Patterns and trends in UK higher education 2016 · patterns and trends in uk higher education 2016...

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Patterns and trends in UK higher education 2016

Patterns and trends in UK higher education 2016 provides an interim update to the Universities UK Patterns series, before we publishour full Patterns and Trends publication in spring 2017. It includes updates of the main charts included in our 2015 publication, coveringtrends in student and staff numbers and finances of the UK higher education sector over the period 2005–06 to 2014–15.

UUK has modified the timing of the full Patterns and Trends publication to better align with the annual release of data from the HigherEducation Statistics Agency. The full report, which will henceforth be published annually in spring each year, will be similar to our 2015publication including a comprehensive commentary on patterns and trends in data on students, staff and finances of higher educationproviders over the past decade.

Key points from this interim update include:

- The sector as a whole has seen a significant shift in its main source of income from funding body grants in the early years of the periodcovered, to tuition fees and education contracts. In 2014–15, tuition fees and education contracts accounted for 46.9% of total income tothe sector, and funding body grants accounted for 15.9%. - Research income has grown over the decade, with significant increases in research income from EU sources between 2005–06 to2014–15 (170%). EU sources were the fourth largest source of research income in 2014–15, accounting for 15.4% of total researchincome. - The same period has also seen growth in the number of entrants to full-time first degree courses, while entrants to part-time and otherundergraduate courses have decreased considerably. - Campuses have become more international, with the proportion of non-EU students increasing from 9% in 2005–06 to 13.8% in 2014–15,and the proportion of EU students increasing from 4.4% to 5.5% over the same period. The number of UK domiciled students hasdecreased by 145,000 from 1,974,195 in 2005–06 to 1,829,195 in 2014–15. - Graduates are less likely to be unemployed when compared to non-graduates, even in a recession. In 2015, non-graduates from all agegroups had an unemployment rate of 6.4%, while it was 3.1% for graduates of all age groups and 2.3% for postgraduates.


Table of contents

P.1 Students at higher education providers by level and mode of study, 2014–15P.2 Entrants by mode and level of study, 2005–06 to 2014–15P.3 Cross-border flows of student entrants by domicile and country of provider, 2013–14 to 2014–15P.4 Total number of students by level of study, 2005–06 to 2014–15P.5 Total student numbers by country of provider, 2005–06 to 2014–15P.6 Students by level and mode of study, 2005–06 to 2014–15P.7 Students by domicile, 2005–06 to 2014–15P.8 Students by domicile and level of study, 2005–06 to 2014–15P.9 Change in non-UK students by region of origin, 2005–06 and 2014–15P.10 Internationally mobile student numbers by host country, 2005 to 2014P.11 Students by age group and level of study, 2005–06 to 2014–15P.12 Students by subject of study, 2005–06 to 2014–15P.13 Qualifications awarded by level, 2005–06 to 2014–15P.14 Destinations of leavers by level of qualification, 2014–15P.15 Unemployment rates in the UK by group, 2006 to 2015P.16 Staff by employment function, 2005–06 to 2014–15P.17 Change in age profile of academic staff by mode of employment between 2005–06 and 2014–15P.18 Income by source (real terms), 2005–06 to 2014–15P.19 Research income by source (real terms), 2005–06 to 2014–15P.20 Expenditure of higher education providers (real terms), 2005–06 to 2014–15


Notes on data

In 2014–15 there were 164 higher education providers – excluding further education colleges – in the UK in receipt of public funding viaone of the UK funding councils. This report features aggregated data from all 164 plus the University of Buckingham. The analysis in thisreport does not cover other higher education providers, including alternative providers or further education colleges, unless explicitlystated. The report also excludes data for the University of Wales (central functions), which has staff but no students.

To ensure that figures for the number of students studying in each country reflect the actual number of students studying in that country,Open University students have been split out to their country of study. The majority of the data used in this report has been provided bythe Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA). All HESA* figures quoted in the report which relate to student and staff numbers havebeen rounded to the nearest five in accordance with HESA data protection guidelines. All percentages have been calculated using the rawfigures and rounded, therefore rounded figures may not sum precisely.

