Patient Information Series...Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Chronic Obstructive...
Transcript of Patient Information Series...Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Chronic Obstructive...
Patient Information SeriesA M E R I C A N T H O R A C I C S O C I E T Y
What is chronic bronchitis?Chronic bronchitis is a condition of increasedswelling and mucus (phlegm or sputum) productionin the breathing tubes (airways). Airway obstructionoccurs in chronic bronchitis because the swellingand extra mucus causes the inside of the breathing
tubes to be smaller than normal. The diagnosis ofchronic bronchitis is made based on symptoms of acough that produces mucus or phlegm on mostdays, for three months, for two or more years (afterother causes for the cough have been excluded).
What is emphysema?Emphysema is a condition that involves damage to thewalls of the air sacs (alveoli) of the lung. Normally thereare more than 300 million alveoli in the lung. Thealveoli are normally stretchy and springy, like littleballoons. Like a balloon, it takes effort to blow upnormal alveoli; however, it takes no energy to empty the
Chronic ObstructivePulmonary Disease (COPD)Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a preventableand treatable disease that makes it difficult to empty air out of thelungs. This difficulty in emptying air out of the lungs (airflowobstruction) can lead to shortness of breath or feeling tired becauseyou are working harder to breathe. COPD is a term that is used toinclude chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or a combination of bothconditions. Asthma is also a disease where it is difficult to emptythe air out of the lungs, but asthma is not included in thedefinition of COPD. It is not uncommon, however for a patientwith COPD to also have some degree of asthma.
alveoli because they spring back to their original size.In emphysema, the walls of some of the alveoli
have been damaged. When this happens, the alveolilose their stretchiness and trap air. Since it is difficultto push all of the air out of the lungs, the lungs donot empty efficiently and therefore contain more airthan normal. This is called air trapping and causeshyperinflation in the lungs. The combination ofconstantly having extra air in the lungs and theextra effort needed to breathe results in a personfeeling short of breath. Airway obstruction occurs in
Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol. 171 P3-P4, 2005. www.thoracic.orgATS Patient Education Series © 2005 American Thoracic Society
AIR
FLO
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Swelling
Restricted air flow
Mucus
AIR
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NORMAL AIRWAY AIRWAY IN BRONCHITIS
Alveoli with Emphysema
Microscopic view of normal Alveoli
EMPHYSEMA
Additional Lung Health InformationAmerican Thoracic Societywww.thoracic.orgATS Patient Advisory Roundtablewww.thoracic.org/aboutats/par/par.aspNational Heart Lung & Blood Institutewww.nhlbi.nih.gov/index.htmAmerican Lung Associationwww.lungusa.org
A T S P A T I E N T I N F O R M A T I O N S E R I E S
emphysema because the alveoli that normallysupport the airways open cannot do so duringinhalation or exhalation. Without their support, thebreathing tubes collapse, causing obstruction to theflow of air.
What causes COPD?COPD can be caused by many factors, although themost common cause is cigarette smoke. Environ-mental factors and genetics may also cause COPD.For example, heavy exposure to certain dusts atwork, chemicals, and indoor or outdoor air pollu-tion can contribute to COPD. The reason why somesmokers never develop COPD and why some never-smokers get COPD is not fully understood. Heredi-tary (genetic) factors probably play a role in whodevelops COPD.
How do I know if I have COPD?Shortness of breath, cough, and/or mucusproduction, that does not go away, are commonsigns and symptoms of COPD and indicate the needfor a visit to your health care provider andevaluation for the need of a breathing test calledspirometry. Spirometry is a simple test that measuresairway obstruction.
How is COPD treated?The first and most important treatment in smokersis to stop smoking. Medications are usuallyprescribed to widen the airways (bronchodilators),reduce swelling in the airways (anti-inflammatorydrugs, such as steroids), and/or treat infection(antibiotics). COPD can also cause the oxygen levelin the blood to be low; if this occurs, supplementaloxygen will be prescribed (see ATS PATIENT
INFORMATION SERIES HANDOUT on Oxygen Therapy). Tocontrol symptoms of COPD,your breathingmedications must be taken every day, usually forlife. Surgical procedures such as lung volumereduction surgery or lung transplantation may behelpful for some cases of COPD (see ATS PATIENT
INFORMATION SERIES HANDOUT on Surgery for COPD in aforthcoming issue).
Pulmonary rehabilitation programs offersupervised exercise and education for those withbreathing problems (See ATS Handout onPulmonary Rehabilitation). Support groups are alsoavailable for COPD patients for education andopportunities to share experience with otherpatients and families.
Will COPD ever go away?The term chronic in chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease means that it lasts for a long time. Whilesymptoms may vary from time to time, the lungscan still have disease, therefore, COPD is for life.While the symptoms of COPD sometimes improveafter a person stops smoking and takes medicationregularly, symptoms can further improve afterattending pulmonary rehabilitation. Shortness ofbreath and fatigue may never go away entirely,however, patients can learn to manage theircondition and continue to lead a fulfilling life.
How does a healthcare provider know a person has COPD?Healthcare providers diagnose COPD based on bothreports of symptoms and test results. The singlemost important test to determine if a person hasCOPD is spirometry.
Source: ATS/ERS Standards for the Diagnosis and Management ofPatients with COPD, http://www.thoracic.org/copd/patients_general.asp
✔ Stop smoking and avoid smoke exposure.
✔ See your health care provider for unexplained chroniccough or shortness of breath.
✔ Ask your provider about a spirometry test to checkyour lungs.
Doctor’s Office Telephone:
What to do…
The ATS Patient Information Series is a public service of the American Thoracic Society and its journal, the AJRCCM. The information appearingin this series is for educational purposes only and should not be used as a substitute for the medical advice one one’s personal health careprovider. For further information about this series, contact J.Corn at [email protected].
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