University of North DakotaUND Scholarly Commons

UND Departmental Histories Elwyn B. Robinson Department of SpecialCollections

1983

PathologyJean Holland SaumurUniversity of North Dakota

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Recommended CitationSaumur, Jean Holland, "Pathology" (1983). UND Departmental Histories. 44.https://commons.und.edu/departmental-histories/44

PATHOLOGY

By Jean Holland Saumur

INTRODUCTION

DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY HISTORY

By Jean Holland Saumur

The Department of Pathology originated as part of a Department of Bacteriology and Pathology when the two year School of Medicine was established under M. A. Brannon in 1905 . The legislature appropriated $5,000 for maintenance and $2,000 for equipment to establish a Division of Medicine to include a public health laboratory with the Medical School. The ¢.rector of that laboratory was to be ex-officio state bacteriologist and professor of bacteriology and pathology in the medical school. This relationship of bacteriology, pathology and public health laboratories continued until 1949, when the Department of Bacteriology , Department of Pathology and State Public Health Department became separate departments , each with separate department chairman, faculty and staff .

The first faculty member in the Department of Bacteriology and Pathology (occasionally in the catalogues this is listed as ·Department of Pathology and Bacteriology) was Gustave Ruediger , B . A . Wisconsin, M. D . Rush, Ph .D. Chicago. -He served from · 1907 to 1914. Geiger said "only 31 years old , --he possessed vigor and imagination, and the laboratory developed rapidly in the seven years he was at the university . " Ruediger was the second full-time professor in the medical school . He was one of nine professors and seven instructors with nine students. In 1907 the Association of American Medical Schools granted accreditation. In 1910 the School of Medicine passed the Flexner report.

The Bacteriology and Pathology Department and Public Health Laboratory were housed on the third floor of Science Hall where the rest of the Division of Medicine was also located , on second floor and attic . Science Hall was built in 1901-1902 . The department remained there until summer of 1949 when the whole school moved to the -Medical Science Building built with mill levy funds in 1948-1949 as part of the North Dakota Medical Center.

After Ruediger left the School of Medicine , many different men assumed the title of Professor of Bacteriology and Pathology with the added title of Director of Public Health Laboratory . Dean Harley E . French intennittantly assumed the title of Director of Public Health Laboratory. This apparent instability con­tinued until Arthur K . Saiki, M.D. was appointed Assistant Professor of Bacteriology and Pathology in 1930 . He came to the school originally as a medical student and came back after his years at Nebras~a and M. D . degree as an instructor in the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology. After a year he was appointed to the Department of Bacteriology and Pathology and later promoted to associate and full professor . French, Saiki and George A . Talbert of Physiology and Pharmacology were the major leaders of the school until Talbert's death in 1944 .

In 1949 the department divided to become the Department of Pathology and Department of Bacteriology . Dr. James D . Cardy was the first Chairman of the Department of Pathology . Dr . Saiki remained as Professor of Pathology , later Emeritus.

COURSES

The pathology and bacteriology courses were listed under the department heading , Pathology and Bacteriology . In 1908-1909 catalogue these were : General Pathology and Pathological Histology ; Medical Bacteriology ; Demon­stration Course in Bacteriology ; Laboratory Diagnosis; Advanced Pathology; and Hygiene . Textbooks were listed : American Textbook of Pathology ; Sten gel Textbook of Pathology ; and Ziegler' s General Pathology. · "The laboratory" , in this same year was described as "well-lighted and heated and is provided with good microscopes, incubators , micro tomes , reference books and a museum which is being added to continually . The departmental library is provided with the most important current medical pathological and bacteriological journals in the English , German and French languages . "

The schedule of classes indicated that bacteriology met every morning the first semester and every morning the 2nd semester .

The 1909-1910 catalogue spelled out the general pathology and special pathology as courses which "cover disturbances of the circulation ; the retrogressive metamorphoses; the progressive changes ; inflammations ; tumors; special pathology of the circulatory system , respiratory tract, liver and kidneys . 11

In 1914-1915 under John W. Cox the students were expected to assist at autopsies with instructor supervision. "The course is arranged to emphasize the practical side . The cellular elements , from which various lesions are formed , are studied . The development from the simplest to the most complex lesions is traced 11

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When Dr . Saiki came into the department , Clinical Pathology was added as a course although Laboratory Medicine was mentioned as a course in the catalogue of 1908-1909 .

Parasitology was added as a separate course in 1944 when Francis C . Lawler was Professor of Bacteriology in the department.

