passport handbook - Site Safe · passport handbook your guide to health And safety. 16 health and...

passport handbook

www.sitesafe.org.nz

your guide to health And safety

16 health and safety representatives

18 health

contents08 risk management

10 identifying hazards

14 reporting hazards

26 safety

Risk Matrix 09

Hierarchy of Controls 15Controlling hazards 15

Toolbox Talks / Health and Safety Meetings 17

Confined Space 28Electricity 31

Lockout and Tagout 33Excavations 34Falsework 36Hot works 38Ladders 40Manual Handling 41Mobile Elevating Work Platform 44

Noise 21Fatigue in Construction 19

Hazardous Products and Substances 23Safety Data Sheets (SDS) 25

7 point analysis 13Step back 5x5 12Task Analysis/SWMS 12

Actuated Tools 26

06 about site safeTraining 06Membership 06NZ Certificate in Workplace Health & Safety 07

66 personal protective equipment (ppe)

78 legislation basics

86 safety culture

93 your training record

Eye Protection 67

Slinging and Rigging 56

Gloves 69

Key Concepts 78

Working at Height (General) 58

Hard Hats 70

Responsibilities 80

Working in Occupied Buildings 60

Hearing Protection 71

PCBU 80

Working on the Road 61

Hi-Vis Clothing 74

Officers 80

Benefits of Health and Safety 88

Working with Bitumen 63

Face Shields 68

Workers 81

Fork in the Road 89

Respirators 76

Notifiable Events 84

The Triangle 90

Safety Harnesses 77

Hierarchy of Legislation 85

Make your conversation matter / action plan 91Nice One Mate! 92

Mobile Plant 48Outdoor Maintenance/Mowing Operations 51Scaffolds 53

6 7

about site safe

About this booklet This booklet is designed as a takeaway resource for those who have completed Site Safe training. It is a handy guide for the basics of keeping safe on construction sites.

About Site SafeSince it was formed in 1999, Site Safe has been influential in creating a positive change in the Health and Safety culture of New Zealand’s construction industry.Our overarching goal is for the industry to be proud to be safe.To do this, we provide education and resources on best practice systems and behaviours known to improve on-site Health and Safety.

TrainingYour site access card will expire two years from the date you completed your Site Safe training.

Site Safe offers a range of renewal options once you have completed your Foundation Passport. These include a range of specialist Passport Plus options such as, height awareness and health awareness. This means you avoid repeating the course.Check out our website for the full range of options.

MembershipYou can support safety in your organisation by joining your business as a Member.

Some of the benefits include:

› significant discount on the price of training

› access to current Health and Safety information and advice

› regular mailouts, including Safety Insite, as well as many other industry publications

› access to Regional Safety, Health, and Environment Advisors

› access to member-only resources from the Site Safe website

› recognition of your commitment to safety

› promotional material including Membership

› certificate, Member stickers and posters, and use of the ‘Member of Site Safe’ logo and more…

Contact Site Safe’s Membership Coordinator by emailing [email protected] or phoning 0800 748 372.

Health & Safety in Construction programmeSite Safe’s Health and Safety in Construction programme provides you with essential health and safety training you need to make a difference at work. Completing this programme will award you with a New Zealand Qualification Authority (NZQA) recognised New Zealand Certificate in Workplace Health and Safety Practice (Level 3).

To complete the programme, you’ll need a minimum of 40 Site Safe programme credits. These are earned by completing Site Safe courses, and/or submitting workplace evidence.By completing the Health & Safety in Construction programme you will:

› Become a Health and Safety leader

› Develop your career and skills

› Demonstrate your commitment to health and safety training

› Proudly stand for health and safety in the New Zealand construction industry

› Develop an in-depth knowledge of workplace health and safety requirements and contribute to the wider construction industry in New Zealand

ScholarshipsEvery year Site Safe offer scholarships to those who demonstrate a commitment to leadership in Health and Safety.

8 9

risk matrixrisk management

What is a Hazard?A hazard is something that can harm you and others. Examples: slip or fall, struck-by object, electric shock, noise etc What is Risk?Risk arises from people being exposed to a hazard (a source of harm). The level of risk is determined by the combination of;

› the likelihood of a hazardous event occurring

› the severity of the injury/illness What is Risk Management?Risk management is simply the process of:

› Identifying hazards

› Assessing the level of risk posed by these hazards

› Implementing controls to eliminate or minimise these risks, and monitoring the effectiveness of these controls.

Risk Assessment Matrix is one tool that can be used to help assess risk in your workplace.

10 11

identifying hazards

Identifying hazards involves paying attention to details. The drawing shows two workers at risk of injury while working on a roof. There are 12 deliberate hazards shown in the drawing – what are they?

(1) Workers not wearing hard hats (2) No edge protection on roof to stop materials falling off (3) Roof ladder not long enough (4) Access ladder too short and tied to gutter (5) Manual handling (6) Unprotected skylight (7) Worker kneeling on fragile roof materials (8) Workers not wearing suitable clothing (9) Loose tools in bag likely to fall out onto people below (10) Carrying tools up ladder (11) Only one hand available to steady the worker on the ladder (12) No safe access onto roof.

What are some ways of identifying hazards and risks?

› Safety Inspection / Audit

› Step Back 5x5 (ref pg.12)

› 7 Point Analysis (ref pg.12)

Can you think of any others?

12 13

task analysis/swms step back 5x5

What is a Task Analysis / Safe Work Method Statement (SWMS)? A Task Analysis / SWMS is a safety planning tool. Identify your project task or activity and:

› Identify specific steps for the activity

› Anticipate and identify hazards for each step

› Determine the risk rating for each hazard

› Determine the most appropriate and effective controls for each hazard

› Implement and monitor the controls

What is Step Back 5x5?Step Back 5x5 is a method used to identify hazards onsite. Step back five paces from the job and spendfive minutes planning. Think and observe your surroundings. Step through the work in your mind and begin only when the work can be done safely

Ask yourself:

› What will I be doing?

