-r i i r l c r l r i i< l ic l r tcr lcpcrsrn l tc l r l rl ru rrrp t rr i lo r .
ocrcct ' . l tori irrr t lcrrt i l icrrt scric lc vrrri, .r[ri lci , ,corclrrl i i xtcriortc", :r ro l l l lrc inllxtrt i lnl l l t t t lcciz. irrlc vot,drrr 0rc trro exisrcnpdntlcpcrulcrrt i lcc;tnt lxniaclcctrrrrt l i l ,lccalitatclci. l, lstc ccl. l c l,azarsfcld icolalxrritrgri iil i: rt tntrnrit rrdcxulPrcdispoz.i l iciolit icc lPIt). . l l cprcz.int:I n gcn dc T.estrcsrrci:rl i I ,rsi lrologicil tcrrlturl lrt lt citrcorrncnii virr n cirnrplrric.
.S-a bscrvltcil vottt lcstc nlltrcn;lrt lc nrainrrrltc arilrlri lc: t ltrrtrrl <rcio-cconornic, l i l icrce rr: l igirxrsil,cz. idcnla rural: l rrtr rr[ l1iI). r, irsteclcct6ra-rtrlrri. ntrc ilccstclt , rlt trt t t lsrrro-ccorronricrc olulcsclrl i ; l l . n c,rz.rrlc f irt I ,
pcrsornclcnrai log:rtcnrrrnifcst irrrrcfcrinlc viz. ibilc crrtnr rcprrblicani,:r rcclc crr p<rzil ic ocil lJ nrl i modcsti, Jrcnrrrr crnocrali. )rorcstanli irrclin:rrrsprc rcprrblicirni,n t inrp cc crrr0lici i, prcdcrn<rcra1i.l fcl, pcrsoant: lc lr ckrctt i l t t ttr rnctl irt l rrrl l 5i cxprilt t : t t t rcfcrirrla'u prccrlrlcrc ;Itrc cprrl l l iclni,i lr t inrp cc lrrrritorriorir5clor,: ltrcdcrn<rcmgi.l irst l rrcai; i crt rn ol - t i lcri iprcltrint lrr-i pc clcnrocrll i . rr cci nr:ri rt vi irstd, c rcprrblicirni.
l i irc$rcc:l n cadrrrl lccsror rrcgorii xisri l coscbiri. )c pild;I, incri i pro-tcsti l l l t i r l t t ntrt il trrl irr cpublrcrrrt iccit pr()tcstanli in viirst i i .lr t irrcri i :rtolici
nrrri onrplir:rrtctrrnciclnd intcrvindiscordrnle iconll icce rrtrevrri ' .rbile:c
pilt l : tc,rtolic, ' rrcu statuteconomic oarte un;protestatrt, rr crrstrtrrtsocial
rnri rrrotf st. Apare n acestcaz ceea ce autor ii numescprzsianca nflirtuald,
Lctnrl1lccllrc \/orn rrccrcR i o discutilnrdc sinestl(iltor.
Ar lnrri i rlc rncn;ionar ottrl spccte arcni separdenrncde rcli lrt t t . )acrl
rrtrt l tcc o icntrlrie irnportanlciacestor ari ' lbi lc, e:tclrc exprirni statttstt l
socio-ccorrornicstc cu deoscbirc rclevantl. Pol iticcatc, o l)crsornl exprinrtruccuce cstc cil, n f ' .rpt,n viaplsocirl l .Condil i i lcdc existentr:I ,ozit it l ocirld,
irl):rrtcncnlira rrrr rrrp arr a o clasdm<delcaz;Ir nrrrtrit l psihologic omunl
sau irartc1rIr()l)iin'I,'r.orfucv.traborddri rrruditc, nterPrctrlrigi rlez.lcgrlri sc-
rrlln:Itrrarc.'c :rcest aclgmund xistenlirl comull sau scm:Inltor l l)rrr opliuni
5i oricntrlri olit icesirnil lre.Dupil crrnr bscrvll utori i, ,caracterist ici lcociulc
clcterrrriJ pref 'crinl.r olit icd".
in al dr>ilczrind, indicelede selectivitaterrlt de mcsajclcmijkracelor c
crrmunic'.rrc,n pi irl ' Ide alte ipuri de mesaje, ariarAin uncgiede intensi-
trt tcrt rcrl ispozil icrlxl l i t icc,L)actr vcmdc-l f} t :e rto prcdispozil ic rrtcrnicil,
irr ull i tcrrrrcni, rr rr corrvirrgcrc inc consolirl ' l t i l ,clcct ivit .rtca stc sc\/cri l.