Medical Technology courses were added with a new curriculum for BSMT in 1949 .

When the Master of Science in Medical Technology program was approved in 1975, the advanced Laboratory Medicine courses were added .

A cytotechnology degree program started in 1975 necessitated adding clinical courses in this area.

Although Advanced (sometimes spelled 11advanst") Pathology was listed in most early catalogues when the School of Medicine was a two year school, the most recent ones are considered courses for Junior and Senior Medical Students , as either required or elective courses in General and Clinical Pathology .

SPECIAL TEACHING PROGRAMS

Special Teaching Programs developed within the department were for pathology residents , medical technologists, histopathology technicians and cytotech­nologists .

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As early as the catalogue of 1928-1929, a suggested preparation for laboratory assistants, medical technologists and laboratory technicians is described . "Selected credits could lead to a B . S. or M. S . degree." This was rather prophetic because a degree B . S. in Medical Technology was established in 1949 and the first students from it graduated in 1952 . A Master of Science program was approved in 1975 with a first graduate in 1978 .

RESIDENCY PROGRAM

The residency program for both anatomic and clinical pathology was approved in 1963 . Prior to that date the people who trained in the department applied for certification on an individual basis . The program was the first medical resi­dency program offered in _North Dakota .

The capacity for training is four, one person in each year of the four-year program.

Facilities utilized are the University of North Dakota and United Hospital and ref erring clinics and hospitals in Western Minnesota and North Dakota.

Residents have had the opportunity during the program for assistant teaching experience in the four-year medical school: lectures and laboratories for the sophomore medical students in general , special and clinical pathology , and also one to one teaching with Junior and Senior medical students.

People who have experienced a year or more of the UND Pathology Residency Program are listed on page 16. Occasional specialists have taken one year of pathology and then finished in Medicine , Surgery, Dermatology or other.

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

The first BSMT program (1949) in North Dakota was a joint effort of the College of Arts and Sciences and the School of Medicine . The College of Arts and Sciences granted the degree; the School of Medicine provided the two professional years .

In 1958 the BSMT curriculum moved to the School of Medicine and at about the same time the University College was established so that students spent one year in the University College and three in the School of Medicine, which granted the degree. At first all students took the full four years in the UND program, including a rotating internship at local Grand Forks Hospitals . In 1958 students began to transfer to other hospital programs . About half of the students at the senior year transferred to affiliated hospitals in Minneapolis , St . Paul, Minot and Bismarck. The others stayed at UND--affiliating with St . Michael's, Deaconess , later United Hospital , Grand Forks. These affiliations continue to the present.

The BSMT program is classified by the AMA as a 2+2 program , meaning there are two years of general college requirements and two professional years .

At one time the classes were small so that the students took necessary pro­fessional courses with the medical students . This was true, too , before there

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was a specific program or curriculum for medical technology . But as schedules became difficult to meet the needs of the usual college student, and as classes became larger, courses were created for the medical technology students . 454 students have graduated from the program to date (1982) .

The internship has probably changed the most with much more structured teaching-learning; a student laboratory (early practice laboratory) has been added, for example. In the clinical laboratories the greatest change is in the use of automation for blood counts and hemoglobins , routine chemistries. The medical technologist student works more in quality assurance , problem-solving, developing new tests and therefore concentrates on tests not already automated.

The Master of Science in Medical Technology was developed in the department and Graduate School for persons interested in teaching, specializing or managing a laboratory . The courses added within the department to further this curriculum were advanced clinical courses in Hematology, Cytogenetics, Immunohematology and Microbiology . Most of the teaching has been 1 to 1 . The medical basic science departments were Cooperative in accepting students to earn credits for this degree . Five students have graduated from the program (one per year) to date (1982). A number of graduate students in Education, Biology, Microbiology and other departments have utilized the courses of the program for a minor concentration or as part of a related fields minor.

SCHOOL OF HISTOTECHNOLOGY

Since 1950 histotechnicians have been trained in the department "on the job", which enabled them to take a national certifying examination given by the ASCP . (Pre-requisites were a high school diploma and one year in a pathologist-supervised laboratory). The requirements for taking the exami­nation were later changed to include high school diploma and two years in a lab under the supervision of a pathologist, or graduation from an approved school of histotechnology .

The program became an accredited Approved School of Histotechnology in 1980. Ten students have since completed the program, and have ranked in the 98th percentile in the ASCP certification in this technical specialty .

