PATHOLOGY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Part...
Transcript of PATHOLOGY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Part...
Pathology of the Respiratory System 4: Pneumonia
Shannon Martinson, March 2016 http://people.upei.ca/smartinson/ VPM 222 Systemic Pathology
Review –Classification of Pneumonia
LUNG – PNEUMONIA
Diffuse
Examples of Diseases that Cause Bronchopneumonia in Domestic Animals
Suppurative Bronchopneumonia Fibrinous Bronchopneumonia
LUNG – BRONCHOPNEUMONIA
LUNG – BRONCHOPNEUMONIA - CATTLE
Multifactorial Etiology:
• Environmental factors*
• Crowding, humidity, temperature, air quality, stress
• Viral infection*:
• BRSV
• BPIV-3
• BoHV-1 (IBR)
• Bacterial infection
• Pasteurella multocida*
• Histophilus somni*
• Mycoplasma bovis
• Trueperella pyogenes
• Mannheimia hemolytica
Enzootic Pneumonia of Calves
High morbidity / Low mortality
LUNG – BRONCHOPNEUMONIA - CATTLE
Enzootic Pneumonia of Calves
• Suppurative bronchopneumonia • Should do bacteriologic culture
and virologic testing!
LUNG – BRONCHOPNEUMONIA - CATTLE
Shipping Fever (Pneumonic Mannheimiosis)
Etiology:
• Mannheimia hemolytica (biotype A)
• Part of the normal URT flora
• Impairment of pulmonary defence mechanisms:
• Environmental factors / stress
• Transit, crowding
• Viral infections
Low morbidity / High mortality
LUNG – BRONCHOPNEUMONIA - CATTLE
Fibrinous bronchopneumonia → Sepsis and leukotoxins
Shipping Fever (Pneumonic Mannheimiosis)
LUNG – BRONCHOPNEUMONIA - CATTLE
Shipping Fever (Pneumonic Mannheimiosis)
Coagulative necrosis
LUNG – BRONCHOPNEUMONIA - CATTLE
Other bacteria causing similar lesions:
• Histophilus somni*
• Mycoplasma mycoides ssp. mycoides small colony type
• Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia – exotic / reportable disease
• Often affects the caudal lobes and sequestra are common
Shipping Fever (Pneumonic Mannheimiosis)
LUNG – BRONCHOPNEUMONIA - CATTLE
Mycoplasma bovis
• Necrotizing / Necrosuppurative bronchopneumonia and bronchiectasis
• Dilation and destruction of bronchioles
• Difficult to differentiate grossly from abscesses
Gross images: Dr E Aburto
Lung abscesses
LUNG – BRONCHOPNEUMONIA - CATTLE
Mycoplasma bovis
• Necrotizing / Necrosuppurative bronchopneumonia and bronchiectasis
• Dilation and destruction of bronchioles
• Difficult to differentiate grossly from abscesses
Doesn’t grow on routine culture: Mycoplasma culture or Histology and PCR or IHC
Gross images: Dr E Aburto
LUNG – BRONCHOPNEUMONIA – SHEEP
Ovine Enzootic Pneumonia
Multifactorial Etiology:
• Environmental factors
• Crowding, humidity, temperature, air quality, stress
• Viral infection:
• RSV
• BPIV-3
• Adenovirus
• Bacterial infection
• Mannheimia hemolytica
• Pasteurella multocida
• Mycoplasma ovipneumonia
• Histophilus somni
High morbidity / Low mortality
• Suppurative bronchopneumonia • Should do bacteriologic culture and
virologic testing!