› What are the hazards?

› What equipment and plant do I need?

› How can I get hurt?

› What if something unexpected happens?

7 point analysis

For further information please refer to our Passport Handbook resource library by scanning the QR

To identify hazards on site, ask yourself: Can I:

3. Be struck by or strike against anything?

6. Be injured by poor job/plant design? 7. Strain or sprain a

muscle?

1. Come in contact with an energy source?

5. Slip, trip or fall on the same or lower level?

4. Be caught in, on or between anything?

2. Come in contact with a hazardous substance?

14

reporting hazards

What are some ways of reporting hazards and risks?

› Induction

› Verbal one-on-one discussions

› Hazard and Incident Registers

› Task Analysis / Safe Work Method Statements

› Toolbox Talks

› Safety meetings and committees

Can you think of any others?

15

controlling hazards

A control measure is any measure taken to eliminate or minimise risk. When controlling most hazards and risks, the better the controls used, the lower the level of risk.

16 17

health and safety representatives

What is a Health and Safety Representative?Health and Safety Representatives are knowledgeable about Health and Safety matters, and are aware of the rights and responsibilities of everyone in the workplace.

If your company has an elected Health and Safety Representative make sure you know who that person is, as you can go to them for advice if something concerns you.

toolbox talks / health and safety meetings

What are Health and Safety meetings all about?Toolbox talks / meetings should be held regularly onsite / in the workplace, to inform everyone on Health and Safety. Everyone should be encouraged to participate by raising Health and Safety issues for discussion.

You should attend, become involved and have your say.

Tips for running your toolbox talks:

› Arrange a suitable meeting location

› Actively involve the workers to get their input

› Use props and visual aids

› Review your Task Analysis

› Talk about problems or incidents

› Recognise safe performance

› Encourage feedback

18 19

health

How many deaths are caused by exposure to Health Hazards in New Zealand?

› Construction workers are 20 to 30 times more likely to die of workplace ill-health than a workplace safety incident

› 600 to 900 people die from occupational disease every year

› An estimated 170 people die of asbestos-related diseases each year

› 30,000 people develop serious but non-fatal work-related ill-health What are Health Hazards? A health hazard is an agent or activity that poses a potential hazard to your health.

Examples:

› Chemical risks: liquids, gases, vapours

› Physical risks: sun, noise, dust, fibres

› Biological risks: TB, HIV, hepatitis, blood borne pathogens, bacteria

› Ergonomic risks: lifting, repeated movements and tool or workplace design and layout

› Psychosocial risks: stress and fatigue, coping at home or work and physical or mental exhaustion

Health hazards can be hard to identify because often you can’t see them, and they could take a long time to cause harm.

fatigue in construction

What is fatigue?Fatigue is a state of physical and/or mental exhaustion which reduces a person’s ability to perform work safely and effectively. Fatigue reduces alertness. This may lead to errors, and an increase in workplace incidents and injuries.

There are various causes of fatigue, some of them inter-related. These include:

› Work schedules: Hours of work, night work and shift work (including breaks between shifts): Long work hours, irregular work hours, and schedules that require night work can cause fatigue. These schedules limit the time for a person to physically and mentally recover from work. Working at night interrupts the natural sleeping rhythm, which can cause fatigue.

› Sleep disruption: Everyone needs a particular amount of sleep to stay alert and perform well. People generally need between 7.5 and 9 hours of sleep a night. The most beneficial sleep is deep, undisturbed

and taken in a single continuous period. When the length and quality of sleep each day is disrupted, fatigue may result.

› Environmental conditions: Climate extremes (such as working outside in winter), noise and handling vibrating tools place demands on workers and increase fatigue.

› Physical and mental work demands: Construction work can be physically demanding which can increase fatigue. Mental demands can also increase fatigue, such as tasks that require periods of intense concentration.

› Emotional well-being: Work events can be emotionally tiring and increase fatigue, such as regular criticism or the pressure to complete a task to a deadline. Non-work events can also cause distress and lead to fatigue - for example: when a person faces the loss of a loved one or tries to resolve personal conflicts.

20 21

noise

How do you know when noise is a problem at your workplace?Many construction tasks, tools and equipment produce high noise levels, which can lead to hearing problems. If you have to raise your voice to have a normal conversation when standing about a metre apart, for at least part of the day, then noise levels on the site could be damaging your hearing.There could also be a problem if there are sudden extreme loud noises on the site, such as from cartridge operated tools; or if at the end of the day you notice that your hearing is muffled or your ears are ringing. Refer to page 71 regarding hearing protection

fatigue in construction

How can I minimise fatigue?

› Sleep: People generally need between 7.5 and 9 hours of sleep a night to maintain health and alertness. Adequate, good quality sleep is essential to maintain and restore full physical and mental functioning. It is the only way to recover from fatigue. If it is hard to get good-quality sleep, try: keeping a regular sleep schedule by going to sleep and waking up at the same time daily; sleeping in a dark room; avoiding using electronics directly before sleep; eliminating noise; not eating large meals directly before sleep; exercising regularly; changing to a different bed. Look at sleep-specific websites for more advice. If that does not work, consult a sleep expert.

› Take breaks during and between shifts: Use this rest and recovery time appropriately to restore energy and alertness.

› Nutrition: Eat a balanced diet, particularly foods that provide a steady release of energy throughout the day (e.g. whole grains). Drink sufficient amounts of fluid.

› Stimulants: Coffee, nicotine and energy drinks provide only short-term relief from the effects of fatigue. When the stimulants wear off, there is usually a ‘crash’ and poor-quality sleep may result. Sleeping tablets can reduce fatigue if properly used for limited periods (seek medical advice before use). Drugs and prescription medications should not be used as a substitute for getting adequate rest.