[ ]crsolnusltt tpcrsrxrnclccspcctive turt onrtcl)uI in ,, lt insc" rlc altc rncsajc
dcciit cclc clrc corcspund roprii lor onvingeri.De aceca, i 1;osibil i t lrcu c
schirtrbarc stcnrinim{. Asemcnea)ersoaneesdin campanie rrconvingcreir
cu carearr rrtrat.E,ventual u o convingcre onsolidatJ,n urma pr(&-esuluic
sclct ic : r rcs i r jckrrlc carcarnumint i t .
[)c prcdispoz.igii lcolit icese eagil i problcmastabil it l f i i convingcrikrr.
l)ersoanclc arcau 0lc' I tuit $antionul tudiatau avut doul t iptrride ntanifes-
t: lri: rnele nu 5i-rrrschimbatopinia pe ltarcursul €rcettrri lor.ar altclc 5i-arrschirnba pinirrn diversemodtrri; intre cestel din rrrrnil, nelc arrprel'ertt
r 'cl i l lrrlt rrrt id,ltclc 5i-attrmilnat lcciz. irrintr rr l irgitrrl lrnpnrrici i, n sli irgit ,
t l tc pcrsrr:rrrcrrr ccllra ct ls-rrrdccis rrcirrc rl otcz,e, ar ntr s-arr )r€z.cnti ltl ir vot. n nrocl ircsc, erccti ltori i i-au u:aliz:rttcnti{ asll l)ri l rrbicc; i lor lrc
5i-:rrrchintb:rt pinirr,ncercdnd d
dentif ice rot ivelc;; i ircurnstanlcleccstci
sch nrlxlri.
itr ,.c.r contcxt arrtorii ntrtxluc nogiulrca lc reoricntlre (htnrotxr), cue
rilrlsoirrrl chinrl l: Iri lc e survin ln intcnti i le, x$tcl)t i ' lr i le i c()l l lportamcntil l
pcrsourrclor.' )ste nogittne <lnsidcratrlirndlrnrcntl l l ]entnt ccrce(urcir pi-
rrrci. hci rc(]rientarcl ste marer ttrnci c poatc lcdrrcc d <l;rinix iluc()nt-
port lrtrcnttrl i lrnt nstabile. )acd, irnpotrivtr, rclhccrilc rr cldrul opinici gi
(()r' r)lx)rt irnlcntrrlrrirrnt cdusc, trrncinscanrni d vcm dc-t facc u :lt itrrdini
---------......----
J,lti / tllratisuu/ volttlui
const:rntc. lcrcct:rrc:r r cos i l unrinl l irprrrl : lat itrrdinilc t<rl it icelovcclcsc
l\x(a i I 2.19
LJntrl intre cele mai imlxlnante tezult i l te lc ccrcctrlri i l irst.tccll cC r
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stalri l i trtc rcnt;rrculri l : l i. oricrrnr, ri l i l l irrc<leciir c crcdcrr.Srrrrt rai ntrrl l i
{ ircrori arc cxplic. l o' .1\cr)lclrcil ()rlstxnli l :r;rt lrrl le intcrcs,poz.i l i ;r rrcil l i l ,
cotrtrtrf tf cxcrcitat <legrrtp.Aut<lriivorbcscchiirrdc <t t'rairic a stnlilitritii, cl.re
: lrirt i l i l in 1xolylg11yg1crrrrclamcntrlc pinii lc sunt miri stabile, n t irnp cc in
cclc s1'rccil icc lc se adlptcilzd tnti rcl)cdc, n 1'rrnc;ie e circunrstanrc i
cvit lrri lrt rcrsOtr:rlc.
