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Syllabus outcome5.4.1 Analyses the effects of past, current and emerging

information and software technologies on the individualand society.

OverviewThis chapter provides an overview of past, current and emergingtechnologies. It explores the impact of these technologies onindividuals and society. You will also learn about the effect of thesetechnologies on the environment.

Past, currentand emergingtechnologies

Past, currentand emergingtechnologies

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28 HI Tech: In format ion and Software Techno logy

2.1 Past technologiesThe computer we know today has existed for about sixty years.However, this remarkable machine is built on centuries ofintellectual effort. It developed from our need to count andperform calculations.

Early computing devicesBlaise Pascal is credited as the person who built the first mechanicalcalculator. In 1642, at only 19, he invented a machine made of gears,wheels and cylinders that could be used to add and subtract. Hecalled it the Pascaline. There were only fifty Pascalines built becauseaccountants feared the machines might do away with their jobs.

Joseph-Marie Jacquard sought to automate the repetitive workon looms by weavers. In 1805 he perfected an automatic loomingmachine that used a stiff card with a series of holes, called a punchcard. The Jacquard loom met with opposition from workers whofeared losing their jobs. A group of people called the Ludditessmashed new textile machinery in 1812.

Charles Babbage is considered to be the father of the moderncomputer. He was born in 1791. During the 1820s he designed amachine called the Difference Engine to calculate mathematicaltables to twenty decimal places. In 1834 he designed the first digitalcomputer called the Analytical Engine (see Figure 2.1). It consistedof a storage unit that could hold 1000 figures of fifty digits each,and an arithmetic calculator. It was controlled by punched cards, an

idea he took from theJacquard loom.

Charles Babbagethought of almosteverything that was everneeded for a computer—input data, process andstore data, and produceoutput. Unfortunately itwas too advanced for theengineers of the end ofthe nineteenth centuryand only part of thismachine was evercompleted. It was not

Figure 2.1 Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine

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Ada AugustaByron was the only legitimatedaughter of thepoet Lord Byron.Her relationshipwith CharlesBabbage wasregarded ascontroversial.

292 Past , cur rent and emerg ing techno log ies

until his writings were rediscovered in 1937 that his great geniuswas appreciated.

Ada Augusta Byron (or Countess Lovelace) was one of the greatwomen of computing. She helped Babbage to adjust and correctsome of the problems in his work and her notes on Babbage’sworks were accepted for publication in the book Taylor’s ScientificMemoirs. Ada Augusta Byron is dubbed the world’s firstprogrammer because she developed the idea to repeat a set ofinstructions over and over again, in what is now called a loop.

Herman Hollerith worked for the United States census bureau.In 1886 Hollerith developed a tabulating device based on CharlesBabbage’s punch card system. It collected and tabulated data using80-column punched cards and was first used in the 1890 census.Hollerith continued to develop tabulating machines and hisTabulating Machine Company became a division of the companylater re-named IBM.

Howard Aiken worked with IBM. In 1939 he constructed a fullyautomatic calculator called the Mark I. It was 17 metres by 2.5metres and contained three million electrical connections and 805kilometres of wire. The Mark I was an electromechanical machineand could perform four basic operations. Input was entered onpunched cards and output recorded on an electric typewriter. Itcould perform three calculations per second and could store up toseventy-two numbers.

Early electronic computersThe first electronic digital computer was the Colossus. It was built inEngland by a team of mathematicians headed by Alan Turing.Colossus was operationalin 1943 and successfullybroke German militarycodes. It contained 1500vacuum tubes. A vacuumtube is a glass tube thatsurrounds an empty spaceor vacuum with anelectric current flowingthrough it.

ENIAC (ElectronicNumerical Integrator andCalculator) was completedin 1946 by John Presper Figure 2.2 ENIAC was completed in 1946


‘Computers in thefuture may weighno more than 1.5 tons.’ A sciencemagazinepredicting therapid developmentsin technology in 1949.


Eckert and John William Mauchly (see Figure 2.2). It was 30 metreslong, 3 metres high and contained 18 000 vacuum tubes. ENIACwas a great success for its time and was used by the military forcalculations relating to rockets. It was able to perform over 5000operations per second. However, the vacuum tubes created verylarge amounts of heat. This resulted in a malfunction every 15minutes.

