Passive Remote Sensing: allocations, sensors, measurements and applications [email protected]...

Passive Remote Sensing: Passive Remote Sensing: allocations, sensors, allocations, sensors, measurements and measurements and

applicationsapplications

[email protected]@nasa.gov

NASA HQ Spectrum Management NASA HQ Spectrum Management OfficeOfficeREMOTE SENSING WORKSHOP

Geneva, Switzerland 11 December 2007

Passive SensingPassive Sensing

Radio Regulation No. 1.183 Radio Regulation No. 1.183 (definition)(definition)

Passive Sensor: A measuring Passive Sensor: A measuring instrument in the earth exploration-instrument in the earth exploration-satellite service or in the space satellite service or in the space research service by means of which research service by means of which information is obtained by reception information is obtained by reception of radio waves of natural origin.of radio waves of natural origin.

Radio waves of natural origin are emissions from the ground, air, and water. All objects emit radio waves and the emissions convey information about those objects.

Remote sensing is a layered Remote sensing is a layered systemsystem

The complete remote sensing The complete remote sensing system addresses societal system addresses societal

concernsconcerns

PPassive sensors are designed to receive and measure natural assive sensors are designed to receive and measure natural emissions produced by the Earth’s surface and its atmosphere. emissions produced by the Earth’s surface and its atmosphere. The frequency and strength of these natural emissions characterize The frequency and strength of these natural emissions characterize the type and status of many important geophysical, which describe the type and status of many important geophysical, which describe the status of the Earth/Atmosphere/Oceans System:the status of the Earth/Atmosphere/Oceans System:

Earth surface parametersEarth surface parameters such as soil moisture, sea surface such as soil moisture, sea surface temperature, ice extension and age, snow cover, rainfall over temperature, ice extension and age, snow cover, rainfall over land, etc ... ;land, etc ... ;

Three-dimensional atmospheric parametersThree-dimensional atmospheric parameters (low, medium, (low, medium, and upper atmosphere)and upper atmosphere) such as such as wind circulation, wind circulation, temperature temperature profiles, water vapour content and concentration profiles of profiles, water vapour content and concentration profiles of radiatively and chemically important trace gazes (for instance radiatively and chemically important trace gazes (for instance O3, SO2 and ClO).O3, SO2 and ClO).

Use of the Passive BandsUse of the Passive Bands

Microwave observations at frequencies below 100 GHzMicrowave observations at frequencies below 100 GHz enable enable studies of the Earth’s surface and its atmosphere from spaceborne studies of the Earth’s surface and its atmosphere from spaceborne instruments even in the presence of clouds, because clouds are instruments even in the presence of clouds, because clouds are almost transparent at these frequencies. This almost transparent at these frequencies. This "all-weather" observing "all-weather" observing capabilitycapability has been very important for EESS in achieving the has been very important for EESS in achieving the repetitive global coverage mandatory for repetitive global coverage mandatory for meteorological, meteorological, climatological, and environmental monitoring and surveyingclimatological, and environmental monitoring and surveying. .

The impressive progress made in recent years in weather analysis, The impressive progress made in recent years in weather analysis, warning and forecasts, especially for dangerous weather phenomena warning and forecasts, especially for dangerous weather phenomena that affect all populations and economies is largely attributable to the that affect all populations and economies is largely attributable to the spaceborne observations and their assimilation in numerical models.spaceborne observations and their assimilation in numerical models.

Play a major role in the prediction and detection of disasters.Play a major role in the prediction and detection of disasters.


Typical bands and their main application:Typical bands and their main application:

1400-1427 MHz: salinity (ocean), soil moisture 1400-1427 MHz: salinity (ocean), soil moisture (ground)(ground)

10.6-10.7 MHz: rain, snow, ice, sea state, ocean 10.6-10.7 MHz: rain, snow, ice, sea state, ocean windwind

23.6-24 GHz: total content of water vapour 23.6-24 GHz: total content of water vapour 31.3-31.5 GHz: the lowest cumulated effects due 31.3-31.5 GHz: the lowest cumulated effects due to oxygen and water vapour in the vicinity of the to oxygen and water vapour in the vicinity of the 50 GHz band. Optimum window channel to see the 50 GHz band. Optimum window channel to see the Earth’s surface: reference for the other channels.Earth’s surface: reference for the other channels. 36-37 GHz: cloud liquid water, vegetation 36-37 GHz: cloud liquid water, vegetation structure, surface roughnessstructure, surface roughness