l, t tct: trca c llt l I l lroicctcirzll,lc,. lscnlcncrt,lrrrninl nai clrl ist i\;i rnui rrnrr-
la tJ su l)ra : r lcgcrr lor.srrpra inarrr ic i rnrcrnc l or icJrur ip dc corr l r rrn tarc
clce r>r:rl i l ,sul)ri ll lr)r tcndinlc carssc nlitnilcst i l)c parcursrrl nrriascmcncit
l)r(xics. jcrcctirrc:r ntrcprinsll<lc lt trtoria cvidcnti:rt rci pcrio:r<lr:n t. :rrc
v()t it l l l i t c lccit l grc it tc sJ lcrgl. () prrtc rtcuccst rrcrrrnaintc lc rrcr:Jrcrcrr
t ; t t t r lx t t t ic i ,r l1 i rr rp r i r r t r r: r r tc i, r rs l i rs i t , c i l r r l l irr u l t in t : r) i t r tc : r r r r lp r r r r rc i .(-lcatrtt t t tc lctcrtt t irri l nonlcnt.uln crrc runrcniisc hotlri lsccu cirte ()tcazll i
l)oi fact<rri rincipirli:garlul hr r/e ntera l'.,tl,le prr^*esrrl lcctor..rl iprtsiunilc
itrcrttcig:rl.c' . lr on/it . f a/c a carc srrntsrrpupi. mbii lactorini se pir impor-
t: lnt i. 11i aprlt : I clcvrnlrl 5i pcnrrrrcJ nc ajurd il nc rcl)rcz.ent.Jmai binc in
cc l)r()lxlrl ic )ot f i inf l l lcl)[rte 5i st:hinrb:rtcpinii lcAicomporrarncntclcnrr-()carr tgrerr ici c inc rrrrrnrco ir tc i in f l r rcrr la tst fc l .
lntcresrrl mrnifcstat htd t lc c:rnrpanic re un rol f t): lt tc nlport i lnt n
c()nl[)()rtrnrcrrtrrllcgJrorrrlui.]rr ciit cste nlai ntcrcsat lc llcgcri, cu aretcl
sc t lcci<lcnr:t i lcvrctnc ctt cinc vu voti l.Aproxinrrt ivdorrl trcirrri l intre cci
cilrc lt l tnlrri lcst: lt ln t t l i lrc ntcrcs n lcgiltrrr: l t t 'nrrrlxrnil -trrt lccisnaintc
t lc ltrrlr rrrui, lcci rrrrintc c iltccJrcrca lrrnpanrci roprirr-zisc,n tinrl ' l c lrtat
Plt l in (lc jtrnl: lt i l tc l in cci crrrc rt :rnilcstrrrrn irrtcrc:*icJlutarr rrlt dcciz. i:rnacccrtsi criortrl l . )rrc: l i taliz;trI l atcnlirl rsrrprarlt irlci lrcri l irdc carrrpanici,
l r tcr t rr i lcrp l r :r c l t lc scrnn i f ic : r t ivc:rurn l i )o l ) t in lc in cci c r r r r t c rcs r : r rcsc tlccicl n rrlt irnclcz.i lc, n t irnp cc qlrrrcntrrl stc t lc dorri l rri lri ntrrrc rrrint lt t l cclrlrctt it t tcrcs cllz.ut.n grrrprrl crsoanckrrurc nirnifcst.. lll ir l tcrcs
l)rcgflant. c )()t l ist irlg(: clc,, l i lartcI)rc()cul):rtc"c cvolrrt i lr, c soartu lrnclr-
t l lrt trlrril)rcltrJt. l)c obicci, ' . lccstcl)crsoltrc c rotlrrlsc rintrc lrrrrr-rclc,lcol-
rccc \ '(,rca prol-rrirrlrrrrclicl ltJ rtvingJ.(irat lrrl rlc inrcrescsrc irnl)()rt i lnr i l)cntnr r l)utea dcntil lcagrur/u/ le
ex/)tt t(rcr srrlricc; i lora cirnrpanic, rai alcs a nresrrjcle crl i.r. lci intcrcsir; isrrnt rnaicrrriosi, lut i l si l gt ic,sr aflc, srlcun(xlscil)rrrrctelc vctlcrc dif 'critc.