Another great pioneer of computing was John von Neumannwho, in 1946, led the development of EDVAC (Electronic DiscreteVariable Automatic Computer). It could store both instructions anddata in its memory. Von Neumann then went on to find newapplications for computers and he helped scientists such as RobertOppenheimer and Edward Teller at Los Alamos apply them toatomic bomb research.

In 1951, UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) wasdesigned by Eckert and Mauchly and delivered to the United Statesof America Bureau of Census. It was the first commerciallyavailable electronic computer. It could process both numerical andalphabetical calculations with ease.

Grace Hopper developed the first compiler in 1952. She alsoconceived the idea of a programming language based on Englishthat led to the development of COBOL. Grace Hopper is regardedas one of the great pioneers of programming.

Jim Backus of IBM developed a high-level language calledFORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) in 1954. It resembles thesymbolism used in mathematics and has undergone continueddevelopment.

William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain from BellLaboratories developed the first transistor in 1947. In 1958 thetransistor was used in a computer, and greatly increased thecomputer’s processing speed to 10 000 operations per second, aswell as reducing the size of the computer.

BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is ahigh-level programming language designed by John Kemeny andThomas Kurtz in 1964. It is a useful language to teachprogramming concepts.

The integrated circuit consists of hundreds of electroniccomponents such as transistors, resistors and capacitors packed ona small piece of silicon wafer. Computers made after 1966 that usedthis technology were smaller, more reliable, cheaper and able towork at high speed (100 million calculations per second).



The programming language called C was created at BellLaboratories in the United States by Dennis Ritchie in 1972. It wasdesigned for structured programming and use with the UNIXoperating system.

In 1975 the first popular personal computer called the Altairwas advertised in Popular Electronics for $395. The machine had nomemory, no keyboard, no display, and no printer. Input was via abank of switches on the front panel and output was via a row oflight-emitting diodes (LEDs).

The first personal computer to grab the public’s imaginationwas the Apple. It was put together by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobsin a garage to show to members of their computer club (see Figure2.3). The Apple was made at home, but unlike any other personalcomputer at that time it contained everything in the one package.In 1977 the Apple II was produced and it is described as the firstpersonal computer that almost anyone could use. It contained the6502 8-bit microprocessor, with 4 kilobytes of RAM and a cassetterecorder for secondary storage. In 1983, the Apple IIe was releasedoffering 128 kilobytes of RAM.

In 1981 IBM released the first high-powered personal computer.It was called the IBM PC and had an open architecture, whichmeant that others could copy its method of operation. It offered 16kilobytes of RAM expandable to 64 kilobytesand was based on the Intel 8088microprocessor. Microsoft wascommissioned to design the operatingsystem that became known as MS-DOS. In1984, IBM introduced the AT based on theIntel 80286 microprocessor and a 16-bitdata bus. In 1986, Intel introduced the80386 microprocessor with a 32-bit data busand the ability to address 4 gigabytes ofRAM. In 1989, Intel produced the 80486microprocessor with over a milliontransistors.

The Macintosh computer was first releasedby Apple in 1984. It was one of the firstpersonal computers to feature a graphical userinterface (GUI) and use a mouse. The firstMacintosh model used a Motorola 68000 32-bit microprocessor and 128 kilobytes of RAM. Figure 2.3 Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs

built the first Apple computer



More successful models were the Macintosh 512, Macintosh SE,featuring a hard disk, and the Macintosh II, which offered openarchitecture.

Exercise 2.11 What am I?

a First mechanical calculator.b First electronic digital computer.c First commercially available

electronic computer.d First popular personal computer.

2 Copy and complete the followingsentences:a Joseph-Marie Jacquard

invented the _______.b _______ developed a tabulating

device that was used in the1890 census.

c EDVAC could store both _______and data in its memory.

d Microsoft designed an operating system called _______ for the IBM PC.

3 What person invented these computers?a Analytical Engineb Mark Ic ENIACd Apple II

4 a What contribution did Ada Augusta Byron make to thedevelopment of computers?

b Describe the effect on computers that the invention of theintegrated circuit had.

c Describe the specifications of the IBM PC released in 1981.d Describe the difference between the 80286 and 80386 processors.e What is the importance of the Macintosh computer in the

history of computers?

Development5 Charles Babbage is regarded as the father of the modern computer.

Do research to find more information about Charles Babbage.Write a report that describes Charles Babbage’s contribution to themodern computer.