The faculty for the program includes Eileen Nelson , Education Coordinator, Walter Wasdahl, M.D., Program Director, Jean Saumur, Wayne Bruce, Mary Coleman and Robert Gay . Other personnel participating are Pathology Residents , and histotechnologists, Clara Syverson and Lisa Johnson .

The Pathology Department on the campus has been the main facility. The students spend a short time in histology at United Hospital to observe a laboratory in a hospital atmosphere .

The general philosophy, goals and objectives of the program are to provide the student with histotechnology skills to enable them to perform the work of histology technicians at the entry level with minimal supervision. This is accomplished with lectures , bench work instruction, demonstrations, tapes and movies . Written , practical and oral examinations covering all aspects of a histopathology/pathology laboratqry are used to evaluate the student's per­f onnance. A certificate is given upon successful completion of the program .

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SCHOOL OF CYTOTECHNOLOGY

The School of Cytotechnology was first approved in 1968 by the AMA Council on Medical Education for training four students per year . Under the direction of Walter A. Wasdahl, M.D . (Medical Director), Wallace W. Nelson, M.D. (Assistant Director) and Mrs . Lynn Shouse, C. T . (ASCP) (Teaching Supervisor), the first class was started that same year .

In 1971 Mr . Robert Gay, B . S. , C . T. ( ASCP) replaced Mrs. Shouse as Teaching Supervisor and in 1982 A . Marvin Cooley, M.D., became the Assistant Medical Director . In addition, the staff of the Cytology Section - Department of Pathology and the pathology residents have all taken an active role in the teaching of the cytology students .

In May 1975, the Cytology School was awarded "Credit Granting Status" by the University and thus became the core of a curriculum leading to a Bachelor of Science - Cytotechnology degree .

When the program first started, the students, teaching supervisor and the cytology staff consisting of a secretary and two cytotechnologists were housed in one room (room 215) in the Medical Science Building. The facilities began expanding in 1972 by adding an office and in 1974 a small , separate classroom for the students . In 1977, the cytology school along with the cytology section moved to its present location ( 4th floor , west wing, United Hospital - North Unit). The program has graduated 53 students to date (1982).

The actual training program consists of 12 consecutive months of training . The first 6 months are devoted to basic concepts as well as anatomy, histology, physiology and cytology of the female genital tract in health and disease . During the next 3 months other body systems (respiratory, urinary, gastro­intestinal, breast and body cavities) plus special procedures such as fine needle aspirates are covered. The final 3 months are devoted to an internship , during which the students must develop the skills and diagnostic accuracy necessary to function as cytotechnologists .

SERVICE ACTIVITIES

All through the years of its existence, the department has been of service to the community of Grand Forks , the state of North Dakota and to Western Minnesota . This pathology service has been in the areas of surgical pathology , autopsy pathology, hematopathology, cytopathology , and cytogenetics . The educational programs for medical students, pathology residents, medical technologists, cytotechnologists, histotechnologists and cytogeneticists have all benefited from the academic nature of the service work of the department. As a matter of fact, the service has been the forte of these teaching programs.

Over the years the department has developed laboratories devoted to the various areas of service . For example, cytogenetics began at a single work bench in 1961 and developed to a laboratory with two technologists, three faculty , a pathologist and two consultants, from the Department of Biology and Pediatrics . It is the only laboratory for human cytogenetics in North Dakota .

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The Cytology Laboratory is the only teaching laboratory of its kind in the five states of the North Central United States .

The Service of the department has provided invaluable museum specimens , teaching sets of histopathology, hematology, and cytology.

Because education is one of the major objectives of the Department of Pathology , the Pathology Foundation was established in 1963 to support educa­tional and research programs within the Department .

THE FACULTY

Over the years there has been a remarkable faculty in the department. We have already noted the leadership of Ruediger . A testimony to good teaching and inspiration is the long list of students who later entered the field of Pathology. See page 17 . Among the faculty who stand out is Dr. Saiki, a legend in his time, who was perhaps "the best-known and best-loved medical educator in the School of Medicine history" . His interests in continuing educa­tion (summer courses, correspondence programs, the development of a reprint library) were some of his ways of keeping abreast of new developments in pathology. He was prominent in the early beginnings of the pathology residency program .

Dr. Wasdahl has been an indomitable, spirited, inspirational leader in gathering together a faculty and staff to expand and enlarge the teaching-learning situation on all levels of Pathology in the School: sophomore pathology, special and clinical pathology courses, the electives for Juniors and Seniors , and , most recently , the third and fourth year curriculum . With his leadership and vigor he got the pathology residency program approved for both Anatomic and Clinical Pathology . He has furthered the development of programs of medical tech­nology, cytotechnology, histopathological technique and cytogenetics .