› Work/life balance: Have a life outside of work and ‘switch off’ after work hours. Continue any personal hobbies ie sports, social group meet-ups etc.

If fatigue and sleepiness persists, see a doctor.

22 23

Can you think of any other controls you could use?

noise controls

Use these controls as appropriate. It is not a definitive list of control measures. What controls can we use to deal with noise? Remember to use the Hierarchy of Controls, e.g.

eliminate substitute isolate engineer administration ppe

Eliminate noise during design.

Use newer technology that is quieter.

Do the job at a time when others are not in the area

Use soundproofing Hearing checks, training, audits, toolbox meetings

Wear hearing protection e.g. ear muffs or ear plugs

hazardous products and substances

What is a hazardous product or substance? Any substance, or product containing a substance, to be used or produced in a workplace that is known or suspected to cause harm to health. Ways you can be affected:

› Skin contact

› Inhalation (breathing)

› Digestive system (ingestion or eating)

› Injection What are the effects of solvents and paints? Solvents are chemical substances that are used to dissolve or dilute other substances and materials. They tend to be a mix of several individual substances. Different solvents and paints can affect your health in different ways. Some of the short-term effects are; light-headedness,

dizziness, nausea, headache and irritation of the eyes, irritation of the lungs, or irritation of the skin (dermatitis). The long-term effects will vary according to which solvent or paint you are exposed to. What are the effects of dust, fumes and mists? Dust, fumes and mists can irritate your nose, throat and upper respiratory system. Some particles, depending on their size and type, can pass through to your lungs, where they can damage the lung tissue and cause more serious health hazards e.g. sanding dust, spray paint mist. What are the effects of gases and vapours? Gases and vapours can pass immediately to your lungs. From there, they can be absorbed into your bloodstream, where they can damage your brain and internal organs. An example is solvents.


24 25

hazardous products and substances controls

Use these controls as appropriate. It is not a definitive list of control measures. What controls can we use to deal with Hazardous Substances? Remember to use the Hierarchy of Controls, e.g.


Use clips, clamps or bolts instead of adhesive

Replace it with a lesser hazardous substance. E.g. replace a solvent product with a water-based product

Separate workers from the hazardous substance through distance or the use of barriers

Ventilated booths for spraying or fibre glassing

Work rotation to reduce the period of exposure for workers, air sampling, training, job briefing

Wear suitable gear e.g. a respirator, safety eyewear and/or gloves

hazardous products and substances

Safety Data Sheets (SDS)SDSs should be available onsite when using hazardous products and substances. Read before use – it’s important to know about your product before an emergency happens. Ask your boss about the assessment of safe use.

SDSs must include information under each of the following headings:

1. Product and company identification2. Hazard(s) identification3. Composition and information on ingredients 4. First-aid measures 5. Fire-fighting measures 6. Spillage, accidental release measures 7. Handling and storage 8. Exposure controls and personal protection 9. Physical and chemical properties10. Stability and reactivity11. Toxicological information12. Ecological information13. Disposal considerations14. Transport information15. Regulatory information16. Other information



26 27

actuated tools

When using a powder-actuated fastening tool, operators have a responsibility to protect themselves and others from hazards associated with this type of work.

› Operator must hold a certificate of competency.

› Ensure the barrel is always pointed in a safe direction away from your body and is at no time pointed towards any person.

› Only allow essential persons in the immediate vicinity of the firing place.

› The area on the opposite side to the operating location should be cordoned to restrict entry with appropriate signage.

› Operators should ensure they are in a safe and well-balanced position before firing.

› Always use the weakest charge when firing for the first time into previously untried material.

› Ensure that only those fasteners and charges

complying with NZS 1873.3 and NZS 1873.4 are used. Actuated Tool Hazards:

› Not having a suitable substrate behind what you are fixing.

› Particles on work surfaces which may fly off during fastening. Work surfaces should be clear of such material.

› Concealed pipes or electrical wiring. Check the location of pipes or electrical wiring to ensure that they are not concealed within the material at the point of firing.

› The presence of any explosive or flammable gas, dust or vapour, or an atmosphere which is compressed. Do not use a powder-actuated fastening tool in these circumstances.

› The presence of excessive heat, which may cause the charge to be unintentionally exploded.

actuated tools controls

Use these controls as appropriate. It is not a definitive list of control measures.


Remove the sources of harm

Electrical or other type of tool

Barricade the work area

Safety switch Give 2 seconds warning, inspect tool before use, training, six monthly certifications

Gloves, eye protection, face protection, hearing protection where appropriate


28 29

confined space

What is Confined Space? A confined space is an enclosed or partially enclosed space with limited entry and exit points that is not intended or designed primarily for human occupancy, with a risk of one or more of:

› Oxygen concentration outside the safe oxygen range

› A Concentration of:

› Toxic airborne contaminant that may cause impairment, loss of consciousness or asphyxiation

› Flammable airborne contaminant that may cause injury from fire or explosion

› Engulfment in a stored free-flowing solid or a rising level of liquid that may cause suffocation or drowning

When your head enters a confined space you have entered it. All confined spaces should be identified and clearly marked on your job.

Most victims in confined space injuries and fatalities are would-be rescuers.

confined space hazards

› Hazardous atmospheres (low oxygen, flammable, toxic etc).

› Engulfment

› Explosion

› Temperature extremes

› Energy sources

› Mechanical hazards

› Falls If there is a chance that a confined space contains one of the above hazards a Confined Space Entry Permit is required before anyone can enter.

30 31

confined space controls



Eliminate all hazards in the space so the entrants can accomplish the task and exit safely. E.g., lockout & tagout all electrical energy sources.

Use alternative methods to do the job without entering. E.g., use a vacuum machine and extended hose to suck out sludge rather than have workers enter the confined space to remove it.