6 Construct a table that summarises the history of the computer. Thetable should consist of two columns. One column for the year ofthe invention and another column describing the invention. Sortthe table chronologically on year.

ICT 2.1



2.2 Current technologiesCurrent technology is an essential tool in today’s informationsociety. It is a digital revolution. All types of information, such astext, graphics, audio, video or animation, are represented in theform of digits or numbers. This data is converted to binary digitsand transmitted using different technological devices over globalnetworks. Advances in compression techniques have allowedcomputers to find, store and transmit massive amounts ofinformation. Broadband and the use of optical fibres have vastlyincreased the speed and volume of information transmission.

The digital revolution has resulted in a merging of technologies.Computer and communication technology have joined together.Most people purchase a computer with the intention of connectingto the Internet. Mobile phones may connect to the Internet andperform many of the functions of a computer (see Figure 2.4).Radio, television and the Internet are converging.There are an increasing number of websites on theInternet that provide radio and video broadcasts.Digital television merges communication, televisionand computer technologies.

We are also experiencing a network revolution. Anetwork is a number of computers and theirperipheral devices connected together in some way.Networks are classified as local area networks or widearea networks:• Local area networks (LANs) connect computers

within a building or group of buildings on onesite. LANs are in a small geographical area andthe computers are linked together by coaxialcable, fibre optic cable or a wireless hub. Theyimprove communication and allow the sharing ofhardware and software.

• Wide area networks (WANs) connect computersover hundreds or thousands of kilometres. TheInternet is a WAN that links computers all overthe world. The World Wide Web (www) andemail are services provided by the Internet thathave massively changed to our lives. Thesechanges are so wide-ranging that it is difficult toimagine our society without the Internet.

Figure 2.4 Some mobile phonescan now be used to connect to theInternet



Impact of information technologyInformation technology is having a fundamental impact on oursociety. There can be little doubt that it has made our society moreefficient and raised the standard of living of most people.Organisations have used information technology to save time,reduce effort, increase output, develop new products and,ultimately, save money. Individuals have benefited in many differentways. For example, technology has provided better goods andservices, improved the range and quality of health care andexpanded the types of recreational activities. Informationtechnology has impacted in a wide range of areas and jobs, such asthose briefly described below:• Banking has been enhanced by the means of plastic cards,

automatic teller machines (ATMs) and electronic funds transfer atpoint of sale (EFTPOS). Internet banking allows customers to viewtheir account balances and transaction histories, transfer moneybetween accounts and pay bills using BPAY (see Figure 2.5).

• Shops use a point of sale (POS) system to efficiently processtransactions. A bar code reader is used to enter data. Productdescription and price is displayed on the cash register andreceipt. The system also maintains a stock inventory.

• Electronic commerce (e-commerce) allows commercialtransactions to be carried out electronically using a credit ordebit card. Internet shopping allows organisations to sell theirgoods and services on a global scale.

• Offices use a range of software applications such as wordprocessors, spreadsheets and databases. People are expected tobe proficient with these software tools.

• Printing and publishing industries are dependent on desktoppublishing programs. Technology has revolutionised the waydocuments are published.

Figure 2.5 The Internet has revolutionised banking for many people

Tutorial


• Electronic newspapers can email subscribers a page of newsheadlines on the areas they nominate. Each item of text islinked to the full story on a website.

• Education has made widespread use of information technology.Teachers and students have access to current information fromthe Internet and a range of software to improve learning.

• Governments store and analyse huge amounts of informationusing information technology. It allows them to provide servicesto the community and plan for the future.

• Communication involves the widespread use of voice mail,facsimile, mobile phones, pagers, email and videoconferencing.Information is accessed from the Internet.

• Scientists use information technology to automatically collectexperimental data and develop possible solutions toenvironmental problems.

• Designers use computer aided design (CAD) software toproduce drawings of products. It allows them to visualise theproduct in many different ways.

• Electrical engineers use sophisticated programs to quicklydesign circuits for appliances and for integrated circuits.Technology not only helps them draw the circuits but alsocalculates the currents and voltages at key points in the circuit.

• Pilots use flight control systems to guideaircraft to their destinations (see Figure2.6). Sensors are used to monitor theaircraft’s position, speed and otherinformation needed by the pilot.