50.2-50.4 GHz: temperature profile50.2-50.4 GHz: temperature profile


Passive Sensors observe Passive Sensors observe through the atmospherethrough the atmosphere

Sensitivity of Brightness Sensitivity of Brightness Temperature to Geophysical Temperature to Geophysical

Parameters over Land SurfaceParameters over Land Surface

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Frequency (GHz)

Soil moisture

Vegetation biomassSurface roughness

Integrated water vapour

Cloud liquid water

Tb Pi

010 20 30 40

WIND SPEEDSALINITY

LIQUID CLOUDS

WATER VAPOUR

SEA SURFACETEMPERATURE

Frequency (GHz)TbPi

+

_

Microwave and Millimeter-wave Microwave and Millimeter-wave SpectrumSpectrum

Spectral Sensitivity to Spectral Sensitivity to Environmental Parameters: Ocean Environmental Parameters: Ocean

SceneScene

Aqua Instruments – AMSR-Aqua Instruments – AMSR-EE

Advanced Microwave Scanning Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOSRadiometer for EOS

12-Channels, 6 frequencies 6.9-89.0 12-Channels, 6 frequencies 6.9-89.0 GHzGHz

dual-polarizationdual-polarization 5.4-56 km 5.4-56 km

footprint at nadirfootprint at nadir All weatherAll weather

AMSR-E ProductsAMSR-E Products

Precipitation RatePrecipitation Rate Cloud WaterCloud Water Surface wind speed over oceansSurface wind speed over oceans Sea Surface TemperatureSea Surface Temperature Ice, Snow and Soil MoistureIce, Snow and Soil Moisture

Aqua Instruments – Aqua Instruments – AMSU/AAMSU/A

Advanced Microwave Sounding Advanced Microwave Sounding UnitUnit

15 Microwave Channels 15-90 GHz15 Microwave Channels 15-90 GHz ~40 km footprint at nadir~40 km footprint at nadir All-WeatherAll-Weather

Global composite of brightness temperature (K) From AMSU-A

Channel 3

Radiation Measurements to Radiation Measurements to Vertical SoundingsVertical Soundings

AIRS and AMSU data combined to create AIRS and AMSU data combined to create vertical soundings of temperature and vertical soundings of temperature and humidityhumidity

Air and/or water vapor at various heights Air and/or water vapor at various heights (pressures) contribute to the total radiation (pressures) contribute to the total radiation measurement viewed from space.measurement viewed from space.

The contribution peaks at different The contribution peaks at different pressures for different wavelengthspressures for different wavelengths

Improve Accuracy of Improve Accuracy of Severe Weather WarningsSevere Weather Warnings

Microwave Imagery and Sounding products improve prediction of precipitation, surface wind speed and directionIncrease in hurricane landfall forecast skill saves an estimated $1 million per mile of coastline that does not have to be evacuated

Improved observations yield improved early warnings, which in turn mitigate the devastating effects of floods through disaster planning and response

• Earthquake prediction

• Floods

• Hurricane & Typhoons

• Land Surface Topography

• Global Precipitation

• Ocean Surface Winds

• Surface Deformation

• Motions of the Earth’s Interior

Disaster ManagementDisaster Management

Data

DECISION SUPPORT TOOLS

Observations

VALUE & BENEFITS

EARTH SYSTEM MODELS

EARTH OBSERVATORIES

Predictions

*Future Mission

*Supported Non-NASA Model

• Land: Landsat, SRTM, GPS, SCIGN, Terra, Aqua

• Ocean: QuickSCAT, Seawinds, IceSAT, GOES, POES, SSMI, JASON, TOPEX/POSEIDON

• Atmosphere: TRMM, GOES, POES, GPM, NPP, NPOESS

• Earthquake: MMI, Quakesim

• Hurricane: HURRSIM

• Flood: SLOSH, WAVEwatch, STWAVE, HURSURGE

• Land: GPS Network, SBEACH

• Building Cost Models: ATC-13

• Building Structure Models: EPEDAT

• Identify/ Prioritize high-risk communities

• Reduction in lives lost

• Reduction in damage cost

• Anticipate the scope of disaster-related damage

• Improve disaster response

• Community Planning

• Disaster Recovery/ Mitigation

• Land use decision

• Potential economic loss

• Estimation of direct damage, induced damage, direct losses, and indirect losses