Use a lockout / tagout system

Local or area ventilation

Use a permit-to-work system, specialised training, rescue plan, job briefing, air sampling (e.g. gas detector)

Use a harness in fall restraint or retrieval, personal gas detector

Electricity Hazards:

› Electrocution

› Electric shock

› Burns

› Fire and explosion

› Falls

› Exposed electrical parts

› Overhead power lines

electricity



32 33

electricity controls



Use hand tools Use battery powered tools

Lockout/tagout Use with a Residual Current Device (RCD) or Lifeguard. (In construction ensure your RCD is Class H and has an IP rating of 33 or higher), raise leads off ground

Testing and tagging every 3 months by a competent person

Eye and face shield, rubber gloves and soles where appropriate

lockout and tagout

› Never remove a lock or tag that is not yours.

› Notify affected parties that lockout or tagout is going to be used.

› Coordinate your work activities with others.

› Ensure systems, plant and equipment can be locked-out.

› Shut down energy sources – isolate them from power (stored energy must be dissipated).

› Lockout and tagout power/energy sources to ensure no-one is exposed.



3534

excavations

Excavation hazards:

› Threat of a cave-in (when the walls of an excavation collapse)

› Accidental contact with utility lines

› Crushing and striking hazards with mechanised equipment

› Hazardous atmospheres

excavation controls



Bore and thrust instead, horizontal drilling

Use less hazardous work practice

Maintain fencing around the area to protect others

Batter and bench the area, utilise a trench shield or shoring, ladders

Remove all equipment, materials and supplies a minimum of 1m away from the edge of the excavation, inspections

Wear hi-vis clothing and a hard hat



36 37

falsework

What is Falsework?Falsework or propping is used primarily to support a load. It is any temporary structure used to support a permanent structure while it (the permanent structure) is not self-supporting.

Falsework Hazards:

› Collapse of props or entire system

› Falls while erecting and using

› Improper erection or dismantling

› Overloading

› Poor foundation or soil conditions

37

falsework controls



Use an alternative construction method that does require the use of falsework

Use precast columns and beams instead of constructing formwork and pouring concrete onsite

Use barricades to create an exclusion zone

Factor safety into design

Must be inspected and signed off before loading; signs; competent persons

Wear hi-vis clothing, gloves and a hard hat



38 39

hot works

What is Hot Work? Hot work is any process that can be a source of ignition when flammable material is present or can be a fire hazard regardless of the presence of flammable material in the workplace. Common hot work processes are welding, soldering, grinding, cutting and brazing.

Hot Work Hazards:

› Fire

› Toxic fumes

› Burns

› Radiation – UV, infrared

hot work controls



Use mechanical fasteners

Less toxic welding material

Screens, exclusion zone

Blowback valves, local exhaust ventilation systems (LEV)

Hot Work Permit, Fire watch, Safety Data Sheets, fire extinguishers available, good housekeeping

Gloves, respirator, eye protection, face protection where appropriate


4140 40

ladders

Before using a ladder, confirm that the ladder is the safest and most effective piece of equipment for the job. Ladders are one of the most misused pieces of equipment on a site, and when misused ladders have enormous potential to contribute to serious injuries. Tips for safe ladder use:

01

Ladder more than 1 metre above the work area01

Ladder secured at the top02

Working between the stiles03

At least three points of contact with the ladder04

4:1 ladder angle05

Ladder on level surface06

Ladder secured at the bottom07

02

04

05

0607

03

manual handling

One in four construction workers will have a back injury of some description in any year.

Manual Handling Hazards:

› Heavy manual handling (lifting, carrying, shoveling, pushing, pulling etc)

› Repeated movements

› Awkward postures

› Slips, trips, falls and loss of balance (these cause 30% of long-term back injuries)

› Vibration (from plant)


42 43

manual handling controls




Use less hazardous work practice

Isolate the hazard to prevent only one person coming into contact with it

Use a mechanical aid, e.g. trolleys, conveyor belts, crane, tail lifts

Warm up before starting work and take breaks, share the load, deliver materials close to work area, reduce the size and weight of the load

Wear gloves

› Stop and think

› Position the feet

› Adopt a good posture

› Get a firm grip

› Keep close to the load

› Move

proper lifting technique

01 02

04 05 06 07

03



44 45

mobile elevating work platform

What is a Mobile Elevating Work Platform?There are various types of mobile elevating work platforms (MEWPs):

› Forklift platforms

› Crane lift platforms

› Vehicle extension arms

› Knuckle booms

› Scissor hoists

› Other mobile elevating work platforms

They can be vehicle-mounted, self-propelled, towed or moved by hand and used to access work above or below ground level.

Mobile Elevating Work Platform Hazards:

› Entrapment

› Overturning

› Falling

› Collision

› Equipment failure

› Electrocution

› Catapulting

mobile elevating work platform controls



Do the work on the ground

Standing scaffold Edge protection, isolate the area around the MEWP so that falling tools or objects do not strike people below

Use spreader plates when needed because of the ground conditions

Have a practiced rescue plan in place

Wear hi-vis clothing, a hard hat with a chin strap, and a safety harness where appropriate


46 47


Set Up

› Check Inspection Certificate is current – if it is not, don’t use the MEWP

› Set up with stabilisers or outriggers fully extended and leveled

› Use the parking brake and brake lock

› Ensure the platform cannot be hit by vehicles or other equipment

› Ensure adequate clearance for the platform from electrical conductors and other fixed obstructions

› Ensure that the public and other workers cannot go under the platform or enter the work area – use barricades and warnings


Use of MEWPs:

› Only trained and competent operators should use them

› NEVER exceed the Safe Working Load (SWL)

› Don’t start moving unless the way is clear

› Only travel if the machine route is firm and level

› In boom mounted MEWPs, always wear a safety harness attached to an engineered anchor point

› NEVER climb out of the platform

› Never use MEWPs with combustion engines in confined spaces

› Remain in the bucket if you contact live power lines

› If any fault is suspected – cease operation

› Ensure that the platform is lowered before moving

Daily Check by the Operator:

