PASSIVE VERB FORMS
description
Transcript of PASSIVE VERB FORMS
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PASSIVE VERB FORMS
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ACTIVE v. PASSIVE• If the verb is ACTIVE, the subject performs the action – e.g
dominus servum pulsat
• If the verb is PASSIVE, the subject is on the receiving need of action by somebody or somebody else – e.g servus ā dominō pulsātur
• English makes passive verbs by using past participle plus is/are/am/was/were etc. – e.g The slave is hit by Caecilius.
• Latin uses a method rather like English in the perfect tenses but for the present, imperfect and future it uses a special element (r) and combines this in different ways with the active verb endings.
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BASIC ENDINGS• In tenses formed from the present stem (viz. present tense
itself, future and imperfect), the passive endings are formed by a combination of the suffix -r with the active endings, except for the 2nd person plural ending which is taken from an obsolete passive present participle:
ACTIVE PASSIVE– ō/m - or/r– s - ris– t - tur– mus - mur– tis - minī– nt - ntur
• A short i in the 2nd. Person singular changes to e in front of ris
• In the present tense of the 1st., 2nd. and 4th. conjugations, the imperfect of all conjugations and the future of 3rd and 4th conjugation verbs, the short vowel before –t in the 3rd. person sing becomes long (e.g. amat > amātur, capiēbat > capiēbātur, reget > regētur ). This is because the original long vowel in the base of the form is shortened before a final -t but not before a non-final –t-
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Present Tense - infinitive in –āre (pass. -ārī )
amor
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Present Tense - infinitive in –āre (pass. -ārī )
amoramāris
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Present Tense - infinitive in –āre (pass. -ārī )
amoramārisamātur
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Present Tense - infinitive in –āre (pass. -ārī )
amoramārisamāturamāmur
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Present Tense - infinitive in –āre (pass. -ārī )
amoramārisamāturamāmuramāminī
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Present Tense - infinitive in –āre (pass. -ārī )
amoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamantur
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Present Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in
ērī)moneor
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Present Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in
ērī)moneormonēris
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Present Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in
ērī)moneormonēris
monētur
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Present Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in
ērī)moneormonēris
monētur
monēmur
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Present Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in
ērī)moneormonēris
monētur
monēmur
monēminī
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Present Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in
ērī)moneormonēris
monētur
monēmur
monēminīmonentur
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Present Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regor
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Present Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regorregeris
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Present Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regorregerisregitur
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Present Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regorregerisregiturregimur
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Present Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regorregerisregiturregimurregiminī
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Present Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regorregerisregiturregimurregiminīreguntur
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Present Tense - infinitive in –īre (passive in - īrī)
audior
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Present Tense - infinitive in –īre (passive in - īrī)
audioraudīris
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Present Tense - infinitive in –īre (passive in - īrī)
audioraudīris
audīt ur
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Present Tense - infinitive in –īre (passive in - īrī)
audioraudīris
audīt uraudīmur
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Present Tense - infinitive in –īre (passive in - īrī)
audioraudīris
audīt uraudīmuraudīminī
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Present Tense - infinitive in –īre (passive in - īrī)
audioraudīris
audīt uraudīmuraudīminīaudiuntur
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Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō and infinitive
in –ere (passive infinitive in –ī)capior
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Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō and infinitive
in –ere (passive infinitive in –ī)capiorcaperis
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Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō and infinitive
in –ere (passive infinitive in –ī)capiorcaperiscapitur
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Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō and infinitive
in –ere (passive infinitive in –ī)capiorcaperiscapiturcapimur
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Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō and infinitive
in –ere (passive infinitive in –ī)capiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminī
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Present Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō and infinitive
in –ere (passive infinitive in –ī)capiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminī
capiuntur
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Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –
ārī)amābar
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Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –
ārī)amābaramābāris
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Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –
ārī)amābaramābārisamābātur
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Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –
ārī)amābaramābārisamābāturamābāmur
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Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –
ārī)amābaramābārisamābāturamābāmuramābāminī
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Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –
ārī)amābaramābārisamābāturamābāmuramābāminīamābantur
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Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –
ērī)monēbar
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Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –
ērī)monēbarmonēbāris
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Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –
ērī)monēbarmonēbārismonēbātur
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Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –
ērī)monēbarmonēbārismonēbāturmonēbāmur
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Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –
ērī)monēbarmonēbārismonēbāturmonēbāmurmonēbāminī
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Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –
ērī)monēbarmonēbārismonēbāturmonēbāmurmonēbāminīmonēbantur
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Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regēbar
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Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regēbarregēbāris
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Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regēbarregēbārisregēbātur
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Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regēbarregēbārisregēbāturregēbāmur
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Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regēbarregēbārisregēbāturregēbāmurregēbāmini
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Imperfect Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regēbarregēbārisregēbāturregēbāmurregēbāminīregēbantur
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Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –
īre (passive in –īrī)audiēbar
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Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –
īre (passive in –īrī)audiēbaraudiēbāris
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Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –
īre (passive in –īrī)audiēbaraudiēbārisaudiēbātur
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Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –
īre (passive in –īrī)audiēbaraudiēbārisaudiēbāturaudiēbāmur
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Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –
īre (passive in –īrī)audiēbaraudiēbārisaudiēbāturaudiēbāmuraudiēbāminī
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Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –
īre (passive in –īrī)audiēbaraudiēbārisaudiēbāturaudiēbāmuraudiēbāminīaudiēbantur
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Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –
ere (passive in –ī)capiēbar
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Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –
ere (passive in –ī)capiēbarcapiēbāris
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Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –
ere (passive in –ī)capiēbarcapiēbāriscapiēbātur
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Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –
ere (passive in –ī)capiēbarcapiēbāriscapiēbāturcapiēbāmur
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Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –
ere (passive in –ī)capiēbarcapiēbāriscapiēbāturcapiēbāmurcapiēbāminī
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Imperfect Tense - 1st. Pers. sing. in –iō, infinitive in –
ere (passive in –ī)capiēbarcapiēbāriscapiēbāturcapiēbāmurcapiēbāminicapiēbantur
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Future Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –
ārī)amābor
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Future Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –
ārī)amāboramāberis
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Future Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –
ārī)amāboramāberisamābitur
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Future Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –
ārī)amāboramāberisamābituramābimur
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Future Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –
ārī)amāboramāberisamābituramābimuramābiminī
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Future Tense - infinitive in –āre (passive in –
ārī)amāboramāberisamābituramābimuramābiminīamābuntur
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Future Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –
ērī)monēbor
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Future Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –
ērī)monēbormonēberis
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Future Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –
ērī)monēbormonēberismonēbitur
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Future Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –
ērī)monēbormonēberismonēbiturmonēbimur
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Future Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –
ērī)monēbormonēberismonēbiturmonēbimurmonēbiminī
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Future Tense - infinitive in –ēre (passive in –
ērī)monēbormonēberismonēbiturmonēbimurmonēbiminīmonēbuntur
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Future Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regar
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Future Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regarregēris
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Future Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regarregērisregētur
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Future Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regarregērisregēturregēmur
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Future Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regarregērisregēturregēmurregēminī
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Future Tense - infinitive in –ere (passive in –ī)
regarregērisregēturregēmurregēminīregentur
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Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –ere
(passive in –ī)capiar
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Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –ere
(passive in –ī)capiarcapiēris
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Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –ere
(passive in –ī)capiarcapiēriscapiētur
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Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –ere
(passive in –ī)capiarcapiēriscapiēturcapiēmur
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Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –ere
(passive in –ī)capiarcapiēriscapiēturcapiēmurcapiēminī
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Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –ere
(passive in –ī)capiarcapiēriscapiēturcapiēmurcapiēminīcapientur
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Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –īre
(passive in –īrī)audiar
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Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –īre
(passive in –īrī)audiaraudiēris
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Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –īre
(passive in –īrī)audiaraudiērisaudiētur
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Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –īre
(passive in –īrī)audiaraudiērisaudiēturaudiēmur
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Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –īre
(passive in –īrī)audiaraudiērisaudiēturaudiēmuraudiēminī