A list of faculty in the Department of Pathology and Bacteriology and Depart­ment of Pathology follows.

FACULTY (Year of appointment and highest rank)

Gustave Ruediger , M. D . , Ph .D . ; 1907, Professor of Bacteriology and Pathology

Hjorleifur T . Kristjanson , M. D. ; 1913, Assistant Professor of Bacteriology and Pathology

Leveret Dale Bristol, M.D . ; 1915, 1916, Director of Public Health Laboratory and Professor of Bacteriology

John Cox, M. D. ; 1915-1918, Professor of Pathology and Acting Director of Public Health Laboratory

Benjamen Clawson, Jr ., M.D., Ph.D.; 1919-1921, Professor of Pathology

Edward John Scannell, M.D .; 1921, 1922, Director of Public Health Laboratories

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Aldo C . Massaglia, M.D . ; 1922, 1923 , Professor of Pathology and Bacteriology

Anfin Egdall , M.D. ; 1923, Professor of Bacteriology and Director of Public Health Laboratories

Horace McMurran Banks, M. D. ; 1924-1927, · Professor of Pathology and Bac­teriology, Acting Dean of School of Medicine, 1926

Bjarne Houkom , M.D .; 1928, Pathologist , Public Health Department

Ernest Verdon Lewis , M .A. ; 1928 , Acting Professor of Bacteriology and Pathology

Marion Bell McGlumphy , M. D. ; 1928-1930, Professor of Pathology and Bacteriology

Emma Robbins, M.D . ; 1929-1933, Health Director

Arthur Kazu Saiki, M. D . ; 1931 , Professor of Pathology ; 1971, Emeritus

James D . Cardy, M.D. ; 1949., Professor of Pathology and Chairman of Depart-ment of Pathology ·

Jean Holland Saumur , M.S ., CLS(NCA); 1949, Associate Professor of Pathology

Miltza Luper, M. S. ; 1951 , Instructor in Medical Technology, Technical Director, M.T. Program

Yukio H . Tsumagari , M.D .; 1951 , Associate Professor of Pathology

Harlan L . Papenfuss , M. D . ; 1954 , Assistant Professor of Pathology

John H . Lunseth , M.D .; 1958, Assistant Professor of Pathology

+*G. Eileen Simonson Nelson , B .S ., M. T . (ASCP), HTL (ASCP); 1958, Assistant Professor of Pathology

Walter A . Wasdahl, M. D. ; 1958, Professor of Pathology and Chairman , Depart­ment of Pathology

Gerard J . Obert, M.D .; 1962, Assistant Professor of Pathology , Director of Medical Technology

Orlyn D . Engelstad, M. D. ; 1966 , Assistant Professor of Pathology, Director of Medical Technology

Peter Isaacson, M. B . , Ch. B.; 1966, Assistant Professor of Pathology

Wallace Nelson, M. D . ; 1967, Associate Professor of Pathology, Assistant Director Cytotechnology

Raymond Flaa, M.D .; 1969 , Assistant Professor of Pathology

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'

Subhash C. Vidyarthi, M.D.; 1970, Associate Professor of Pathology

Judith North, M. S. , M. T. (ASCP); 1970, Instructor of Pathology, Teaching Coordinator, Medical Technology ·

A . K . Dutt, M. B. , Ch. B . ; 1971, Assistant Professor of Pathology

Cyril J. Dillenburg, M. D . ; 1973, Associate Professor of Pathology, Medical Director, Medical Technology ·

++*Linda Larson, M.S . , CLS, CLsp (Cg), NCA; 1974, Assistant Professor of Pathology

Jane Robb , B . S ., M.T. (ASCP); 1974, Instructor of Pathology, Clinical Coordinator, Medical Technology

Don V. Hellerman , M. D . ; 1975, Associate Professor of Pathology

Wayne A. Bruce, M.S~, CLS (NCA) ; 1975, Instructor of Pathology, Program Director of Medical Technology

+++*Robert Gay, B. S ., C. T. (ASCP); 1975, Instructor of Pathology , Education Coordinator/Program Director, Cytotechnology

Jon V. Eylands, M. D . ; 1976, Assistant Professor of Pathology

++*Mary Coleman, B.S ., CLS, CLsp (Cg), NCA; 1976, Instructor of Pathology, Education Coordinator, Medical Technology

Malva Johnson, B. S. , M. T. (ASCP); 1977, Instructor of Pathology, Education Coordinator, Medical Technology

A . Marvin Cooley, M. D .; 1978, Assistant Professor of Pathology

Karen Bergseng, M.A . , M. T. (ASCP); 1979, Instructor of Pathology

+* Histotechnique Certification ++* Cytogenetics Certification

+++* Cytotechnologist Certification

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RESIDENTS IN PATHOLOGY

Name

1. Yukio Tsumagari, M.D .

2 . Harlan L . Papenfuss , M. D .