› Tyre pressure and condition

› All brakes are working efficiently

› Fuel, water, oil levels, batteries are charged

› Hydraulic lines for leaks and damage

› Structure is sound, free of distortion/cracks

› Power mechanism for platform is working

› Emergency controls function correctly

› Electrical insulation is not bridged by any residue

› Other checks specified by the manufacturer

› Observe safe operating practices

› Complete the daily log book

48 49

mobile plant

What is Mobile Plant?Mobile plant is equipment powered by an engine and operated by a licensed, competent operator in the manner in which it was designed for use. Examples of mobile plant include:

› Industrial lift truck (forklifts)

› Mobile cranes

› Earthmoving machinery – excavators, backhoe loaders, bulldozers, skid steer loaders, motor graders or trenchers

Mobile Plant Hazards:

› Stability / rollover

› Struck by objects

› Falls when getting on or off equipment

› Hydraulic and other energy sources

› Pinch-points

› Overhead and underground services

› Noise

mobile plant controls



Remove the source of harm

Use a less hazardous work practice

Isolate the work area from all non-essential personnel and the public

Operator protection / roll over protection with seat belt – at all times

Operator training, marked roadways, maintain three points of contact while climbing, never walk under a suspended load, eye contact with the operator

Hard hat, hi-vis vests and hearing protection where appropriate


50 51

blind spots with machinery

One of the big safety challenges for those of you who operate construction equipment is to maintaining constant awareness of your blind spots. For many types of machinery, these unseen areas can be quite large. On a busy construction site, a labourer can easily wander close enough to your machine to be struck when you move it.

outdoor maintenance / mowing operations

Outdoor Maintenance / Mowing Operations Hazards:

› Mechanical plant

› Falls (tree pruning, mobile plant)

› Entrapment and pinch points (chainsaws, mulchers, tools)

› Operating on embankments

› Hidden objects becoming missiles

› Health (temperature, noise, fumes, chemicals)

› Chemicals, biohazards

› Aggressive animals, insects (bees, wasps, spiders etc), pests (e.g. rats), poisonous plants

› Public safety (working on or near public roads traffic/pedestrians)

› Working alone

› Environmental


52 53

outdoor maintenance / mowing operations controls





Machine guarding Roll over protective structures (ROPS) and seatbelts

Training, signs, barricades

Hearing protection, safety boots, eye protection, sunscreen where appropriate

scaffold hazards

Hazards associated with the design of the scaffold

› Foundation collapses

› Failure of structure

› Incorrect design

› Inadequate decking

› Inadequate access and egress

› Inadequate edge protection

› Inadequate bracing

› Unstable scaffold falling

Hazards associated with erecting and dismantling scaffolding

› Injury resulting from to manual handling of equipment

› Crushed by moving equipment

› Falling objects and debris

› Defective tools and equipment

› Falls due to slippery equipment

Hazards from the environment

› Wind loading

› Live electrical conductors or equipment

› Fire Can you think of any other controls you could use?

54 55

scaffold controls



Complete the work on the ground

Use a cherry picker or a Mobile Elevating Work Platform

Barricade the area below the scaffold, use suitable guardrails and kickboards

Use physical control measures indcluding mechanical devices or processes

Scaffold tag Wear hi-vis clothing, hard hats and safety footwear

scaffolds

Important things to check before you use an existing scaffold:

› Scaffold tag

› Foundation

› Edge protection

› Access

› Working platform


56 57

slinging and rigging

Slinging and Rigging Hazards:

› Being struck by, crushed or caught in the material being lifted

› Back injuries trying to assist or move the material being lifted

› Falls from trucks or other surfaces at height

› Rigging equipment not able to support the load

› Mechanical failure

› Understrength anchors

› Toppling or mechanical plant roll over

slinging and rigging controls



Remove the source of harm


Barricade the area so no one can work under a suspended load. Tag line.

Certified lifting points, slings and strops.

Dogmen must be competent, trained and authorised. Inspect all slings to ensure they are: in good condition, rated for the load being fitted, with proper types of attachments and slings used

Wear hi-vis clothing and a hard hat where appropriate


58 59

working at height (general)

One of the leading causes of death and injury in the New Zealand construction industry.

› You can be seriously injured in a fall from any height (including falls less than 3 metres)

› Nearly all construction workers are exposed to falls from height at some point in their working day

Working at Height Hazards:

› Falls:

› From ladders/scaffold/working platforms

› From leading edge work (an advancing deck or platform)

› Through penetrations

› From plant/climbing on and off mobile plant

› Confined space

› Unloading materials

› From bridge piers and abutments

› Into excavations

› From falsework

› From roofs

› Weather conditions – e.g. wind, rain, ice

› Slips/trips

› Obstructions

› Falling objects

When working over water:

› Prevent the fall

› Use life vests

› Rescue equipment/craft must be available

› Buoys with rope attached available

› Practiced Emergency Rescue Plan

working at height controls



Do the work on the ground

Use scaffold instead of ladders

Have guardrails and edge protection

Use physical control measures including mechanical devices or processes

Job planning, training, practiced rescue plan

Safety harness system (but ensure you are trained)


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working in occupied buildings

Tips when Working in an Occupied Building:

› Enter properties only where you have permission

› Avoid abusive people and aggressive animals

› Always leave things the way you found them

› Maintain safe public access

› Schedule the work for the least disruptive time

› Maintain access to exits and fire protection, use fire extinguishers/fire watch

› Keep the area safe and tidy, control dust and noise and leave it safe when you go

› Don’t work around unsupervised children

Tips for Security:

› Do not compromise a building’s security system

› Lock all doors behind you

› Do not disarm security or fire alarms without approval

› Do not permit access to swimming pools

› Do not borrow items from homeowners

› Have an emergency plan

› Control access to your workspace

› Monitor/control visitor access

› Separate your work from the public or anyone else that could be harmed from your work activity