*Copyright Higher Education Statistics Agency Limited. Neither the Higher Education Statistics Agency Limited nor HESA Services Limited can accept responsibility forany inferences or conclusions derived by third parties from data or other information supplied by HESA Services.


Figure 1: Students at higher education providers by level and mode of study, 2014–15

In 2014–15, there were 2.3 million students studying at UK higher education providers, three quarters of them full-time.

67% (1.5 million) of all students were studying for a first degree, 9% (203,670) for other undergraduate degrees, 19% (425,270) forpostgraduate taught degrees and 5% (112,910) for a postgraduate research degree.

Source: HESA Student Record, 2016

First degree Other undergraduate Postgraduate (research) Postgraduate (taught) Total

1,340,59588%

1,697,15075%

183,63012%

152,55575%

203,54548%

221,72552%

568,93025%51,110

25%29,19026%

83,72074%

ModeFull-timePart-time

The number of full-time entrants increased between 2005–06 and 2014–15 for first degree (23.4%), postgraduate taught (33.7%) and postgraduateresearch (37.9%) courses, and decreased for entrants to other undergraduate courses* (46.7%).

Between 2011–12 and 2012–13, the number of full-time first degree entrants decreased by 8.7% and from 2012–13 to 2014–15 it increased by10.9%, following changes to the student funding system in England in 2012–13. There are 6,220 more full-time first degree students (1.3% increase)in 2014–15 than in 2011–12.

Part-time entrants have decreased for all levels of study, most significantly for other undergraduate courses since 2008–09 and first degree coursessince 2011–12. Entrants to postgraduate research courses increased slightly (3.5%) from 2005–06 to 2014–15.

*includes undergraduate certificates, diplomas, institutional credits, foundation degrees, HNC/HND courses and others. More information see figure4.


UndergraduateFirst degree Other undergraduate

PostgraduatePostgraduate (research) Postgraduate (taught)

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2012–13

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Entrants


Figure 2: Entrants by mode and level of study, 2005–06 to 2014–15

Mode Full-time entrants Part-time entrants


Figure 3: Cross-border flows of student entrants by domicile andcountry of provider, 2013–14 to 2014–15


Domicile ofentrants England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland

England

Scotland

Wales

NorthernIreland

EU

Non-EU -5.1%

0.4%

-3.7%

16.7%

-26.3%

51.8%

-18.5%

-8.2%

-4.3%

-4.3%

5.6%

1.6%

2.2%

0.3%

-3.2%

-9.7%

-2.5%

3.2%

-2.0%

2.0%

1.8%

8.7%

-4.2%

-0.1%

-26.3% 52.6%% Difference in Entrants

Entrants35

200,000400,000593,115

The size of the circles reflects the numberof undergraduate and postgraduateentrants by domicile of student andlocation of provider in 2014–15. Thecolour of the circles shows the percentagechange for each group compared to theprevious year.

Between 2013–14 and 2014–15 there wasa decrease in non-EU entrants to allprovider countries other than Scotland,with an 18.5% decrease to Welshproviders.

Providers in all countries showed a smallpercentage decrease in home entrants, ega 2.5% decrease of Scottish entrants toproviders in Scotland.

There were small increases in EU entrantsto English and Scottish providers, but an8.2% decrease to Welsh providers.


Figure 4: Total number of students by level of study, 2005–06 to 2014–15

Student numbers across most levels of study increased between 2005–06 and 2014–15, with the exception of other undergraduatecourses where numbers decreased by 60%, due to a number of reasons. Other undergraduate courses include undergraduatecertificates, diplomas, institutional credits, foundation degrees and HNC/HND courses. Since 2008–09, the number of other undergraduatestudents studying part time has declined dramatically. Between 2005–06 and 2009–10 there was a switch by students from certificatesand diplomas to foundation degrees. Some other undergraduate provision shifted into further education. Between 2009–10 and 2013–14the influence of a policy that all new nurses need to be degree educated by 2013 led to a decline of other undergraduate courses.

Between 2005–06 and 2014–15, postgraduate research student numbers increased by 28%, first degree numbers by 19% andpostgraduate taught numbers by 5%. However, although the number of students studying first degree courses increased to 2011–12 it hassince shown a slight downwards trend. Postgraduate taught numbers peaked in 2010–11, and after a 12% decline to 2012–13 haveremained broadly stable.

