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Passive - jeantheuma.weebly.com€¦ · Use of passive structures Passive is used especially in:...
Transcript of Passive - jeantheuma.weebly.com€¦ · Use of passive structures Passive is used especially in:...
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Passive
Adaptedfrom:EnglishGrammarLessons/Dean&
h;p://unilearning.uow.edu.au/
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Quiz
1. WhowroteSherlockHolmesstories?2. Whenwasbeerinvented?3. WherewouldyoufindtheSeaofTranquillity?4. Whichfilmaboutalargeshipwasdirectedby
JamesCameron?5. WhereareHyundaicarsproduced?
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Answers
• SherlockHolmesstorieswerewri0enbyArthurConanDoyle.
• BeerwasinventedintheNeolithicperiod.• TheSeaofTranquillityisfoundonthemoon.• Thefilm‘Titanic’wasdirectedbyJamesCameron.
• HyundaicarsareproducedinSouthKorea.
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Passivestructures
• TheSherlockHolmesstorieswerewri0enbyArthurConanDoyle.
• BeerwasinventedintheNeolithicperiod.• TheSeaofTranquillityisfoundonthemoon.• Thefilm‘Titanic’wasdirectedbyJamesCameron.• HyundaicarsareproducedinSouthKorea.Whichoftheseare:present?past?plural?singular?
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WritetheseasacSvestructures…
• TheSherlockHolmesstorieswerewri0enbyArthurConanDoyle.
• BeerwasinventedintheNeolithicperiod.• TheSeaofTranquillityisfoundonthemoon.• Thefilm‘Titanic’wasdirectedbyJamesCameron.
• HyundaicarsareproducedinSouthKorea.
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Answers
• ArthurConanDoylewrotetheSherlockHolmesstories.
• Aman(?)inventedbeerintheNeolithicperiod.
• YouwouldfindTheSeaofTranquillityonthemoon.
• JamesCamerondirectedthefilm‘Titanic’.• AcompanyproducesHyundaicarsinSouthKorea.
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Useofpassivestructures
Weusepassivestructureswhen:• ThesubjectoftheacSonisnotknown…– BeerwasinventedintheNeolithicperiod.
• ThesubjectoftheacSonisnotthefocusofthesentenceorisnotimportant…– Thefilm‘Titanic’wasdirectedbyJamesCameron.
• ThesubjectoftheacSonisobvious…– HyundaicarsareproducedinSouthKorea.
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Useofpassivestructures
Passiveisusedespeciallyin:• FormalnoSces:PermissionwillbegiveninwriOng.
• Newspapers:AmanisbeingquesOonedaboutarobbery.
• Processesinscienceorengineering:Theengineiscooledbycoldwater.
• AcademicwriSng:Theresultisdiscussedlateroninthechapter.
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Changeinfocus
NoScethechangeinfocuswhenthepassiveisused:• Ac#ve:NursingstaffobservedthehandwashingpracScesofstaffduringrosteredshiZs.
• Passive:Thehandwashingprac#cesofstaffwereobservedbynursingstaffduringrosteredshiZs.
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Whichoftheseismorenatural:
• OnanoSce:A.Wewillprosecutetrespassers.B.Trespasserswillbeprosecuted.
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Whichoftheseismorenatural:
A:WhatdotheMarconifamilyeat?B1:TheMarconifamilyeatalotofpastaorB2:AlotofpastaiseatenbytheMarconifamily
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Whichoftheseismorenatural:
A:Where’syourcar?B1:Thegarageareservicingit.OrB2:It’sbeingserviced.
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Whichoftheseismorenatural:
• WecanvalidateargumentswithfairreasoningandstrongsupporSveevidence.
• ArgumentscanbevalidatedwithfairreasoningandstrongsupporSveevidence.
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Answers• A:WhatdotheMarconifamilyeat?• B:TheMarconifamilyeatalotofpasta
• B.Trespasserswillbeprosecuted.
• A:Where’syourcar?• B:It’sbeingserviced.
• ArgumentscanbevalidatedwithfairreasoningandstrongsupporSveevidence.
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Passiveform
Comparethesesentences:• ScienSstsclassifyglassasasolid.• Glassisclassifiedasasolid.
IdenSfyform.
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Passiveform
Comparethesesentences:• Thenumberofseedsfoundinantnestswerecounted.
• Wecountedthenumberofseedsfoundinantnests.
IdenSfytheform.
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Passiveform
Comparethesesentences:• Althoughresearchersaremakingprogress,therearemanyotheravenuesofinvesSgaSonasyetunexplored.
• Althoughprogressisbeingmade,therearemanyotheravenuesofinvesSgaSonasyetunexplored.
IdenSfytheform.
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Passiveform
Comparethesesentences:• SocietyhasusedthebiologicaldifferencesbetweenmenandwomentolegiSmatehierarchicalstructuresofsocialinequality.
• ThebiologicaldifferencesbetweenmenandwomenhavebeenusedtolegiSmatehierarchicalstructuresofsocialinequality.
IdenSfytheform.
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Whatcanyougeneraliseabouttheform?