› Use barricades and signs – but don’t rely on them to keep people out

› Do not place yourself in any potentially compromising situations - e.g. when working around children and minors, hospitals, public toilets, etc.

working on the road

Working on the Road Hazards:

› Workers being struck by traffic

› Traffic accidents to the roading public. They may be killed if they are involved in an accident while driving through roadwork sites. This is often due to:

› Speed

› Driver confusion

› Diversions and lane closures

› Variations to normal conditions

› Distractions – for you and drivers

› Obstructions

› Uneven pavement/loose shingle

› Blind spots

› Road rage

› Civil construction hazards – plant, excavations, height, noise etc

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working on the road controls



Remove sources of harm


Safety work zones and solid barriers

Close road access Toolbox Talks / traffic mangement plan in compliance with the Code of Practice for Temporary Traffic Management signage

Wear hi-vis clothing in accordance with NZTA requirements

working with bitumen

Bitumen hazards:

› Burns

› Fire and explosion

› Steam eruptions

› Fumes

› Toxic/corrosive additives

› Spills

› Run over by equipment

› Traffic


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bitumen controls

Always maintain good personal hygiene and cleanliness when working with bitumen. Use these controls as appropriate. It is not a definitive list of control measures.


Use another form of roading material

Barricade the work area, create an exclusion zone

Use physical control measures including mechanical devices or processes

Emergency Plan, supervision, proper plant maintenance and operation, training and authorisation, burn card and procedures

Face shield, hard hat, hi-vis, gloves, boots, heat resistant full length clothing


working with bitumen

First aid for bitumen burns:

› Do not remove bitumen sticking to skin

› Cool the affected area by drenching in cold running water for a minimum of 20 minutes OR use fit-for-purpose cool packs

› Attach Bitumen Burns Card to the patient

› Get patient to hospital immediately

› The patient MUST be accompanied to and at the hospital. The accompanying person should have knowledge of the incident and an understanding of treatment from the Bitumen Burns Card.

› Use same treatment as above for eyes

Note: Burns are always serious and can be fatal, even small burns.

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personal protective equipment (ppe)

What do I need to know about eye protection?Eye protection can help you against intense wind, sun, dirt, dust and debris, absorption of chemicals, as well as high heat and humidity.

Refer to AS/NZS 1337.1:2010 ‘Recommended Practices for Occupational Eye Protection’

Different types of eye protection:

eye protection

goggles sealed tinted

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face shields

What do I need to know about Face Shields? Face shields are intended to protect the entire face or portions of it from impact hazards such as kick-back, flying fragments, objects, large chips, and particles. When worn alone, face shields do not protect you. You should use a face shield in combination with eye protection for additional protection beyond that offered by the safety glasses or goggles.

Face shield windows are made from different transparent materials and in varying levels of thickness. The thickness of your face shield should be appropriate for your work activity.

polycarbonate visor(High Impact Protection)

face shield + brow guard

polycarbonate half circle visor(Medium Impact Protection)

gloves

What do I need to know about Gloves?Different types of gloves provide protection from cuts and abrasions, chemicals, cold weather, etc. Not one pair of gloves protects you from everything.

All protective gloves provided must comply with AS/NZS 2161.1:2000 and be compatible with:

› the wearer

› the work to be done

› any other personal protective equipment required to be worn Refer to AS/NZS 2161 ‘Occupational protective gloves – selection, use and maintenance’

Different types of gloves for different work:

manual handling chemicals

cut resistant disposable

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hard hats

What do I need to know about Hard Hats?Hard hats protect you from falling debris, rain and the sun’s UV rays. According to the AS/NZS 1800 standard the service life of a hard hat (from the time of issue) should be 3 years for the shell and 2 years for the harness unless otherwise stated by the manufacturer. Ensure your hard hat does not interfere with other PPE such as hearing protection, respirators and eye protection. Be careful though - the helmet can be damaged by petroleum products, cleaning agents, paints for adhesives and similar products without the damage being visible. Make sure you correctly adjust the harness before wearing.

Refer to AS/NZS 1800 ‘Occupational protective helmets – selection, care and use’

hard hat shell

hard hat harness/suspension

hard hat for working at height

hearing protection

What do I need to know about Hearing Protection? Loud noise is dangerous and the impact it can have on your hearing is irreversible. Exposing your ears to a 85> dB (decibel) noise – i.e., the noise levels of industrial equipment or inner ear headphones at full volume - damages the inner ear, even if just 15 minutes. Working unprotected in loud environments for several hours at a time is even more risky. The problem is simple: once destroyed, the microscopic hair cells of the inner ear do not grow back.

If you work in a noisy environment, ask your boss if the level of noise has ever been checked to make sure you have the proper protection against long term hearing loss.

Your employer has a legal duty to monitor the noise level in your workplace. Hearing protection includes ear plugs and earmuffs that are designed to reduce the intensity or loudness of sound. Ear plugs must be fitted properly or they will not work.

Refer to AS/NZS 1269 ‘Occupational Noise Management’ and AS/NZS 1270 ‘Acoustics – Hearing protectors’.

7372

different types of hearing protection

disposable ear plugs multi - use ear plugs

banded ear plugsear muffs

fitting instructions for earplugs

01 02

0403

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hi-vis clothing

What do I need to know about Hi-vis Clothing?High-visibility safety clothing keeps you illuminated so that you are more visible to all. It gives people more awareness of your presence, which enables them to act faster in the event that they could potentially endanger you or themselves.

Hi-vis clothing is made of fluorescent material with added reflective tape or shapes. Now for the technical bit:

› The sun’s ultraviolet rays react with the fluorescent colours to make them appear to ‘glow’, increasing daytime visibility

› At night, light from sources such as car headlights bounces off the reflective areas to make the tape glow, increasing night-time visibility

The main thing to remember is: ‘Fluorescent for daytime visibility, reflective for night’.