2005–06

2006–07

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2014–15

0K

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Student numbers

All levels LevelFirst degree

Postgraduate (taught)

Other undergraduate

Postgraduate (research)

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2006–07

2007–08

2008–09

2009–10

2010–11

2011–12

2012–13

2013–14

2014–15

0K

50K

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Student numbers

Postgraduate research



Figures 5a and 5b: Total student numbers by country of provider, 2005–06 to 2014–15

The number of students at providers in Wales and Northern Ireland have remained largely stable between 2005–06 and 2014–15, and havegrown by 4.7% (10,485 students) in Scotland and decreased by 1.4% (26,664 students) in England.

The decrease in student numbers at providers in England, following reforms of undergraduate student funding in 2012–13, mainly reflectsreductions in part-time study and other undergraduate courses (see also p. 2 and p. 6). Over the same period, first degree numbers havebeen relatively stable.

Between 2013–14 and 2014–15 student numbers at providers in Scotland increased by 0.8% (1,765 students) and decreased by 3% (4,170students) at providers in Wales. At English providers, there was a 1.6% decrease (30,925 students) over the same period.


2005–06

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Students

5a: English providers

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Students

5b: Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irishproviders

Provider countryScottish provider

Welsh provider

Northern Irish provider


Figures 6a and 6b: Students by level and mode of study, 2005–06 to 2014–15

Figure 6a: The number of students on full-time first degree courses has increased by 24.8% from 2005–06 to 2014–15, while students onall other modes and levels of undergraduate study have decreased. Since 2009–10, part-time study and students on full-time otherundergraduate courses have both decreased by 59%.

Figure 6b: The number of students studying full-time postgraduate research courses has increased steadily from 61,145 in 2005–06 to83,720 in 2014–15.

Between 2005–06 and 2014–15 there was a 28.1% increase in full-time postgraduate taught entrants and a 11.9% decrease in part-timepostgraduate taught entrants. For both modes of study student numbers are lower in 2014–15 following a peak in 2010–11.

First degree Other undergraduate

2005–06

2006–07

2007–08

2008–09

2009–10

2010–11

2011–12

2012–13

2013–14

2014–15

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Students

Figure 6a: UndergraduatesPostgraduate (research) Postgraduate (taught)

2005–06

2006–07

2007–08

2008–09

2009–10

2010–11

2011–12

2012–13

2013–14

2014–15

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Students

Figure 6b: Postgraduates


ModeFull-time

Part-time


Figure 7: Students by domicile, 2005–06 to 2014–15

While the majority of students at UK higher education providers are from the UK, the proportion of students from EU countries hasincreased from 4.4% in 2005–06 to 5.5% in 2014–15. The proportion of non-EU students has increased from 9.0% to 13.8% over the sameperiod.

The number of UK students decreased by 145,000 from 1,974,195 in 2005–06 to 1,829,195 in 2014–15, with the number of non-UKstudents increasing by 129,545 (23,270 EU students and 106,275 non-EU students) over the same period.


9.0%205,735

86.5%1,974,195

4.4%101,305

2005–06

80.7%1,829,195

5.5%124,575

13.8%312,010

2014–15

DomicileNon-EUOther EUUK


Figure 8: Students by domicile and level of study, 2005–06 to 2014–15

The size of a circle reflects the number of students in each level of study, while the percentage change from 2005–06 to 2014–15 is represented bythe colour of the circle in the 2014–15 column. The labels for each circle show the proportion of students from each domicile within each level ofstudy (eg in 2014–15 86% of first degree students are from the UK).

Between 2005–06 and 2014–15, the number of other undergraduate students from all domiciles and postgraduate taught students from the UK havedecreased. Students across all other levels of study and domiciles have increased, with the largest increase shown by non-EU students on firstdegree courses (71%).