• Managers are dependent oninformation technology to providedata about purchasing materials,stock inventory, sales, payroll, orders,or budgets.

• Travel agents use travel bookingsoftware to check availability and tobook holidays for customers.

• Doctors use expert systems to help diagnose a patient’s illnessand recommend possible treatment. Robotic devices are used insurgery and three-dimensional computer images target specificparts in the body.

• Farmers use stock management systems to keep detailed recordsof animals. They often make use of portable computers tocollect data in the field.


Figure 2.6 Pilots use flight control systems toprovide vital information



IssuesWhen new information technology is introduced the impact is notalways positive. There are often benefits for some people and negativeeffects for others. For example, ATMs are a convenient technology formany people, however, there are some groups—such as the elderly—who may have difficulty with the technology. Some people do notenjoy using the technology and prefer a more personal service. ATMshave also changed the way bank employees work.

Information technology benefits society but it may be adisadvantage for an individual. For example, if the new informationtechnology increases productivity it often leads to staff redundancies.It has forced people to learn new skills. Individuals need access toinformation and to be proficient in the latest technologies. If people areincapable or not given access to information they will be disadvantaged.

We need to ensure all parts of society, including Aboriginal andindigenous people, have the same access to information technologyas other Australians. Satellite technology has enabled someAboriginals in remote communities to communicate with eachother. However, many Aboriginal and indigenous people have nothad the opportunity to learn or use information technology.

Information technology has heightened a range of ethical issuesfor people directly or indirectly involved with the technology. Theseissues include copyright, piracy, privacy, security, accuracy of data,changing nature of work, appropriate information use, equity andhealth concerns. These issues present society with huge challengesand will be discussed throughout this book.

Project: EfragranceEfragrance is a new business that sells perfume on the Internet. Itcurrently has eighty brands and a database of 1000 potentialcustomers. The owner of Efragrance requires an advertising campaignto promote the business. Jackson Hughes is a consultant who has beencontracted to solve the problem. The problem was solved using thefour stages in project development.

• Define and analyse the problem: Jackson discussed advertisingideas for Efragrance with the owner. He investigated all currentmethods of selling perfume. Customers were surveyed on thecurrent level of service. A project plan was written and submittedto the owner.

• Design possible solutions: Jackson wrote a feasibility report thatrecommended increased advertising on the Web, newsletters withdiscounts for regular customers and a warehouse to process the



increased number of perfume brands. A recommendation to use banner advertisement was approved by the owner.

• Produce the solution: An advertising banner was createdand published on Yahoo! and ninemsm. A warehousewas leased to store the perfume, package it andsend orders to customers. Additional brands wereadded to the database. Customers were targetedeach month with offers relevant to theirpreferred perfume using email, free delivery anddiscounts.

• Evaluate the solution: Efragrance has grownto over 20 000 customers and a turnover inexcess of a million dollars. It now sells 350different brands including many perfumesthat are not available in department storesor are yet to be released in Australia.Perfumes are kept to a minimum bymaintaining an accurate inventory.

Tasks1 Design a banner advertisement that would be appropriate for this

project.

2 Create a prototype of a newsletter that could be used by Efragrance.

Exercise 2.21 True or false?

a Broadband and the use of optical fibres have decreased thespeed and volume of information transmission.

b Computer and communication technology have joinedtogether.

c Internet banking allows customers to view their accountbalances and transaction histories.

d The impact of information is always positive.2 Copy and complete the following by replacing the letter in brackets

with a suitable term:Shops use a (a) system to efficiently process transactions. Printingand publishing industries are dependent on (b). Designers use (c)software to produce drawings of products. Doctors use (d) to helpdiagnose a patient’s illness and recommend a possible treatment.

3 Unjumble these words:a ildtaigb gimnergc twnrkeo



Research isunderway todevelop plasticchips that arestronger and moreenergy efficientthan silicon chips.

4 a Describe some of the ways computer and communicationtechnologies are merging.

b Explain the difference between a LAN and a WAN.c What is electronic commerce?d How do scientists use information technology?e What is a flight control system?f How can information technology be a disadvantage for an

individual?

Development5 ‘Information technology and the use of the Internet will produce

the paperless office.’ Do research into the paperless office. Describethe concept of the paperless office. Do you agree with thisstatement? Give reasons for your answer.

6 Collect ten news articles in the next two weeks on the impact ofinformation technology. Categorise the articles as positive ornegative. Briefly summarise one positive and one negative article.