Hi-vis clothing is affordable, light and comes in different shapes and sizes, qualities and thickness. It must be clean to be effective (but be sure not to hot wash your clothing as it kills the reflective strips).

Refer to AS/NZS 4602 ‘High visibility safety garments’.

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respirators

What do I need to know about Respirators?Breathing air that contains toxic substances and particulates or an atmosphere with insufficient oxygen to support human life is a very real and common hazard in industry. Respirators are designed to protect against one or more of the following types of atmospheric hazards in the workplace:

› Particulate contaminants such as dust, fibre, mists, fumes or dirt

› Gaseous or vapour contaminants, such as solvents

There are four simple principles of respiratory protection:

› Always select the right respirator for the task, e.g., one with correct filters.

› Always ensure a proper face fit. Fit test if necessary

(Note: no standard respirator will fit against facial hair).

› Have an active maintenance programme to support the devices in use, including cleaning and defect recognition. This includes the cartridge or filter.

› Ensure equipment is properly stored, it is best kept in an airtight container.

Since filters capture particles, caution must be exercised to always check that these filters are not clogged, as clogging makes it harder for air to pass through and increases the likelihood of contaminated air entering the mask. Cartridges can also become ‘full’ or saturated. They will stop working and ‘breakthrough’ will occur – this term means that the gases or vapours will leak through the cartridge. To test this, complete a valve test in

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accordance with manufacturers’ instructions. Both cartridges and filters must be replaced regularly by using the manufacturer’s recommendations. Remember that some filters can expire.

Refer to AS/NZS 1715 ‘Selection, use and maintenance of respiratory protective equipment’.

safety harnesses

What do I need to know about Safety Harnesses? A safety harness has the potential to save your life and greatly reduce injury when used in high places. There are various styles of safety harnesses, but they all accomplish the same task, which is to restrain you from falling in the first place or to arrest your fall if you do slip from your working area. Safety Harness Systems are the last resort for working at height.

You must be fully trained to wear a safety harness in either US 23229 or US 15757.

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legislation basics

Key Concepts The focus of the Health and Safety at Work Act 2015 (HSWA) is to protect workers and other people against harm to their health, safety and wellbeing by eliminating or minimising risks at work. It’s part of a reform package that aims to reduce New Zealand’s work related illness, injury and fatality figures by 25% by 2020.

1. PCBU – (person conducting a business or undertaking) is a key term – the PCBU has the ‘primary duty of care’ to ensure the safety of workers and anyone affected by its work.

2. Worker participation – a strong emphasis on worker participation and engagement to ensure that workers are engaged with Health and Safety.

3. Consulation, cooperation and coordination – where multiple PCBUs share a duty for worker safety they must all work together to meet their duty

4. Risk management – shifts the focus from hazard identification and control to proactively identifying and managing risks.

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5. Safety is everyone’s responsibility – no one can ‘opt out’ and safety becomes everyone’s responsibility. All parties from executives to workers have Health and Safety responsibilities.

6. Due diligence for directors – the Act places more legal responsibility on directors and executives of an organisation to manage risks and keep people safe.

7. Stronger fines and penalties – the Act significantly increases the category of offences, with a three-tiered hierarchy being introduced along with a range of other offending provisions.

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responsibilities

PCBUDespite the name a PCBU is not usually an actual person, (it is a legalism referring to a business entity). In most cases the PCBU will be the business itself e.g. a company or an organisation such as your employer, the main contractor, client or consultant. The PCBU has the ‘primary duty of care’ to ensure the safety of workers and anyone else affected by its work. The PCBU must (as far as reasonably practicable):

› provide and maintain a workplace that is without risks to Health and Safety

› provide and maintain safe plant and structures and safe systems of work

› ensure the safe use, handling and storage of plant, structures and substances

› provide adequate facilities for the welfare of workers

› provide information, training, instruction, or supervision that is necessary to protect all persons from risks to their Health and Safety arising from work

OfficersThese are the people in senior positions who have a significant influence over the way the business is run. They include CEO’s, directors, sole charge owner-operators and anyone else at that level. A person who merely advises or makes recommendations to someone in a senior position is not considered an officer. Officers are now personally liable under the Act if they fail to meet their due diligence obligations.

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An Officer must exercise due diligence by taking reasonable steps to:

› Keep up to date about work Health and Safety matters

› Understand the nature of the hazards and risks associated with the organisations operations

› Ensure the organisation has resources and processes to eliminate and minimise risks

› Ensure appropriate and timely processes for receiving and responding to incidents, hazards and risks

› Ensure there are processes for complying with any duty

› Verify that Health and Safety processes are in place and being used

WorkersThis is the term for employees. Workers are individuals who carry out work for the PCBU. A manager who only has influence over daily operational matters is also classed as a worker. Workers should:

› Take reasonable care to ensure the Health and Safety of themselves and others in the workplace

› Follow instructions from the PCBU

› Cooperate with Health and Safety policies and procedures of the PCBUWorkers also have the right to refuse to undertake unsafe or dangerous work

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notifiable works for construction

The Health and Safety in Employment Regulations 1995 require employers as well as the person who controls a place of work to provide at least 24 hours’ notice to WorkSafe New Zealand of particularly hazardous work as defined below.

› Logging or tree felling undertaken for commercial purposes

› Construction work with a risk of falling 5 metres or more

› Erecting or dismantling scaffolding with a risk falling 5 metres or more

› Use of a lifting appliance where the appliance has to lift a mass of 500 kilograms or more a vertical distance of 5 metres or more

› Work in any pit, shaft, trench, or other excavation in which any person is required to work in a space more than 1.5 metres deep and having a depth

greater than the horizontal width at the top

› Work in any drive, excavation, or heading in which any person is required to work with a ground cover overhead

› Work involving the use of explosives, or storage of explosives for use.

› Work in which a person breathes compressed air, or respiratory medium other than air (not diving).