l ' l i strnt activi5i sunt c()nect. l l i :r Pr.trlcnrclc irmpanici.Dinrpotrivrr, ersox-
trclc ncitt tcrcsit tc ltrltap:rt icc. t itrrdincrror csrc rinccx;;rirnirt i l c rrlsprrnstrl
lrc c'Jrc l t larr5i rlc corclelial)c circ o srrgcrclz: l ccst i lsl)uns:,"rlon' l uou,/m.ause/on'| ran.".
iclcntillcat trei cntegori i de elbctc pc carc calnl)rniaelcctrrrirliic l)()rtte vcil
irslt [ ,rl l ct i l fclt i lor.nlltrcnta )eca]cmesajrrl rcrsuasivranstlt isxit t ntasstlct l i i t
o are rsupra cti[eanului lxratc fi acecilde activare, c irrtilrircsattd<: gnvcr-
t ire. Procentele dmase e distribuie ntrecottvcrt irclr arl i lh 5i reconvcnire.
a) Aili,ann. (lontunicarca politicrlaclivcitd l)Icdispo/.ilii rtctttc tle a r'otit
intr-O rrnttnritrll ireclie,predispozit i i orrn:ttc ' .1trt l)i lrc :t1r:trtcnt:t t1cirr rr
1r'rrr11it. . latcgoric ocirl i l . n ace.tcrz, rlecizia elirrit ivit stc n concrtrrl i trl lr l
crr nrlcxrrlprcdispozil i i lor olit ice.Ormcnii sllnt rtenli l ' . t ;i elcctcitz.: lccle
lncsirje :rreSunt n concordanli l rr plreri lc lor antcrioarc,rrcrtr allbil :rt it
pcntlr comlniclrea brmirl i l , rin canalelenstit trl ionnliz:rtc,it piPetrtrtr nntt-
rriclrca nlorrrrirl i l ,n fanril ie arrntreprieteni.Srrb rnp'.rctrt lt tcsajclot)ctst lrl-
sivc, nrl ivirlrrl evinccon$tient c o op;irrne ltent{ .
ll fnulina (ninlonnrcnt). Mai mtrlt de jrrmiltatcdintre cci intcrvievrli sc
hotrlraser, l lcja a inceputul campaniei,atttnci cend a inccl)lt t ccrccrarcit
Acegtia u i^t iau igur ineva primi nvestit t tra in paneaPart idului, ar nten-
lionarrsd v()tcz.e cntru un partid antlmer ndil'ercnt de persoana esenlnati\.
De accea, lirectori i e campanie rehtt iedoarstr e ofcrc argtlmcntepcntrt l
ir-giPilstra p;iunea nil iali, motive pcntrt l t crcde cil i l t l drcl)trte, "J 9i rlrc
pcrsoane rraceleagi pt iuni. Dacdnrr ert$escc€st ucru,pcrs<tancleotrlritc
se pot transforman persoane T.itanfe,ru, nt:rimrrlt , n l)crsoirnc ltreulrt t t-
doneaz.trpliunea nil iale.Decizii le ttate ncd tle la nceprrtrt l anlprnicise
cristaliz.cazl/consolideazJrintr-o sclectie )crmcnentil, partiT.anil, tttcsujclor
massn)cdi. l.
r) ()onueflina, Nrrnrai 87o dintre cci sttprtgiccrcctilrii rttt nrnttiltstlt ttn
astlcl (le collt l 'xrrt intcnt.lonvert ircapoatesJ ibil l trcd<lrtrtr ritrt lt t l grcrsoit-
nclor rl cl lror ntcrespcntru alegcriestc mic 5i carese l l lrl srrbo l.rrcsit lt l t :
corrf l ictrrrrlJ.iradtrldc ldcrcnli l lr progrlnrrrl rrrrilxrt id i^irr ll lntt ic;t t t t l i t l i t t
cstc tnic.nrr r r intcrcsepersonrlcpentrtt srrsf irlc i<lcc att t pcrsollt t i l .ll l
arr eg:lturistrinse cu nici trn paft id $i'sc
af]rl ntr<r lxrg:rtd c: lca lc rclxlrlsot: ialc. urnlrul lor scudcde-l ltrngtrl xnrl)inici,Pe milst lr: l c ntt tr l i 'ntr-
menele dc ,tct ivare ide consolidare.e malsttr: l:e re$te ntcrcstt l,lr cotltrr-
dict i i le nterncprovocate e presiuneancrttcis:rt itutrt czolvate.lci ctrvcdcri
l)art izane cord{cer mai mareatentiemesaielor ropagandist icc,st lt l i t l( ' i t ,
in ternrelriabsoluli, cestemesaje jtrng la persorncle el ntai )t l l in pr()lxrl)i l
de a fi convertite.l'otodatl,
cei care acortli rtenlic mesajelor lin clntp:rrric
t ind srl c sclc<:tczeoarpe ccle catecorespttnd rol)ri i lor cderi )art izrtrrc.