2.3 Emerging technologiesEmerging technologies consist of ideas that have just started toappear. Embedded intelligence is an emerging technology that willbe further developed in the next few years. It has already beenincluded in most consumer devices such as cameras, DVD players,microwaves and motor vehicles. Embedded intelligence effectivelyputs a computer into a device. The device performs its specialisedfunction but hides the technology from the user. Researchers aredesigning new products with improved embedded intelligence. Forexample, an ‘artificial passenger’ is being developed for a motorvehicle. It carries on conversations and watches for signs of fatigue.If it senses tiredness the passenger changes the music, opens awindow or sprays the driver with cold water.

Researchers are including computers everywhere. People will beequipped with intelligent devices. These devices could be part ofyour clothing. Wearable computers will have a central processingunit (CPU) and keyboard stitched into the garment and aneyeglass-monitor for display. In addition to current tasks, wearablecomputers will be able to open doors, have rooms greet people bytheir name, automatically forward telephone calls and providecontinuous access to the Internet.

Nanotechnology is an emerging technology that has resultedfrom the ongoing trend in miniaturisation. Miniaturisation is theprocess of making a product smaller. For example, improvements

ICT 2.2



in integrated circuits are theresult of increasing thenumber of smallercomponents.Nanotechnology takesminiaturisation to anotherlevel. It is able to buildmachines that are only a fewbillionths of a metre (seeFigure 2.7). Nanomachinesare constructed atom byatom using processes drawnfrom molecular biology. Ifsuccessful, computers builtusing nanotechnology wouldbe billions of times fasterthan today’s computers.

Environmental considerationsIt is argued by many people that we need to look after ourenvironment if we are going to survive in the next century.Information technology is having an impact on the environment byincreasing the consumption of fossil fuels, building mountains ofwaste and producing toxic chemicals in the manufacture ofintegrated circuits. We have limited natural resources and must takesteps to preserve our environment for the next generation.

RecyclingConsumers have demanded that manufacturers build computersthat are energy efficient and recyclable. They want a ‘green PC’ thatis quiet, made of recycled plastics and can operate on less powerthan a light bulb. The ‘green PC’ should be designed with the aimof reducing waste and chemical emissions. Some ways of makingthe ‘green PC’ include:• packaging it from recycled cardboard that is CFC

(chlorofluorocarbon) free• ensuring that the plastic casing is easily removable so that it can

be recycled into roof tiles or new PCs• providing instruction manuals made from the minimum

amount of recycled paper or using onscreen manuals• developing the PC using products that are water-based and CFC

free

Figure 2.7 Nanotechnology will mean much faster computers inthe future



• using recyclable paper andcartridges for printers

• using recyclable batteries.Personal computers are greenif they use power schemes (seeFigure 2.8). Standby mode is astate in which the computerconsumes less power when itis idle, but remains availablefor immediate use. It shutsdown the devices that use themost power, such as themonitor and the disk drive.Standby mode startsautomatically at apredetermined time intervalor is selected using theStandby command.

Portable computers are theideal green machine. They are

engineered to use as littleenergy as possible so that battery time is maximised. Portablecomputers also use LCD screens. LCD screens use far less powerand are much cleaner to manufacture than CRT screens commonlyused in personal computers.

The introduction of computers has yet to produce the paperlessoffice. Paper consumption from printers is destroying forests andincreasing consumption of fossil fuels. We need to reduce ourdependence on paper and, where appropriate, only use theelectronic version of a document. Many people predicted that theuse of email and the Internet would reduce paper consumption.Unfortunately this has not been the reality.

In addition to building green PCs, consumers are demandingthat their software be environmentally friendly. Software companiescan use recycled paper for their packaging, documentation,manuals, disk labels, brochures and envelopes. Furthermore, thereis no need for software packages to come in huge boxes containingpadding and cardboard. Online help has replaced the need for largeprinted manuals.

Figure 2.8 Power schemes



Exercise 2.31 True or false?

a Most consumer devices have embedded intelligence.b Information technology is decreasing the consumption of fossil

fuels.c Portable computers are the ideal green machine.d Computers have resulted in the paperless office.