3 . W. A . Wasdahl , M. D .

4 . John G. Gooselaw, M.D .

5 . Peter G. Isaacson , M.B ., Ch . B .

6 . Raymond Pilot , M. D .

7 . Linda Wood, M.D .

8 . C . J. Dillenburg, M. D .

9 . James R . Stone , M.D .

10 . D . P . Skarphol, M.D .

11 . J . H . Saiki,. M . D .

12 . J. H . Uecker, M.D .

13 . R . P . Hajela , M.D.

14. R . E . Gallego , M.D .

15 . A . M. Cooley , M. D .

16. Manuel Rodriguez , M.D .

17. J . V . Rylands, M.D .

18. R . C. Flaa, M.D .

19 . J. A . Hipp , M. D .

20 . S . C . Vidyarthi, M.D.

21 . H . Ramirez , M.D .

22 . R . R . Morrison , M.D .

23 . E . C . Belmonte , M.D .

24 . Jon K . Kaspari, M.D .

25 . Robert F . Startz, M.D .

26 . Diane L. Iverson , M.D.

Date and Certification

1953 AP

1956 AP

1959 AP

1964

1966

1966

1966

1967

1968

1970

1970

1972

1971

1976

1976

Pending

1978

1970

1977

1969

1981

1980

1982

(pending)

