Paul Hebert - Saturday Closing Plenary
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Transcript of Paul Hebert - Saturday Closing Plenary
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Barcodes, Organelles, Genomes
Paul Hebert Justin Schonfeld
Sujeevan Ratnasingham
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Sequence Data for Arthropod Species
Genomes - 46
Mitochondrial Genomes - 214
Barcodes - 121,000
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Probing Arthropod Mitochondrial Genomes With DNA Barcodes
1. Nucleotide Composition
2. Amino Acid Evolution
3. Structural Change
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55%
60%
65%
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80%
Gen
ome
Sequ
ence
COI
A/T % inArthropod Mitochondrial Genomes vs COI
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Nucleotide Composition of COI in Arthropods
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90
# of
Spe
cies
AT Composition (%)
Crustaceans Scale Insects
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Nucleotide Composition of COI in 17 Insect Orders
% AT
% o
f Spe
cies
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Nucleotide Composition of COI in Two Insect Orders
% AT
Spec
ies
0.60 0.65 0.800.70 0.75
2,000
0
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
Hymenoptera
Lepidoptera
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Barcode Region as a Sentinel for Mitochondrial Evolution
Amino Acid SubstitutionsInsertions & Deletions
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
atp6 atp8 nd1 nd2 nd3 nd4 nd4l nd5 nd6 co2 co3 cytb
Cor
rela
tion
with
CO
I
Amino Acid Divergence in COI Versus Other Mitochondrial Proteins
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Amino Acid Divergences in the Barcode Region forDifferent Families of Hymenoptera
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Amino Acid Divergences in the Barcode Region for Two Insect Orders
Lepidoptera Hymenoptera
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atp6 nd1 nd2 nd3 nd4 nd41 nd5 co1 co2 co3 cytb
Lepidoptera
Hymenoptera
>30
25
20
15
10
5
0
# of Indels in Mitochondrial Genes of Two Insect Orders
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Indels in the barcode region for Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera
3 bp
6 bp
9 bp
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Varied Rates of Protein Evolution & Indels in Barcode Region
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Haplodiploid
Diploid
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Insect Phylogeny and Haplodiploidy
Haplodiploid
Some Haplodiploid
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DiploidHaplodiploid
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Amino Acid Divergences at COI for Diploid Hemiptera
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Amino Acid Divergences at COI for All Hemiptera
DiploidHaplodiploid
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WHY?It aids co-evolution of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes
BASIS FOR CO-EVOLUTION10% of nuclear gene products are exported to the mitochondrion.Nuclear and mitochondrial gene products interact stronglyMale haploidy provides perfect screening system for nuclear variants
improving mitochondrial performance
EVIDENCE FOR CO-EVOLUTIONMolecular analysis shows residue by residue substitutions Studies on cybrids
Haplodiploidy Greatly Accelerates Mt Evolution
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80 %Chimpanzee mt
0 %Orangutan mt
80 %Gorilla mt
0 %Lower Primate mt
Evidence for Co-evolutionATP generation in Cybrids
Human Nucleus +
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Does the accelerated rate of mtDNA evolution in haplodiploids provide insight into general patterns
of mtDNA evolution?
CONSIDER:1. Land Plants2. Cnidarians3. Fungi4. Protists
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Consider Land Plants
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Consider Land PlantsA ThreeParticle Problem
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Consider Land Plants
A ThreeParticle Problem
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A ThreeParticle Problem
Consider Corals
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Consider Other Cnidaria A TwoParticle Problem
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Consider Fungi A TwoParticle Problem
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A TwoParticle Problem
Consider Non-Photosynthetic Protists
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A ThreeParticle Problem
Consider Photosynthetic Protists
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Consider SeaweedsA ThreeParticle Problem
But someHaplodiploids
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Fast Runners
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Why Does Haplodiploidy Evolve?Might rapid mitochondrial evolution convey an advantage in Red Queen situations?
Now, here, you see, it takes all the running you can do to keep in the same place. If you want to get somewhere else, you must run at least twice as fast as that!
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ChurchillCecidomyiidae
Cecidomyiidae
Tenthredinidae
Tenthredinidae
Eriophyidae
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San Diego
Cynipidae
Tenthredinidae
Cecidomyiidae
Cynipidae
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Adelaide
Eriococcidae
Eriococcidae
Thysanoptera
Eulophidae
Eriococcidae
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Consider Parasitoids
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Mitochondrial genomes are fractals
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Interactions among genomic compartments impact molecular evolution
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These interactions can explain the lack of a universal barcode marker
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The Red Queen may drive genomic structure
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Horizontal Genomics – We have only begun!
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Consider Mosses and Ferns
A ThreeParticle Problem
ButHaplodiploids