l)c misurtrce se desfi l$urauntcrvirrri len cadrrrl crcctiri i lrn t l istrictrrl
l . ,ric.dcveneadin ce n cc mai cvident cl exist: lu tnclcsttrsc lt : nf ' l trerrtrl.lc
J.l i l , l lauti. t tut l tott lui
l)rcsil lnc tsttJtrllccizici lc v<lt arcnu lirscscrill)revllzrrtc;datare,ttr trsescril
I t t ; t tc n scrt lrt : ltt proicctrrrcatnchctckrr i r ntcrvirrri lor. nchctat()ri i lcsco-
l)crcatt I cci rrtcrvicvll igrritrrcscrnilrc )irtc din irrl ixrrr' .r1iilc la' .rl1i)i lrncni.
[)iscrrl i i lc irt : tn [rlrt cl)rczcnrilrr)suri-I c infrrrrn:t1iicl pulin la cldc intpor-
l'uUata | /41
: r i r , i s tc rrp t rr lc i , l c - r rt tngrt l ne i ampitn i i ,o ta t l { i i ev i l l l n rrr tcao l i t icd c
( r r rc ) L: r ropr i i lc rcr l ispoz, i l i i .n f c l t r l ccst rr ,nd ircct , r in n tcrnrct l i r r ll ) l ) ,
prrrririt . lc5i rct tpcrcrtz.: lc durltr catt l l): lnici rollrirrlclcct()rlt t . )irt lprrri lc
rcrrlc lc p' lrt ide'. l l l cl iott i l t no forl ' tr l f lgnctici l, trigitr(l
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tdnt;1, rrcil ru nlri lx)Axtil cclc rtdirlrrl5i prcsrscris:I. llnd sc )unel inrrclxtrcn
cc sursc rrrc()nsult i l t cccnt n lcgltrrrd rr companirelcctorald, onversali i le
l)c ternc polit icc cnlu tncnlion:rtcmli dcs dcclt rldioul sau l)rcsilscris: l".( lcrcc:trltori it t t lcvcnitc('n$ticnli lc nrportanlaccstrri cnonrcnsi ru :rt lulrt lt
o l ) i l r tc l i r t r t t rc l> i t r r lcr t tcrv i rr l r r i)cntnr r cst rrncl i ls iv tccst 'cno l l tc l r .. i ( )n-
elrrziit :.r 'ottrl stc rr rnorlcscnli l l o cxpcricnli ldc grrrl>".[)c f :rpt,aici rlcntif lclnl tn: lrcir csc<rpcrircilcutdde c:Itrc ,az:rrst 'clt li
colirlxrrrrtori iri. l)irrl atrrnci c considcrl c{ hrcrl iaarr nflrrcnlahot: lritoare
ils(rl)f irPcrsoirrrci. ct i ln s-a cvit lcnliat cil n nrodclarc:r Pinii lor. nclrrsiv ntnrx.fcfrc:r ()nt lx)rt i lncntrrlrrilc vtx,nlul t .rzrl inl sk dil inrl l t rzltngup.l)c
: r l t lc l , r rra in t rc rnrb i l i i lc crcct ; I ror i lo rr . r ccci l lc r idcrr t i f ic l ch irnb: t r i lc
itrtcrvcrritc rrlr rrf lrrcnla nij lo:rcclorc comunicarc. rczrrlt lrt l lcscqpcrirc
plrarloxrrl i):urs:r rirrcipal:t c inf lrrcnllrc sc si(rrl rrlrrrlrdcv..rin intcrierrrlgrttptt ltri. Jorcspttt tzrltor,olul rnij loacclorlc corntrrric:rrcr fost rcl)()rr(lcri lt .