APCP

APCP

APCP

AP

APCP

APCP

APCP

IMHO

APCP

AP

APDP

APCP

APCP

APCP

APCP

APCP

AP

APCP

AP

3rd year resident

2nd year resident

2nd year resident

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Present Address

Laramie, WY

Lincoln, NE

Grand Forks , ND

Chicago, IL

Southhampton , England

Largo, FL

Grand Forks , ND

Grand Forks, ND

Green Bay , WI

Albuquerque, NM

Minneapolis , MN

Halifax, Nova Scotia

Coral Springs , FL

Grand Forks , ND

Woodlands , TX

Phoenix, AZ

Duluth, MN

Bismarck , ND

Duluth , MN

Cali, Colombia

Fargo , ND

Cin<;:innati , OH

Grand Forks , ND

Grand Forks, ND

Grand Forks , ND

UND ALUMNI IN PATHOLOGY--CURRENT ADDRESS

Class of 1950

Erbele, Leo A . Macon, GA 31208

McCoy, Franklin E. Williston, ND 58801

Tarnasky, Ralph E . Bismarck, ND 58501

Class of 1951

Steidl, Richard Meredith Dayton , OH 45432

Class of 1952

Hoke, Roy Duane Seal Beach , CA 90740

Resinger , Harold E . Lexington, KY 40577

Wasdahl , Walter A. Grand Forks, ND 58201

Class of 1953

Dillenburg, Cyril J. Grand Forks , ND 58201

Class of 1954

Hoffman, Gerald George Lake Forest, IL 60045

Svoboda, Donald Joseph Kansas City, KS 66106

Thompson, James Reid Boulder, CO 80301

Class of 1955

Gooselaw, John Garnett Wilmette, IL 60091

Mukomela, Arthur Emerson Escondido , CA 92025

Class of 1956

Rylands , Jon V . Paradise Valley, AZ 85253

Hennef ord, John R. Great Falls , MT 59401

Class of 1957

Brunning , Richard D. Roseville, MN 55113

Engelstad, Orlyn Delvern Ames , IA 50010

Tang, Gene D . Trayerse City, MI 49684

Class of 1959

Fuglestad, Jules Roald Minnetonka , MN 55343

Gerber, Herbert Jacob Fort Lauderdale , FL 33330

Saiki, John H . Albuquerque , NM 87105

Stone, James Rouzie Grand Forks, ND 58201

Class of 1960

Levi, Donald F . Miami, FL 331 76

Class of 1961

Johnston, Glen A. Detroit, MI 48207

Miller, Walter Robert Baltimore , MD 21211

Murdoch, Malcolm Marshall Merced, CA 95340

Skarphol , Darrell P. Green Bay, WI 54302

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Class of 1962

Barney, Philip L. Kennewick, WA 99336

Class of 1963

Flaa, Raymond Curtis Duluth, MN 55804

Grabowski , Michael V . Mercer Island, WA 98040

Newland, James R. Omaha , NE 68154

Class of 1964

Boade , Werner Allan Sioux Falls , SD 57103

Lanier, James Frederick Anchorage , AK 99507

Uecker, John H . Minneapolis, MN 55416

Class of 1965

Myster, Stuart Howard FPO Seattle , WA 98765

Purtilo, David T. Omaha, NE 68154

Class of 1966

Carpenter, Herschel A. Rochester , MN 55901

Coonrod, Theodore D . Paso Robles , CA 93446 '

Griffin, Steve P . Indiana, PA 15701

Lisk, Sharadan Earl Nampa, ID 83651

Scott, Richard A . Wheeling, WV 26003

Class of 1967

Ellwein , Gary E . Idaho Falls, ID 83401

Morrison, Robert R . Fargo, ND 58102

• Pirch, Howard R. Aurora, CO 80014

' Stocker , John Thomas Denver , CO 80207

Class of 1968

Newland, Gary Lee Medford , OR 97501

Olson , John David Iowa City, IA 52242

Wiench, Delane F . Rolla, MO 65401_

Class of 1969

Cooley, Albert Marvin, Jr . Grand Forks, ND 58201

Graebner , Margaret Emily St. Paul, MN 55116

Shimer , Gary R . Washington , DC 20009

Sibley , Richard K. Minneapolis, MN 55406

Class of 1970

Baldwin, Jerry J . ' Fargo, ND 58102

Bearman, Robert Marshal Mission Viejo , CA 92692

Carpenter, Eugene , Jr . Long Beach , CA 90803

Hipp, John Adam Bismarck, ND 58502

Class of 1971

Rodriguez , Manuel A . . Baton Rouge, LA 70805

Scollard, David Michael Hong Kong, FCN Hong Kong

Class of 1972

Horne, Richard N . Pittsburgh , PA 15238

Lass, Roland Nelson Ithaca, MI 48847

Weisenburger , Dennis D . Fair Oaks, CA 95628

Wolseth-Horne , Donna G. Pittsburgh , PA 15212

. Class of 1973

Fossum, Roger Milton APO New York , NY 09105

Grimm, Terrance Earl Honolulu , HI 96826

Hurley, Michael P . Dickinson, ND 58601

Rottschafer , Richard Dale Merrifield , MN 56465

Wirtz , Wayne H. Skokie , IL 60076

Class of 1974

Buckley, Patrick J. Memphis , TN 38114

Votava, Henry J. Fargo , ND 58102

Class of 1976

Berntson , Daniel G. Minneapolis, MN 55419

Spier , Catherine M. Inver Grove Heights, MN 55075

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Class of 1977

Burt, Roy Fairfield , CA 94533

Kaspari, Jon Kevin Grand Forks, ND 58201

Class of 1978

Kilzer, Paul B . St . Louis, MO 63116

Super, Mark A . Chula Vista , CA 92011

Class of 1979

Anderson, Keith A. Sioux Falls , SD 57106

Bollinger , Dwight J . St. Paul, MN 55119

Duncan-Myers, Darcy A . Brentwood, MO 63144

Duncan-Meyers, Jeffrey L . Brentwood, MO 63144

Iverson, Dianne Laurel Grand Forks , ND 58201

Startz, Robert F. Grand Forks, ND 58201

Tiegs , Sue Lyn Los Angeles, CA 90066

Class of 1980

Huss , Linda Jean Fargo, ND 58102

REFERENCES

1. Chandler, E . F. , University of North Dakota History 1882-1942. Un­published Manuscript, Special Collections , Chester Fritz Library , UND, Grand Forks.

2. Chandler, E . F. , University of North Dakota 60-Year History, 1884-1944. Complete Roster, Unpublished Manuscript, Special Collections, Chester Fritz Library, UND , Grand Forks .

3 . Geiger , L. G . , University of the Northern Plains . versity of North Dakota Press , 1958.

Grand Forks, Uni-

4 . North Dakota Medical Association, Medical Milestones in North Dakota, 1956 , Grand Forks, Jones Publishing Company .

5 . Catalogues of the University of North Dakota 1908 to 1949. Office of the Registrar, UND, Grand Forks .

6. Bulletins of the Univez:sity ,of North Dakota School of Medicine 1950 to 1983 . Harley E . French Library, School of Medicine, Grand Forks .

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