• Passiveismadewith….
e.g.Researchers_____________theresults.Theresults_________________
…theverb‘tobe’(inthetensethattheacSvesentencewouldhavehad)+PastparScipleofthemainverb
studied
werestudied
havestudiedhavebeenstudied
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PassiveformTense Ac#ve Passive
Presentsimple
Baseform/-s
PresentconSnuous
Am/is/are+-ing
Presentperfectsimple
Have/has+pastparSciple
Pastsimple
-ed
PastconSnuous Was/were+-ing
Pastperfectsimple Had+pastparSciple
Futuresimple
Will+infiniSve
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PassiveformTense Ac#ve Passive
Presentsimple
Baseform/-s Am/is/are+pastparSciple
PresentconSnuous
Am/is/are+-ing
Am/is/are+being+pastparSciple
Presentperfectsimple
Have/has+pastparSciple Have/hasbeen+pastparSciple
Pastsimple
-ed Was/were+pastparSciple
PastconSnuous Was/were+-ing Was/werebeing+pastparSciple
Pastperfectsimple Had+pastparSciple Hadbeen+pastparSciple
Futuresimple
Will+infiniSve
Willbe+pastparSciple
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NotusedinEnglishTense Ac#ve Passive
PresentperfectconSnuous have/hasbeen+-ing
*have/hasbeenbeing+pastparSciple
PastperfectconSnuous hadbeen+-ing
*hadbeenbeing+pastparSciple
IMPORTANT:*TheseconstrucSonsarenotusedinEnglish
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Someverbshavenopassive
• ManyacSveverbscannottakethepassiveformbecausethesubjectisimportant
• E.g.escape,fit,get,have,let,like,suit,survive
Theseshoesdonotfitme.Amanescapedfromprisonlastnight.TheygotdivorcedaSer4years.
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SomeverbsareoZenpassive
• AZermodals-Present:Thisproblemcanbesolved.
(modal+‘be’+pastparSciple)
UnrealPast:Thereportshouldhavebeenfinishedhoursago.
(modal+‘havebeen’+pastparSciple)
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SomeverbsareoZenpassive
• WeusepassiveinfiniSvewiththeseverbs:advise,believe,expect,feel,forbid,mean,order,report,request,say,teach,understand.Wearebeingtaughttousethepassive.ThepaSentisbelievedtobewell.
(Passive+infiniSve+object/adjecSve)
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It
• InformalwriSngweoZenuse‘it’asthesubject,especiallywiththeseverbs:
agree,announce,discover,expect,hope,suggestItwassuggestedthatglobalwarmingisacceleraSng.ItisexpectedthatscienSstswillfindacureforthecommoncoldsoon.
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Makeintopassivesentences
• Wecanmeasureglobalwarmingbymeasuringtemperatures;however,obtaininganaccuratereadingoftheEarth’stemperatureiscomplicated.
• ScienSstshaveimplementedathoroughaccounSngofthecomplicaSonsin‘ExtendedReconstructedSeaSurfaceTemperature’.
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• First,theyfocusonoceansurfacetemperaturemeasurementsfromfloaSngbuoysandfromship-boardsensors.
• Second,theydocumentthehistoricalchangeinhowshipsmeasuresurfacetemperatures.
• Decadesago,researchersmeasuredtemperaturesbyinsulatedbuckets.
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• AroundtheSmeofWorldWar2,scienSstsagreedtochangefrominsulatedbucketstotemperaturesensorscontainedwithinshiphulls.
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Key1
• Globalwarmingcanbemeasuredbymeasuringtemperatures;however,obtaininganaccuratereadingoftheEarth’stemperatureiscomplicated.
• AthoroughaccounSngofthecomplicaSonshavebeenimplementedin‘ExtendedReconstructedSeaSurfaceTemperature’.
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Key2
• First,oceansurfacetemperaturemeasurementsfromfloaSngbuoysandfromship-boardsensorswerefocussedon.
• Second,thehistoricalchangeinhowshipsmeasuresurfacetemperaturesweredocumented.
• Decadesago,temperaturesweremeasuredbyinsulatedbuckets.
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Key3
• AroundtheSmeofWorldWar2,itwasagreedtochangefrominsulatedbucketstotemperaturesensorscontainedwithinshiphulls.
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Makingitnatural
• Thepassiveshouldnotbeoverusedinaparagraph.BalanceafewpassivesentenceswithmoreacSveones.
• Inthepreviousparagraph,decidewhichofthesentencesshouldbeinpassiveandwhichinacSvetomakeitsoundmorenatural.
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Key• Globalwarmingcanbemeasuredbymeasuringtemperatures;
however,obtaininganaccuratereadingoftheEarth’stemperatureiscomplicated.
• ScienSstshaveimplementedathoroughaccounSngofthecomplicaSonsin‘ExtendedReconstructedSeaSurfaceTemperature’.
• First,theyfocusonoceansurfacetemperaturemeasurementsfromfloaSngbuoysandfromship-boardsensors.
• Second,thehistoricalchangeinhowshipsmeasuresurfacetemperaturesweredocumented.
• Decadesago,temperaturesweremeasuredbyinsulatedbuckets.• AroundtheSmeofWorldWar2,scienSstsagreedtochangefrom
insulatedbucketstotemperaturesensorscontainedwithinshiphulls.