Patient Vital Signs DRAFT
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Patient Vital SignsDRAFT
Rad Tech A – Week 13
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Patient Assessment &Vital Signs
• Patient Interview
• Role of Radiologic Technologist
• Elements of the Clinical History
• Vital Signs
• Oxygen Therapy
• Oxygen Devices
• Chest Tubes and Lines
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Vital Signs• Body Temperature
• Respiratory Rate
• Pulse / Heart Rate
• Blood Pressure
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Vital Signs• Indication of
Homeostasis
• Primary Mechanisms– Heart beat– Blood pressure– Body temperature– Respiratory rate– Electrolyte
balance
• Physical assessment include measurement of vital signs
Body Temperature
Pulse
Respiration
Blood Pressure
Mental Status
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Homeostasis
• Our bodies are always trying to maintain HOMEOSTASIS – a constancy in the internal environment of the body, naturally maintained by adaptive responses that promote healthy survival.
• Ex: sweating to cool body temperature
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Body Temperature
• The human body has an ideal temperature, and it works to maintain it, this is called:
THERMOREGULATION
• Ideal temperature: 98.6 degrees F (oral)
• Acceptable range: 97.7 to 99.5 degrees F
• Measurement: oral, axillary, tympanic, rectal
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Body Temperature
• Normal average body temperature: 98.6 F
Humans can survive between 106 F and 93.2 F.
–Hyperthermia Fever, febrile
–Hypothermia below normal range
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Measuring Body Temperature
– Oral
– Rectal
– Axillary
– Tympanic
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Pulse
• Pulse rate: Adult = 60 to 100 beats per minute
• Children under 10 = 70 to 120 beats per minute
• Tachycardia• Bradycardia
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Blood PressureBlood Pressure Measure of the force exerted by blood on the
arterial walls during contraction & relaxation.
Measured pressure when the heart is relaxed: Diastolic
Measured pressure when the heart is contracted: Systolic
Measured with a Sphygmomanometer
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Blood PressureBlood Pressure
Systolic pressure = 95-140 mmHg
Diastolic pressure = 60-90 mmHg
120/ 80 Normal
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Blood Pressure cont’dBlood Pressure cont’d
Recorded in millimeters of mercury
(mm Hg) with systolic over diastolic
Normal adult systolic: 95-140 mm Hg Normal adult diastolic: 60-90 mm Hg
Persistent elevation of BP: HypertensionPersistent low BP: Hypotension
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Respiratory RateRespiratory Rate
Respiratory System delivers oxygen to the body’s tissues & eliminates carbon dioxide.
Major muscle of ventilation: diaphragm Measured in “breaths per minute”
Adults: 12 – 20 bpmChildren: 20 – 30 bpmNewborns: 30 – 60 bpm
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Respiratory Rate
• Breaths per minute: Adult = 12 to 20
• Children under 10 = 20 to 30 per min
• Dyspnea- difficulty breathing
• Apnea- no breathing
• Bradypnea – decrease is breathing
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Pulse Oximeter
• Normal Pulse Oximeter = 95% to 100%
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Methods of Delivering Oxygen
Ventilators
Nasal Cannula
Oxyhood
Masks
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Oxygen
• Oxygen constitutes 21% of atmospheric gases
• If O2 levels in the body drop below 21% homeostasis is altered.
• Hypoxia: Inadequate amount of oxygen at the cellular level.
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Chest Tubes & LinesThe Rad Tech’s Role
• Early detection of problems associated with malpositioned lines.
• X-rays assist physicians in determining if tubes and lines are placed correctly
• Correct positioning and technical exposure are crucial
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Chest Tubes and LinesCHEST TUBESENDOTRACHEAL TUBES
CENTRALLINES
NASOGASTRIC TUBES
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Tubes & Lines cont’d
• Endotracheal Tubes (ET tubes) – Known as “intubation”
-translaryngeal
-tracheostomy
-nasotracheal• Must be precise in
placement: 1-2 inches superior to the tracheal bifurcation (carina)
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Intubation of the rt main-stem bronchus with complete occlusion of the lt bronchus causing lt lung atelectasis.
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(A) Distal tip of endotracheal tube in rt main bronchus; (B) Central venous catheter in the lt subclavian vein.
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CHEST TUBES
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Tubes & Lines (last one)
• Common insertion sites for CV lines:-subclavian vein-internal jugular vein-femoral vein
• Most evaluated by a chest x-ray
• Extreme caution must be used when positioning for images!
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NASOGASTRIC (NG) TUBE
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CENTRAL LINESCENTRAL LINES
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Rt hydrothorax caused by displacement of a central venous line during dressing change; 1300 ml of intravenous fluids were evacuated via thoracentesis.
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Review
• Vital Signs
• Homeostasis
• Body Temperature
• Pulse
• Respiration
• Blood Pressure
• Mental Status
• Electrolyte balance
• Pulse Oximeter
• Oxygen
• Oxygen Devices
• Chest Tubes
• Chest Lines