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Future Tense - 1st pers.sing. –iō, infinitive in –īre
(passive in –īrī)audiaraudiērisaudiēturaudiēmuraudiēminīaudientur
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PERFECT TENSE
Formed by using the past participle (the third part of the verb in a dictionary) and the present tense of sum:
sum sumuses estisest sunt
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PERFECT PASSIVE of amō
amātus/amāta/amātum sum
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PERFECT PASSIVE of amō
amātus/amāta/amātum sumamātus/amāta/amātum es
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PERFECT PASSIVE of amō
amātus/amāta/amātum sumamātus/amāta/amātum es amātus/amāta/amātum est
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PERFECT PASSIVE of amō
amātus/amāta/amātum sumamātus/amāta/amātum es amātus/amāta/amātum est
amātī/amātae/amāta sumus
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PERFECT PASSIVE of amō
amātus/amāta/amātum sumamātus/amāta/amātum es amātus/amāta/amātum est
amātī/amātae/amāta sumus amātī/amātae/amāta estis
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PERFECT PASSIVE of amō
amātus/amāta/amātum sumamātus/amāta/amātum es amātus/amāta/amātum est
amātī/amātae/amāta sumus amātī/amātae/amāta estisamātī/amātae/amāta sunt
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PLUPERFECTFormed by using the Imperfect of esse with
the past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum eram
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PLUPERFECTFormed by using the Imperfect of esse with
the past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum eramamātus/amāta/amātum erās
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PLUPERFECTFormed by using the Imperfect of esse with
the past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum eramamātus/amāta/amātum erās amātus/amāta/amātum erat
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PLUPERFECTFormed by using the Imperfect of esse with
the past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum eramamātus/amāta/amātum erās amātus/amāta/amātum erat amātī/amātae/amāta erāmus
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PLUPERFECTFormed by using the Imperfect of esse with
the past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum eramamātus/amāta/amātum erās amātus/amāta/amātum erat amātī/amātae/amāta erāmus amātī/amātae/amāta erātis
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PLUPERFECTFormed by using the Imperfect of esse with
the past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum eramamātus/amāta/amātum erās amātus/amāta/amātum erat amātī/amātae/amāta erāmus amātī/amātae/amāta erātisamātī/amātae/amāta erant
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FUTURE PERFECTFormed by using the future of esse with the
past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum erō
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FUTURE PERFECTFormed by using the future of esse with the
past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum erōamātus/amāta/amātum eris
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FUTURE PERFECTFormed by using the future of esse with the
past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum erōamātus/amāta/amātum eris amātus/amāta/amātum erit
![Page 110: PASSIVE VERB FORMS](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/5681675b550346895ddc20ff/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
FUTURE PERFECTFormed by using the future of esse with the
past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum erōamātus/amāta/amātum eris amātus/amāta/amātum erit amātī/amātae/amāta erimus
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FUTURE PERFECTFormed by using the future of esse with the
past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum erōamātus/amāta/amātum eris amātus/amāta/amātum erit amātī/amātae/amāta erimus amātī/amātae/amāta eritis
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FUTURE PERFECTFormed by using the future of esse with the
past participle
amātus/amāta/amātum erōamātus/amāta/amātum eris amātus/amāta/amātum erit amātī/amātae/amāta erimus amātī/amātae/amāta eritisamātī/amātae/amāta erunt
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In these perfect tenses, the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject of the verb in the same way that all adjectives do:
mercātor ā barbarīs captus eratThe merchant had been captured by the barbarians
fīliae ā iuvenibus amātae suntThe daughters were loved by the young men
computātrum ā puerīs frāctum estThe computer was broken by the boys.
![Page 114: PASSIVE VERB FORMS](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/5681675b550346895ddc20ff/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Supply the correct endings to the participles in these sentences:• Melissa ab omnibus amāt__ est
• Faber ab architectō vituperāt__ erat
• Iūlia et Metella ā mercātōre dēcept__ sunt
• Computātra in multīs tabernīs posit__ erant
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Supply the correct endings to the participles in these sentences:• Melissa āb omnibus amāta est
• Faber ab architectō vituperāt__ erat
• Iūlia et Metella ā mercātōre dēcept__ sunt
• Computātra in multīs tabernīs posit__ erant
![Page 116: PASSIVE VERB FORMS](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/5681675b550346895ddc20ff/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Supply the correct endings to the participles in these sentences:• Melissa āb omnibus amāta est
• Faber ab architectō vituperātus erat
• Iūlia et Metella ā mercātōre dēcept__ sunt
• Computātra in multīs tabernīs posit__ erant
![Page 117: PASSIVE VERB FORMS](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/5681675b550346895ddc20ff/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Supply the correct endings to the participles in these sentences:• Melissa āb omnibus amāta est
• Faber ab architectō vituperātus erat
• Iūlia et Metella ā mercātōre dēceptae sunt
• Computātra in multīs tabernīs posit__ erant
![Page 118: PASSIVE VERB FORMS](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/5681675b550346895ddc20ff/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Supply the correct endings to the participles in these sentences:• Melissa āb omnibus amāta est
• Faber ab architectō vituperātus erat
• Iūlia et Metella ā mercātōre dēceptae sunt
• Computātra in multīs tabernīs posita erant
![Page 119: PASSIVE VERB FORMS](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/5681675b550346895ddc20ff/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
DEPONENT VERBS
• A group of verbs which have passive forms but active meaning
• They therefore have only three principal parts (e.g. loquor, loquī, locūtus sum - speak)
• Their perfect participle, which is active in meaning, is introduced in CLC Stage 22.
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DEPONENT VERBS
• These verbs are also sometimes known informally as `cross-dressing verbs’
• So we have….
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ORDINARY VERBS IN THE ACTIVE VOICE (amō, amās
etc.)
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ORDINARY VERBS IN THE PASSIVE VOICE (amor, amāris
etc.)
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DEPONENT OR CROSS-DRESSING VERBS (loquor, loqueris etc.)
