Pathogen Information and Management - Texas …...Pathogen Information and Management K.A. Cochran...
Transcript of Pathogen Information and Management - Texas …...Pathogen Information and Management K.A. Cochran...
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Pathogen Information and Management
K.A. CochranAssistant Professor & Extension SpecialistTexas A&M University AgriLife Extension Dept. Plant Pathology & Microbiology
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A disruption of a plant that interferes with normal structure, function, or growth caused by a pathogen (or other factors) leading to development of symptoms.
What is plant disease?
Baudoin, 2007
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Basic disease cycleOverwinter: (plant or vector),
debris, soil
Plant host & Favorable conditions available
Infection‐Pathogen gains
entry & overcomes
plant defenses
Pathogen causes disease symptoms in
plant
Pathogen reproduces &
spreads Some pathogens have a secondary cycle within a single season
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Disease Symptoms & Signs
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Symptoms-changes in plant growth or appearance in response to a pathogen◉ Yellowing◉ Wilting◉ Necrosis ◉ Stunting◉ Galls, witches’ brooming
Sign- direct evidence of the pathogen, such as actual pathogen tissue◉ Fungal tissue, sporulation◉ Bacterial ooze
What are Symptoms vs. Signs?
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Sign vs. Symptom
Symptom: Chlorosis, necrosis, wiltingSign: Acervuli (sporulation of fungi)
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Plant Pathogens & Disease Examples
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Single celled organisms◉ Prokaryotes
Everywhere in environment◉ Only some are pathogenic to
plants
Some pathogenic to humans can survive on plants◉ E. Coli, Listeria sp., others
Most that cause disease in plants won’t make humans sick
Bacteriahttp://erec.ifas.ufl.edu
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UMN Ext. LSU PLPA Blog
MN Dept Ag
ohioline.osu.edu
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Sub-microscopic Many are spread by vectors (insects) Some by mechanical means, seed Yellowing, loss of vigor, death of plant in some cases Best control is vector control, clean practices
Viruses
Peanut leaf ‐TSWV
pnwhandbooks.org
www.agritotal.com
www.apsnet.org
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Microscopic “worms” Infect plants and feed on
nutrients Most are root feeders Sandy or clay soil, different
species
Nematodes
http://cdn.phys.org
www.soilquality.org.auwww.wageningenur.nl http://utahpests.usu.edu
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Basidiomycetes◉ Mushrooms◉ Conks◉ Puffballs◉ Fairy rings
Fungi
Wikipedia.org
ag.umass.edu
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Ascomycete-cup fungi◉ “Imperfect” too◉ Most plant pathogens, but
many important ecosystem members
Fungi
c1.staticflickr.com
www4.uwsp.edu
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Recognize fungi and better understand how it lives & spreads
Fungal Structures
Mycelium, hyphae: Vegetative growth, threadlike structures.
Somatic tissue‐the “body” of fungus.
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webstercountyschools.org
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Fungal Reproductive Structures
commons.wikimedia.org
Acervuli of Colletotrichum
Phomopsispycnidia
www.discoverlife.org
Phomopsispycnidia in stem
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www.missouribotanicalgarden.org
Ascospores Basidiospores
Fungal Spores & Structureswww.cals.ncsu.edu
Perithecia with asci
Wikipedia.org
lifeandscience.org
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Fungal Spores & Structures- Conidia (clones!)
Cliffnotes.com
usyd.edu.au
thegordonlab.net
Conidia are asexual spores, and come in large variety of shapes & sizes
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Sclerotia- tough fungal tissue propagules in plant material/soil lasting years◉ Rhizoctonia solani, others
Other reproductive and survival structures
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Oomycete-water molds◉ Downy Mildew◉ Root rots
◉ Pythium, Phytopthora
Fungus-like microbes
livegpath.cals.cornell.edu
Rutgers.edu
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Oomycete Vs. “true” fungi dispersal
Apsnet.org
webstercountyschools.org
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY‐NC‐ND
Active & passive Passive
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Disease Management
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Basic disease cycle, the triangle, and management
Overwinter: (plant or vector),
debris, soil
Plant host & Favorable conditions available
Infection‐Pathogen
gains entry & overcomes
plant defenses
Pathogen causes disease
symptoms in plant
Pathogen reproduces &
spreads
Opportunities for management at every phase!
Host
PathogenEnvironment
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Resistant or immune plants
Avoidance via cultivation techniques
Exclusion
Protection
Eradication
Therapy
Management Strategies
Prevention
Treatment
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Employing genetics and traits of the plant to naturally resist pathogens
Resistance & Immunity
Direct ◉ Tolerance vs. Resistance
◉ Tolerance=plant can do well in spite of pathogen colonizing some tissues
◉ Resistance= plant prevents disease from occurring on genetic level
Indirect◉ Plant traits such as waxy
cuticle can prevent pathogens from gaining entry
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Avoid disease development by making environment unfavorable for the pathogen with cultivation techniques
◉ Adjusting irrigation method and timing, use of mulch, tillage◉ Different planting sites ◉ Different planting times ◉ Using adapted varieties
Avoidance
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Slide by K. Ong
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Slide by K. Ong
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Slide by K. Ong
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Slide by K. Ong
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What is Integrated Pest Management?
Using multiple disease control approaches to prevent and manage
plant diseases
Focus on prevention by creating an unfavorable
scenario for disease development
Effective, evidence based
Ecologically responsible
Multi‐faceted
Focus on Prevention
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Try to prevent disease- Maintain cultural practices (watering, pruning, etc) that make the environment unfavorable for disease and promotes healthy vigorous plant growth. ◉ Know your host Know what it needs, Stressed plants=disease more likely◉ Drip irrigation to reduce leaf wetness period, prevent & reduce disease
Sanitation: physically remove inoculum sources, tillage◉ Debris, alternate hosts◉ Clean all tools, shoes well.
◉ Bleach (1:10) soak tools in tub, dry
Use least toxic chemical option if needed
Use resistant/ immune selections to prevent disease again
Example of Implementing IPM