LevelUK

2005–06 2014–15EU

2005–06 2014–15Non-EU

2005–06 2014–15

First degree

Otherundergraduate

Postgraduatetaught

Postgraduateresearch

94.5%482,630

90.5%184,340

89.8%1,147,670

86.0%1,311,410

72.2%291,560

63.3%269,070

59.1%52,340

57.0%64,375

13.2%14,870

13.1%11,620

7.4%31,360

7.4%29,985

4.8%73,465

3.8%48,505

2.4%4,885

2.2%11,195

29.8%33,655

29.3%124,610

27.8%24,585

20.4%82,545

9.1%139,320

7.1%14,425

6.4%81,555

3.3%17,045

-61.8% 70.8%% change between 2005–06 and 2014–15


Figure 9: Change in non-UK students by region of origin, 2005–06 and 2014–15

This chart shows the proportion of non-UK students at UK higher education providers, as shown by the size of each circle, by region oforigin. In 2014–15, 28.5% of students were from the EU, followed by 20.5% from China, 19.3% from Asia (excluding China and India), 8%from Africa, 6.5% from the Middle East and 6.3% from North America. Smaller proportions are from European countries outside the EU(4.6%), India (4.2%), South America (1.4%) and Australasia (0.6%).

Percentage figures in the chart show the change in student numbers from each region between 2005–06 and 2014–15. Student numbersfrom all regions increased over the period, with significant increases in students from the Middle East (121.3%), European countries outsidethe EU (94.4%) and China (90.7%). However, these increases mask variation in year-on-year change over the period, including periods ofdecline for some regions.


f12p9data


Figure 10: Internationally mobile student numbers by host country, 2005 to 2014

This chart shows internationally mobile student numbers from all countries by their destination country.

The UK is the second most popular destination for internationally mobile students (428,724 students), followed by Australia (266,048)and France (253,123). The most popular destination is the United States (842,384).

Canada was the fifth most popular country for international students in 2013 (figures only available until 2013), with numbers increasingby 119% since 2005.

Numbers of global international students studying in the UK increased by 35% between 2005 to 2014. Over the same period numbersstudying in the US increased by 43%, by 50% for those studying in Australia and decreased by 1% for those studying in France.

Foreign student numbers studying in China have increased by almost 200% from 36,000 in 2006 to more than 108,000 in 2014.

Source: UNESCO Institute of Statistics Education database.Data from 2004, 2005 and 2014 is not available for all countries.

2005

2006

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2014

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Internationally mobile students

USA

CanadaChina

UK

Australia

Spain

France

Country of studyUSA

UK

Australia

France

Canada

Japan

China

Italy

Spain


Figure 11: Students by age group and level of study 2005–06 to 2014–15

More than half of all undergraduate students in 2014–15 were aged 20 and under, and a quarter were 21–24 years old. A third ofpostgraduate students in 2014–15 were in the 21–24-year-old age group.

After a 2.9% dip in the number of undergraduate students aged 20 and under between 2011–12 and 2012–13, there has been an increaseof 3.4% to 2014–15. All other age groups at the undergraduate level have decreased since 2011–12.

Between 2005–06 and 2014–15 there was an increase in postgraduate student numbers in the three youngest age groups and a decreasein the two oldest groups. Across all age groups, postgraduate student numbers peaked around 2009–10, and have declined since, otherthan the 21 to 24–year-old age group where numbers have increased since 2012–13.


2005–06

2006–07

2007–08

2008–09

2009–10

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2011–12

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2014–15

100K

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Students

Undergraduates, 2005–06 to 2014–15

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Students

Postgraduates, 2005–06 to 2014–15

7.9%

24.8%

52.1%

7.8%

7.4%

Undergraduate students, 2014–15

18.5%

23.3%

24.8%

32.9%

0.5%

Postgraduate students, 2014–15

Age group20 and under

21–24 years

25–29 years

30–39 years

40 years and over


Figure 12: Students by subject of study, 2005–06 to 2014–15

The first column of this chart shows the number of students in each subject area, the second column shows the percentage change between2005–06 and 2014–15 and the third column shows the change in absolute numbers over the same period.

Over the last decade, proportional increases in student numbers were seen in natural science subjects such as biological sciences (39.6%),mathematical sciences (34.3%), engineering (23.3%) and physical sciences (18.4%), while decreases were seen in subjects such as languages(18.2%), historical and philosophical sciences (12%), education (19.5%), subjects allied to medicine (9.9%), architecture (13%) and computersciences (20.3%). The largest increases in absolute student numbers over the period were seen in biological sciences (59,910), business andadministrative studies (32,170) and engineering (30,490). The largest decreases in student numbers were in combined subjects (64,940), education(39,820) and subjects allied to medicine (30,100).