• Accurate risk prediction to communities

• Loss estimates of buildings, essential facilities, transportation & utility lifelines, and population

• Social impacts

• HAZUS-MH (Hazards U.S. - Multi Hazard)

Disaster Related Remote Disaster Related Remote Sensing ApplicationsSensing Applications

Weather PredictionWeather Prediction: a key input to numerical weather : a key input to numerical weather prediction models used globally for weather forecasting. prediction models used globally for weather forecasting. (Microwave(passive))(Microwave(passive))

Global WarmingGlobal Warming: concentrations and distributions of : concentrations and distributions of atmospheric gases, sea and land ice thickness and change, atmospheric gases, sea and land ice thickness and change, and ozone measurements are key components to studying and ozone measurements are key components to studying and prediction of global warming. (Microwave(passive), and prediction of global warming. (Microwave(passive), Infrared)Infrared)

Severe Weather EventsSevere Weather Events: the prediction of severe weather : the prediction of severe weather events requires accurate measurements of rain rates in events requires accurate measurements of rain rates in storms over the oceans which is only possible with remote storms over the oceans which is only possible with remote sensing satellites. (Microwave(passive))sensing satellites. (Microwave(passive))

Forest FiresForest Fires: detection of fires through smoke by their : detection of fires through smoke by their microwave radiation. (Infrared)microwave radiation. (Infrared)

Key Applications Key Applications (continued)(continued)

Management of Natural ResourcesManagement of Natural Resources: measurements of : measurements of biomass, deforestation, and water resources through biomass, deforestation, and water resources through systematic environmental monitoring. (Microwave systematic environmental monitoring. (Microwave (passive), Infrared, Optical)(passive), Infrared, Optical)

VolcanoesVolcanoes: used to detect volcanic activity even before : used to detect volcanic activity even before eruptions and to track and predict the volcanic fallout eruptions and to track and predict the volcanic fallout effects. (Optical, Microwave (active), Infrared, SubM)effects. (Optical, Microwave (active), Infrared, SubM)

ShippingShipping: used to track sea ice, ice floes, and ocean storms : used to track sea ice, ice floes, and ocean storms to steer ships out of harm’s way. (Optical, MW(active))to steer ships out of harm’s way. (Optical, MW(active))

Long Range Climate ForecastsLong Range Climate Forecasts: study of global : study of global atmospheric and oceanic events such as El Niño requires atmospheric and oceanic events such as El Niño requires sea surface temperature, ocean winds, ocean wave height, sea surface temperature, ocean winds, ocean wave height, and many other components used in the prediction of long and many other components used in the prediction of long range weather forecasting and climatic trends. (Microwave range weather forecasting and climatic trends. (Microwave (active/passive))(active/passive))

Remote Sensing ReportRemote Sensing Report

– ITU-D SG 2 Question 22/2ITU-D SG 2 Question 22/2 ““Utilization of ICT Utilization of ICT for disaster management, resources, and for disaster management, resources, and active and passive space-based sensing active and passive space-based sensing systems as they apply to disaster and systems as they apply to disaster and emergency relief situationsemergency relief situations””

• Work Item 2:Work Item 2: Identification and examination of Identification and examination of active and passive sensing system applications for active and passive sensing system applications for their potential effect in enhancing disaster their potential effect in enhancing disaster mitigation.mitigation.

Version 1 of the Report is complete and Version 1 of the Report is complete and available upon request from the available upon request from the presenter.presenter.

THANK YOU!THANK YOU!

Thomas vonDeakThomas vonDeak

NASA HQ Spectrum Management NASA HQ Spectrum Management OfficeOffice

(VIEWS EXPRESSED ARE THOSE OF THE PRESENTER AND DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THOSE OF NASA.)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

www.nasa.gov

Global Passive Sensor SystemsAQUARIUS Aquarius is a focused satellite mission to measure global Sea Surface Sainity. Aquarius

will resolve missing physical processes that link the water cycle, the climate, and the ocean.

