past modals

Primární modální slovesa

CAN – COULD (modál) I could play the piano. You could play the piano. He/She could play the

piano. We could play the piano. You could play the piano. They could play the

piano.

I couldn‘t play the piano. You couldn‘t play the

piano. He/She couldn‘t play the

piano. We couldn‘t play the

piano. You couldn‘t play the

piano. They couldn‘t play the

piano

Primární modální slovesa

CAN s hop ost, ož ost – BE

ABLE TO (opis)

MINULÝ ČAS PROSTÝ

I was able to win. You were able to win. He/She was able to win. We were able to win. You were able to win. They were able to win.

I wasn‘t able to win. You weren‘t able to win. He/She wasn‘t able to win. We weren‘t able to win. You weren‘t able to win. They weren‘t able to win.

Primární modální slovesa

CAN s hop ost, ož ost – BE ABLE TO (opis)

Ostatní časy a tvary I have been able to win. předpřítomný čas

I will be able to win. (budoucí)

I want to be able to win. (infinitiv)

I remember being able to win. (gerundium)

Primární modální slovesa

CAN (svolení) – BE ALLOWED TO

(opis) I was allowed to use the

phone. You were allowed to use the

phone. He/She was allowed to use

the phone. We were allowed to use the

phone. You were allowed to use the

phone. They were allowed to use the

phone.

I wasn‘t allowed to use the phone.

You weren‘t allowed to use the phone.

He/She wasn‘t allowed to use the phone.

We weren‘t allowed to use the phone.

You weren‘t allowed to use the phone.

They weren‘t allowed to use the phone.

Primární modální slovesa

CAN (svolení) – BE ALLOWED TO

(opis) Ostatní časy a tvary I have been allowed to use the phone. předpřítomný

čas

I will be allowed to use the phone. (budoucnost)

I want to be allowed to use the phone. (infinitiv)

I remember being allowed to use the phone. (gerundium)

Primární modální slovesa

CAN – COULD/BE ABLE TO/BE

ALLOWED TO 1) Schopnost

Neschopnost

COULD

COULDN‘T

Was/were able to

Was/were not able to

2) Možnost Nemožnost COULD

COULDN‘T

Was/were not able to

Was/were not able to

3) Svolení

Nesvolení

COULD

COULDN‘T

Was/were allowed to

Was/were not allowed to

Přeložte, použijte „could“ e o vhodný opis Uměl jsem jezdit na kole, ale neuměl jsem plavat, když mi

bylo sedm. I could ride a bike, but I couldn t swim when I was seven

years old. Včera jsi mohl jít do divadla s námi, jestli jsi měl čas. Yesterday you could go to the movies with us if you had the

time. Směl ses dívat na televizi, když jsi byl ,malé dítě? Could you/Were you allowed to watch TV when you were

a child? Minulý týden se mi podařilo splnit zkoušku z angličtiny. Last week I was able to pass the English exam.

Primární modální slovesa

MUST – HAVE TO (opis)

HAVE TO:

I had to learn. I did‘t have to learn.

You had to learn. You did‘t have to learn.

He/She had to learn. He /She did‘t have to learn.

We had to learn. We did‘t have to learn.

You had to learn. You did‘t have to learn.

They had to learn. They did‘t have to learn.

Primární modální slovesa

MUST – HAVE TO (opis) Ostatní tvary a časy

I have had to explain the perfect construction many times. předpřítomný čas

I will have to explain the perfect construction. (budoucnost)

It is bad to have to kill a man. (infinitiv)

I remember having to explain the perfect construction .

Primární modální slovesa

MUST – NEED TO (opis) I needed to come early. You needed to come early. He/She needed to come

early. We needed to come early. You needed to come early. They needed to come early.

I didn‘t need to come early. You didn‘t need to come

early. He/She didn‘t need to

come early. We didn‘t need to come

early. You didn‘t need to come

early. They didn‘t need to come

early.

Primární modální slovesa

MUST – NEED TO (opis)

Ostatní časy a tvary

I will need to study hard. (budoucnost)

The producers are likely to need to continue to export. (infinitiv)

A new machine may be needed. (pasivum)

Předminulý čas a gerundium se nepoužívají

Primární modální slovesa

MUST – NEED (modál) V kladném tvaru se používá velmi zřídka: This is the only thing you need do.