2 What am I?a Emerging technology that puts a computer into a device.b The process of making a product smaller.c Machines that are constructed atom by atom using the

processes drawn from molecular biology.d The state in which the computer consumes less power when it is

idle.3 Copy and complete the following sentences:

a _______ computers will have a CPU and keyboard stitched intothe garment.

b Consumers are demanding computers that are more energyefficient and _______.

c LCD screens use far less power than _______ screens.d Paper consumption from _______ is destroying our forests.

4 a Describe some of the tasks performed by wearable computers.b Compare the speed of today’s computer with a computer built

with nanotechnology.c Describe the effect of information technology on the

environment.d List some of the ways of making the green PC.e How can software be environmentally friendly?

Development5 New technology is constantly

emerging. Do research to find two recent technologicaldevelopments. Outline thesedevelopments. Predict theimpact of this technology on our society.

6 Information technology is a major environmentalproblem. Do research to findany recent improvements orconcerns regarding theimpact of informationtechnology on the environment.Write a summary of your research.



Part A: Multiple choice questionsSelect the alternative (a), (b), (c) or (d)that best answers the question.

1 Who built the first mechanicalcalculator?a Howard Aikenb Blaise Pascalc Joseph Jacquardd Herman Hollerith

2 Who was responsible for developinga loop?a Charles Babbageb John von Neumannc Ada Augusta Byrond William Shockley

3 Which of the following is a majordevelopment that used a small pieceof silicon wafer?a Integrated circuitb Transistorc Vacuum tubesd Electronic integrator

4 Which of these alternatives isdescribed as the first personalcomputer that almost anyone coulduse?a IBM PCb Altairc MS-DOSd Apple II

5 Which of the following allowsorganisations to sell their goods andservices on a global scale?a Internet bankingb Internet shoppingc Websited Web browser

6 Which of the following statements isincorrect?a Information technology has had a

negative impact for some peopleb Governments store and analyse

huge amounts of informationc Farmers often make use of

portable computers to collect datain the field

d EFTPOS is used by pilots to guideaircraft to their destination

7 Which of the following is an ethicalissue that has not been heightenedby information technology?a Piracyb Securityc Copyrightd Digital

8 Which of the following is softwarethat has revolutionised the waydocuments are published?a Desktop publishingb Databasec CAD softwared Electronic newspapers

9 Which of the following does nothave a positive impact on theenvironment?a Using CRT screensb Using recyclable plastic casingc Using LCD screensd Using onscreen manuals

10 Reducing paper consumption woulddo which of the following?a Increase our consumption of fossil

fuelsb Preserve our forestsc Have minimal impact on the

environmentd Build a mountain of waste



Part B: Matching the termFor each of the following statements (1 to 10), select from the list of terms (a to j)the one that most closely fits the statement.

Statements 1 First commercially available electronic

computer

2 First electronic digital computer

3 First popular personal computer

4 One of the first personal computersto feature a GUI

5 Computers that are connected withina building or group of buildings onone site

6 Computers connected over hundredsor thousands of kilometres

7 Current technology used by banks

8 Current technology used by shops

9 Emerging technology that usesprocesses developed from molecularbiology

10 Emerging technology that effectivelyputs a computer into a device

Terms a Altairb ATMc Colossusd Embedded technologye LAN

f Macintoshg Nanotechnologyh POSi UNIVACj WAN

Part C: Extended response questionsWrite at least one paragraph for each of the following.

1 ENIAC was an importantdevelopment in the history ofcomputers. Describe the appearanceof ENIAC. What was one of the majorproblems with this computer?

2 Outline the contribution made bySteve Wozniak and Steve Jobs to thehistory of computers.

3 Our society is involved in a digitalrevolution. What is the digitalrevolution? Give some examples toexplain your answer.

4 Describe some of the recent changesin banking that have resulted frominformation technology.

5 Embedded intelligence is anemerging technology. What isembedded technology? Describesome of the new productsresearchers are designing that useembedded technology.

6 How can information technology bemade more environmentally friendly?

e Tester



Project: Computer historyCreate a display on a prominent person in computing history or an importantcomputer development. The display should contain:

• a brief description of the contribution of the particular person or developmentin computing

• reasons for the particular invention

• any limitations it may have.

Students are expected to research their topic from a number of different sourcesand summarise their results. The display can take a variety of forms, such as a worddocument, poster or Microsoft PowerPoint presentation. However, it must bedeveloped using appropriate software and should contain relevant graphics.


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