![Page 124: PASSIVE VERB FORMS](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/5681675b550346895ddc20ff/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below:loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquunturQUĪNTUS: Marce, ________ne Latīnē?’MARCUS: Paulum ________ sed frāter
melius ________ quam ego. Nōnne tū et Iūlia Graecē __________?QĪNTUS: Minimē. Nōs tantum Anglicē
Sīnicē et Germānicē __________. Pater et
māter tamen Graecē optimē __________.MARCUS: Familia tua est doctissima!
![Page 125: PASSIVE VERB FORMS](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/5681675b550346895ddc20ff/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below:loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquunturQUĪNTUS: Marce, loquerisne Latīnē?’MARCUS: Paulum ________ sed frāter
melius ________ quam ego. Nōnne tū et Iūlia Graecē __________?QĪNTUS: Minimē. Nōs tantum Anglicē
Sīnicē et Germānicē __________. Pater et
māter tamen Graecē optimē __________.MARCUS: Familia tua est doctissima!
![Page 126: PASSIVE VERB FORMS](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/5681675b550346895ddc20ff/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below:loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquunturQUĪNTUS: Marce, loquerisne Latīnē?’MARCUS: Paulum loquor sed frāter
melius ________ quam ego. Nōnne tū et Iūlia
Graecē __________?QĪNTUS: Minimē. Nōs tantum Anglicē
Sīnicē et Germānicē __________. Pater et
māter tamen Graecē optimē __________.MARCUS: Familia tua est doctissima!
![Page 127: PASSIVE VERB FORMS](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/5681675b550346895ddc20ff/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below:loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquunturQUĪNTUS: Marce, loquerisne Latīnē?’MARCUS: Paulum loquor sed frāter
melius loquitur quam ego. Nōnne tū et Iūlia
Graecē __________?QĪNTUS: Minimē. Nōs tantum Anglicē
Sīnicē et Germānicē __________. Pater et
māter tamen Graecē optimē __________.MARCUS: Familia tua est doctissima!
![Page 128: PASSIVE VERB FORMS](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/5681675b550346895ddc20ff/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below:loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquunturQUĪNTUS: Marce, loquerisne Latīnē?’MARCUS: Paulum loquor sed frāter
melius loquitur quam ego. Nōnne tū et Iūlia
Graecē loquiminī?QĪNTUS: Minimē. Nōs tantum Anglicē
Sīnicē et Germānicē __________. Pater et
māter tamen Graecē optimē __________.MARCUS: Familia tua est doctissima!
![Page 129: PASSIVE VERB FORMS](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/5681675b550346895ddc20ff/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below:loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquunturQUĪNTUS: Marce, loquerisne Latīnē?’MARCUS: Paulum loquor sed frāter
melius loquitur quam ego. Nōnne tū et Iūlia
Graecē loquiminī?QĪNTUS: Minimē. Nōs tantum Anglicē
Sīnicē et Germānicē loquimur. Pater et
māter tamen Graecē optimē __________.MARCUS: Familia tua est doctissima!
![Page 130: PASSIVE VERB FORMS](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/5681675b550346895ddc20ff/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Supply the correct forms of loquor from this list to complete the sentences below:loquor, loqueris, loquitur, loquimur, loquiminī, loquunturQUĪNTUS: Marce, loquerisne Latīnē?’MARCUS: Paulum loquor sed frāter
melius loquitur quam ego. Nōnne tū et Iūlia
Graecē loquiminī?QĪNTUS: Minimē. Nōs tantum Anglicē
Sīnicē et Germānicē loquimur. Pater et
māter tamen Graecē optimē loquuntur.MARCUS: Familia tua est doctissima!
![Page 131: PASSIVE VERB FORMS](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/5681675b550346895ddc20ff/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
DEPONENT PERFECT TENSESFormed in exactly the same was as with
passive verbs. i.e. with the past participle and esse
locūtus sum I (masc.) spokelocūtus erat He (masc) had spoken locūtī erāmus We (masc)had spoken locūtae ērunt They (fem) will have spokenlocūtae erātis You (fem pl) had spokenlocūta es You (fem sg) have spoken
![Page 132: PASSIVE VERB FORMS](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/5681675b550346895ddc20ff/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
PASSIVE/DEPONENT IMPERATIVE
• Singular is identical to the active infinitive form of the conjugation:– amāre, be loved! habēre, be had!
regere, be ruled! cōnāre, try!• Plural is identical to the indicative 2nd.
Person plural form:– amāminī, habēminī, regiminī,
cōnāminī,
![Page 133: PASSIVE VERB FORMS](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081417/5681675b550346895ddc20ff/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Translate the motto in this self-portrait of 17th century Italian painter Salvator Rosa