LUNG – BRONCHOPNEUMONIA – SHEEP
Pneumonic Mannheimiosis
• Etiology:
• Mannheimia hemolytica
• Predisposing factors
• Viral infection, Stress
Septicemic Pasteurellosis (previously Mannheimiosis)
Etiology:
• Bibersteinia trehalosi
• Sepsis +/- ulcerative lesions in the esophagus/oral cavity
LUNG – BRONCHOPNEUMONIA - PIGS
Porcine Enzootic Pneumonia
Etiology:
• Mycoplasma hyopneumonia
• Impairment of pulmonary defence mechanisms:
• Environmental factors
• Crowding ammonia, temperature, stress
High morbidity / Low mortality
Mycoplasma hyopneumonia
Suppurative bronchopneumonia
Porcine Enzootic Pneumonia Histology, IHC and PCR for diagnosis
P. multocida is often isolated in suppurative bronchopneumonia of pigs
LUNG – BRONCHOPNEUMONIA - PIGS
Porcine Pleuropneumonia Etiology:
• Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (APP)
• Primary pathogen
• Highly contagious
• 2-5 month old pigs
• Sudden death with blood tinged froth from the nares
• Dyspnea and coughing
High mortality in naïve herds
LUNG – BRONCHOPNEUMONIA - PIGS
• Coagulative necrosis
• Sepsis / Shock
• Sequestrum
Porcine Pleuropneumonia
Images: Cornell Veterinary Medicine
Fibrinous bronchopneumonia • Often dorsocaudal in distribution
LUNG – BRONCHOPNEUMONIA - PIGS
LUNG – BRONCHOPNEUMONIA – DOGS AND CATS
• Most often secondary
• Common bacterial isolates:
• Pasteurella multocida
• Streptococcus spp
• Escherichia coli
• Klebsiella pneumoniae
• Bordetella bronchiseptica
• Streptococcus equi zooepidemicus
• Fatal hemorrhagic pneumonia in dogs
Aspiration Pneumonia
LUNG – BRONCHOPNEUMONIA – ALL SPECIES
Dog Aspiration Pneumonia
LUNG – BRONCHOPNEUMONIA – ALL SPECIES
LUNG – BRONCHOPNEUMONIA – ALL SPECIES
Aspiration Pneumonia
Examples of Diseases that Cause Interstitial Pneumonia in Domestic Animals
LUNG – INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA
Rib Imprints and Elastic Texture
LUNG – INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA
• BPIV-3
• BRSV
• BoHV-1
• Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
• Virologic testing: PCR, FAT, IHC
LUNG – INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA - CATTLE
Viral Pneumonia
• Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis
• Bovine Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema
• Reinfection Syndrome
• BRSV
• Dictyocaulus viviparous
• Inhalation of gases (H2S or NO2)
LUNG – INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA - CATTLE
Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia
Tryptophan
Tryptophan 3-methyl indole (3-MI) in rumen
3-methyl indole (3-MI) in blood to Club cells
LUNG – INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA - CATTLE
Bovine Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema (BPEE) Pathogenesis
LUNG – INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA - CATTLE
Bovine Pulmonary Edema and Emphysema (BPEE)
Edema and Emphysema
Etiology:
• Inhalation of bacterial spores from moldy hay:
• Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula
Pathogenesis:
• Antibody response circulating antibodies Formation and deposition Ag- Ab complexes in air-blood barrier Activation of Complement (C’)
Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis
LUNG – INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA – CATTLE AND HORSES
Etiology:
• Inhalation of bacterial spores from moldy hay:
• Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula
Pathogenesis:
• Antibody response circulating antibodies Formation and deposition Ag- Ab complexes in air-blood barrier Activation of Complement (C’)
Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis
LUNG – INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA – CATTLE AND HORSES
• Equine Influenza*:
• Transient with high morbidity
and low mortality.
• Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis*
• Equine Herpesvirus 1 and 4
• Also neurologic disease and
abortion
• Virologic testing: PCR, FAT, IHC
LUNG – INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA –HORSES
Viral Pneumonia
Others viruses affecting the lung
• Equine Viral Arteritis (Arterivirus)
• Mainly hemorrhage and edema
• African Horse Sickness (Orbivirus)
• Massive pulmonary edema
• Hendra Virus (Henipavirus)
• Edema, vasculitis, thrombosis
• Zoonotic
LUNG – INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA –HORSES
Viral Pneumonia
• Swine Influenza:
• Transient with high morbidity
and low mortality.
• Porcine Reproductive and
Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)
• PRRS virus (Arterivirus)
• PCV-2 Associated Respiratory
Disease
• Porcine Circovirus type-2
Viral Pneumonia
LUNG – INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA – PIGS
Viral Pneumonia
LUNG – INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA – PIGS
Virologic testing: PCR, FAT, IHC
Other causes of interstitial pneumonia in pigs: • Nipah virus • Sepsis
• Salmonella spp. • Ascaris suum migration
• (Hypersensitivity)
Other
LUNG – INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA – PIGS
DOGS • Canine Distemper (Morbillivirus)
• Lesions are more significant in brain
• Canine Parainfluenza
• Canine Adenovirus
• Canine Influenza
Viral Pneumonia
LUNG – INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA – DOGS AND CATS
CATS • Feline rhinotracheitis (FeHV-1)
• Feline Calicivirus
Questions?