l,,xistl aici, n f<rn<|.kruJ dcscopcriri: nlu/ t.snyir/nl grpului si tvlu/ linitat al
I trv.rt i. ;l usistJrrr)ulitr sul)r:r icc: lrcirtl irrtrc lc .
l )crr t r t r t r tor i irncrrc: rn i ,x is t i l : rnsco lr tc rrrar i aorrnrcn i icarcl l rccsc
()i l r: lrcscrrrprcun:l l |u : lrc 5ipctrcc inrprrl rtrer mpreundsilvotczeaceiagicanrlidali.Douil t ipurrdc argrrnrcntc unt. dusc n sprij inul acestei potezc.
l)rintul: .omogcnitatcitrl i t ic.J"a nruhorgrrrpuri, um ar fi organiz_ali i leeli.g io lsc, l r rb r r r i l c l c porr i l tc st r t rct rrr insr i tu l ional izatc.l do i lca: crsoa-
rrcle rr anrrrnitc aractcnsticiornrrl lc u silnse rraimari sdaparlintr cclorir5igrttPuri.Olrncrri i sc rproPicntrc ci po t:rz.:rtccstor tractcrisrici. ci in vilrst: lsc silnt rnlri rproll i lr l i . lc <:rsrxrrtclcin :rccc;r5icncr: l l ic, rl ircurn i lcri i srrrrtrrtai rpropirl i ot dc t it tcri. lclc rn:ri tri insc rrntirctec strbilcsc ntrc pcrsoanc
carc rl)url in rcclrri lSicgnrcnt o,cil l .
ln intcrlrrct,rrcntri l ,azrrsl 'elt l,ucrtrri lc u se ()prcsc rici. lt f lrrernla nr-prrlrri rtrsc cxprirnil loar n l lrl l t trlci l lrcrsrxrnclcafc rnunccsc5i trJicsc tn -
l)rcun-.I' ()r ot i lcrrnlrrc yrrolxrbil i t irtccciapi andidali. )c m:lsuril e crnrpania
sc dcrrrfc'.rz:I, a inthrcc iu'l pr()ccs<leonogrnixtr lol nrti ntn a inrefliilor rleutl
ltratrv lr nnnifr-ehlrntlrii grttltului.'l'cndinrt, sprrrr rrtorii, stc probltrl srrrristic.intrc ttt ;ri$i octottrlrric, i l t :r <Jrrr:rtlrnrPuniirl in 19,10,rrrrnlrul lc ltcrstxrnccatc vcr l t t i r t tc t t t ic c vot l l la t i ln cont rrrr l ic ; icu propr i rr l l ) l ) a sclrr t t on -sidcrll; i l ; rr cclc lrrr rrrnrl, lc ru votr( crrpxrt idctcaflrrten :rcord rr nrlcxrrlprcclispozil i i loror polit icc. ):rcJ tr'crnrr vcdcrc uptrrl :I nrrnri lrrrl,otall i lor
clre i; ; ischinrb:l art idtrl u csrcnr:rrc, i l iclc nu suntspcctircrrloasc.nrpgrtant
polit ic:c cclc doild
sprc clc pcrso:.tpclctr rcclca5i edcri ;i rcspingiindrt-lc)c xcclcllct l l)l lr lcte
rlc vctlcrc cli lcrite. n fclul ucesta,icctregrttp levinc incct, dar sigrrr nrl i
olnogclr t t tcrtncnii opinici 1; i onrlx)rt irlr)cntrrltriolit ic.
l)rrrrl ,rtzrrrslclt licolnlrrrratori idinrrf<rstprcrrttp:t1it : it lcntif iclrc.t t t t t ' t rz-
tritrt tr ' lorrin :rlt :grrrprrri lerrt lcl l l irrcscccst ol, rlcnf ()rlArl(l:l problctt lrttrc:
ncvoic rlc ccrcctlri si rlczvoltrtri l tcriorrrc.l)rit trtrl t tccrttristtrcnttr' . t l l t c nttt<rri ste lcl lrczcn(:tt dc cxistct l l l l $i
rrct ivit irtcrrir/rt ihr /r opiuh.Cctcettrtori irr intro<lrtstt tcestrl tcrtzictn ttott
lcrtncn, (i lr( ' \ ' r l f ircccaricr:In cercctarcs tltcrio:tri lt c<ltnrtt t ic: iri ilc nrits: l.
