Passive Solar Architecture(J.K.nayak)
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Transcript of Passive Solar Architecture(J.K.nayak)
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PASSIVE SOLAR ARCHITECTURE: BASICS
J. K. NayakEnergy Systems EngineeringIIT, Powai, Mumbai 400 076
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PASSIVE SOLAR ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTIONEXAMPLES: IMPORTANCE & USEFULNESSPASSIVE FEATURESSUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
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Introduction
PSA : an ancient conceptModern science has provided quantitative supportLarge potential for energy conservationCan lead to a thermally comfortable indoor environment
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Introduction
DEFINITIONCollection, storage, distribution and control of energy flow by natural processes of heat and mass transfer
WORKING DEFINITIONUse natural energy (sun, wind, etc.) to conserve conventional energy for achieving thermal comfortThermal comfort refers to comfortable indoor conditions (temperature, humidity, air movement)
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LEDeG Trainees’ Hostel, Leh
Cold and Sunny Direct gain; Trombe wall
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Solar access and daylightingdesign
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Himurja office building, Shimla
COLD CLIMATEDirect gain⌧Windows
⌧Solarium⌧Air heaters⌧Solar chimney⌧Light shelves
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Himachal Pradesh State Co-operative Bank, Shimla
Modified Trombe wall
Double glazed windows
Sunspaces
Air-lock lobby
Solar air heater (Roof)
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Section of the building showing modified Trombe wall
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Roof collector
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MLA hostel,Shimla•Direct gain•Overhang•Insulation•Trombe walland sunspaces
Solar cooker Solar water heater
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Residence of Sudha and Atam Kumar, New Delhi
Composite Climate
Solar exposure
Wall and roof insulation
Wind tower with evaporative coolingWall and roof surfaces: reflective
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TERI Retreat, Gurgaon
Earth air tunnelSolar chimneyDirect gainInsulation
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PV: solar roof
PV-Gasifierhybrid system
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Earth-air tunnel System: passive space conditioning
Water and waste management system
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American Institute of Indian Studies, Gurgaon
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Examples: MANILA
WARM & HUMIDLight shelvesPergolasDaylightingComputer controlled energy management system
Estimated annual energy consumption approx. 1/3 rd of a conventional building
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EXAMPLES: OKINAWA
WARM AND HUMID CLIMATE
Earth on roofPergolasShadingCross ventilationNight flushing
CIVIC CENTER IN JAPAN SHOWING CONCERN FOR PUBLIC WELFARE
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DESERT CLIMATEWind tower with evaporative coolingEarth bermingShadingMassive structures
Examples: JODHPUR
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Examples: NEGEV
ARID CLIMATEPARTIAL SUNKEARTH-BERMING (U=0.19 W/m2-K)ROOF INSULATION (U=0.28 W/m2-K)SHADINGCROSS-VENTILATION
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Earth Berming
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BRAMPTON (NORTH-WEST OF TORONTO)
•CLIMATE: LONG COLD WINTER, SHORT BUT WARM AND HUMID SUMMER
•KEY FEATURES: Sunspace ,superinsulation,High-performanceWindows, HVAC,Energy efficientDevices.
EXAMPLE
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JAPANESE WISH HOUSE: IWAKI (NORTH OF TOKYO)
CLIMATE: MILD WINTERHOT AND HUMID IN SUMMERKEY FEATURES:Photovoltaic-thermal hybrid collectorPCM storageInsulationDehumidification with lithium bromide
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COMPARISON OF ANNUAL LOAD (kWh/house)
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MODERATE CLIMATE
SunspaceRoof-integrated systemsCross ventilationInsulation
Examples: OSHIMA
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TORRENT RESEARCH CENTRE, AHMEDABADHOT & DRY CLIMATEBUILDING:Passive down-draft evaporative cooling
(PDEC) systemInsulatedCavity wallsNatural light and ventilationDust reduction mechanisms
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PASSIVE DOWNDRAFT EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEM
A system of inlet and outlet shafts
Locations, sizes and heights : generate required air movement
A fine spray of water cools the air at entry
6-9 air change rates per hour observed
Strategy:Hot season: evaporative
coolingMonsoon: cooling off, induce
ventilation by fansWinter:ventilation minimised
(inlets closed by shutters)
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GERMAN ZERO-HEATING-ENERGY HOUSEBERLIN SATELLITE TOWN OF SPANDAU
Key features: super glazing, active solar collectors, storage, heat recovery, energy efficient devices
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PASSIVE FEATURES
DIRECT GAIN
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PASSIVE FEATURES
TROMBE WALL
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PASSIVE FEATURES
SOLAR CHIMNEY
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PASSIVE FEATURES
SUN SPACE
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PASSIVE FEATURES
EARTH-BERMING
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PASSIVE FEATURES
WIND TOWEREVAPORATIVE COOLING
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WIND TOWEREVAPORATIVE COOLING
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EARTH AIR TUNNEL
PASSIVE FEATURES
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PASSIVE FEATURES
ROOF GARDEN
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OTHER PASSIVE FEATURES
Shading devicesDesiccant coolingRoof pondTranswallRoof radiation trapIsolated gain systemsCourtyards (traditional architecture)etc.
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DAYLIGHTING
Vision is by far the most developed of all our senses; Light has been the main pre-requisite for sensing thingsDaylight: coolest and efficient source of light
Cfl less efficient by about 20% to 40%Heating effect of daylighting is about 1 w per lumen; It is much less than that of artificial lighting
Various components for admitting daylightingshown in next few slides
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DAYLIGHTING
EXAMPLES OF SPA : MINNEAPOLIS
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DAYLIGHTING COMPONENTS
CLERESTORY
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DAYLIGHTING COMPONENTS
LIGHT SHELF
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DAYLIGHTING COMPONENTS
ATRIUM
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SIMPLE TECHNIQUEScan be easily incorporated in the building without much additional cost. refer to design considerations involving :
• site conditions : • landform• vegetation•waterbodies• street width and orientation•open spaces and built form
•building orientation•planform
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SIMPLE TECHNIQUESbuilding envelope⌧roof type: rcc, rcc with insulation, etc.⌧wall type: brick, stone, accb⌧external colour and texture:
smooth and light colour: reflects morerough textured surface: self-shading
larger surface area for re-radiationwhite or lighter shades: higher emissivity
⌧fenestration (openings)
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NEW CHALLENGES
MaterialsTransparent insulationAdvanced glazings
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NEW CHALLENGES
SystemsBuildings integrated with photovoltaic arraysBuildings integrated with solar collectorsBuildings integrated with active systemse.g.⌧Domestic hot water systems⌧Solar cookers
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Buildings integratedWith photovoltaic Arrays
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SIMULATION
To find out if the design can achieve the expected requirementsResults can be quantified
temperatureloadenergy savings
. Relative comparison of design alternatives
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CONCLUSIONS
Introduction to passive solar architectureChallenges facing architects in view of new technologyImportance of simulation studies to integrate design with passive solar architecture
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REMARKSNecessary to consider building as a system
Focus on total energy use (not only heating and/or cooling)
Integrate different technologiesEnergy-conservation (insulation, super windows)Passive solarActive solar
Develop whole building concept
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REMARKS
Designing new, innovative building: requires multi-disciplinary design team
Energy aspects be considered at the early stageArchitects and engineers work together
Simulation: desirableConstruction practicesUser behaviour
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THANK YOU