JACS subject area

0K 100K 200K 300KNumber of students 2014–15

-100% -50% 0% 50%Percentage change student numbers

-100K 0K 100KAbsolute change student numbers

(1) Medicine & dentistry

(2) Subjects allied to medicine

(3) Biological sciences

(4) Veterinary science

(5) Agriculture & related subjects

(6) Physical sciences

(7) Mathematical sciences

(8) Computer science

(9) Engineering

(A) Architecture, building & planning

(B) Social studies

(C) Law

(D) Business & administrative studies

(E) Mass communications & documentation

(F) Languages

(G) Historical & philosophical studies

(H) Creative arts & design

(I) Education

(J) Combined

211,165

326,945

164,395

275,450

161,440

207,910

111,340

166,930

66,005

19,205

42,395

48,255

87,595

93,760

93,250

48,610

86,330

49,200

5,900

-20.3%

-13.0%

-18.2%

-12.0%

-19.5%

-56.9%

15.5%

39.6%

36.2%

13.9%

18.4%

34.3%

23.3%

10.9%

-9.9%

6.4%

0.0%

4.2%

7.8%

-23,785

-11,765

-39,815

-30,100

-24,790

-64,940

10,825

59,910

14,590

30,490

12,450

32,170

12,010

-7,185

8,865

1,565

2,340

1,970

35


Figure 13: Qualifications awarded by level, 2005–06 to 2014–15

In 2005–06, 640,850 qualifications were awarded in total compared to 745,005 awards in 2014–15, an increase of 16%. The number ofqualifications awarded peaked in 2012–13 (787,900).

In 2014–15, 53% of awards were for first degrees, 10% for other undergraduate degrees, 2% for foundation degrees, 32% forpostgraduate taught degrees and 4% for postgraduate research degrees. These proportions have increased by up to 4% each since2005–06, except for other undergraduate degrees, where the proportion decreased from 18% in 2005–06.

2005–06

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2014–15

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Qualifiers

LevelFirst degree

Foundation degree

Other undergraduate

Postgraduate (research)

Postgraduate (taught)



Figure 14: Destinations of leavers by level of qualification 2014–15

Figure 14 shows the activity of leavers, six months after graduation by level of study.

Six months after graduation, 92% of postgraduates and other undergraduates, and 89% of first degree students are working or pursuing furtherstudy.

Source: HESA Destination of Leavers from Higher Education (DLHE), 2016

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Firstdegree

Otherundergraduate

Postgraduate

14.0%

22.7%12.9%

70.3%

56.3%

81.6%

5.7%

3.9%

4.3%

4.9%

4.2%

3.6%6.2%

5.1%

4.3%

Percentages of destination of leavers within levels of qualification

ActivityUnemployed and looking for work

Other

Study

Work and study

Work


Figure 15: Unemployment rates in the UK by group, 2006 to 2015

Graduates are less likely to be unemployed compared to non-graduates, even throughout arecession. In 2015, young non-graduates in the 21–30 year old and 16–64 year old age groups hadunemployment rates of 8.6% and 6.4% respectively. This compared with 4.9% for younger graduates(21–30 years) and 2.3% for graduates in the 16–64 year old group. Postgraduates had the lowestunemployment rate with 2.3%.

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Unemployment rate in %

Group in unemploymentNon-graduates (aged 21-30)

Non-graduates (aged 16-64)

Graduates (aged 21-30)

Graduates (aged 16-64)

Postgraduates (aged 16-64)

Source: Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS, now BEIS) Graduate labour market statistics 2015, published 26 April 2016


Figure 16: Staff by employment function, 2005–06 to 2014–15

In 2014–15, there were 403,835 staff employed by higher education providers, an increase of 13.6%(48,420) since 2005–06.

The gap between the number of academic and non-academic staff is at its smallest point for the pastten years, with 198,335 employed on academic contracts and 205,500 on non-academic contracts.

In 2014–15, EU nationals accounted for 16% of academic staff (31,635) and non-EU nationalsaccounted for 11.8% (23,360). For non-academic roles EU nationals accounted for 5.5% of staff(11,380) and non-nationals 3.8% (7,760).