AQUA Aqua, collects information on the Earth’s water cycle. The AMSR-E instrument observes atmospheric, lad, oceanic, and cryospheric parameters, including precipitation, sea surface temperatures, ice concentrations, snow water equivalent, surface wetness, wind speed, atmospheric cloud water, and water vapor. The AMSU instrument is a 15-channel microwave sounder designed primarily to obtain temperature profiles in the upper atmosphere (especially the stratosphere) and to provide a cloud-filtering capability for tropospheric temperature observations.

CORIOLIS Coriolis is a 3-year meteorological science mission to demonstrate the viability of using polarimetry to measure ocean surface wind speed and direction from space, and to demonstrate predictions of geomagnetic disturbances through continuous observation of Coronal Mass Ejections. It’s WinSat instrument is a passive polarimetric microwave radiometer developed as a risk reduction item in the development of the planned production Conial Microwave Imager Sounder.

DMSP The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) monitors the meteorological, oceanographic, and solar-terrestrial physics environments. The SSM/I instrument is a seven-channel, four frequency, linearly-polarize, passive microwave radiometric system whose data is sued to obtain synoptic maps of critical atmospheric, oceanographic and selected land parameters on a global scale. The SSM/T instrument is a five channel, total power microwave radiometer designed to provide global monitoring of the concentration of water vapor in the atmosphere under all sky conditions.


www.nasa.gov

Global Passive Sensor Systems

GCOM JAXA’s Global Change Observation Missions (GCOM) will carry the AMSR2 instrument which is an upgraded version of the AMSR-E instrument on NASA’s AQUA mission.

JASON Jason-1 is the first satellite in a series designed to ensure continued observation of the oceans for several decades. The JASON-1 Microwave Radiometer (JMR) is a passive sensor which acquires measurements via three separate frequency channels to determine the path delay of the altimeter’s radar signal due to atmospheric water vapor.

MEGHA-TROPIQUE

Megha-Tropique is designed to investigate the contribution of the water cycle to climate dynamics specifically in the tropical regions. Its Microwave Analysis and Detection of Rain and Atmospheric Structures (MADRAS) passive sensor measures cloud, precipitation and upper atmospheric ice parameters.

METEOR-M-1 The overall objective of the Meteor-M-1 mission are to provide operational meteorological services. The objective of MTVZA is to monitor ocean and land surfaces as well as global atmospheric parameters such as temperature and water vapor profiles and to obtain sea surface wind profiles.

METOP MetOp promises to provide outstanding data sets to advance the filed of meteorology, which will ultimately improve the accuracy of weather forecasting and our understanding of climate change. AMSU-A and AMSU-B passively measure+C17 scene radiance which is used in conjunction with an infrared sounder to calculate the global atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles.


www.nasa.gov

Global Passive Sensor Systems

NOAA (=GOES) The NOAA satellites, more commonly known as the geostationary operational environmental satellites (GOES), are used for short-range warning and “nowcasting” and use a form of the AMSU sensor found on NASA’s AQUA satellite.

NPP & NPOES National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) and its Preparatory Project (NPP) collects and distributes remotely-sensed land, ocean, and atmospheric data to the meteorological and global climate change communities. The Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) passively collects atmospheric data to permit the calculation of temperature and moisture profiles at high (~daily) temporal resolution.

OKEAN-1 The OKEAN series of satellites provide oceanagraphic monitoring including measurements of arctic ice.

Sentinel-3 ESA’s Sentinel-3 satellite will be dedicated to providing operational oceanographic services.

SMOS ESA’s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission has been designed to observe soil moisture over the Earth’s landmasses and salinity over the oceans.

TRMM The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is a mission designed to monitor and study tropical rainfall. The TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) is a passive microwave sensor designed to provide quantitative rainfall information over a wide swath under the TRMM satellite.

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www.nasa.gov

Capabilities of Space-Based Sensing

Societal Benefit Three: Understanding … climate variability and change.

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Societal Benefit Eight: Improving… terrestrial, coastal, and marine ecosystems..

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Societal Benefit Eight: Improving… terrestrial, coastal, and marine ecosystems..

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www.nasa.gov


Societal Benefit Three: Understanding … climate variability and change.

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Societal Benefit One: Reducing loss of life and property … from disasters..Prediction

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Societal Benefit One: Reducing loss of life and property … from disasters..Prediction

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Societal Benefit One: Reducing loss of life and property … from disasters..Prediction, Disaster Event Assessment, Monitoring

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