I ,rrz.rrrrlclrl( 'clnto: l ltc'rl lutoreirzilccstcon('cl)t l iscrrt i i lor)c crlrc c-rt t t trc-
r i r r r r r r r , l r lu rrr l , . Jcrnrrvs,orrs i r lcrr t tl r in tc lc cLrt i i lo r rrh l iccr rArncr ic: r .
l l t : r r r r rs . rr o r r l l r r r r : rlccst ucru, n t r-un i l l in t rc c: I r l i lc a lc t t t to [ r i t rgr l t f icc,
: r t l l r rA irr t l t c l . l r inc l rr t l l r r ,fi corr t l r r i rsco l iur lcr l l t t l l l cc t ' i t isc l t r tca t l r
l . i lrgrnr:rrrrr' i l / ' / i .Opii l ior, lriurdtcil l , ippttrlrt tn lt l i) l()\ isc ccst tc(t\ lcn.
l , r t lcr i i lc op ir t ic t t t t t c l in i t i l rcpt lcrso lnclc e lc t tur i tc t ivc ' l lcgrt t -
Drr l r r i ,' c lc rrrr ic r rs i l r i l ci r l ; l l c n tcrcsclc orr t t t r rci< 'c lc t r ; t ir rcrrct tP l t tcr l -5 i
crPrrrrrc1rrructclc c vctlcre n problcnrcde itrtcrcs rt: t igcncrit l. lercct:trcrt
irrtrclrrirrsrl:rclcviltc{ prirna trnclica l iderilor le oPirt icestc cca de nulierc
intre rrr:rss rcrl irr iceilalt i nernbri rigrrrprrltri.)inI attrncicrr larg tcceptnti l
i lrrrtczrr ri ndivizii prinresc nlbrrnati i le inrl <lc ir nri j lorrcele pecil l izatc.
(lcrcctrrrcursul)r'Jrnrplnici prez.identi;rle' . t tncricltnctirr 9'1(l 'J clc\".I trt l lt
trirscu lc circrrlalic r nfrrrnra;ici,ornplctncgli j:rt : iniIntrtncil rl: l i lr l l t i l t ' i l ,
i r r 1 i t ' r r< ' r : r l ,i t lcr i i lc o ; l in ic cord i lnr i r re r tcn l ic n : tss r c<l i r t ,' i Is t t t t t r t t t l tc
t: lztrri lc ' irrrrl t lci lc urg tlc lrr rrdio i l in prcs:r crisi l l trc l i t lcri i dc opirricsi
; r l r i r rpo i l t r c scgnlcr ' r te lct r i l )u l in rct ivc r le poprr l : r1 ic i .)c i rrra i nrr l l i
r r rc r r l r r i r ig r r rp r r l r r ir i rncscnlornrrr l i i rl in l isct r l i i le i contactc lc c t ' : t rc c
: r r r r r ri t lcr i i lc op irrrci g r r rp r r l r r i ,)cc i t rascrr ln forrr ta l ic i c cot t tp t t t tel i t t
tkr t r tc tupcpr i rrc i l r r lc :c l r r n i j lo rcclc c cotnt tn ic l rcl l i t l c r i i l c op in ic ;i l c
lrr rt :cpti ' ra rncrnbrii rrr pului raiPrrI in nteresagie Problernele)rt l)l icc. $x
rr ll)Irut tcoril cclor r/oi qn,siai /uxnlui dr infonnalii, ctre vrt rllilrcil notlrl
prrr' .r<|igrrl l lrr sttrt l irrI omuniciri i le rnas?|.
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