Source: HESA Staff Record, 2016

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Staff

Academic employment functionTotal

Non-academic

Academic


Figure 17: Change in age profile of academic staff by mode of employment between 2005–06 and 2014–15

The number of academic staff in all age groups (except 25 and under) has grown from 2005–06 to 2014–15, with significant increases in thoseaged 66 and over (from a low base), 61–65 year olds (48% for full-time staff and 62% for part-time staff) and 31–35 year olds (39% for full-timestaff and 27% for part-time staff).

The largest age group by far in 2014–15 are 31–35 year olds working full-time, who accounted for 17.6% of all full-time academic staff in2014–15 compared to 15.1% in 2005–06.

The proportion of academic staff working part-time has remained relatively stable accounting for 32.3% of all staff in in 2005–06 and 33.0% in2014–15.

Source: HESA Staff Record, 2016

Full-time

25 andunder26-3031-3536-40 41-45 46-5051-5556-6061-65

66 andover

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2014–15

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Academic staff

Part-time

25 andunder26-3031-3536-4041-4546-5051-5556-6061-65

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Year2005–06

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Figure 18: Income by source (real terms), 2005–06 to 2014–15

In 2014–15, the largest source of income was tuition fees and education contracts, which accounted for 46.9% of total income comparedto 23.8% in 2005–06. Funding body grants made up 38.7% in 2005–06, decreasing to 15.9% in 2014–15, following reforms toundergraduate funding in academic year 2012–13.

Research grants and contracts have increased gradually over the decade. The sharp increase in income between 2013–14 to 2014–15(15%) is due to the recognition of Research and Development Expenditure Credits (RDEC) by a number of universities. This reflects aone-off financial benefit to the sector for 2014–15 only.

Source: HESA Finance Record, 2016Note: Real terms figures are based on 2014–15 prices. The GDP deflator is from September 2016.

2005–06

2006–07

2007–08

2008–09

2009–10

2010–11

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0M

2M

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6M

8M

10M

12M

14M

16M

Income in real terms (£000s)

Source of incomeTuition fees and education contracts

Funding body grants (teaching and research)

Other income

Research grants and contracts

Endowment and investment income


Figure 19: Research income by source (real terms), 2005–06 to 2014–15

Overall research income increased by 45% in real terms between 2005–06 and 2014–15. This includes Research and DevelopmentExpenditure Credits (RDEC) in 2014–15, which represents a one-off financial benefit to the sector for this year only.

Research income from EU sources showed the largest growth over the period (170%) from £310 million in 2005–06 (2014–15 prices) to£836 million in 2014–15. This source accounted for 15.4% of total research income to the sector in 2014–15.

Research Councils accounted for the highest proportion of total research funding in 2014–15 (33.1%), followed by UK charities (19.1%),UK government (17.7%), and non-EU sources (7.2%). Non-EU sources have grown only slightly (0.6%) in the past three years to2014–15.

Source: HESA Finance Record, 2016.Note: Real terms figures are based on 2014–15 prices. The GDP deflator is from September 2016.

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Research income in real terms (£000s)

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Research income in real terms (£000s)

Total research income

Source of research incomeResearch Councils

UK charity

UK government

EU

Non-EU

UK industry

Other sources


Figure 20: Expenditure of higher education providers (real terms), 2005–06 to 2014–15

With the growth in student numbers over the last decade, there has been a corresponding growth in university expenditure which hasincreased by 35% in real terms between 2005–06 and 2014–15. Slightly more than half of all expenditure in 2014–15 was related to staffcosts (55%), which has grown by 28% in real terms from 2005–06 to 2014–15.

The next largest area in 2014–15 was other operating expenses (38%), which grew by 42% in real terms over the last decade, reflectingincreased investment in university estates over the period.

Source: HESA Student Record, 2016Note: Real terms figures are based on 2014–15 prices. The GDP deflator is from September 2016.

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Expenditure in real terms (in £000s)

Type of expenditureTotal

Staff costs

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Interest and other finance costs

Patterns and trends in UK higher education 2016 · patterns and trends in uk higher education 2016...

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