› Work in which a person breathes compressed air, or respiratory medium other than air (diving).

Exclusions:

› Construction work with a risk of falling 5 metres or more. Excludes:

› Work in connection with a residential building up to and including 2 full storeys

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› Work on overhead telecommunications lines and overhead electric power lines

› Work carried out from a ladder only, or

› Maintenance and repair work of a minor or routine nature

› Use of a lifting appliance where the appliance has to lift a mass of 500 kilograms or more a vertical distance of 5 metres or more. Excludes:

› Work using an excavator,

› Work using a fork-lift,

› Work using a self-propelled mobile crane

How to notify:In most cases notifying WorkSafe will involve calling them on 0800 030 040, this number is available 24/7. You can also complete an online notification or complete a PDF form (for some types of events).

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notifiable events

Under the Health and Safety at Work Act 2015 certain events must be notified to the regulator – WorkSafe New Zealand.

Different types of notifiable events:

› A death

› A notifiable illness or injury (e.g. an amputation)

› A notifiable incident (when a person’s Health and Safety are seriously threatened or endangered as a result of a work situation).

Under the Act a notifiable event is when any of the above occurs as result of work. The underlining of the word ‘work’ is important. A death, injury or illness that is unrelated to work is not a notifiable event, e.g., a diabetic worker slipping into a coma at work is not a notifiable event.

Note: the word ‘accident’ should no longer be used, it is an ‘event’ or an ‘incident’.

How to notify:In most cases notifying WorkSafe will involve calling them on 0800 030 040, this number is available 24/7. You can also complete an online notification or complete a PDF form (for some types of events).

hierarchy of legislation

The Health and Safety at Work Act 2015 is the governing Health and Safety law in New Zealand. The HSWA Regulations help businesses understand what they need to do to comply with the law and provide additional information; these regulations are also legally binding. Health and Safety legislation in the workplace is considered the lead legislation – it triumphs over other legislation that may apply.

Standards in Health and Safety may be considered by the Courts as good practice. WorkSafe New Zealand produces additional guidance in line with HSWA and regulations. These include Codes of Practice, Interpretive Guidelines, Fact Sheets, Bulletins and Alerts.

Approved Codes of Practice support the law and may be used in legal proceedings. Other guidance

available may be considered as part of legal proceedings.

There is a Hierarchy of Health and Safety Legislation in New Zealand, which looks like this:

regulations

h&s work act 2015

safe work instruments

codes of practice

guidances notes and fact sheets

business management system

standards

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safety culture

The safety culture on a site drives the safe or unsafe actions of managers, workers and subcontractors – their performance.

› Culture is a reflection of the unwritten rules that define what is important and worth doing. Any organisation, has perceived ‘rules to know’ and ‘rules to break!’

› A positive culture contributes to overall productivity and effectiveness but when ignored or unnoticed culture will impede progress.

Everyone contributes to your company’s Health and Safety culture. It is mainly shaped by company leaders (managers or role models). When they pay attention to Health and Safety and are involved in Health and Safety activities, Health and Safety becomes important and worth doing for staff and

subcontractors.In many companies you’ll only hear about Health and Safety after something goes wrong or when you are blamed for making a mistake. This results in people not wanting to be involved in Health and Safety. If you want to change your culture, make safety positive. If it is positive no one will hesitate to be involved in it!

behaviour patterns

affe

cts my attitude

my behaviour

your attitude

your behaviour

affectsaffectsaff

ects

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benefits of health and safety

There are many benefits to Health and Safety beyond the cost of incidents. These include:

› Control of your business

› Reputation

› Innovation and quality

› Peace of mind

› Influence / better decision making

› Staff retention and recruitment

› Better contractor relationships

› Improved discretionary effort

› Better planning and productivity

› Leadership in industry

› Safer sites

› Improved knowledge

› Engaged staff

› Greater commitment

› Improved competency

› Change in attitudes and opinion

› Getting to go home at the end of the day and spend your hard-earned money!

A productive job is a safe job, and a safe job is a productive job. Both require you to plan ahead, motivate and lead workers to make changes as the work progresses.

fork in the road

All workers face a decision many times each day to be ‘safe’ or ‘unsafe’. Always take the safe fork in the road for you, your family and your mates.

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the triangle

The only way to stop serious injuries and deaths is to stop unsafe acts.

When you have fewer unsafe acts you’ll get fewer incidents, injuries and deathsYou never know the odds and can’t predict when one unsafe act will result in something tragic. Everyone can have an impact on eliminating unsafe acts from the workplace.

Questioning ApproachWhen you see an unsafe worker ask questions to get buy-in and lasting change

› Tell me about the job you are doing.

› What is the safe way to do it?

› How could you be harmed doing the job this way?

› What impact would that have?

› Why are you doing it unsafely?

› How can the job be done safely?

› What can I do to help you?

RecognitionWhen you see safe workers simply recognise the safe work to get more of it

› Thanks for…

› Well done.

› Keep it up.

Action Plans – what you’ll do to improve your Health and Safety

These are 3 actions I will take to help my company or site Health and Safety culture improve

1.

2.

3.

make your conversation matter / action plan

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nice one mate!

A ‘Nice One Mate!’ card is a tool used to help you have positive Health and Safety conversations.

Use it:

› As a trigger to help you start recognising safe actions and activities

› To help you say ‘thanks’ › To acknowledge someone who is acting safely or

has completed any safety activity

Once you get the hang of it, recognise good work anyplace and anytime without the card.Site Safe can help any company that wants to pursue this process further by implementing something similar for them to kick-start positive recognition activities.

your training record

Site Safe Course: Date Completed: Trainer Stamp:

They have passed the course and are awaiting a Site Safety card, which will arrive in approximately four weeks’ time. If you have any queries please contact Site Safe on 0800 SITE SAFE or alternatively [email protected]

has completed training with Site Safe New Zealand.

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notes

Third edition, February 2019

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