Mnohem běžnější použití je v otázkách a záporech: Need I pay now?

You need not worry. You needn t worry.

He need not take the exam. He needn t take the exam.

V americké angličtině se važ na pár frází (např. need I

say more? používá pouze ve formálním a novinářském stylu

Sekundární modální slovesa nepoužíváme opis, ale modální sloveso, za kterým

následuje tzv. dokonavý infinitiv:

mod. sloveso + HAVE + minulé příčestí

COULD/MAY/MIGHT/MUST/SHOULD...+HAVE+ written/been/heard/watched/filled...

Sekundární modální slovesa stále vlastně vyjadřujeme náš současný názor,

současnou jistotu či nejistotu o tom, co už bylo

He must love her very much. - He must have loved her very much.

He can't mean this. - He can't have meant this.

She might not come. - She might not have come.

MUST HAVE done - Určitě to tak

bylo

I must have written the letter.

You must have written the letter.

He/She must have written the letter.

We must have written the letter.

You must have written the letter.

They must have written the letter.

CAN'T, COULDN'T HAVE done -

Určitě ne

I can‘t have spilt the milk.

You can‘t have spilt the milk.

He/She can‘t have spilt the milk.

We can‘t have spilt the milk.

You can‘t have spilt the milk.

They can‘t have spilt the milk.

MAY, MIGHT, COULD - Mož á ano

I may have seen the film.

You may have seen the film.

He/She may have seen the film

We may have seen the film.

You may have seen the film.

They may have seen the film.

SHOULD HAVE done - ěl jsem to

udělat vyjadřujeme lítost nad tím, že jsme něco neudělali

nebo výčitku

I should have studied more.

You should have studied more.

He/She should have studied more.

We should have studied more.

You should have studied more.

They should have studied more.

SHOULDN'T HAVE done - e ěl jsem to dělat/ e ělo se to stát vyjadřuje, že se něco stalo, něco jsme

udělali, ale litujeme toho, říkáme, že to bylo špatně, NEMĚLO TO TAK BÝT:

I shouldn‘t have told him. You shouldn‘t have told him. He/She shouldn‘t have told him. We shouldn‘t have told him. You shouldn‘t have told him. They shouldn‘t have told him.

NEEDN'T HAVE done - nemusel

jsem to dělat/ ylo to z yteč é říkáme, že jsme něco udělali, ale nyní vidíme, že to

bylo zbytečné, nebylo to nutné

I needn't have got up so early.

You needn't have got up so early.

He/She needn't have got up so early.

We needn't have got up so early.

You needn't have got up so early.

They needn't have got up so early.

Rozdíly oproti opisů - SHOULD I was supposed to go there. - Měl jsem tam jít. - očekávali to ode mě, proto jsem tam šel, a nebo nešel. Jde o to, že tím pouze oznamujeme, že v minulosti byla nějaká povinnost.

I should have gone there. - Měl jsem tam jít! - ale nešel, a proto toho nyní lituji

Rozdíly oproti opisů - MUST He had to go there. - Musel tam jít.

- měl povinnost. Nevíme ale, jestli tam šel, nebo ne. Pouze říkáme, že měl tu povinnost.

He must have gone there. - Určitě tam šel. - říkám, že vím jistě, že to tak bylo povinnost však žádnou mít nemusel .

Rozdíly oproti opisů - CAN'T He couldn't go there. - Nemohl tam jít.

- neměl tu možnost, nebo to měl zakázané.

He can't have gone there. - Určitě tam nešel. - říkám, že vím jistě, že se to nestalo.

Rozdíly oproti opisů - SHOULDN'T He wasn't supposed to go there. - Neměl tam

chodit.

- řekli mu, aby tam nechodil, poradili mu to. Nevíme však, jestli tam šel.

He shouldn't have gone there. - Neměl tam chodit.

- ale šel tam, a my mu to vyčítáme.

Rozdíly oproti opisů - NEEDN'T He didn't have to go there. - Nemusel tam chodit. -

nikdo mu to nepřikázal, neměl žádnou povinnost. A buď tam šel, a nebo ne. Pouze říkáme, že měl svobodu tam nechodit.

He needn't have gone there. - Nemusel tam chodit. - šel tam, ale bylo to úplně zbytečné.